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ECOINNOVATIONINCITIES
Newmodelsofurbanentrepreneurship
Module2.SustainableUrbanDevelopmentandEmergingProfessions
author:KatarzynaNegacz,PhDStudent
Aimofthemodule
Inthismoduleweexplaintheconceptofsustainableurbandevelopmentandgreenprofessionsemerginginthecities.Ouraimistointroducetheconceptofsustainabledevelopmentintheurbanareas,aswellasinsustainableapproachtomostessentialissuesinthecitieswhichare:energyandwatersupply,transportationsystems,wastemanagementandrecycling,andbuildings'constructionanddesign.
Afterthismodule,thestudentwill:
Knowtheconceptofsustainableurbandevelopment.
Understandpracticalapplication.ofit
Recognizesustainablesolutionsinthecity.
Knowmeasurementmethodsandmostsignificanttopicsforsustainabledevelopmentinthecities.
Specifybestpracticesinsolutionsforgreeningthecities.
Knowhowtopursueagreenprofession.
Thetopicwaschosentobetterunderstandhowtheideaofsustainabledevelopmentcanbeappliedinthecitieswhichusuallyareconsideredunsustainableandtoshowhowonecanfindaprofessionlinkedtogreeneconomy.
KEYWORDS:
INTRODUCTION
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sustainabledevelopment,urbandevelopment,sustainablesolutions,greenjobs
Theconceptofsustainabledevelopmentwasshaped in thesecondpartof
the20thcentury.The
termwasshapedintheBrundtlandReportin1987whereitisdefinedas
thedevelopmentthatmeetstheneedsofthepresentwithoutcompromisingtheabilityoffuturegenerationstomeettheirownneeds1.
Sustainable development idea may be considered in the urban
environment understood as a holisticsystem2. It
isdirectlylinkedtothedevelopmentof
localeconomyandurbanareas.Inthisframework,local administration
plays a crucial role by designing and implementing local
development policy,managing taskswithin institutional structure and
create opportunities for the inhabitants to support itsactions.
There are numerous lists ofsustainableurban indicators proposed
bymultiple regional and
internationalorganizations.OneofthemareInternationalUrbanSustainabilityIndicatorsList(IUSIL)3launchedbyEuropeanFoundationfortheImprovementofLivingandWorkingConditions4.TheconstructionoftheindicatorsincludesareasasillustratedintheFigure1.
Figure1.IndexofUrbanSustainabilityPerformance
THECONCEPTOFSUSTAINABLEURBANDEVELOPMENT
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Source:UrbanSustainabilityIndicators,V.Mega,J.Pedersen,EuropeanFoundationfortheImprovementofLivingandWorkingConditions,Dublin,1998,p.15.
1OurCommonFuture,UNWCED,1987.2W.Pski,Zarzdzaniezrwnowaonymrozwojemmiast,Arkady,Warszawa,1999,pp.3132.3G.Yalcin,Urbanactivitiesintheviewofthesustainabledevelopment,ProcediaTechnology12,2014,pp.566571.4ItisanautonomousbodyoftheEuropeanUnion,createdtoassisttheformulationoffuturepolicyonsocialandworkrelatedmatters.FurtherinformationcanbefoundattheFoundationwebsite:http//www.eurofound.ie/.
There is a difference between sustainable urban development and
sustainable urban transformation. It
wasexplainedbyCamagni1andhedefinedsustainableurbandevelopmentasfollows:
SUSTAINABLECITYCONCEPTS
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Aprocessofsynergisticintegrationandcoevolutionamonggreatsubsystemsmakingupacity(economic,social,physicalandenvironmental),whichguaranteesthelocalpopulationanon
decreasinglevelofwellbeinginthelongterm,withoutcompromisingthepossibilitiesofdevelopmentofsurroundingareasandcontributingbythistowardsreducingtheharmfuleffectsofdevelopment
onthebiosphere.
Atthesametimesustainableurbantransformationconcentratesonstructuraltransformationprocesses,both
multidimensional and radical change, which can effectively direct
urban development towardssustainability2.
