TASK1-7.docx

COURSE OBJECTIVE

Objective:

The IT Workshop for engineers is a training lab course spread over 60 hours.

The modules include training on PC Hardware, Internet & World Wide Web and

Productivity tools including Word, Excel, Power Point and Publisher.

PC Hardware introduces the students to a personal computer and its basic

peripherals, the process of assembling a personal computer, installation of system

software like MS Windows, Linux and the required device drivers. In addition

hardware and software level troubleshooting process, tips and tricks would be

covered.

Internet & World Wide Web module introduces the different ways of hooking the PC

on to the internet from home and workplace and effectively usage of the internet.

Usage of web browsers, email, newsgroups and discussion forums would be covered.

In addition, awareness of cyber hygiene, i.e., protecting the personal computer from

getting infected with the viruses, worms and other cyber attacks would be introduced.

Productivity tools module would enable the students in crafting professional word

documents, excel spread sheets, power point presentations and personal web sites

using the Microsoft suite of office tools and Latex.

TASK 1:

Identify the peripherals of a computer, components in a CPU and its functions. Draw the

block diagram of the CPU along with the configuration of each peripheral.

AIM: To identify the peripherals of a computer.

Computer:

An electronic device, which takes input from the user in the form of data & instructions and it process the input as per the user’s instructions and generates output.

Applications of Computer:

• Science• Education• Medical/Health care• Engineering/Architecture• Entertainment• Communication• Business Application• Publishing

Classification of Computer:

Different types of computers are:

• Personal Computer• Work Station • Minicomputer• Mainframe computer• Super Computer• Laptop

Personal Computer:

• Single user computer.

Workstation:

• A powerful single user computer.

• It has powerful microprocessor& higher-quality monitor.

Minicomputer:

• Minicomputer is a multi-user computer capable of supporting from 10 to hundreds of users simultaneously.

Mainframe Computer:

• Mainframe computer is a powerful multi-user computer.

• It supports many hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously.

Supercomputer:

• Fastest computer that can perform hundreds of millions of instructions per second.

• Used for – Weather forecasting– Computational fluid dynamics

– Remote sensing– Image processing– Bio-medial applications

Laptop:

• A portable computer that can carry in our hand as we move from one place to another place.

• It has in-built rechargeable battery, which provides enough power supply for the computer.

Block Diagram of Computer:

InputUnit:

Computers need to receive data and instruction in order to solve any problem.

Therefore we need to input the data and instructions into the computers. The input

unit consists of one or more input devices. Keyboard is the one of the most commonly

used input device. Other commonly used input devices are the mouse, floppy disk

drive, magnetic tape, etc. All the input devices perform the following functions.

1. Accept the data and instructions from the outside world.

2. Convert it to a form that the computer can understand.

3. Supply the converted data to the computer system for further processing.

Types of input devices

Audio conversion device Barcode reader Biometrics  (e.g. fingerprint scanner) Business Card Reader Digital camera  and Digital Camcorder Electroencephalography (EEG) Finger (with touchscreen or Windows Touch) Gamepad , Joystick, Paddle, Steering wheel, and Microsoft Kinect Gesture recognition Graphics tablet Keyboard Light gun  and light pen scanner Magnetic ink (like the ink found on checks) Magnetic-stripe reader Medical imaging devices (e.g., X-Ray, CAT Scan, and Ultrasound

images) Microphone  (using voice speech recognition or biometric verification) MIDI keyboard MICR Mouse , touchpad, or other pointing device Optical Mark Reader (OMR) Paddle Pen or Stylus Punch card reader Remote Scanner Sensors (e.g. heat and orientation sensors) Sonar imaging devices Touch screen Video capture device VR helmet and gloves Webcam

Yoke

Output Unit:

The output unit of a computer provides the information and results of a computation to

outside world. Printers, Visual Display Unit (VDU) are the commonly used output

devices. Other commonly used output devices are floppy disk drive, hard disk drive,

and magnetic tape drive.

