Sven Rüberg (TU Dortmund University) Angelo L’Abbate …realisegrid.rse-web.it/content/files/File/News/REALISEGRID Final... · Sven Rüberg (TU Dortmund University) Angelo L’Abbate

REALISEGRIDREALISEGRID

Active Technologies:FACTS and HVDC

Sven Rüberg (TU Dortmund University)Angelo L’Abbate (RSE - Ricerca sul Sistema Energetico)

REALISEGRID Final MeetingBrussels, May 18th – 19th, 2011

2011-05-19 2TREN/FP7/EN/219123/REALISEGRID

ObjectivesObjectives

Objectives…• Evaluation of FACTS and HVDC transmission

technologies

… with the underlying aim to• highlight the features of FACTS and HVDC

ApproachApproach

Analysis of the impact of the technologies at several levels:• Technical• Economical• Environmental

Proposal of planning guidelines regarding the implementation of the assessed information in today’s networksValidation and consolidation of the results through interaction with other projects, TSOs and manufacturers

2011-05-19 3TREN/FP7/EN/219123/REALISEGRID

OutlineOutlineHVDC

• Brief historical background• Technical overview• Economical aspects• Environmental impact

FACTS• Brief historical background• Technical overview• Economical aspects• Environmental impact

Planning FACTS and HVDCPotential in EuropeConclusions

4TREN/FP7/EN/219123/REALISEGRID2011-05-19

HVDC: Brief historical backgroundHVDC: Brief historical background

Practicability of HVDC is closely connected to the development of converters (rectifiers/inverters)

1940s: First application of HVDC using mercury arc rectifiers

1950s: proven technology in power transmission when thyristors became applicable

•1990s: push of HVDC application by the development of high‐power IGBTsand driven by the need to transmitbulk power from remote generation under environmental constraints


Basic concept of HVDC transmission

Converter is key component of an HVDC transmission system

thyristor controlled converter: line-commutated CSC (Current Source Converter)-HVDC, also known as “classic HVDC”

IGBT (GTO/IGCT) controlled converter: self-commutated VSC (Voltage Source Converter)-HVDC

HVDC: HVDC: TechnicalTechnical overviewoverview (1)(1)



Operating range of a CSC-HVDC transmission system

No reactivepower feed-in!

TREN/FP7/EN/219123/REALISEGRID 72011-05-19


Operating range of a VSC-HVDC transmission system

+Q (pu)

+P (pu)

‐P (pu)

‐Q (pu)

Inductive Capacitive

Rectifier Mode

Inverter Mode

Uac = max.Uac = nom.Uac = min.

Reactive powerfeed-in possible!

TREN/FP7/EN/219123/REALISEGRID2011-05-19 8

HVDC: HVDC: TechnicalTechnical overviewoverview (4)(4)System description CSC-HVDC VSC-HVDC

System ratings in operation ±800 kV, 6400 MW ±150 kV, 350 MWSystem ratings available ±800 kV, 6400 MW ±320 kV, 1000 MW

Future trend of system ratings towards higher ratingsOperational experience > 50 years ~ 10 years

Lifetime 30-40 years 30-40 years(1)

Converter losses (at full load, per converter) 0.5-1% 1-2%Availability (per system) > 98% > 98%Transmission capacity ■■■ ■■

Power flow control ■■■ ■■■Transient stability ■■ ■■■Voltage stability ■ ■■

Power oscillation damping ■■ ■■■Reactive power demand ■■■ ■

System perturbation ■■■ ■Reactive power injection possible no yes

Easy meshing no yesLimitation in cable line length no no

Ability to connect offshore wind farms no yesInvestment costs per MW ■■ ■■■

Legenda: ■ — Small; ■■ — Medium; ■■■ — Strong; (1) estimated value, not enough experience yet


HVDC: Economical aspects (1)HVDC: Economical aspects (1)

Quantitative data on HVDC costs• based on publicly available data and on TSO questionnaire

