Page 1
104
APPENDIX 1
Table A 1.1 List of previous works done on hydrotropy
S.No. Author(s) YearParticulars
Solute Studied Hydrotrope(s) UsedParameters
Varied
1 Mckee 1946 Amyl chlorides Sodium xylene sulfonate-
2 Booth and Everson 1948Amyl alcohol, Benzoic acid,Bromoform, Butyl alcohol,Chloroform
Sodium xylene sulfonate 25°C
3 Booth and Everson 1949Acetophenone, Aniline,Benzaldeyde, Benzene
Sodium benzene sulfonate -
4 Booth and Everson 1950Hexane, Carbon tetra chloride,Cotton seed oil, o-cresol,Cyclohexanol
Na-o-xylene sulfonate,Na-m-benzene disulphate, Na-p-bromobenzene sulfonate
25°C and60°C
5 Licht and Wiener 1950 Benzoic acidNa-p-cymene sulfonate,Na-p-bromobenzene sulfonate,Na-m-benzene disulfonate
40°C
6 Poochikian and Cradock 1979 Cytotoxic agent ‘chatreusin’Na-mono, di and tri hydroxylbenzoates
-
7 Saleh et al 1980 Diazepam Sodium Salicylate -
8 Badwan et al 1982 Benzodiazepines Sodium salicylate 25°C
9. Hansen and Rosenholm 1986 Pentanol Sodium propionate 298 K
10 Pandit and Sharma 1987 Phenyl benzoatePotassium salts of butylmonoglycol sulphate,p-Cumyl phenol
Page 2
105
Table A 1.1 (Continued)
S.No. Author(s) Year
Particulars
Solute Studied Hydrotrope(s) UsedParameters
Varied
11 Mahapatra et al 1988
2,6-Xylenol/p-cresol,
o-Chlorophenol/phenol,
2,4-Dichlorophenol/
p-chlorophenol
p-Toluene sulfonic acid
-
12 Darwish 1989 Etoposide
Sodium benzoate,
Sodium o-hydroxybenzoate,
Sodium 2,5-dihydroxybenzoate
-
13 Geetha et al 1991 o- and p-ChloronitrobenzenesSodium butyl monoglycol
sulphate
14 Rasool et al 1991
Diazepam, Griseofulvin,
Progesterone,
17 Beta-estradiol,
Testosterone
Nicotinamide -
15 Agarwal and Gaikar 1992p-Cresol/2,6-xylenol,
Phenol/o-chlorophenol
Sodium toluate, Sodium toluene
sulfonate, Sodium cymene
sulfonate
-
16 Agarwal and Gaikar 1992
p-Cresol/2,6-xylenol,
isopropanol/ fm-butanol,
wc-butanol/rert-butanol
Sodium toluate,
Sodium toluene sulfonate, Sodium
cymene sulfonate
-
17 Pathak and Gaikar 1993o- and p-Chlorobenzenoic
acids
Sodium-p-toulene sulfonate,
Sodium-butyl monoglycol
sulfonate
303, 313 and
323 K
Page 3
106
Table A 1.1 (Continued)
S.No. Author(s) YearParticulars
Solute Studied Hydrotrope(s) UsedParameters
Varied
18 Gaikar and Sharma 1993
p-Cresol/2,6-xylenol,Phenol/o-chlorophenol,p-Chlorophenol/2,4-Dichlorophenol,o-Cresol/6-Cl-o-cresol,p-/o-lsopropylphenolst,2,4-Dichlorophenol/2,4,6-Trichlorophenol,Phenollacetophenone
Potassium benzoate,Sodium benzoate,Sodium xylene sulfonate,
-
19Raynaud-lacroze andTarvare
1993 2-NaptholSodium cumene sulfonate, Sodiumbutyl monoglycol sulfate
25ºC and60ºC
20 Ammar and Khalil 1995 OxaminiquineSodium salts of hydroxyl, Aminodervitavies of benzoic acid
21 Jadhav et al 1995m- and p-Aminoacetophenones
Sodium butyl monoglycolsulphate,Sodium cumenesulfonate, Sodiumxylenesulfonate,
25ºC and50ºC
22 Calonie et al 1996 o- and p-Chlorobenzoic acidSodium butyl monoglycolsulphate
25 °C and45°C
23 Friberg et al 1996 Phenethyl alcohol Sodium xylene sulfonate -
24 Tavare and Jadhav 19966-Aminopenicillanic acid,Phenoxyacetic acid
50 mass %Sodium butylmonoglycol sulfate,40 mass % Sodiumcumenesulfonate,40 mass % sodiumxylenesulfonate
25°C
Page 4
107
Table A 1.1 (Continued)
S.No. Author(s) Year
Particulars
Solute Studied Hydrotrope(s) UsedParameters
Varied
25 Suzuki and Sunada 1998 NifidipineNicotinamide,
Urea-
26 Nagendra Gandhi et al 1998 n-Butyl acetate
Citroic acid,
Sodium benzoate,
Sodium salicylate, Urea
303,313,323
and 333 K
27 Nagendra Gandhi et al 1998 Ethyl benzoateCitric acid, Sodium benzoate,
Sodium salicylate, Urea
303,313,323
and 333 K
28 Gaikar and Phatak 1999o-/p-Chlorobenzoic acids,
o-/p-Nitroanilines
Sodium butyl monoglycol
sulphate
-
29 Tavare and Jadhav 19996-Aminopenicillanic acid,
Phenoxyacetic acid
Sodium butyl monoglycol
sulphate-
30 Dhara and Chatterji 1999Poly(n-isopropylacrylamide)
hydrogels
Hydroxybenzenes,
Hydroxybenzoates,
Benzenesulfonates
24ºC and
26ºC
31 Silva et al 1999 Polar dye (Methyl yellow)
Nicotinamide,
Sodium p-toluene sulfonate,
Tetrapropyl and tetrabutyl
ammonium bromides
298 K
32 Gonzalez et al 2000
Ethoxylated fatty alcohol
containing between five and
six oxyethylenic units (C12E6)
Sodium p-toluene sulfonate -
Page 5
108
Table A 1.1 (Continued)
S.No. Author(s) YearParticulars
Solute Studied Hydrotrope(s) UsedParameters
Varied
33Dharmendira Kumarand Nagendra Gandhi
2000 Amyl acetateCitric acid,Sodium benzoate,Sodium salicylate, Urea
303, 313, 323and 333 K
34Dharmendira Kumarand Nagendra Gandhi
2000 Methyl salicylateCitric acid,Sodium benzoate,Sodium salicylate, Urea
303, 313,323 and 333
K
35 Hino and Ford 2001 Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose Nicotinamide 50 to 70 ºC
36 Simmora et al 2001 RapamycinBenzyl alcohol,Benzyl benzoate,Benzoic acid
-
37 Horvath et al 2001 Lecithin Sodium xylene sulfonate -38 Guo et al 2002 CTAB/n- C5H11OH/H2O Penicillin potassium -
39 Raman and Gaikar 2002 PiperineSodium alkyl benzene sulfonates,Sodium butyl monoglycol
-
40 Roy and Moulik 2002
Water/Triton X-100+BuOH(1:1 w/w)/isooctane,water/AOT/isooctane,Cetylpyridiniumchloride andTX-100 and methyl cellulose.
