1 Supplementary Figure S1. Density distribution plots for the constructed pGRS according to the obesity status in study population 1. (A) Density is distribution plot for normal weight and children with obesity. (B) Density distribution plot with the inclusion of overweight individuals. Supplementary Figure S2. Bar plot showing the number of normal weight, overweight and children with obesity according to each quartile of the pGRS in the study population 1.
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1
Supplementary Figure S1. Density distribution plots for the constructed pGRS according to the
obesity status in study population 1. (A) Density is distribution plot for normal weight and children
with obesity. (B) Density distribution plot with the inclusion of overweight individuals.
Supplementary Figure S2. Bar plot showing the number of normal weight, overweight and children
with obesity according to each quartile of the pGRS in the study population 1.
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Supplementary Figure S3. Stepwise linear regression including all 44 tested SNPs in order to know
which of them contribute the most to the pGRS‐BMI association. Analysis performed in the study
population 1.
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Supplementary Table S1. General characteristics, anthropometry, biochemical parameters,
adipokines and cardiovascular/pro‐inflammatory biomarkers in the cross‐sectional cohort of 574
children (study population 1).
Phenotype Normal weight Overweight Obesity P‐Value FDR
Sex (Boys/Girls) 107/86 a 56/79 b 118/128 ab 0.04 0.04
BMI Z‐Score ‐0.27 (0.51) c 1.29 (0.48) b 3.46 (1.45) a 1.56E‐
141
3.90E‐
140
WC (cm) 59.44 (7.58) c 73 (11.28) b 86.36 (12.75) a 2.51E‐84 3.14E‐83
SBP (mmHg) 98 [48‐120] a 105 [63‐150] b 113 [70‐155] c 9.00E‐26 4.50E‐25
DBP (mmHg) 59.77 (8.94) c 63.24 (10.83) b 67.94 (11.7) a 8.77E‐14 1.83E‐13
Fasting glucose (mg/dL) 84 [69‐105] ab 85 [39‐111] a 83 [59‐109] b 1.34E‐03 0.002
Fasting insulin (mU/L) 6.66 (4.21) c 9.58 (6.89) b 13.5 (9.49) a 2.95E‐20 1.23E‐19
QUICKI 0.38 [0.31‐0.5] a 0.35 [0.28‐0.45] b 0.34 [0.26‐0.48] c 9.63E‐20 3.44E‐19
HOMA‐IR index 1.41 (0.94) c 2.07 (1.6) b 2.84 (2.18) a 1.38E‐17 4.31E‐17
Total cholesterol
(mg/dL) 169.04 (30.44) a 170.66 (35.13) a 164.17 (26.18) a 0.08 0.08
Triglycerides (mg/dL) 54.06 (21.87) c 67.2 (32.52) b 75.48 (35.49) a 1.64E‐13 3.15E‐13
HDLc (mg/dL) 65.76 (14.84) a 56.23 (13.32) b 49.53 (12.34) c 1.30E‐26 8.13E‐26
LDLc (mg/dL) 91.82 (26.3) a 98.35 (31.21) a 96.63 (23.11) a 0.08 0.08
Apo A1 (mg/dL) 155 [33‐265] a 140 [31‐209] b 131 [32‐195] c 1.21E‐16 3.36E‐16
Adiponectin (mg/dL) 21.5 (11.45) a 20.16 (11.5) a 16.7 (9.78) b 1.03E‐05 1.51E‐05
Leptin (μg/L) 4.01 (4.27) c 10.97 (6.73) b 24.53 (15.64) a 3.74E‐61 3.12E‐60
Adiponectin‐Leptin
Ratio 0.25 (0.34) b 0.78 (0.69) ab 3.15 (14.06) a 1.81E‐15 4.11E‐15
Resistin (μg/L) 10.59 [0.26‐102.03] a 12.03 [3.11‐85.32] a 12.07 [0.41‐71.79] a 0.56 0.56
MPO (μg/L) 10.56 [1.6‐287.18] a 12.88 [0.01‐222.13]
a 20.44 [1.17‐536.13] b 3.56E‐06 5.56E‐06
tPAI‐1 (μg/L) 17.4 (12.74) c 22.48 (14.6) b 27.88 (17.61) a 2.47E‐11 4.41E‐11
TNF‐α (ng/L) 2.4 [0.26‐8.27] a 2.25 [0.39‐12.68] a 3.42 [0.07‐14.89] b 3.27E‐08 5.45E‐08
hsCRP(mg/L) 0.73 (1.33) b 1.52 (2.2) b 3.71 (4.78) a 1.10E‐15 2.75E‐15
MCP1 (ng/L) 86.91 [22.09‐349.29]
ab 84.86 [7‐287.2] a
98.43 [13.37‐358.2] b
0.02 0.02
IL‐8 (ng/L) 1.71 (1.64) b 1.91 (1.96) ab 2.33 (2.34) a 5.07E‐03 0.006
sICAM1 (mg/L) 0.13 [0.01‐0.42] a 0.13 [0.04‐0.5] a 0.14 [0.02‐0.56] a 0.02 0.02
Data are expressed as mean (standard deviation) or median [min‐max] if not normally distributed.