Types of output devices

3D Printer Braille embosser Braille reader Flat panel GPS Headphones Computer Output Microfilm (COM) Monitor Plotter Printer  (Dot matrix printer, Inkjet printer, and Laser printer) Projector Sound card Speakers Speech-generating device (SGD) TV Video card

.

Central Processing Unit:

The control unit and ALU of the computer are together known as the Central

Processing Unit (CPU). The CPU is like brain performs the following functions:

• It performs all calculations.

• It takes all decisions.

• It controls all units of the computer.

A PC may have CPU-IC such as Intel 8088, 80286, 80386, 80486, Celeron, Pentium,

Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium IV, Dual Core, and AMD etc.

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU):

• Performs the arithmetical and logical operations on the stored numbers.• Data is transferred from the memory unit to arithmetic logic section, processed, and

returned to internal storage.• Then the results are transferred from storage to an output device.

Control Unit:

• Checks the correctness of sequence of operations.• It fetches the program instructions from memory, interprets them, and ensures correct

execution of the program.• Also controls the input/output devices.

Memory Unit:

• Takes data from input device & stores it until the computer is ready to process it.• It also stores processed data and results.• When the processing is finished, it transfers the results to an output device.

Memory Size:

All digital computers use the binary system, i.e. 0’s and 1’s. Each character or a number is

represented by an 8 bit code.

The set of 8 bits is called a byte. A character occupies 1 byte space.

A numeric occupies 2 byte space.

Byte is the space occupied in the memory.

Peripherals of PC & components in CPU:

• Monitor • Keyboard• Mouse• Floppy Disk• CD-ROM• CD-Writer• Motherboard• CPU• RAM• ROM• CMOS• Bus• Hard Disk• SMPS• PCI• AGP• I/O UNIT• SOUTH BRIDGE• NORTH BRIDGE

Monitor:

 Alternatively referred to as a video display terminal (VDT) and video display unit (VDU), a

monitor encompasses a display screen for video images and casing that holds it. In its

most common usage, monitor refers only to devices that contain no electronic equipment

other than what is essentially needed to display and adjust the characteristics of an

image.

Like most early TVs, the early computer monitor's were comprised of a CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) and

a fluorescent screen. Today, all monitors are created using flat panel display technology; like

that shown in the image.

Keyboard:• The keys on a keyboard let you enter information and instructions into a computer.

• Function keys let you quickly perform specific tasks. For example, in many programs you can press the “F1” to display help information. The functions they perform depend on the software that we use.

• Numeric keys located just below the function keys, along some characters printed on the top side. Also, right hand side of keyboard contains the numeric keys. Some of these keys have double functions. These keys let you move the cursor around the screen.

• Shift & caps lock keys let you enter text in uppercase (ABC) and Lowercase (abc) letters. Press “Caps Lock” to change the case of all letters you type. Press the key again to return to the original case. Press “Shift” in combination with another key to type an uppercase letter.

• You can use the “Ctrl” or “Alt” key in combination with another key to perform a specific task. For example, in some programs you can press “Ctrl” and “s” to save a document.

• You can press “Enter” to tell the computer to carry out a task. In a word processing program, press this key to start a new paragraph.

• You can press the “Spacebar” to insert a blank space.

• You can press “Tab” to move the cursor along a line to preset point. In some software, Tab key helps us to move from one option to another in a menu.

• You can press “Esc” to quit a task you are performing.

• You can press “Delete” to remove the character to the right of the cursor.• You can press “Backspace” to remove the character to the left of the cursor.• You can press “Page UP” & “Page Down” to move the preceding and next pages of

the Document respectively.• You can press “Home” to move the cursor to starting of the line or top of the document

and “End” to move the cursor to the end of the line or document

Mouse:

• Used to control computer without typing instructions from the keyboard.

• Every mouse has one left & one right button.

• Working on a computer through mouse is easy & faster as compared to the keyboard.