Sodium salicylate,Proline, Resorcinol, Pyrogallol,Urea
30 ºC
41 Dandekar and Gaikar 2003 CurcuminoidsSodium cumene sulfonate,Sodium n-butyl benzene sulfonate
-
42 Lee et al 2003 Paclitaxel n-Poly nicotinamide -
43 Raman and Gaikar 2003 Boswellic acids Alkylbenzene sulfonate -
Page 6
109
Table A 1.1 (Continued)
S.No. Author(s) Year
Particulars
Solute Studied Hydrotrope(s) UsedParameters
Varied
44 Lee et al 2003 Paclitaxel
N,N-Diethylnicotinamide, N-
Picolylnicotinamide,
N-allylnicotinamide, Sodium
salicylate
-
45Gnanendran and Amin
2003 Natural gas p-Toluene sulfonic acid
-10 ºC at
1500 psig,
46 Guo et al 2004 CTAB/n-C5H11OH/H2O Cephanone -
47 Mishra and Gaikar 2004 Diosgenin Sodium Cumene Sulfonate 293 K
48 Agarwal et al 2004 Nimesulide
Sodium ascorbate,
Sodium salicylate,
Sodium benzoate
-
49 Koparkar and Gaikar 2004o- and p-Hydroxy
acetophenones
Sodium cumene sulfonate, Sodium
p-xylene sulfonate, Sodium p-
toluene sulfonate-
50Meyyappan and
Nagendra Gandhi2004 Benzyl acetate
Citric acid,
Sodium benzoate,
Sodium salicylate, Urea
303, 313, 323
and 333 K
51 Agrawal et al 2004 Nimesulide
Nicotinamide,
Sodium ascorbate,
Piperazine
25±2 °C
52 Huh et al 2004 Paclitaxel N,N-Diethylnicotinamide -
Page 7
110
Table A 1.1 (Continued)
S.No. Author(s) YearParticulars
Solute Studied Hydrotrope(s) UsedParameters
Varied
53 Varade et al 2004
Poly (ethylene oxide)–poly(propylene oxide)– poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO–PPO–PEO) triblock copolymer L62
Sodium benzene sulfonate,Sodium toluene sulfonate, Sodiumxylene sulfonate
30°C
54Meyyappan andNagendra Gandhi
2005 Benzyl benzoateTri-sodium citrate,Sodium benzoate,Sodium salicylate, Urea
303, 313, 323and 333 K
55 Maheshwari 2005 CefiximeUrea, Sodium acetate, Sodiumcitrate
-
56 Mishra and Gaikar 2006Embelin (2,5-dihydroxy-3-undecyl-p-benzoquinone)
Sodium-n-butyl benzenesulfonate,Sodium cumene sulfonate
40°C and50°C
57 Evstigneev et al 2006 Vitamin B2Caffeine,Nicotinamide
-
58 Mishra and Gaikar 2006 AndrographolideSodium cumene sulfonate, Sodiump-toluene sulfonate, Sodiumsalicylate
-
59 Maheshwari 2006 Paracetamol Urea -
60 Maheshwari et al 2006Nalidixic acid, Norfloxacin,Tinidazole, and Metronidazole
Sodium benzoate, Niacinamide-
61 Zhu et al 2006The pseudoternary Span 80-Tween 85/isopar M/water
Acrylamide 40 ºC
62 Maheshwari 2006 Aceclofenac Sodium salicylate -
63 Jain 2007 IndomethacinUrea, Nicotinamide, Resorcinol,Sodium benzoate,Sodium p-hydroxy benzoate
-
Page 8
111
Table A 1.1 (Continued)
S.No. Author(s) YearParticulars
Solute Studied Hydrotrope(s) UsedParameters
Varied64 Maheshwari et al 2007 Frusemide Ibuprofen sodium -
65 Dandekar et al 2008 Limonoid aglyconesSodium salicylate,Sodium cumene sulphonate
45 °C
66 Maheshwari and Shukla 2008 Hydrochlorothiazide Niacinamide -
67 Maheshwari et al 2008 Aceclofenac Ibuprofen sodium 28 ±1°C
68 Ramesh et al 2009 o-/p-XyleneSodium salicylate,Sodium benzoate,Nicotinamide
303, 313, 323and 333K
69 Mishra and Gaikar 2009 ForskolinSodium cumene sulfonate, Sodiump-toluene sulfonate, Sodiumsalicylate
20 to 70°C
70 Jenamayjayan et al 2009 Phenol/o-chlorophenolUrea, Citric acid,Sodium salicylate, Nicotinamide
303, 313, 323and 333K
71 Negi and Gaikar 2009 o/p-NitrophenolsSodium toluene sulfonate, Sodiumxylene sulfonate, Sodium cumenesulfonate
-
72 Maheshwari et al 2009 Naproxen Ibuprofen sodium -
73 Sable et al 2009 OlanzepineSodium benzoate,Sodium acetate,Sodium bicarbonate,
-
74 Maheshwari et al 2010c Ketoprofen30% Urea,30% Sodium citrate
-
75 Sharma et al 2010 Tenfovir disoproxil fumerate Sodium benzoate 25 ±1°C
Page 9
112
Table A 1.1 (Continued)
S.No. Author(s) YearParticulars
Solute Studied Hydrotrope(s) UsedParameters
Varied
76 Shukla et al 2010 GlipizideSodium acetate,Sodium benzoate,Sodium salicylate
-
77 Smita and Mukesh 2010Pseudoephidrine Sulphate,Desloratidine,
Urea 28 ±1°C
78 Pareek et al 2010 Cefprozil
Potassium acetate, Potassiumcitrate,Sodium acetate,Sodium citrate, Urea
-
79 Maheshwari et al 2010a Atenolol Metformin hydrochloride 28±1ºC
80Maheshwari andMoondra
2010 Aceclofenac Sodium salicylate 27 ±1°C
81 Maheshwari et al 2010b Ornidazole Urea -
82 Jain et al 2010 Gatifloxacin N,N-Dimethyl urea 28 ±1°C
83 Kim et al, 2010
Griseofulvin, Clofibrate,Nifedipine, Glybenclamide,Dihydroanthracene,Progesterone, Felodipine,Anthracene, Fenofibrate,Itraconazole, Probucol,Coenzyme Q10, Paclitaxel.