To better understand taken actions it is good to look at some
basic vocabulary related to
sustainableurbantransformationexplainedbyHiggins3:
Resilience /Resilience an ability of social or ecological system
to absorb disturbances
whileretainingthesamebasicstructureandwayoffunctioning,thecapacityforselforganisationandthecapacitytoadapttostressandchange./
Vulnerability/Vulnerabilityadegreetowhichthesystemissusceptibletoandunabletocopewithadverseeffectofclimatechange,includingclimatevariabilityandextremes.Itisafunctionofthecharacter,
magnitude and rate of climate and variation to which the system is
exposed, itssensitivityandadaptivecapability./
Adaptive
capacity/Adaptivecapacitytheabilityofasystemtoadjusttoclimatechange(includingclimatevariabilityandextremes)tomoderatepotentialdamages,totakeadvantageofopportunitiesorcopewiththeconsequences./
Mitigation/Mitigationactiontaketoreducetheimpactofhumanactivityontheclimatesystem,primarilythroughreductngnetgreenhousegasemissions,forexamplecarbondioxide./
Risk/Riskacombinationoftheprobabilityofaneventanditsconsequenceswithseveralwaysofcombingthesetwofactorsbeingpossible.Itcanbepositiveornegativeandmeasurequalitativelyorquantitatively./
Sustainable urban development has been measured via numerous
indicators in different countries. Forexample, Japanese standards
for sustainable building and urbanization are the
ComprehensiveAssessment System for Building Environmental
Efficiency (CASBEE for anUrbanArea+Building4.Most of the system
include three pillars of the sustainable development and consider
land
use,communication,transportation,housingperformance5.Table1showschosenassessmentsystemsinthecountrieswiththeyearsoflaunching.
At the moment, majority of the constructions built in the 1990s
do not meet criteria of
sustainabledevelopment.Thenumerousproblemsinclude:
buildingdesignomitenergyefficiencyanddonotconsidergreenaffordablehousing
constructionitselfcreatesavarietyofecologicalproblems
groupsofbuildingshasanegativeimpactontheoverallperformance.
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Table1.Sustainableurbandevelopmentassessmenttoolsinchosencountries
A.Bakar,K.SooCheen,AFrameworkforAssessingtheSustainableUrbanDevelopment,ProcediaSocialandBehavioralSciences,85,2013,p.487.
1R.Camagni,Sustainableurbandevelopment:definitionandreasonsforaresearchprogramme,InternationalJournalofEnvironmentandPollution,1998,10(1),pp.626.2K.McCormick,etal.,Advancingsustainableurbantransformation,JournalofCleanerProduction,50,2013,p.4.3P.Higgins,op.cit.,p.63.DEFRA,AdaptingtoClimateChangePredictions,UKClimateProjections.Crown,London2009.IPCC,op.cit.4S.K.SooCheen,andAbuBakar,A.H.,IncorporatingsustainablemanagementsystemintohousingdevelopmentpracticeinMalaysia',Int.J.SustainableDevelopment,2012,15(3),pp.277291.5Ibidem.
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Task1.Forselfcheck
HavealookatsustainablecityconceptsinChinaavailableinthescript.Howdotheydiffer?Matchthenametotheconcept.
1) It's a concept proposed by the Ministry
ofEnvironmentalProtectionofChinain1997.Thedefinitionincludes fast
economic growth, a clean environment andhealthyecosystem.
ChooseGreencityGardencityNationalEnvironmentalProtectionModelCityEcocityLowcarboncityLowcarbonecocity
2) Some of the projects are
SinoSingaporeTianjinEcocityandTangshanBayEcocity1.
ChooseGreencityGardencityNationalEnvironmentalProtectionModelCityEcocityLowcarboncityLowcarbonecocity
3) In 1992, the Ministry of Housing and UrbanRuralDevelopment
(MOHURD) suggested an idea that put
anemphasisonthelandscapeandgreenspaces.
ChooseGreencityGardencityNationalEnvironmentalProtectionModelCityEcocityLowcarboncityLowcarbonecocity
4)Itisacombinationofthetwopreviousconceptsandishighlysupportedbytheauthorities.
ChooseGreencityGardencityNationalEnvironmentalProtectionModelCityEcocityLowcarboncityLowcarbonecocity
5) First, itwasmeant asmore green spaces i.e. parks incities,
but as the concept of sustainable development
SUSTAINABLECITYCONCEPTSSustainablecityconceptsTask1
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becamemoreandmorepopularamongdecisionmakersitwasgivenabroadermeaning.Nowadays,
it isnotonlyagreen space in urban area, but the integrated system
ofenvironmental,economicandsocialaspects.