•System Unit:

Front part components of system unit are:

• Power switch• Reset button• Floppy disk drive• CD-ROM• CD-Writer

Floppy Disk Drive

A Floppy Disk Drive, also called FDD or FD for short, is a computer disk drive that enables a

user to save data to removable diskettes. Although 8" disk drives were first made available

in 1971, the first real disk drives used were the 5 1/4" floppy disk drives, which were later

replaced with the 3 1/2" floppy disk drives.

A 5 1/4"floppy disk was capable of storing between 360KB and 1.2MB of data, and the 3 1/2"

floppy disk was capable of storing between 360KB and 1.44MB of data. For both sizes of

floppy disk, the amount of data that could be stored was dependent on whether the disk was

single or double sided and whether the disk was regular or high density.

CD-ROM

Short for Compact Disc-Read Only Memory, a CD-ROM (shown right) is an optical

disc which contains audio or software data whose memory is read only. A CD-ROM

Driver optical drive is the device used to read them. CD-ROM drives have speeds ranging

from 1x all the way up to 72x, meaning it reads the CD roughly 72 times faster than the 1x

version. As you would imagine, these drives are capable playing audio CDs and reading data

CDs. Below is a picture of the front and back of a standard CD-ROM drive.

DVD

Short for Digital Versatile Disc or Digital Video Disc, a DVD or DVD-ROM, is

a disc capable of storing large amounts of data on one disc the size of a standard Compact

Disc.CD/DVD drives were first sold in 1997, today they are widely used for storing and

viewing movies and other data. To play DVDs on a computer, you must have a DVD drive and

software DVD player. The picture is an example of what a DVD movie may look like, in this

example it is a picture of the Matrix movie.

Inside the System Unit:

Components inside the system unit are:

• Motherboard• CPU• RAM• ROM• CMOS• Bus• Hard Disk• SMPS

Motherboard

Alternatively referred to as the mb, mainboard, mobo, mobd, backplane board, base

board, main circuit board, planar board, system board, or a logic board on Apple

computers. The motherboard is a printed circuit board that is the foundation of a computer,

located at the bottom of the computer case. It allocates power to the CPU, RAM, and all other

computer hardware components. Most importantly, the motherboard allows hardware

components to communicate with one another.

RAM

Alternatively referred to as main memory, primary memory, or system memory, Random

Access Memory (RAM) is a hardware device that allows information to be stored and

retrieved on a computer. RAM is usually associated with DRAM, which is a type of memory

module. Because information is accessed randomly instead of sequentially like it is on

a CD or hard drive, the computer can access the data much faster. However, unlike ROM or a

the hard drive, RAM is a volatile memory and requires power to keep the data accessible; if

power is lost all data contained in memory lost.

Additional information

As the computer boots, parts of the operating system and drivers are loaded into memory,

which allows the CPU to process the instructions faster and speeds up the boot process. After

the operating system has loaded, each program you open, such as the browser you're using to

view this page, is loaded into memory while it is running. If too many programs are open the

computer will swap the data in the memory between the RAM and the hard disk drive.

Over the evolution of the computer there have been different variations of RAM. Some of the

more common examples are DIMM, RIMM, SIMM, SO-DIMM, and SOO-RIMM. Below is

an example image of a 512MB DIMM computer memory module, a typical piece of RAM

found in desktop computers. This memory module would be installed into one of the memory

slots on a motherboard.

Read Only Memory (ROM):

• Stores the initial start-up instructions and routines in BIOS (Basic Input/output System), which can only be read by the CPU, each time it is switched on.

• ROM is non-volatile.• The instructions in ROM are built into the electronic circuits of the chip, called

firmware.• Types of ROM are:

– Masked ROM– Programmable ROM (PROM)– Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM)– Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM (EEPROM)

Masked ROM:

• Contains pre-programmed set of data or instructions. • The contents of Masked ROMs are specified before chip production.

Programmable ROM (PROM):

• Programmed after chip production.• Once PROM has been programmed its contents can never be changed.• PROM is also known as one-time programmable device.

Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM):• Programmed same as PROM.• But unlike PROM, an EPROM can be erased and reprogrammed repeatedly.• It can be erased by exposing the device to a strong source of ultraviolet light for a

certain amount of time.• An EPROM eraser is not selective; it will erase the entire EPROM.