10TREN/FP7/EN/219123/REALISEGRID

Cost rangeSystem component Voltage level Power rating min max Unit

HVDC OHL, bipolar(1) ±150..±500 kV 350..3000 MW 300 700 kEUR/km

HVDC underground cable pair ±350 kV 1100 MW 1000 2500 kEUR/km

HVDC undersea cable pair ±350 kV 1100 MW 1000 2000 kEUR/km

HVDC VSC terminal, bipolar ±150..±350 kV 350..1000 MW 60 125 kEUR/MW

HVDC CSC terminal, bipolar ±350..±500 kV 1000..3000 MW 75 110 kEUR/MW(1) cost ranges correspond to the base case, i.e. installation over flat land. For installations over hilly landscape

+20% and +50% for installations over mountains or urban areas have to be factored in.

2011-05-19

HVDC: Economical aspects (2)HVDC: Economical aspects (2)

Qualitative comparison HVDC <-> HVAC


HVDC: Environmental impact (1)HVDC: Environmental impact (1)

Quantitative data on HVDC land use• based on publicly available data and on TSO questionnaire

12TREN/FP7/EN/219123/REALISEGRID

Land use

System component Voltage level Power rating min max Unit

HVAC OHL, single circuit 400 kV 1500 MVA 40000 60000 m2/km

HVAC underground XLPE cable, single circuit 400 kV 1000 MVA 5000 15000 m2/km

Reactive power compensation unit for HVAC cable line 400 kV 1000 MVA 2000 3000 m2

HVDC OHL, bipolar ±150..±500 kV 350..3000 MW 20000 40000 m2/km

HVDC underground cable ±350 kV 1100 MW 5000 10000 m2/km

HVDC undersea cable ±350 kV 1100 MW 0 m2/km

HVDC VSC terminal, bipolar ±150..±350 kV 350..1000 MW 5000 10000 m2

HVDC CSC terminal, bipolar ±350..±500 kV 1000..3000 MW 30000 60000 m2

2011-05-19

HVDC: Environmental impact (2)HVDC: Environmental impact (2)

Quantitative data on HVDC visual profile• How to transmit 5 GW of electrical power?

1)

2)

3)

1) 800 kV HVAC, 2) 600 kV HVDC, 3) 800 kV HVDC


Potential of HVDC in future power gridsPotential of HVDC in future power grids

Increase of transmission capacity• Best suited for bulk-power transmission• No limitation in cable line length (no charging current)• No contribution to the short-circuit current (no upgrade of existent

equipment necessary)

Improvement of controllability• Easy and quick bi-directional control of active power flow• Easy and quick bi-directional control of reactive power balance (in

case of VSC-HVDC)• HVDC lines stop fault spreading (“fire wall”)

Contribution to environmental protection• Enabling to go underground without limitation in line length• Less land use*

• Lower visual profile of HVDC OHL*

*compared to an equivalent HVAC transmission system


EPRI (USA) firstly proposed FACTS definition in the 80’s (N. Hingorani)FACTS technology embraces a family of power electronics-based devices able to enhance AC system controllability, flexibility and stability and to increase power transfer capabilityDevices based on a combination of conventional (capacitors, transformers eg.) and semiconductor technologies like:• transistors• thyristors• GTOs, IGBT, IGCT

Very fast response, absence of mechanical wear

FACTS: brief historical background


FACTS classification

Shunt Devices• Static Var Compensator (SVC)• Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM)

Series Devices• Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)• Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC)

Combined Devices• Thyristor Controlled Phase Shifting Transformer (TCPST)• Dynamic Flow Controller (DFC)• Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC)• Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)


FACTS: key technical features

FACTS device Transmission capacity increase

Power flow control

Transient stability enhancement

Voltage stability enhancement

Power oscillation damping

SVC ■ ■ ■ ■■■ ■■

TCSC ■■■ ■■ ■■■ ■ ■■

TCPST ■■ ■■ ■■ ■ ■■

DFC1 ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■

STATCOM ■ ■ ■■ ■■■ ■■

SSSC ■■■ ■■■ ■■■ ■ ■■

IPFC ■■■ ■■■ ■■■ ■■ ■■

UPFC ■■■ ■■■ ■■■ ■■■ ■■■

Legenda: ■ — Small; ■■ — Medium; ■■■ — Strong; (1)

not enough experience yet


FACTS: key technical features

-----> 98%> 98%> 98%Availability

2-3%---0.5-1%1-2.5%1-1.5%Converter losses

(full load, per converter)