N,N-Diethylnicotinamide,N,N-Dimethylbenzamide 37 ºC
84 Marimuthu et al 2011 BenzeneCitric acid, Urea, Nicotinamide,Sodium salicylate
303, 313, 323and 333 K
Page 10
113
Table A 1.2 Effect of sodium salicylate concentration (C) on the
solubility (S) of acetylsalicylic acid in water
S.NoC,
mol/L
102 S, mol/L
T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K
1 0.00 4.80 5.10 5.72 6.33
2 0.10 4.89 5.16 6.11 6.40
3 0.20*
6.00 7.20 8.00 10.33
4 0.30 17.00 28.22 32.00 34.00
5 0.40 20.00 34.55 46.00 50.00
6 0.50 28.00 44.00 52.00 71.00
7 0.60 37.00 45.00 67.00 87.00
8 0.70 42.00 56.00 73.00 108.00
9 0.80 50.00 67.00 91.00 127.00
10 0.90 57.00 80.00 101.00 137.00
11 1.00 75.00 90.00 123.00 178.23
12 1.20 95.00 116.00 165.00 209.00
13 1.40 116.00 140.00 204.00 272.00
14 1.60 131.00 167.00 226.00 317.00
15 1.80 168.00 200.00 268.00 378.00
16 2.00 180.00 248.00 327.00 440.00
17 2.20 217.00 278.00 367.00 505.00
18 2.40**
240.11 339.10 405.10 556.12
19 2.60 240.88 339.73 405.77 556.66
20 2.80 241.01 340.11 406.03 556.87
21 3.00 241.63 340.83 406.35 557.04*MHC;
**Cmax
Page 11
114
Table A 1.3 Effect of sodium salicylate concentration (C) on the
solubility (S) of p-aminobenzoic acid in water
S.NoC,
mol/L
102 S, mol/L
T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K
1 0.00 4.16 5.50 6.13 6.91
2 0.10 4.60 5.63 6.38 7.20
3 0.20 5.16 5.77 6.44 7.36
4 0.25*
7.55 8.21 9.10 10.44
5 0.30 7.88 8.88 10.11 11.11
6 0.40 8.50 9.50 11.02 12.02
7 0.50 8.90 10.20 13.70 14.70
8 0.60 10.20 12.30 16.00 17.00
9 0.70 10.50 14.80 20.60 22.60
10 0.80 11.40 16.00 21.10 24.10
11 0.90 12.00 17.30 27.30 29.30
12 1.00 12.60 21.10 31.10 33.90
13 1.20 15.20 24.70 34.70 41.90
14 1.40 18.30 28.50 38.50 58.60
15 1.60 23.40 31.40 46.00 70.60
16 1.80 28.00 38.90 65.20 77.70
17 2.00 32.00 48.00 73.10 96.00
18 2.20 36.60 67.70 102.40 142.00
19 2.40 42.70 79.20 106.30 145.70
20 2.65**
51.99 87.45 112.82 148.11
21 2.70 52.78 87.66 112.97 148.53
22 2.80 52.92 87.90 113.11 148.70
23 3.00 53.54 88.11 113.59 149.12*MHC;
**Cmax
Page 12
115
Table A 1.4 Effect of sodium salicylate concentration (C) on the
solubility (S) of 2-nitrobenzoic acid in water
S.NoC,
mol/L
102 S, mol/L
T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K
1 0.00 4.20 4.40 5.00 6.17
2 0.10 4.90 5.30 5.93 7.10
3 0.20*
11.00 12.34 15.20 20.00
4 0.30 22.00 15.00 25.00 43.00
5 0.40 28.00 15.00 40.00 46.00
6 0.50 33.00 29.00 60.00 66.00
7 0.60 44.00 40.00 66.00 90.00
8 0.70 53.00 42.00 97.00 93.00
9 0.80 72.00 56.00 116.00 126.00
10 0.90 84.00 68.00 117.00 150.00
11 1.00 91.00 80.00 131.00 170.00
12 1.20 108.00 107.00 156.00 205.00
13 1.40 130.00 131.00 204.00 250.00
14 1.60 155.00 150.00 224.00 310.00
15 1.80 163.00 174.00 262.00 370.00
16 2.00 178.00 195.00 265.00 385.00
17 2.25 183.00 210.00 291.00 442.00
18 2.50**
196.03 230.66 315.22 467.11
19 2.75 196.88 231.02 316.00 468.00
20 3.00 197.36 231.22 316.65 468.24*MHC;
**Cmax
Page 13
116
Table A 1.5 Effect of sodium salicylate concentration (C) on the
solubility (S) of stearic acid in water
S.NoC,
mol/L
103 S, mol/L
T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K
1 0.00 1.20 1.29 1.36 1.50
2 0.10 1.64 2.00 2.20 2.42
3 0.20 2.11 2.80 3.10 4.60
4 0.30*
4.00 6.00 8.00 14.00
5 0.40 5.20 8.00 13.00 23.00
6 0.50 6.70 10.40 18.50 32.00
7 0.60 8.00 14.40 24.00 42.80
8 0.70 9.70 16.20 31.20 54.00
9 0.80 11.00 19.60 34.40 64.60
10 0.90 12.90 22.00 40.40 74.20
11 1.00 13.80 26.00 45.20 85.20
12 1.20 16.70 33.00 55.00 100.80
13 1.40 20.20 39.00 63.00 115.00
14 1.60 25.00 44.80 69.60 124.80
15 1.80 29.50 48.00 76.00 134.50
16 2.00 34.80 54.90 81.40 138.40
17 2.20 38.60 55.80 86.00 140.20
18 2.40**
41.11 59.07 90.65 143.83
19 2.60 41.38 59.09 90.69 143.86
20 2.80 41.41 59.12 90.73 143.89
21 3.00 41.47 59.14 90.75 143.92*MHC;
**Cmax
Page 14
117
Table A 1.6 Effect of hydrotrope concentration (C) on the solubility (S)
of 6-gingerol in water for different hydrotropes at T = 303 K
S.NoC,
mol/L
103 S, mol/L
Sodium
salicylateNicotinamide
Sodium
benzoateUrea
1 0.00 3.40 3.40 3.40 3.40
2 0.10 6.01 5.00 4.37 3.89
3 0.20 12.22 7.78 6.63 5.26
4 0.30 22.61 16.33 8.35 7.83
5 0.40 30.26 23.56 18.56 9.54
6 0.50 35.34 25.82 22.22 10.89
7 0.60 38.60 29.99 23.45 16.99
8 0.70 42.62 31.87 27.62 21.65
9 0.80 49.11 36.66 32.22 23.56
10 0.90 53.52 39.65 36.00 26.44
11 1.00 58.26 46.83 41.11 27.88
12 1.10 63.32 48.78 46.23 29.43
13 1.20 68.00 53.38 48.78 31.23
14 1.30 74.22 59.28 51.76 33.62
15 1.40 78.36 65.11 55.22 34.36
16 1.50 81.20 68.31 57.27 36.89
Page 15
118
Table A 1.7 Effect of sodium benzoate concentration (C) on the
solubility (S) of salicylic acid in water
S.NoC,
mol/L
102 S, mol/L
T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K
1 0.00 2.14 2.22 2.31 2.44
2 0.10 2.15 2.23 2.34 2.48
3 0.20 2.16 2.24 2.39 2.52
4 0.30 2.18 2.25 2.39 2.60
5 0.40*
2.33 2.39 2.49 2.93
6 0.50 2.35 2.40 2.50 3.12
7 0.60 2.36 2.50 2.92 3.37
8 0.70 2.46 3.20 3.88 4.30
9 0.80 2.52 3.60 4.46 5.29
10 0.90 3.00 3.74 4.86 6.84
11 1.00 3.33 4.44 5.71 7.96
12 1.20 3.86 5.35 6.77 9.09
13 1.40 4.22 5.75 8.42 10.36
14 1.60 4.67 6.75 9.69 12.55
15 1.80**
5.54 7.47 10.60 13.69
16 2.00 5.55 7.49 10.61 13.76
17 2.25 5.58 7.51 10.63 13.78
18 2.50 5.58 7.52 10.63 13.79
19 2.75 5.60 7.53 10.64 13.79
20 3.00 5.60 7.53 10.65 13.80
*MHC;
**Cmax
Page 16
119