ChooseGreencityGardencityNationalEnvironmentalProtectionModelCityEcocityLowcarboncityLowcarbonecocity
6)Thisconcept is related tomultipleothersconnected
totheminimizingcarbonemissions.
ChooseGreencityGardencityNationalEnvironmentalProtectionModelCityEcocityLowcarboncityLowcarbonecocity
1Chinalowcarbonecocitydevelopmentreport,ChinaBuildingIndustryPress,ChineseSocietyforUrbanStudies,2011.
There are some challenges for the cities like
resourcemanagement, transportation systems,waste
andrecyclingsystems,constructionanddesign.Inthismodule,wewillpresentselectedissues.
Water
Creationanddevelopmentofcitiesgreatlyincreasesademandforbothwaterandenergyintheregion.Theproblemwaterinthecitycanbeconsideredas:
socalled'bluespace'intheplaceslocatedattheriverfront,seasideorlakesareasaroundblueandgreenspacesbecomesomeofmostdesirable
locations. IncaseofCopenhagen,an increase in the
realestatepricesresultedintransformingtheharbourfromindustrytoresidentialareas.Eventhepriceofflatslocatednearbytotheharbourhasincreasedby10%.Itisalsoaneffectofintegratedworkofenvironmentalexperts,planners,municipality,privatesector,researchers,architects,engineerswhojoinedeffortstointroduceinnovativesustainablesolutions.Inordertomaintainclearwaterinthecityreservoirsoneneedstomanagewatercomingfromrain,storm,roof,road,etc.1.
drinkabletapwaterfortheinhabitantscurrentlymainchallengeformostofurbanareasistomaintainabilitytotakewaterdrinkingwatersupplyfromthegroundwater.Veryoftenbecauseofalackofthewatersourcesintheproximityorhighlevelofcontamination,thewaterneedstobetransportedoverthelongdistancesinthepipes.Someinnovativesolutionshavebeenintroducedtolimitlossesinthedrinkingwatersupplysystem,reducedrinkingwaterconsumptionandprotectgroundwater.Thankstothatlessenergyisused,pipesystemgetsusedslower,thereisabettermonitoringandlocalbusinessescanreduceoperationcosts2.
THEMATICAPPROACHTOSUSTAINABLEURBANDEVELOPMENT
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Wastemanagement
Withgrowingglobalpopulationmanagingwasteandsewagebecomesamajorchallengeformanyurbanareas.Manycitieshavedevelopedstrategiestodealwiththisissue.
Forexample,inCopenhagen,theapproachtowardsthechallengehasbeencalledAcitywithoutwastebutfullofresources.Theambitiousgoalsinclude45%ofhouseholdwastebeingrecycledby2018andzerowaste
city by 2050.There are alsomultiple flagship projects started to
solve the issue ofwaste, e.g.:Sydhavn Recycling Centre (for
spreading innovation and knowledge) and Copenhagen waste
sorting(naturalwayforeverybody).
AninterestingmodelcalledPayAsYouThrow(PAYT)isused
inTaipei,Taiwan.Citizensandcompaniesbuyspecialbluebagsandputwasteinthem.Thecityservicescollectonlywasteinthesespecialbags.Thesemodelencouragesrecyclablematerials.Thosedonothavetobeplacedinthebluebagsandarecollectedfreeofcharge.ThisschemeiscalledPerBagTrashCollectionFee3.
AnotherinterestingcaseisBeloHorizontewhichrunsdoortodoorcollectionofrecyclablematerialsfor14%ofcityinhabitants.Citytrucksdoitonceaweekanddelivertowastepickerledcooperativesforsortingand
processing. This example of cooperation between local authorities
and informal sector
createsemploymentfor600peopleandincreaserecycling4.
1Copenhagen:Solutionsforsustainablecities,January2014,3rdedition,CityofCopenhagen,CityHall,pp.1517.2Ibidem,pp.1921.3
J. Ross, What I Picked Up About Trash in Taipei,
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2007/11/29/AR2007112901887.html,December2,2007,15.06.2014.4GoingGreen.Howcitiesareleadingthenexteconomy,P.Rode,G.Floater,LSELibraryServices,London,2013,p.17.
Task2.