One‐way anova, Kruskal‐Wallis and the Welch test were employed to assess group differences.
Distributions within the same row with unlike superscript letters were significantly different (P‐
value<0.05) according to the post‐hoc pairwise‐t‐tests, pairwise Mann–Whitney U‐tests and Dunn
tests. Childhood obesity was defined according to Cole et al. (2000). Abbreviations: Apo,
apolipoprotein; BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HDLc, high‐density
lipoproteins‐cholesterol; HOMA‐IR, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance; hsCRP,
high‐sensitivity C reactive protein; IL, interleukin; IR, insulin resistance; LDLc, low‐density
lipoproteins‐cholesterol; MCP1, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1; MPO, myeloperoxidase; PAI‐1,
Age (y) 8.5 [5,12.1] 6.77 (2.64)**** b 8.3 [4.6,12.1] 6.57 (2.43)**** b 8.1 [5,11.9] 6.3 (2.63)**** ab 7.8 [4,10.6] 6.12 (2.19)**** b 8.4 [7.3,13.3] 4.47 (1.31)**** a 9.50E‐05
WC (cm) 57.75 (4.6)
b 9.77 (7.02)**** b 79.16 (12.25) a 10.13 (12.4)** ab 80.78 (8.43) a 14.23 (12.17)** ab 75.7 (9.24) a 15.75 (8.51)**** a 81.66 (12.54) a 15.23 (9.92)*** ab 0.03
HC (cm) 67.34
(7.13) c 23.2 [8.7,31.67] 82.1 (8.24) ab 17.5 [2.5,51.55] 86.1 (6.39) a 19.67 [4,28.23] 76.8 (6.07) b 17.5 [10.57,39.03] 88.4 (7.09) a 14 [6.05,31.17] 0.75
BMI Z‐
Score
‐0.43 (0.53) b
0.01 (0.06) a 2.74 (1.67) a ‐0.09 (0.25) a 3.11 (1.97) a ‐0.1 (0.2) a 2.41 (1.13) a 0.04 (0.15) a 2.84 (1.38) a ‐0.01 (0.13) a 0.04
Hg) 99 [79,120] 2.93 (16.21) a 105.5 [70,130] 11.5 (16)** b 110 [90,124] 5.61 (14.93) ab 105 [90,117] 10.19 (7.01)*** b 106 [72,144] 16.73 (21.68)* b 0.04
Glucose
(mg/dL) 86 [78,98] a 0 [‐16,25] ab 81 [73,96] a 3 [‐20,15] abc 85 [78,95] a ‐3 [‐11.4] a 81 [68,92] a 7 [‐11,24]* c 91 [79,109] a 3 [‐25,19] bc 1.76E‐03
Insulin
(mU/L)
4.49
[1.99,15.22
] a 3.44 (4.21)*** c
6.8 [2.2,17.13]** ab
2.95 (4.31) c 14.1
[12.8,32.67] c ‐4.55 (9.81) b
8.8 [2.8,11.8] b
18.81 (8.69)**** d 14.93
[11.97,27.5] c 8.74 (3.44)**** a 1.79E‐12
QUICKI 0.39 (0.04)
a ‐0.04 (0.04) a 0.37 (0.03) ab ‐0.03 (0.04) a 0.32 (0.02) c 0.01 (0.03) b 0.36 (0.03) b ‐0.06 (0.03) c 0.31 (0.01) c ‐0.02 (0.01) a 5.03E‐11
HOMA‐IR
0.9
[0.39,3.53] a
0.77 (0.98) c 1.34 [0.4,3.63] a 0.62 (0.94)c 3.1 [2.53,7.66]b ‐1.09 (2.19)b 1.78
[0.47,2.36]a 4.27 (2.23) d
4.01 [2.52,6.06] b
2.24 (1.12) a 1.67E‐11
Total
Cholesterol
(mg/dL)
172