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
C, mol/L
10
2 S
, m
ol/
L
T = 303 K
T = 313 K
T = 323 K
T = 333 K
Figure A 1.1 Effect of sodium benzoate concentration (C) on the
solubility (S) of salicylic acid in water at different
temperatures (T)
Page 17
120
Table A 1.8 Effect of sodium benzoate concentration (C) on the
solubility (S) of acetylsalicylic acid in water
S.NoC,
mol/L
102 S, mol/L
T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K
1 0.00 4.80 5.10 5.72 6.33
2 0.10 4.87 5.15 5.93 6.39
3 0.20*
5.96 6.13 7.33 8.62
4 0.30 15.22 28.22 22.00 34.00
5 0.40 18.72 34.55 28.00 34.00
6 0.50 24.38 44.00 37.00 54.00
7 0.60 29.99 45.00 52.00 76.00
8 0.70 35.89 56.00 57.00 91.00
9 0.80 50.00 67.00 75.00 100.00
10 0.90 52.76 67.00 83.00 126.00
11 1.00 67.40 90.00 104.00 134.00
12 1.20 76.38 100.00 140.00 165.00
13 1.40 100.00 140.00 149.00 208.00
14 1.60 98.30 148.00 173.00 234.00
15 1.80 124.50 162.00 215.00 250.00
16 2.00 147.10 184.00 235.00 290.00
17 2.20**
164.37 198.23 255.82 317.66
18 2.40 165.01 199.02 256.43 317.02
19 2.60 165.89 200.00 257.33 318.00
20 2.80 166.32 200.88 258.21 318.87
21 3.00 167.03 201.22 259.03 319.66*MHC;
**Cmax
Page 18
121
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
C, mol/L
10
2 S
, m
ol/
L
T = 303 K
T = 313 K
T = 323 K
T = 333 K
Figure A 1.2 Effect of sodium benzoate concentration (C) on the
solubility (S) of acetylsalicylic acid in water at different
temperatures (T)
Page 19
122
Table A 1.9 Effect of sodium benzoate concentration (C) on the
solubility (S) of p-aminobenzoic acid in water
S.NoC,
mol/L
102 S, mol/L
T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K
1 0.00 4.16 5.50 6.13 6.91
2 0.10 4.26 5.55 6.25 7.15
3 0.20 4.41 5.60 6.39 7.20
4 0.30 4.85 5.92 6.47 7.36
5 0.40*
6.03 7.24 8.01 11.22
6 0.50 6.50 7.50 8.20 11.87
7 0.60 6.90 7.50 9.00 14.00
8 0.70 7.00 8.00 9.30 14.30
9 0.80 7.30 8.60 12.00 16.00
10 0.90 7.80 9.30 12.70 18.00
11 1.00 7.80 10.60 14.50 19.00
12 1.20 8.90 12.30 19.70 27.10
13 1.40 11.50 17.20 21.10 32.00
14 1.60 12.70 21.40 26.00 37.70
15 1.80 17.60 27.00 33.30 52.70
16 2.00 17.10 29.50 38.60 56.00
17 2.20 21.40 38.80 47.80 73.00
18 2.40**
26.01 42.22 53.52 80.38
19 2.60 26.21 42.42 53.61 80.67
20 2.80 26.38 42.52 53.78 80.88
21 3.00 26.46 42.69 53.96 81.06*MHC;
**Cmax
Page 20
123
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
C, mol/L
10
2 S
, m
ol/
L
T = 303 K
T = 313 K
T = 323 K
T = 333 K
Figure A 1.3 Effect of sodium benzoate concentration (C) on the
solubility (S) of p-aminobenzoic acid in water at different
temperatures (T)
Page 21
124
Table A 1.10 Effect of sodium benzoate concentration (C) on the
solubility (S) of 2-nitrobenzoic acid in water
S.NoC,
mol/L
102 S, mol/L
T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K
1 0.00 4.20 4.40 5.00 6.17
2 0.10 4.70 5.10 5.72 6.88
3 0.20 5.68 5.89 6.63 7.87
4 0.30*
12.80 15.00 18.00 25.00
5 0.40 17.70 36.00 53.00 40.00
6 0.50 33.00 63.00 80.00 64.00
7 0.60 44.00 80.00 112.00 97.00
8 0.70 53.00 85.00 123.00 115.00
9 0.80 62.10 99.00 147.00 162.00
10 0.90 76.00 118.00 153.00 176.00
11 1.00 81.80 126.00 172.00 203.00
12 1.20 112.00 149.00 195.00 247.00
13 1.40 128.00 177.00 240.00 282.00
14 1.60 140.00 195.00 245.00 335.00
15 1.80 141.90 205.00 256.00 369.00
16 2.00 162.60 205.00 293.00 391.00
17 2.25 169.50 219.00 291.00 406.00
18 2.50**
177.82 227.72 298.01 433.01
19 2.75 178.30 228.00 298.93 433.84
20 3.00 178.46 228.32 299.75 434.12
*MHC;
**Cmax
Page 22
125
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
C, mol/L
10
2 S
, m
ol/
L
T = 303 K
T = 313 K
T = 323 K
T = 333 K
Figure A 1.4 Effect of sodium benzoate concentration (C) on the
solubility (S) of 2-nitrobenzoic acid in water at different
temperatures (T)
Page 23
126
Table A 1.11 Effect of sodium benzoate concentration (C) on the
solubility (S) of stearic acid in water
S.NoC,
mol/L
103 S, mol/L
T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K
1 0.00 1.20 1.29 1.36 1.50
2 0.10 1.23 1.33 1.38 1.53
3 0.20 1.25 1.35 1.44 1.58
4 0.30 1.30 1.38 1.49 1.63
5 0.40*
2.30 2.40 3.04 4.10
6 0.50 2.47 2.63 3.88 5.22
7 0.60 2.57 3.22 4.33 6.21
8 0.70 2.93 3.64 4.89 7.27
9 0.80 3.28 4.19 6.26 8.67
10 0.90 3.42 5.00 6.61 10.50
11 1.00 3.70 5.49 7.75 13.30
12 1.20 4.05 6.04 10.22 15.50
13 1.40 4.93 8.11 11.89 18.70
14 1.60 5.44 8.85 12.51 22.00
15 1.80 5.83 9.11 14.54 23.40
16 2.00 6.18 10.33 16.27 26.67
17 2.20**
7.19 11.78 18.14 28.71
18 2.40 7.28 11.93 18.24 28.89
19 2.60 7.41 12.00 18.31 29.00
20 2.80 7.44 12.04 18.48 29.08
21 3.00 7.45 12.07 18.51 29.12*MHC;
**Cmax
Page 24
127
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
C, mol/L
10
3 S
, m
ol/
L
T = 303 K
T = 313 K
T = 323 K
T = 333 K
Figure A 1.5 Effect of sodium benzoate concentration (C) on the
solubility (S) of stearic acid in water at different
temperatures (T)
Page 25
128
Table A 1.12 Effect of nicotinamide concentration (C) on the solubility
(S) of salicylic acid in water
S.NoC,
mol/L
102 S, mol/L
T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K
1 0.00 2.14 2.22 2.31 2.44
2 0.10 2.16 2.25 2.35 2.48
3 0.20 2.18 2.27 2.39 2.53
4 0.30 2.20 2.30 2.41 2.60
5 0.40*
2.35 2.46 2.54 2.84
6 0.50 2.53 2.60 2.74 3.22
7 0.60 2.63 2.80 2.92 5.30
8 0.70 2.85 3.74 3.88 7.20
9 0.80 3.01 4.16 4.46 8.60
10 0.90 3.28 4.49 6.90 11.00