30 years30 years-30 years30 years30 years30 years40 yearsLifetime (1)

Pilot>10 yearsPilotNoPilotPilot>15 years>20 years>30 yearsOperational

experience

Further deployment

Further deployment

Higher ratings

Future device trend

100-325200-50/150 (2)100-40025-600100-400100-850Device ratings(MVA/MVAR)

UPFCIPFCDFC1TCPSTSSSCTCSCSTATCOMSVCDevicedescription

■ — Small; ■■ — Medium; ■■■ — Strong; (1) estimated values, not enough experience yet; (2) TCQBT and TCPAR respectively


FACTS: key economic features

Review of FACTS devices costs (average values):

kEUR/MVA13090100-325400UPFC

kEUR/MVAR8050100-400400SSSC

kEUR/MVAR503525-600400TCSC

kEUR/MVAR7550100-400400STATCOM

kEUR/MVAR5030100-850400SVC

MaxMin Unit

Cost RangeAvailable Power Rating

(MVAR/MVA)Voltage Level

(kV)Components


FACTS: key environmental features

3-20 m2/MVAUPFC

3-10 m2/MVARTCSC

3-5 m2/MVARSTATCOM

5-20 m2/MVARSVC

Surface occupationDevice


Increased size of the substationUsage of environmentally friendly materialsDecreased need of new high voltage transmission lines

Key features of FACTS for the future pan-European transmission system development:

Transmission capacity increaseCongestion reliefActive power flow controllability Reactive power flow controllabilityVoltage supportRES integrationDynamic supportOscillations damping

FACTS potential in Europe


PlanningPlanning FACTS and HVDCFACTS and HVDC

Typical issue to be solved by transmission planners: transmission capacity increaseGeneral approach to transmission capacity increase issue:• Upgrading/uprating of existing assets• Rationalisation measures (also downstream)• Possible exploitation of other means (e.g. hydro-pumping)• Building up of new assets

Alternative approach to transmission capacity increase issue:• Use of new technologies (HTC, FACTS, HVDC, PST,

RTTR..)


PlanningPlanning FACTSFACTS

Power flow control• Transmission capacity increase• Shift of power to under-utilized lines / zones• Slow control by PST• Fast control by FACTS (dynamic stability limit)

Fast installation within a short time horizonNo new transmission lines necessaryOnly small / medium investments

Review of the (n-1) security criterion applicationPotentially limited increase of transmission capacity


PlanningPlanning FACTSFACTS


PlanningPlanning HVAC vs. HVDCHVAC vs. HVDC

Upgrading / Uprating of existing assets• Increase of operating voltage• Increase of power capacity (by HTC)

Fast installation within a short-time horizonIn general no new / additional right of way necessaryOnly small / medium investments

Only limited increase of transmission capacityMaximum configuration may be already reached

Conversion of HVAC to HVDC


Transmission capacity increase

Upgrade to 380kV possible?

Upgrade equipment to

380kV

Ampacity upgrade possible?

Conversion to HVDC feasible?

Change overhead

conductors

Convert to HVDC

New transmission capacity sufficient?