EEPROM:

• Can be erased by an electrical charge and then written to by using slightly higher-than-normal-voltage.

• EEPROM can erase one byte at time rather than erasing the entire chip with ultraviolet light.

CMOS:

• Motherboard includes a separate block of memory made up of very low power consumption called Complementary Metal Oxide Silicon chip.

• Function of CMOS chip is to store basic information about configuration number, type of hard & floppy drives, memory capacity and so on.

• Other important data kept in CMOS memory is system time and date. •

IDE

 Short for Integrated Drive Electronics or IBM Disc Electronics, IDE is more commonly

known as ATA or Parallel ATA (PATA). It is a standard interface for IBM compatible

hard drives and CD or DVD drives. IDE is different than SCSI and Enhanced Small

Device Interface (ESDI) because its controllers are on each drive, meaning the drive can

connect directly to the motherboard or controller. IDE and its updated successor,

Enhanced IDE (EIDE), are common drive interfaces found in IBM compatible

computers. Below is a picture of the IDE connector on the back of a hard drive, a picture

of what an IDE cable looks like, and the IDE channels it connects to on the

motherboard.

SATA

Short for SerialATA, SATA 1.0 was first released in August2001 and is a replacement for the

Parallel ATA interface used in IBM compatible computers. SerialATA is capable of delivering

1.5 GBps (1500 MBps) of performance to each drive within a disk array. It has the benefit of

being backwards-compatible with ATA and ATAPI devices, and offers a thin, small cable

solution, as seen in the photo on the right. This cable helps make a much easier cable routing

and offers better airflow in the computer when compared to the earlier ribbon cables used with

ATA drives.

SATA also supports external drives through External SATA more commonly known

as eSATA. eSATA offers many more advantages when compared to other solutions. For

example, it is hot-swappable, supports faster transfer speeds with no bottleneck issues

like USB and FireWire, and supports disk drive technologies such as S.M.A.R.T..

However, eSATA does have some disadvantages such as not distributing power through the

cable like USB, which means drives require an external power source. The eSATA cable also

supports a maximum length of up to 2m. Because of these disadvantages don't plan on eSATA

becoming the only external solution for computers.

BIOS

Short for Basic Input/output System, the BIOS (pronounced bye-oss) is a ROM chip located

on all motherboards that allows you to access and set up your computer system at the

most basic level. In the picture below, is an example of what a BIOS chip may look like

on your computer motherboard. In this example, this is a picture of an early AMIBIOS,

a type of BIOS manufactured by the AMI. Another good example of a BIOS

manufacturer is Phoenix.

The BIOS includes instructions on how to load basic computer hardware and includes a test

referred to as a POST (Power On Self Test) that helps verify the computer meets requirements

to boot up properly. If the computer does not pass the POST, you will receive a combination of

beeps indicating what is malfunctioning within the computer.

The four main functions of a PC BIOS

POST - Test the computer hardware and make sure no errors exist before loading the operating system. Additional information on the POST can be found on our POST and Beep Codes page.

Bootstrap Loader - Locate the operating system. If a capable operating system is located, the BIOS will pass control to it.

BIOS drivers - Low level drivers that give the computer basic operational control over your computer's hardware.

BIOS or CMOS Setup - Configuration program that allows you to configure hardware settings including system settings such as computer passwords, time, and date.

PCI

Short for Peripheral Component Interconnect, PCI was introduced by Intel in1992. The

PCI bus came in both 32-bit (133MBps) and 64-bit versions and was used to attach hardware

to a computer. Although commonly used in computers from the late 1990s to the early 2000s,

PCI has since been replaced with PCI Express.

Revisions came in 1993 to version 2.0 and in 1995 to PCI 2.1; as an expansion to the ISA bus.

Unlike ISA and other earlier expansion cards, PCI follows the PnP specification and therefore

did not require any jumpers or dip switches. The picture below shows an example of what PCI

slots look like on a motherboard. As you can see, there are three PCI slots: PCI4, PCI5, and

PCI6.