11 1.00 3.96 6.40 9.60 16.00
12 1.20 5.87 8.18 13.50 18.50
13 1.40 6.77 9.20 15.30 25.70
14 1.60 7.35 10.64 17.20 27.10
15 1.80 8.62 13.84 22.70 32.60
16 2.00 9.81 14.24 23.51 33.00
17 2.25**
10.12 15.52 24.72 33.80
18 2.50 10.16 15.53 24.76 33.86
19 2.75 10.20 15.55 24.80 33.90
20 3.00 10.21 15.56 24.82 33.95*MHC;
**Cmax
Page 26
129
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
C, mol/L
10
2 S
, m
ol/
L
T = 303 K
T = 313 K
T = 323 K
T = 333 K
Figure A 1.6 Effect of nicotinamide concentration (C) on thesolubility
(S) of salicylic acid in water at different temperatures (T)
Page 27
130
Table A 1.13 Effect of nicotinamide concentration (C) on the solubility
(S) of acetylsalicylic acid in water
S.NoC,
mol/L
102 S, mol/L
T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K
1 0.00 4.80 5.10 5.72 6.33
2 0.10 4.86 5.14 5.78 6.38
3 0.20 4.91 5.22 5.83 6.43
4 0.30 5.14 5.41 6.01 6.51
5 0.40*
6.91 8.48 10.00 10.28
6 0.50 7.90 10.00 12.00 13.20
7 0.60 8.60 11.20 14.00 14.40
8 0.70 9.40 12.60 16.10 17.12
9 0.80 10.20 14.00 18.40 20.29
10 0.90 11.20 15.70 20.80 22.60
11 1.00 12.20 17.64 23.70 27.68
12 1.20 14.80 22.10 28.80 40.00
13 1.40 20.00 27.40 39.60 47.50
14 1.60 22.80 33.00 40.60 56.00
15 1.80 26.40 42.00 48.50 73.30
16 2.00 32.50 45.40 55.40 76.00
17 2.20 34.29 48.82 57.88 78.59
18 2.40**
38.31 51.88 65.90 87.62
19 2.60 38.44 51.92 65.99 87.72
20 2.80 38.51 52.11 66.10 87.81
21 3.00 38.56 52.12 66.14 87.85*MHC;
**Cmax
Page 28
131
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
C, mol/L
10
2 S
, m
ol/
L
T = 303 K
T = 313 K
T = 323 K
T = 333 K
Figure A 1.7 Effect of nicotinamide concentration (C) on the solubility
(S) of acetylsalicylic acid in water at different
temperatures (T)
Page 29
132
Table A 1.14 Effect of nicotinamide concentration (C) on the solubility
(S) of p-aminobenzoic acid in water
S.NoC,
mol/L
102 S, mol/L
T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K
1 000 4.16 5.50 6.13 6.91
2 0.10 4.55 5.59 6.36 7.17
3 0.20 4.83 5.67 6.41 7.27
4 0.30 4.94 6.10 6.60 7.54
5 0.40*
6.81 7.22 8.46 9.63
6 0.50 6.95 7.70 9.99 10.83
7 0.60 8.00 10.20 10.70 13.70
8 0.70 8.30 11.70 12.70 15.30
9 0.80 9.10 12.30 13.50 16.40
10 0.90 9.70 13.60 17.00 18.50
11 1.00 10.20 15.10 18.60 20.60
12 1.20 11.30 18.80 23.00 27.00
13 1.40 13.00 23.40 30.80 44.40
14 1.60 17.60 28.30 48.40 46.50
15 1.80 19.20 33.40 53.00 70.80
16 2.00 24.00 48.00 69.80 81.00
17 2.20 26.60 54.90 66.20 84.60
18 2.40 30.60 57.70 74.90 93.00
19 2.60**
38.19 58.59 79.77 97.68
20 2.80 38.27 58.70 79.93 97.88
21 3.00 38.39 59.01 80.10 97.92*MHC;
**Cmax
Page 30
133
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
C, mol/L
10
2 S
, m
ol/
L
T = 303 K
T = 313 K
T = 323 K
T = 333 K
Figure A 1.8 Effect of nicotinamide concentration (C) on the solubility
(S) of p-aminobenzoic acid in water at different
temperatures (T)
Page 31
134
Table A 1.15 Effect of nicotinamide concentration (C) on the solubility
(S) of 2-nitrobenzoic acid in water
S.NoC,
mol/L
102 S, mol/L
T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K
1 0.00 4.20 4.40 5.00 6.17
2 0.10 4.24 4.42 5.08 6.18
3 0.20 4.28 4.47 5.30 6.25
4 0.30 4.37 4.53 5.64 6.39
5 0.40*
5.54 6.08 6.69 9.70
6 0.50 7.30 8.60 9.30 12.00
7 0.60 8.00 10.70 11.26 14.50
8 0.70 9.00 12.30 13.90 18.30
9 0.80 10.01 13.20 16.00 19.80
10 0.90 11.03 14.70 18.50 24.20
11 1.00 12.07 15.87 20.70 26.90
12 1.20 13.20 18.30 23.90 33.00
13 1.40 14.26 22.50 26.70 34.80
14 1.60 15.96 23.30 28.00 39.00
15 1.80 17.00 24.30 31.00 40.70
16 2.00**
18.10 25.37 33.44 43.00
17 2.25 18.32 25.64 33.77 43.09
18 2.50 18.56 25.88 34.10 43.51
19 2.75 18.72 26.23 34.21 43.77
20 3.00 18.80 26.33 34.30 43.97*MHC;
**Cmax
Page 32
135
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
C, mol/L
10
2 S
, m
ol/
L
T = 303 K
T = 313 K
T = 323 K
T = 333 K
Figure A 1.9 Effect of nicotinamide concentration (C) on the solubility
(S) of 2-nitrobenzoic acid in water at different
temperatures (T)
Page 33
136
Table A 1.16 Effect of nicotinamide concentration (C) on the solubility
(S) of stearic acid in water
S.NoC,
mol/L
103 S, mol/L
T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K
1 0.00 1.20 1.29 1.36 1.50
2 0.10 1.21 1.31 1.37 1.52
3 0.20 1.22 1.33 1.40 1.56
4 0.30 1.27 1.36 1.45 1.60
5 0.40 1.38 1.42 1.58 1.71
6 0.50 1.49 1.58 1.69 1.87
7 0.60*
2.66 3.10 3.66 4.10
8 0.70 2.68 3.30 4.11 5.57
9 0.80 2.70 3.55 5.01 6.23
10 0.90 2.74 4.32 6.22 7.28
11 1.00 2.96 5.00 7.44 9.17
12 1.20 3.52 6.04 8.50 11.56
13 1.40 4.23 7.60 10.50 14.50
14 1.60 4.58 8.14 11.60 15.80
15 1.80 4.83 9.18 13.20 18.00
16 2.00 5.12 10.11 14.72 20.11
17 2.20**
6.20 11.35 15.89 22.29
18 2.40 6.40 11.39 16.00 22.33
19 2.60 6.60 11.45 16.20 22.38
20 2.80 6.70 11.50 16.28 22.41
21 3.00 6.74 11.57 16.30 22.48*MHC;
**Cmax
Page 34
137
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
C, mol/L
10
3 S
, m
ol/
L
T = 303 K
T = 313 K
T = 323 K
T = 333 K
Figure A 1.10 Effect of nicotinamide concentration (C) on the solubility
(S) of stearic acid in water at different temperatures (T)
Page 35
138
Table A 1.17 Effect of urea concentration (C) on the solubility (S) of
salicylic acid in water
S.NoC,
mol/L
102 S, mol/L
T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K
1 0.00 2.14 2.22 2.31 2.44
2 0.10 2.15 2.22 2.32 2.45
3 0.20 2.15 2.23 2.33 2.46