Built new line

done

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

No

PlanningPlanning: HVAC vs. HVDC: HVAC vs. HVDC


FACTS and HVDC in Europe

Source: ENTSO-E27TREN/FP7/EN/219123/REALISEGRID2011-05-19

FACTS projects in Europe

SSSC in Spain (pilot project)SVC/STATCOM in Italy (under study)SVC/series controllers in Germany (planned/under study)SVC in Finland (completed)SVCs in France (Brittany) (completed)Series controllers/SVC in Poland (under study/planned)SVCs in Norway (completed)Series controllers in UK (England-Scotland) (planned)Series controllers in Sweden (under study)


Further HVDC potential in Europe

France – Spain (2000 MW, ±320 kV, 2x65 km DC underground cable, VSC-HVDC)Sweden – Norway (1200 MW, mixed OHL / underground cable, MT-VSC-HVDC)Italy – France (1200 MW, ±320 kV, 2x190 km DC underground cable, VSC-HVDC)Finland – Sweden (800 MW, 500 kV, 103 km DC OHL, 200 km DC submarine cable, CSC-HVDC)UK (England) – UK (Scotland) (1800 MW, 500 kV, 365 km DC submarine cable, CSC-HVDC)UK (Wales) – UK (Scotland) (2000 MW, 500 kV, 360 km DC submarine cable, CSC-HVDC)

Ongoing / planned projects of HVDC embedded in the AC system in Europe:


Point-to-point, long distance links Bulk power transmissionElectricity Highways as backbones of a potential overlay network (Supergrid)




Source: EWEA

A mid-term (2020 and after) vision: from onshore to offshore grids



Source: MedRing update study / ENTSO-E

MedRing


Conclusions

Inserting innovative devices (like FACTS, HVDC) in the transmission planning processes is a key issue for TSOsFACTS and HVDC technologies may play a crucial role in the development of future European system towards RES integration targets (2020 and beyond): these technologies will deliver their full benefits when properly coordinated The installation of FACTS devices can bring a system efficiency increase permitting the exploitation of existing assets while overcoming some crucial issues in the short-mid term horizonIn addition to traditional HVDC applications, VSC-HVDC is expected to be further extensively used in Europe for multi-terminal offshore grids and for embedded links within the synchronous systemFor the long-term (2030-2050), the HVDC potential for a Supergrid vision at pan-European level combining offshore (HVDC/HVAC) grids, enlarged HVAC continental network, EU-MENA interconnections and MedRing is very large, upon resolving different technical, economic and regulatory issuesIn any case a sound cost-benefit analysis is required


REALISEGRID on FACTS and HVDCD1.2.1: Improving network controllability by Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) and by High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission systems (S. Rüberg, H. Ferreira, A. L’Abbate, U. Häger, G. Fulli, Y. Li, J. Schwippe)

D1.2.2: Improving network controllability by coordinated control of HVDC and FACTS device (U. Häger, J. Schwippe, K. Görner)

D1.3.3: Comparison of AC and DC technologies for long-distance interconnections (S. Rüberg, A. Purvins)

D1.4.2: Final WP1 report on cost/benefit analysis of innovative technologies and grid technologies roadmap report validated by the external partners (A. Vaféas, S. Galant, T. Pagano)

IET AC-DC 2010 Paper: The Role of FACTS and HVDC in the future Pan-European Transmission System Development (A. L’Abbate, G. Migliavacca, U. Häger, C. Rehtanz, S. Rüberg, H. Ferreira, G. Fulli, A. Purvins)

IEEE PowerTech 2011 Paper: Advanced transmission technologies in Europe: a roadmap towards the Smart Grid evolution (A. L’Abbate, G. Migliavacca, T. Pagano, A. Vaféas)


…

Acknowledgements

Main contributors: TU Dortmund (S. Rüberg, U. Häger), JRC-IE (H. Ferreira, A. Purvins, G. Fulli), RSE (A. L’Abbate)

REALISEGRID WP1 partners: Technofi, Prysmian

REALISEGRID TSOs:RTE-I, APG, TenneT, Terna

External TSOs, manufacturers and stakeholders


Thank you for the attention

[email protected]@rse-web.it

REALISEGRID projecthttp://realisegrid.rse-web.it

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

http://realisegrid.rse-web.it/

Sven Rüberg (TU Dortmund University) Angelo L’Abbate …realisegrid.rse-web.it/content/files/File/News/REALISEGRID Final... · Sven Rüberg (TU Dortmund University) Angelo L’Abbate

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