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Teaching and learning L2 Spanish intonation Llusa Astruc The
Open University & The University of Cambridge
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Intonation belongs to the suprasegmental level of language
(also called prosody) Units of prosody (prosodic structure)
segments > syllables > feet > words > phrases Prosodic
sub-systems: Intonation Stress nima, anima, anim [ anima, a nima,
ani mo] Rhythm Introduction: prosody & intonation
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Phonetics and phonology Syntax, semantics, pragmatics Your
opponents talk, honestly Your opponents talk honestly Language
acquisition Literacy acquisition Prosodic deficit hypothesis
Reading comprehension Introduction: prosody & intonation
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Fundamental frequency and pitch Pitch accents are... Boundary
tones are Intonation Two tonal boundaries, both low (L), after
ready and announced. No pitch accents in my mother announced.
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Grammatical function Question vs. statement, yes-no vs.
wh-question, Pragmatic (attitudinal) function Speakers attitude,
point of view, Discourse function Information marking (old vs. new
information), turn- taking,... Paralinguistic and sociolinguistic
functions Emotions, group identity, (see Chun 2002 for an overview
) Functions of intonation
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Improving: Comprehension Segmentation and lexical retrieval
Grammatical function, pragmatic meaning, Production Intelligible
pronunciation, an essential component of communicative competence
Goals of teaching intonation (see Chun 2002)
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Main cross-linguistic intonational differences: Differences in
the tonal inventory E.g. a fall instead of rise Differences in the
meaning or use of identical patterns Phonetic and phonotactic
differences: In the realisation of such pitch accents E.g. in the
exact realisation (alignment and scaling) of a rise In the internal
structure of tonal elements and/or how they associate to the
segmental material Teaching intonation (See Ladd 1996: 119ff,
Gussenhoven 2004: 60ff)
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Phonetic differences La nia morena come mandarinas L+>H*
L+>H*/ L+H* !H* L-L% (The girl with brown hair is eating
mandarines) Castilian: prenuclear rises reach postnuclear syllabes,
as in nia and morena Galician: prenuclear rises end at the end of
the stressed syllable, e.g. ni and re
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(1) Statement: Its raining. (2) Declarative question: It's
raining? (3) Yes-no question: Is it raining? Intonation only
carries the distinction between: (1) statement (2) declarative
question (yes-questions without syntactic marking) In English,
Spanish, Greek, etc Interrogative intonation
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Declarative questions differ from statements in that they have:
(i) a higher initial peak (ii) no medial rises (iii) a sharp rise
at the end The most salient perceptual cue for questions is (iii),
the final rise Perceptual relevance of final rise possibly
universal (cf. Gussenhoven 2004: 80ff) But L1 listeners can also
use (i) and (ii); they dont have to wait until the end Spanish
interrogative intonation
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Spanish StatementQuestion
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Declarative questions differ from statements in the final end:
Final fall in statements Final rise in questions No early cues
unlike in Spanish (e.g. Wells 2006) (Grabe et al 2003) English
intonation
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Goal: testing robustness of intonation cues of Spanish
declarative questions and statements for L1 and L2 speakers of
Spanish Spanish listeners can discriminate declarative questions
and statements by listening just to the beginning (e.g. Navarro
Toms 1944, Face 2005, 2007) Research questions: Can British
learners discriminate between declarative questions and statements
by the first intonational peak? If so, will they show differences
in performance according to language level? Perceptual experiment*:
* Joint work with Mara Dolores Garca Verdugo. Preliminary results
presented at EUROSLA 2009 and EUROCALL 2009.
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Experimental material Test sentences read by female and male
Madrid speakers (AMPER corpus): La guitarra se toca con paciencia
La guitarra espaola se toca con paciencia La guitarra se toca con
paciencia infinita Identification experiment: La guitarra cut and
used as stimuli 3 practice trials + 12 test questions Delivery:
Online: experiment set up as a quiz in Moodle Method
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statement question Method
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Procedure: Perceptual test presented using Moodle Quiz
Method
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Questions Method
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Participants: 48 L1 Spanish: 15 Madrid L2 listeners at 4
levels: 33 Advanced: 13 Intermediate: 8 Beginners (5) + Some words
(7): 12 Method
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ANOVA, sig. differences F(4,46)=4.817** Eta Sq=0.561 Posthocs,
confirm sig. differences: Native-Intermediate, Native-Beginners **
Results: Scores
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ANOVA, no statistically significant differences Results: Time
taken
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L2 participants performed according to their level of language
competence, as expected Effect of language competence: [Native ~
Advanced ] > [Intermediate ~ Beginners] No difference between
Native and Advanced level Intermediate and Beginners Learners can
acquire L2 intonation even to the finest phonetic detail Summary of
findings
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Is intonation worth teaching? And rhythm? Implications for the
curriculum: Need to define objectives and outcomes of teaching
prosody Improving learners comprehension? Improving pragmatic
competence? Improving intelligibility? Reducing foreign accent?