Thinkaboutsustainablesolutionsrelatedtomostchallengingproblemsinachosencity.Checkcitywebsitesrelatedtoenvironmentalpolicyandsustainabledevelopment.Preparealistof:
1. threesolutionswhicharealreadyapplied
2. threesolutionswhichmaybeusedinthefuture.
Post your opinion on forum of discussion. Look for different
examples than
students who have posted answers before you. The most valuable
posts will bescored.
THEMATICAPPROACHTOSUSTAINABLEURBANDEVELOPMENTThematicapproachtosustainableurbandevelopmentTask2
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Raisingmovementforgreenercitiesstimulatelabormarket.Asaresult,morespecialistintheexperienceandknowledgeonthesustainablesolutionswillbeneededinthefuture.Inthispartofthechapter,wewillelaborateon:sustainablejobsinthecitiesandeducationprogramspreparingprofessionalsforthesejobs.
Citiesarealsobaseforincreasingnumberofcooperativesofvariouskind.Somefocusontheworkwithpeoplewith
disabilities,which offer some products or food.Others bring nature
back in the city
andsupplyfreshvegetables.AgoodexampleisWarsawwherefoodcooperativesareflourishing.Theideaisto
enable people to buy vegetables, fruits and diary cheaper than in
the shops through the
organizedpurchaseinthegroup.Thankstothisthegrouptonotpayforintermediarycosts.Otherbenefitsincludestablecooperationwithlocalfarmersandaccesstolocalandseasonalfood.GoodcasesarecooperativessuchasWarszawskaKooperatywaSpoywcza,KooperatywaDobrzeandRWSwierePanki1.
Another interesting concept is city gardening or guerilla
gardening. The former assumes that there arenumerouseatableplants
in thecityandonecanplantorfindthem.Thelatter
isslightlymoreextremeformweregroupsor individualswho
individuallystartplantingvariousplantsaround thecitywithoutasking
for permission. There is amap of eatable places inWarsaw called
Falling Fruit created byPaulina Jeziorek and Jodie Baltazar, an
American artist living in Warsaw2 . With the free
productavailableinmostofthecities,onehavefreeresourcestostartaselfsustainingseasonaleatery.
Another idea of how to start up a business with little resources
is a restaurant in Copenhagen
calledRub&Stubwhichbattlethewastedfood.Itworkswithanetworkofsuppliersandacquireproductsthatcannotbesold.Theyarenotoldorpasttheexpirydate.Ratherthanthat,theyhavebeendiscardedduetothe
aesthetic reasons: nonstandard shape, surplus production, etc.
Additionally people who cook
andservemealsarevolunteers,sotherestaurantonlyhiresamanagerandkitchenleader3.
1KooperatywySpoywczeWarszawa,www.jemylokalnie.pl/kooperatywyspozywczewarszawa,14.06.16.2
Jedzenie (ronie) na
miecie,Wyborcza.pl/magazyn/1,127926,15859659,Jedzenie_rosnie_na_miescie.html,14.06.15.3Rub&Stub,http://spisrubogstub.dk/en/,14.06.15.
Task3.
Havealookatthesectioninthescript.Decidewhetheryouprefertobeanintrapreneurorentrepreneur.Thenchooseacompanyexistingoneforintrapreneurs,fictionaloneforentrepreneurs.Designaplan:
1. tomakeworkplacegreenasanintrapreneuror
2. tomakeyourentreprisegreen?
NEWGREENPROFESSIONS
NEWGREENPROFESSIONSNewgreenprofessionsTask3
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Activitywillbediscussedandgradedduringtheseminar
Manystudentsconsiderpursuingagreencareerbutoftentheyhavenoexperienceinfindingsustainablejoboffers
and opportunities. Solution to this problem appeared in the US.
More than Money Careers is
acompany,acertifiedBenefitCorporation,assistinginfindingasustainableandgreenjobwhichnotonlybring
incomebutalsocombine itwithsocial impactandservice
forenvironment.Thefoundersof
thecompanyareDrMarkAlbionandDrMrimBoutla.
Torealizethismissiontheyassist:
Universitiestohelpstudentslookingforsociallyresponsibleorgreenjobs
Fellowshipprogramsandprofessionalassociations
Individualstochoosethebestjobfortheirskillsandabilities,getaccesstojoboffers,gettacticsforlookingforajobthatsuitstheirneeds.