4 0.30 2.16 2.24 2.34 2.47
5 0.40*
2.27 2.39 2.54 2.69
6 0.50 2.44 2.60 2.72 3.00
7 0.60 2.62 2.80 3.01 3.37
8 0.70 2.87 3.45 3.24 3.69
9 0.80 3.27 3.60 4.32 4.24
10 0.90 3.36 4.20 4.87 4.54
11 1.00 3.82 4.76 5.60 8.11
12 1.20 4.47 6.20 6.67 10.54
13 1.40 5.00 7.49 9.50 12.05
14 1.60 5.96 8.04 10.24 15.08
15 1.80 6.11 8.46 10.73 15.60
16 2.00**
6.57 9.27 12.10 17.88
17 2.25 6.59 9.29 12.10 17.90
18 2.50 6.60 9.29 12.11 17.90
19 2.75 6.61 9.30 12.12 17.91
20 3.00 6.61 9.31 12.13 17.92*MHC;
**Cmax
Page 36
139
0
5
10
15
20
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
C, mol/L
10
2 S
, m
ol/
L
T = 303 K
T = 313 K
T = 323 K
T = 333 K
Figure A 1.11 Effect of urea concentration (C) on the solubility (S) of
salicylic acid in water at different temperatures (T)
Page 37
140
Table A.1.18 Effect of urea concentration (C) on the solubility (S) of
acetylsalicylic acid in water
S.NoC,
mol/L
102 S, mol/L
T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K
1 0.00 4.80 5.10 5.72 6.33
2 0.10 4.84 5.12 5.76 6.35
3 0.20 4.93 5.19 5.80 6.55
4 0.30 5.04 5.21 5.92 6.74
5 0.40 5.07 5.29 6.12 6.95
6 0.50 5.11 5.31 6.18 7.22
7 0.60*
8.70 10.20 11.40 14.50
8 0.70 9.00 10.40 13.10 17.00
9 0.80 10.01 11.10 14.90 18.90
10 0.90 11.03 12.50 16.90 22.00
11 1.00 12.07 13.40 18.80 24.90
12 1.20 14.00 16.00 23.20 34.80
13 1.40 17.70 21.00 27.20 39.50
14 1.60 18.50 22.40 29.70 43.70
15 1.80 20.80 26.60 38.60 49.70
16 2.00**
28.72 31.83 42.98 61.67
17 2.20 28.77 31.93 43.09 61.87
18 2.40 28.80 32.33 43.11 62.47
19 2.60 29.20 32.41 44.08 63.05
20 2.80 29.88 33.33 44.81 63.97
21 3.00 30.03 33.41 45.18 64.05*MHC;
**Cmax
Page 38
141
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
C, mol/L
10
2 S
, m
ol/
L
T = 303 K
T = 313 K
T = 323 K
T = 333 K
Figure A 1.12 Effect of urea concentration (C) on the solubility (S) of
acetylsalicylic acid in water at different temperatures (T)
Page 39
142
Table A 1.19 Effect of urea concentration (C) on the solubility (S) of
p-aminobenzoic acid in water
S.NoC,
mol/L
102 S, mol/L
T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K
1 0.00 4.16 5.50 6.13 6.91
2 0.10 4.20 5.50 6.15 7.07
3 0.20 4.32 5.55 6.21 7.12
4 0.30 4.48 5.62 6.32 7.23
5 0.40 4.66 5.78 6.68 7.49
6 0.50*
6.51 7.50 8.50 10.70
7 0.60 6.10 7.50 9.00 10.60
8 0.70 6.20 8.00 9.30 12.20
9 0.80 7.30 9.80 12.00 16.00
10 0.90 7.40 10.00 12.70 18.00
11 1.00 7.80 11.30 14.50 19.00
12 1.20 8.90 14.40 19.70 27.60
13 1.40 10.00 17.00 20.40 29.20
14 1.60 12.70 20.40 26.00 35.10
15 1.80 14.80 23.50 33.30 50.80
16 2.00 18.80 29.50 37.20 52.80
17 2.20 20.90 38.00 47.80 65.00
18 2.40**
24.75 38.21 47.87 70.00
19 2.60 25.01 38.55 48.33 70.44
20 2.80 25.22 39.00 49.05 71.00
21 3.00 25.46 39.16 49.35 71.80*MHC;
**Cmax
Page 40
143
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
C, mol/L
10
2 S
, m
ol/
L
T = 303 K
T = 313 K
T = 323 K
T = 333 K
Figure A 1.13 Effect of urea concentration (C) on the solubility (S) of
p-aminobenzoic acid in water at different temperatures
(T)
Page 41
144
Table A 1.20 Effect of urea concentration (C) on the solubility (S) of
2-nitrobenzoic acid in water
S.NoC,
mol/L
102 S, mol/L
T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K
1 0.00 4.20 4.40 5.00 6.17
2 0.10 4.21 4.40 5.02 6.18
3 0.20 4.24 4.42 5.10 6.20
4 0.30 4.32 4.46 5.13 6.26
5 0.40 4.55 4.53 5.15 6.55
6 0.50 4.93 4.72 5.39 7.02
7 0.60*
6.20 8.04 9.87 11.33
8 0.70 7.50 11.50 13.90 18.30
9 0.80 8.20 13.20 16.00 19.80
10 0.90 9.70 14.70 18.50 24.20
11 1.00 10.80 16.50 20.70 26.90
12 1.20 11.60 18.30 23.90 33.00
13 1.40 12.80 20.60 26.70 34.80
14 1.60 15.10 23.30 28.00 39.00
15 1.80 15.50 23.90 29.40 40.70
16 2.00**
16.00 23.00 30.00 41.00
17 2.25 16.21 23.92 30.98 41.53
18 2.50 17.20 24.65 31.60 42.02
19 2.75 17.54 25.00 32.30 42.55
20 3.00 17.68 25.30 32.60 43.07*MHC;
**Cmax
Page 42
145
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
C, mol/L
10
2 S
, m
ol/
L
T = 303 K
T = 313 K
T = 323 K
T = 333 K
Figure A 1.14 Effect of urea concentration (C) on the solubility (S) of
2-nitrobenzoic acid in water at different temperatures
(T)
Page 43
146
Table A 1.21 Effect of urea concentration (C) on the solubility (S) of
stearic acid in water
S.NoC,
mol/L
103 S, mol/L
T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K
1 0.00 1.20 1.29 1.36 1.50
2 0.10 1.20 1.31 1.36 1.52
3 0.20 1.21 1.32 1.38 1.56
4 0.30 1.23 1.35 1.43 1.60
5 0.40 1.35 1.41 1.56 1.71
6 0.50 1.45 1.57 1.67 1.87
7 0.60*
2.40 2.90 3.64 4.10
8 0.70 2.35 3.30 4.11 5.57
9 0.80 2.70 3.55 5.01 6.23
10 0.90 2.74 4.32 6.22 7.28
11 1.00 3.17 5.00 7.44 9.17
12 1.20 3.46 6.04 8.50 11.56
13 1.40 4.00 7.60 10.50 14.50
14 1.60 4.02 8.14 11.60 15.80
15 1.80 4.20 8.14 13.00 16.31
16 2.00**
4.86 8.93 13.01 17.32
17 2.20 5.00 9.04 13.29 17.57
18 2.40 5.10 9.25 13.78 17.87
19 2.60 5.20 9.46 14.00 18.02
20 2.80 5.20 9.67 14.18 18.21
21 3.00 5.28 10.00 14.62 18.66*MHC;
**Cmax
Page 44
147
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
C, mol/L
10
3 S
, m
ol/
L
T = 303 K
T = 313 K
T = 323 K
T = 333 K
Figure A 1.15 Effect of urea concentration (C) on the solubility (S) of
stearic acid in water at different temperatures (T)
Page 45
148
APPENDIX 2
Table A 2.1 Effect of sodium salicylate concentration (C) on mass
transfer coefficient (kLa) of acetylsalicylic acid
Sl.No. C, mol/L 104 kLa, s