Need to identify relevant L1-L2 contrasts Rhythm, pitch range,
pitch accents (density, types, realization) Implications for the
curriculum
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[stress-timed] Vowel reduction: unstressed syllables are
shorter and more centralized Stressed vowels at roughly equal
distance Governance [ g.v . nn t s] [ gv. nn t s] English Spanish
[syllable-timed] No vowel reduction: Syllables of roughly equal
duration Rhythm (See also Dauer 1986, Ramus et al 1999, Grabe et al
1999) Governancia [go. e . nan. ja ]
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Cat: La mare de la Jana s de Badalona. Eng: The mother of
Susana is from Badalona. Sp: La madre de Susana es de Badalona.
Distribution of languages (Catalan, English, Spanish) over the
Delta C-%V, plane. Rhythm Delta C %V Prieto et al (submitted)
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Intonational plasticity (Vallduv 1994, Vallduv & Engdahl
1996; Steedman 2000) Germanic lang fixed word order pitch accents
move Romance lang free word order syntactic constituents move [+]
PLASTIC [-] PLASTIC Did John win the lottery? No, PETER won the
lottery Juan gan la lotera? No. La lotera, la gan Pedro No, fue
Pedro
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VLEs such as Moodle can be used at different stages of
curriculum design and implementation: To identify learners needs
Through perception and production tests To deliver teaching Yes, it
can be used to teach pronunciation (segmentals and intonation, oral
comprehension, dialects,...) To evaluate outcomes at different
stages Discussion: VLE systems
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Participants: 12 Spanish (Las Palmas, UNED) 30 English
(Cambridge U.) Method: one activity per week, 5 weeks. March 2009
Example: Moodle Forum
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Thanks! Questions? Llusa Astruc The Open University & The
University of Cambridge [email protected]
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References Chun, D. M.(2002) Discourse intonation in L2. From
theory and research to practice. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John
Benjamins. Dauer, R. M. (1983). Stress-timing and syllable-timing
reanalyzed. Journal of Phonetics, 11, 51-62. Face, T. L. (2005): F0
peak height and the perception of sentence type in Castilian
Spanish, Revista Internacional de Lingstica Iberoamericana, 2 (6),
49-65. Face, T.L. (2007) The role of intonational cues in the
perception of declaratives and absolute interrogatives in Castilian
Spanish. EFE, XVI, 185-225. Gussenhoven, C. (2004) The phonology of
tone and intonation. Cambridge: CUP. Grabe, E., Watson, I. and
Post, B. (1999). The acquisition of rhythmic patterns in English
and French. In Proceedings ICPhS 1999, San Francisco, 1201-1204.
Grabe, E., Kochanski, G. and Coleman, J. (2003). Quantitative
modelling of intonational Variation. PDF. Proceedings of Speech
Analysis and Recognition in Technology, Linguistics and Medicine.
Navarro Toms, T. (1944): Manual de entonacin espaola, New York:
Hispanic Institute in the United States. Prieto, P., Vanrell, M.M.,
Astruc, L., Payne, E., Post, B. (submitted) Prosodic temporal
organization and speech rhythm. Evidence from Catalan, English, and
Spanish. Ramus, F., Nespor, M., & Mehler, J. (1999). Correlates
of linguistic rhythm in the speech signal. Cognition, 73, 265-292.
Steedman, M. (2000) Information structure and the syntax-phonology
interface. Linguistic Inquiry 31: 649-689. Vallduv, E. (1994)
Detachment in Catalan and information packaging. Journal of
Pragmatics 22, 573-601. Vallduv, E., Engdahl, E. (1996) The
linguistic realization of information packaging. Linguistics 34:
459-519. Wells, J.C. (2006) English intonation. Cambridge:
CUP.