[129,229] ‐5 [‐40,41] a 173 [130,298] ‐28 [‐101,8]*** b 171 [141,221] ‐22.5 [‐59,14]* ab 149 [102,205] 1 [‐30,33] a 180 [114,203] ‐3 [‐57,29] a 4.13E‐04
TAG
(mg/dL)
48.35
(13.45) b 15 [‐31,146] ab 56.58 (11.98) ab 8 [‐11,67] ab 81.4 (35.96) a ‐2.5 [‐71,35] a
60.31 (41.05) ab
24 [‐61,77] b 76.45 (38.46) a 18 [‐23,72] ab 8.81E‐03
HDLc
(mg/dL)
67.1
(15.11) a ‐2 [‐37,9] a 55.95 (12.18) ab ‐10 [‐25,7]*** b 54.9 (8.56) ab ‐7.5 [‐28, ‐2]** ab 46 (12.38) b ‐3 [‐20,8] ab 53.64 (13.84) ab ‐4 [‐17,9] ab 5.07E‐03
LDLc
(mg/dL) 97 [45,140] ‐4.8 [‐34.4,31] ab 107 [71,224] ‐14.2 [‐81,4.4]** a 99 [66,155] ‐19 [‐35,17.6]* ab 90 [52,139] ‐3 [‐31,28] b 103 [52,149] 3 [‐44.6,27.6] ab 0.02
Baseline data are expressed as mean (standard deviation) or median [min‐max] if not normally distributed. For Δ (T1 – T0) changes, data are expressed as mean
change accompanied by [CI low, CI high]. Distributions within the same row with unlike superscript letters were significantly different (P‐value < 0.05). * for P ≤
0.05 in within‐group changes (Δ) from start. ** for P‐value ≤ 0.01 in for within‐group changes (Δ) from start. *** for P‐value ≤ 0.0001 in for within‐group changes (Δ)
from start. Within‐group changes from baseline (T0) to puberty (T1) were assessed by means of a paired design in all continuous variables; employing either a paired
5
t‐test or a Wilcoxon signed‐rank test. Between‐group differences were assessed by the one‐way ANOVA, Kruskal‐Wallis or Welch tests to the computed delta values
(T1–T0) for each continuous measurement. § refers to FDR for between group Delta comparisons. Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval;
DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FDR, false discovery rate; HC, hip circumference, HDLc, high‐density lipoproteins‐cholesterol; HOMA‐IR, homeostasis model
For these analyses, the general metabolic health status as well as its six dichotomized components (high glucose, HOMA‐IR, DBP, SBP or TAG values or low HDLc
levels) were employed. Dichotomization of these metabolic outcomes was accomplished according to the criteria we have previously published [33]. Multiple
logistic regression models were applied adjusted for BMI Z‐Score, sex, age, origin and pubertal status of children. Abbreviations: B, beta; DBP, diastolic blood
pressure; FDR, false discovery rate; GLU, glucose levels; HDLc, high‐density lipoproteins‐cholesterol; HOMA‐IR, homeostasis model assessment for insulin