-1 Enhancement factor for mass
transfer coefficient (φmtc)
1 0.00 2.57 -
2 0.20*
3.50 1.36
3 0.60 13.06 5.08
4 0.80 17.94 6.98
5 1.40 26.27 10.22
6 2.40**
100.82 39.23
7 3.00 115.21 44.83*MHC;
**Cmax
Table A 2.2 Effect of sodium benzoate concentration (C) on mass
transfer coefficient (kLa) of acetylsalicylic acid
Sl.No. C, mol/L 104 kLa, s
-1 Enhancement factor for mass
transfer coefficient (φmtc)
1 0.00 2.57 -
2 0.20*
3.29 1.28
3 0.60 4.68 1.82
4 0.80 5.70 2.22
5 1.40 12.54 4.88
6 2.20**
71.73 27.91
7 3.00 76.82 29.89*MHC;
**Cmax
Page 46
149
Table A 2.3 Effect of nicotinamide concentration (C) on mass transfer
coefficient (kLa) of acetylsalicylic acid
Sl.No.C,
mol/L10
4 kLa, s
-1Enhancement factor for
mass transfer coefficient
(φmtc)
1 0.00 2.57 -
2 0.40*
3.34 1.30
3 0.80 4.86 1.89
4 1.40 10.02 3.90
5 2.00 14.98 5.83
6 2.40**
21.82 8.49
7 3.00 23.93 9.31*MHC;
**Cmax
Table A 2.4 Effect of urea concentration (C) on mass transfer
coefficient (kLa) of acetylsalicylic acid
Sl.No.C,
mol/L10
4 kLa, s
-1Enhancement factor for
mass transfer coefficient
(φmtc)
1 0.00 2.57 -
2 0.60*
3.55 1.38
3 1.00 4.99 1.94
4 1.40 9.12 3.55
5 1.80 11.51 4.48
6 2.00**
14.73 5.73
7 3.00 23.03 8.96*MHC;
**Cmax
Page 47
150
Table A 2.5 Effect of sodium salicylate concentration (C) on mass
transfer coefficient (kLa) of p-aminobenzoic acid
Sl.No.C,
mol/L10
4 kLa, s
-1Enhancement factor for
mass transfer coefficient
(φmtc)
1 0.00 2.88 -
2 0.25*
4.09 1.42
3 0.40 5.33 1.85
4 0.80 20.14 9.77
5 1.60 45.16 15.68
6 2.65**
75.69 26.28
7 3.00 80.70 28.02*MHC;
**Cmax
Table A 2.6 Effect of sodium benzoate concentration (C) on mass
transfer coefficient (kLa) of p-aminobenzoic acid
Sl.No. C, mol/L 104 kLa, s
-1Enhancement factor for
mass transfer coefficient
(φmtc)
1 0.00 2.88 -
2 0.20 3.46 1.20
3 0.40*
9.56 3.32
4 0.80 16.96 5.89
5 1.20 26.81 9.31
6 1.60 32.92 11.43
7 2.40**
53.40 18.54
8 3.00 55.61 19.31*MHC;
**Cmax
Page 48
151
Table A 2.7 Effect of nicotinamide concentration (C) on mass transfer
coefficient (kLa) of p-aminobenzoic acid
Sl.No.C,
mol/L10
4 kLa, s
-1Enhancement factor for
mass transfer coefficient
(φmtc)
1 0.00 2.88 -
2 0.40*
8.38 2.91
3 0.80 20.22 7.02
4 1.40 33.61 11.67
5 2.00 46.02 15.98
6 2.60**
67.97 23.60
7 3.00 70.01 24.31*MHC;
**Cmax
Table A 2.8 Effect of urea concentration (C) on mass transfer
coefficient (kLa) of p-aminobenzoic acid
Sl.No.C,
mol/L10
4 kLa, s
-1Enhancement factor for
mass transfer coefficient
(φmtc)
1 0.00 2.88
2 0.50*
10.25 3.56
3 1.00 22.55 7.83
4 1.60 28.48 9.89
5 2.00 34.04 11.82
6 2.40**
48.30 16.77
7 3.00 52.65 18.28*MHC;
**Cmax
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152
Table A 2.9 Effect of sodium salicylate concentration (C) on mass
transfer coefficient (kLa) of 2-nitrobenzoic acid
Sl.No. C, mol/L 103 kLa, s
-1Enhancement factor for
mass transfer coefficient
(φmtc)
1 0.00 1.20 -
2 0.20*
9.54 7.67
3 0.80 19.12 15.93
4 1.40 23.34 19.45
5 2.00 34.93 29.11
6 2.50**
38.18 31.82
7 3.00 39.71 33.09*MHC;
**Cmax
Table A 2.10 Effect of sodium benzoate concentration (C) on mass
transfer coefficient (kLa) of 2-nitrobenzoic acid
Sl.No. C, mol/L 103 kLa, s
-1Enhancement factor for
mass transfer coefficient
(φmtc)
1 0.00 1.20 -
2 0.30*
9.69 8.08
3 0.80 16.63 13.86
4 1.40 20.14 16.7 8
5 2.00 24.05 20.04
6 2.50**
37.52 31.27
7 3.00 38.41 32.01*MHC;
**Cmax
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153
Table A 2.11 Effect of nicotinamide concentration (C) on mass transfer
coefficient (kLa) of 2-nitrobenzoic acid
Sl.No. C, mol/L 103 kLa, s
-1Enhancement factor for
mass transfer coefficient
(φmtc)
1 0.00 1.20 -
2 0.40*
1.30 1.07
3 0.80 2.55 2.12
4 1.00 3.73 3.10
5 1.40 4.84 4.02
6 2.00**
8.28 6.88
7 3.00 8.69 7.22*MHC;
**Cmax
Table A 2.12 Effect of urea concentration (C) on mass transfer
coefficient (kLa) of 2-nitrobenzoic acid
Sl.No. C, mol/L 103 kLa, s
-1Enhancement factor for
mass transfer coefficient
(φmtc)
1 0.00 1.20 -
2 0.60*
2.25 1.87
3 1.00 3.47 2.88
4 1.40 3.75 3.12
5 1.80 5.61 4.66
6 2.00**
7.84 6.52
7 3.00 8.47 7.04*MHC;
**Cmax
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154
Table A 2.13 Effect of sodium salicylate concentration (C) on mass
transfer coefficient (kLa) of stearic acid
Sl.No. C, mol/L 104 kLa, s
-1Enhancement factor for
mass transfer coefficient
(φmtc)
1 0.00 4.01 -
2 0.30*
8.42 2.10
3 1.00 15.64 3.90
4 1.60 24.86 6.20
5 2.20 30.44 7.59
6 2.40**
42.11 10.50
7 3.00 42.19 10.77*MHC;
**Cmax
Table A 2.14 Effect of sodium benzoate concentration (C) on mass
transfer coefficient (kLa) of stearic acid
Sl.No. C, mol/L 104 kLa, s
-1Enhancement factor for
mass transfer coefficient
(φmtc)
1 0.00 4.01 -
2 0.40*
8.42 2.10
3 1.00 13.03 3.25
4 1.60 22.18 5.53
5 1.80 24.74 6.17
6 2.20**
37.97 9.47
7 2.60 38.54 9.61
8 3.00 39.07 9.74*MHC;
**Cmax
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155
Table A 2.15 Effect of nicotinamide concentration (C) on mass transfer
coefficient (kLa) of stearic acid
Sl.No. C, mol/L 104 kLa, s
-1Enhancement factor for
mass transfer coefficient
(φmtc)
1 0.00 4.01 -
2 0.60*
8.30 2.07
3 1.00 12.43 3.10
4 1.40 16.84 4.02
5 1.80 19.25 4.80
6 2.20**
27.75 6.92
7 3.00 29.27 7.30*MHC;
**Cmax
Table A 2.16 Effect of urea concentration (C) on mass transfer
coefficient (kLa) of stearic acid
Sl.No. C, mol/L 104 kLa, s
-1Enhancement factor for