Thecompanyoffers access to a rich collectionof resources,
including,various communications
tools,forums,calendaring,documentmanagement,andotherpersonalizedcontentviathewebsite.
IntroductiontoMorethanMoneyCareers
Source:About,http://www.mtmc.co/aboutus,14.06.05.
Thecompanyoffersalsoablogandwebinarsforstudentstogetadviceonfindingarightposition.OneofthepostwasdevotedtoImpactInvestingCareers.
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Keytakehomemessagesincluded:
Impactinvestingisabroadfieldthatseekstogeneratefinancial,social,andenvironmentalvalue.
Manyuniversitystaffandfacultyhaveoutdatedbeliefsaboutimpactinvestingcareers.Therefore,theiradvicetostudentsandgraduatesisnotalignedwithcurrentemploymenttrendsandhiringpractices.Forexample,manybelievethatimpactinvestingcareersarefocusedonvaluations,andarethereforeonlyvalidoptionsorfinancemajors.Thisisinaccurate,therearemanyimpactinvestingcareeroptionsavailabletoliberalartsandlawstudents.
Thesamejobcanbeadreamjobforonegraduateandanightmareforanother.Thisisnotduetotheirmajorortheirdegreeprogram,butrathertopersonaldifferencesinmotivatedskills,work/lifebalancepriorities,andimpactfocus.Wediscusshowourtriplefitmodelbesthelpsgraduates(andtheiruniversities)gainclarityaboutwhichjobseachstudentwouldlikesothattheycanbestfocusoncompetingforimpactinvestingjobstheywillactuallylikedoing.
Source:2014WebinarSeries:ImpactInvestingCareers,http://www.mtmc.co/impactinvestingcareers,14.06.15.
Figure.2014WebinarSeries:ImpactInvestingCareers
Source:2014WebinarSeries:ImpactInvestingCareers,http://www.mtmc.co/impactinvestingcareers/,14.06.15.
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Task4.
ReadadviceavailableatMore
thanMoneyCareerblog.Thinkofasustainability related jobyoucan
findwithyourdegree.Writeaplanthatastudentshouldfollowtogetthisjob.
Post your opinion on forum of discussion. The most valuable
posts will be
scored.
In thismodule,weanalyzed the
ideaofsustainableurbandevelopmentaswellasgreenprofessions.First,wesearched
for the better understanding of the term and connected elements.
Then we looked at
theframeworks,rankings,gradingsystemsandapproaches.Laterwemovedtosectorialapproachtowardssustainablesolutionsinthecities.
Here, we examined approaches towards water and waste management.
Then we took up the issue
ofsustainableprofessions.Bygivingexamplesofalternativeapproacheswepresentedavailableoptionsandinnovativesolutions.
Thenweconcludedwithacaseofacompanywhichassistsstudentsanduniversitiesinfindingworkplacesrelatedtosustainability.
Suggestedliterature
Green growth, green profit :how green transformation boosts
business /Roland Berger
StrategyConsultantsGmbH.BasingstokeNewYork:PalgraveMacmillan,cop.2011.
Implementing sustainable urban travel policies
/EuropeanConferenceofMinisters
ofTransport.Paris:Org.forEconomicCoOperationandDevelopment,2003.
Sustainabilitystrategies:whendoesitpaytobegreen?/RenatoJ.Orsato.BasingstokeNewYork:PalgraveMacmillan,2009.
Thepracticeofsustainabledevelopment /DouglasR.Porter
primaryaut.RutherfordH.Platt
[iin.]contr.ThomasCahill[iin.].Washington,D.C.:UrbanLandInstitute,2001.
MORETHANMONEYCAREERSMorethanMoneyCareersTask4
CONCLUSIONS
SUGGESTEDLITERATUREANDBIBLIOGRAPHY
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Urbanand rural agrofoodsystemsasa factorof local
sustainabledevelopment /ed.
JoostPlatjeandJanuszSodczyk.Opole:WydawnictwoUniwersytetuOpolskiego,2005.
Zarzdzaniezrwnowaonymrozwojemmiast,PskiW.,Arkady,Warszawa,1999.
Bibliography
Bakar A., K. Soo Cheen, A Framework for Assessing the
Sustainable Urban
Development,ProcediaSocialandBehavioralSciences,85,2013,p.487.
CamagniR.,Sustainable urbandevelopment: definitionand reasons
for a
researchprogramme,InternationalJournalofEnvironmentandPollution,1998,10(1).