AGP

Short for Accelerated Graphics Port, AGP is an advanced port designed for Video cards and

3D accelerators. Designed by Intel and introduced in August of 1997, AGP introduces a

dedicated point-to-point channel that allows the graphics controller direct access to the

system memory. Below is an illustration of what the AGP slot may look like on

your motherboard.

The AGP channel is 32-bits wide and runs at 66 MHz, which is a total bandwidth of 266 MBps

and much greater than the PCI bandwidth of up to 133 MBps. AGP also supports two optional

faster modes, with a throughput of 533 MBps and 1.07 GBps. It also allows 3-D textures to be

stored in main memory rather than video memory.

AGP is available in three different versions, the original AGP version mentioned above, AGP

2.0 that was introduced in May of 1998, and AGP 3.0 (AGP 8x) that was introduced in

November of 2000. AGP 2.0 added 4x signaling and was capable of operating at 1.5V and

AGP 3.0 was capable of double the transfer speeds.Hard Disk:

• Stores all programs & data in the computer.• Its memory is permanent.• Capacity of Hard Disk is measured in Gigabytes(GB).• Hard Disk Assembly components are:

– The Platters– The Spindle & Spindle Motor– The Read/Write Heads– The Head Actuator

–

The Platters:

• Actual disks inside the drive that store the data.• Each platter can store data both sides, so a drive with 2 platters has 4 sides to store.

The Spindle and Spindle Motor:

• The platters in a drive are separated by disk spacers and are clamped to rotating spindle the turns all the platters in the same direction.

• The spindle motor is built right into the spindle or placed directly below it and spins the platters at a constant set rate ranging from 3,600 to 7,200RPM (Rotation per minute).

The Read/Write Heads:

• Used to read and write data to the platters.• There is one header per platter side, and each head is attached to a single actuator

shaft so that all the heads move in the same direction.• When one head is over a track, all the other heads are at the same location over their

respective surfaces, but only one of the heads is active at a time i.e. reading or writing data.

The Head Actuator:

• All the heads are attached to a single head actuator that moves the heads around the platters.

Switch Mode Power Supply (SMPS):

• Contains the power-cord receptacle and a cooling fan.• It converts the AC current to low voltage DC current.• Once the current converted to DC, the power supply unit sends the required wattage

to different components of the computer.

Southbridge

The Southbridge is an IC on the motherboard responsible for the hard drive controller, I/O

controller and integrated hardware. Integrated hardware can include the sound card and video

card if on the motherboard, USB, PCI, ISA, IDE, BIOS, and Ethernet.

The Southbridge gets its name for commonly being south of the PCI bus. Below is a graphic

illustration of the ASUS P5AD2-E motherboard and some basic explanations of each of the

major portions of the motherboard including the Southbridge. As shown in the picture below, it

is common for the Southbridge and Southbridge to have a heat sink; in addition, the

Northbridge is usually slightly larger than the Southbridge.

Northbridge

Alternatively referred to as the PAC (PCI/AGP Controller) and Northbridge,

the Northbridge is an integrated circuit responsible for communications between

the CPU interface, AGP, and the memory. Unlike the Southbridge the Northbridge is directly

connected to these components and acts like a "bridge" for the Southbridge chip to

communicate with the CPU, RAM, and graphics controller. Today, the Northbridge is a single-

chip that is north of the PCI bus, however, early computers may have had up to three separate

chips that made up the Northbridge.

Below is a graphic illustration of the ASUS P5AD2-E motherboard and some basic

explanations of each of the major portions of the motherboard, including the Northbridge. As

shown in the picture below, it's common for the Northbridge and Southbridge to have a heat

sink; in addition, the Northbridge is usually slightly larger than the Southbridge and is the

closest to the CPU and memory.

Types of Ports:

• PS2 Port: Standard serial ports used to plug mouse & keyboard.

• Serial Port: Transfers information in or out one bit at a time.

• Parallel Port: Used for connecting printers.

USB (Universal Serial Bus) Port: Used to connect to Universal Serial Bus (USB)

peripherals