mass transfer coefficient
(φmtc)
1 0.00 4.01 -
2 0.60*
7.54 1.88
3 0.80 8.02 2.00
4 1.20 13.15 3.28
5 1.60 16.92 4.22
6 2.00**
19.13 4.77
7 3.00 27.27 6.80*MHC;
**Cmax
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156
Table A 2.17 Effect of sodium salicylate concentration (C) on mass
transfer coefficient (kLa) of 6-gingerol
Sl.No. C, mol/L 104 kLa, s
-1Enhancement factor for
mass transfer coefficient
(φmtc)
1 0.00 6.63 -
2 0.20*
7.03 1.06
3 0.40 14.45 2.18
4 0.80 22.01 3.32
5 1.20 29.57 4.46
6 1.40 36.60 5.52
7 1.50 44.22 6.67*MHC;
**Cmax
Table A 2.18 Effect of sodium benzoate concentration (C) on mass
transfer coefficient (kLa) of 6-gingerol
Sl.No. C, mol/L 104 kLa, s
-1Enhancement factor for
mass transfer coefficient
(φmtc)
1 0.00 6.63 -
2 0.30*
6.90 1.04
3 0.40 14.06 2.12
4 0.60 14.45 2.18
5 0.80 21.28 3.21
6 1.20 28.58 4.31
7 1.50 35.80 5.40*MHC
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157
Table A 2.19 Effect of nicotinamide concentration (C) on mass
transfer coefficient (kLa) of 6-gingerol
Sl.No. C, mol/L 104 kLa, s
-1Enhancement factor for
mass transfer coefficient
(φmtc)
1 0.00 6.63 -
2 0.20 6.90 1.04
3 0.40*
14.45 2.18
4 0.60 21.28 3.21
5 1.20 29.04 4.38
6 1.40 35.93 5.42
7 1.50 43.03 6.49*MHC
Table A 2.20 Effect of urea concentration (C) on mass transfer
coefficient (kLa) of 6-gingerol
Sl.No. C, mol/L 104 kLa, s
-1Enhancement factor for
mass transfer coefficient
(φmtc)
1 0.00 6.63 -
2 0.30 6.83 1.03
3 0.60*
7.56 1.14
4 0.80 14.45 2.18
5 1.00 14.78 2.23
6 1.40 21.88 3.30
7 1.50 22.01 3.32*MHC
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158
APPENDIX 3
Table A 3.1 Effect of temperature (T) on standard Gibb’s free energy
(∆G°) of solubilization of salicylic acid in different
hydrotrope solutions
Temperature
T, K
Standard Gibb’s free energy (ΔGo), kJ/mol
Sodium
salicylate
Sodium
benzoateNicotinamide Urea
303 -7.7007 -7.6675 -7.6926 -7.6773
313 -8.0524 -8.0269 -8.0457 -8.0285
323 -8.4268 -8.4076 -8.4215 -8.4029
333 -8.8414 -8.8247 -8.8375 -8.8286
Table A.3.2 Effect of temperature (T) on standard Gibb’s free energy
(∆G°) of solubilization of acetylsalicylic acid in different
hydrotrope solutions
Temperature
T, K
Standard Gibb’s free energy (ΔGo), kJ/mol
Sodium
salicylate
Sodium
benzoateNicotinamide Urea
303 -8.3264 -9.7429 -9.7182 -9.7090
313 -8.7165 -10.2236 -10.2031 -10.1873
323 -9.3407 -10.8577 -10.8371 -10.8248
333 -9.8691 -11.4750 -11.4558 -11.4468
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159
Table A 3.3 Effect of temperature (T) on standard Gibb’s free energy
(∆G°) of solubilization of p-aminobenzoic acid in different
hydrotrope solutions
Temperature
T, K
Standard Gibb’s free energy (ΔGo), kJ/mol
Sodium
salicylate
Sodium
benzoateNicotinamide Urea
303 -9.3701 -9.3518 -9.3624 -9.3469
313 -10.4050 -10.3858 -10.3974 -10.3825
323 -11.0304 -11.0234 -11.0234 -11.0066
333 -11.7042 -11.6890 -11.6954 -11.6849
Table A 3.4 Effect of temperature (T) on standard Gibb’s free energy
(∆G°) of solubilization of 2-nitrobenzoic acid in different
hydrotrope solutions
Temperature
T, K
Standard Gibb’s free energy (ΔGo), kJ/mol
Sodium
salicylate
Sodium
benzoateNicotinamide Urea
303 -9.4099 -9.4095 -9.3620 -9.3575
313 -9.8403 -9.8431 -9.8069 -9.8052
323 -10.4995 -10.5012 -10.4643 -10.4618
333 -11.4056 -11.4062 -11.3626 -11.3620
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160
Table A 3.5 Effect of temperature (T) on standard Gibb’s free energy
(∆G°) of solubilization of stearic acid in different
hydrotrope solutions
Temperature
T, K
Standard Gibb’s free energy (ΔGo), kJ/mol
Sodium
salicylate
Sodium
benzoateNicotinamide Urea
303 -6.2579 -6.2569 -6.2566 -6.2565
313 -6.6523 -6.6518 -6.6515 -6.6517
323 -7.0069 -7.0067 -7.0064 -7.0063
333 -7.4952 -7.4949 -7.4946 -7.4945
Table A 3.6 Standard Gibb’s free energy (∆G°) of solubilization of
6-gingerol in different hydrotrope solutions at 303K
Hydrotropes ΔGo, kJ/mol
Sodium salicylate -8.8814
Sodium benzoate -8.8813
Nicotinamide -8.8813
Urea -8.8813
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161
-14
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
300 305 310 315 320 325 330 335
T, K
∆G°,
kJ/m
ol
Sodium salicylate
Sodium benzoate
Nicotinamide
Urea
Figure A 3.1 Effect of temperature (T) on standard Gibb’s free energy
(∆G°) of solubilization of acetyl salicylic acid in different
hydrotrope solutions
-14
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
300 305 310 315 320 325 330 335
T, K
∆G°, k
J/m
ol
Sodium salicylate
Nicotinamide
Sodium benzoate
Urea
Figure A 3.2 Effect of temperature (T) on standard Gibb’s free energy
(∆G°) of solubilization of p-aminobenzoic acid in different
hydrotrope solutions
Page 59
162
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
300 305 310 315 320 325 330 335
T, K
∆G°, k
J/m
ol
Sodium salicylate
Sodium benzoate
Nicotinamide
Urea
Figure A 3.3 Effect of temperature (T) on standard Gibb’s free energy
(∆G°) of solubilization of 2-nitrobenzoic acid in different
hydrotrope solutions
-7.6
-7.4
-7.2
-7
-6.8
-6.6
-6.4
-6.2
-6
300 305 310 315 320 325 330 335
T, K
∆G°,
kJ/m
ol
Sodium salicylate
Sodium benzoate
Nicotinamide
Urea
Figure A 3.4 Effect of temperature (T) on standard Gibb’s free energy
(∆G°) of solubilization of stearic acid in different
hydrotrope solutions