Chinalowcarbonecocitydevelopmentreport,ChinaBuildingIndustryPress,ChineseSocietyforUrbanStudies,2011.
Copenhagen:Solutionsforsustainablecities,January2014,3rdedition,CityofCopenhagen,CityHall.
DEFRA,AdaptingtoClimateChangePredictions,UKClimateProjections.Crown,London2009.
GoingGreen.Howcitiesareleadingthenexteconomy,P.Rode,G.Floater,LSELibraryServices,London,2013.
HigginsP.,Fromsustainabledevelopmenttocarboncontrol:urbantransformationinHongKongandLondon,JournalofCleanerProduction50,2013.
ImpactInvestingCareers,http://www.mtmc.co/impact-investing-careers/,14.06.15.
J. Ross, What I Picked Up About Trash in Taipei,
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/29/AR2007112901887.html,December2,2007,15.06.2014.
Jedzenie (ronie) na
miecie,Wyborcza.pl/magazyn/1,127926,15859659,Jedzenie_rosnie_na_miescie.html,14.06.15.
KooperatywySpoywczeWarszawa,www.jemylokalnie.pl/kooperatywy-spozywcze-warszawa,14.06.16.
McCormick K., et al., Advancing sustainable urban
transformation, Journal of CleanerProduction,50,2013.
OurCommonFuture,UNWCED,1987.
PskiW.,Zarzdzaniezrwnowaonymrozwojemmiast,Arkady,Warszawa,1999.
Rub&Stub,www.spisrubbogstub.dk/concept,14.06.15.
SooCheenS.K.,andAbuBakar,A.H.,IncorporatingsustainablemanagementsystemintohousingdevelopmentpracticeinMalaysia',Int.J.SustainableDevelopment,2012,15(3).
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UrbanSustainabilityIndicators,V.Mega,J.Pedersen,EuropeanFoundationfortheImprovementofLivingandWorkingConditions,Dublin,1998.
YalcinG.,Urbanactivitiesintheviewofthesustainabledevelopment,ProcediaTechnology12,2014.
Thetestisscored.Youcanreceive1pointforeachcorrectanswerinthistest.Don'tforgettoclickonabutton'sendtotheteacher'.
Question1
ThecityconceptwhichwasnotintroducedinChinais:
a)Ecocity
b)Greencity
c)Gardencity
d)Sustainablecity.
Question2
Sustainableurbandevelopmentissimilartosustainableurbantransformation.
a)True
b)False.
Question3
WastemanagementsystemusedinTaiwaniscalled:
a)PayAsYouThrow(PAYT)
a)PayAsYouGrow(PAYG)
c)SustainableWasteManagement
d)Rub&Stub.
Question4
AssessmenttoolforsustainableurbandevelopmentlaunchedintheNetherlandsin2004is:
CHECKYOURSELF
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a)ComprehensiveAssessmentSystemforBuildingEnvironmentalEfficiency
b)NatureBalance
c)InternationalUrbanSustainabilityIndicators
d)MTMC.
Question5
Resiliencecanbedefinedas:
a)Adegreetowhichthesystemissusceptibletoandunabletocopewithadverseeffectofclimatechange,includingclimatevariabilityandextremes.Itisafunctionofthecharacter,magnitudeandrateofclimateandvariationtowhichthesystemisexposed,itssensitivityandadaptivecapability.
b)Anabilityofsocialorecologicalsystemtoabsorbdisturbanceswhileretainingthesamebasicstructureandwayoffunctioning,thecapacityforselforganisationandthecapacitytoadapttostressandchange.
c)The ability of a system to adjust to climate change (including
climate variability
andextremes)tomoderatepotentialdamages,totakeadvantageofopportunitiesorcopewiththeconsequences.
d)Action take to reduce the impact of human activity on the
climate system,
primarilythroughreductngnetgreenhousegasemissions,forexamplecarbondioxide.
sendtotheteacher save
Morethanmoneycareers,http://www.mtmc.co
InternationalSocietyofSustainabilityProfessionals,www.sustainabilityprofessionals.org
Careers in sustainable business,
http://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/series/careers-in-sustainable-business
UrbanInitiativesUNHabitat,www.unhabitat.org/urban-initiatives
SUPPLEMENTARYMATERIALS