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Summertime Thermal Comfort Analysis & Building
Regulations Part L2A (2013) Assessment Report
RAD Building
University of Nottingham
University Park
Nottingham
NG7 2RD
Project No.: 17-005
Revision: H
Date: 26.06.18
© Richard Tibenham Consulting 2018. All Rights Reserved
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This report has been produced by:
Richard Tibenham (Director) Greenlite Energy Assessors 11
Yarborough Terrace Lincoln LN1 1HN T: 01522 581234 E:
[email protected] For: James Gilmour MIES Building Services
Resource House Phoenix Park Millennium Way E Nottingham NG8 6AR
Revision Notes:
Revision: Date: Notes: Assembled by:
DRAFT 12.04.17 - Based on information provided by client and
using suitable assumptions where necessary.
RT
A 28.04.17
- Radiator controls details added. - TM52 outcomes updated to
account for non-occupied areas. - BREEAM Hea04 Thermal Comfort
information added. - Passivhaus overheating metric outcomes added -
Additional detailed commentary on thermal comfort added.
RT
B 22.06.17
- Mechanical ventilation rates updated. - Mechanical ventilation
thermostatic time switching period updated. - Over door heater
relocated. - Roof lights above atrium added. - East facing curtain
glazing added. - Roof top access hatches added. - Elemental
U-Values and glazing characteristics updated. - Air permeability
rate updated. - Laboratory equipment gains increased to 25W/m².
RT
C 23.07.17
- BR’s Part L2A Section added. - 10% renewable energy local
planning policy statement added. - Minor changes to room layouts
and removal of smoke vents above stairwells (applicable to Part L
model only within this revision).
RT
D 03.08.17 - 38m² PV array added to achieve 5% reduction in CO₂
emissions beyond BER for purposes of BREEAM.
RT
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Revision: Date: Notes: Assembled by:
E 12.09.17
- Cladding arrangements revised based on Lewis & Hickey
drawing N6253-120 Rev I. - Opening Windows assigned based on
architects marked-up drawings, using advised free-opening area
calculations. - Brise-soliel added to windows. - Mechanical supply
and extract added within the atrium, via AHU01. - Swegon AHU heat
efficiency data updated.
RT
F 30.11.17 - Equipment gains within rooms D08-D14 updated and
thermal outcomes revised accordingly.
RT
G 31.05.18
- Incorporates revisions to HVAC flow rates and set-points and
subsequent agreements following site meeting of 15.05.18. - Roof
lights reconfigured. - Additional information pertaining to
Passvhaus compliance added.
RT
H 26.06.18
- Br’s Part L2A As-Built data added. - Additional graph added
displaying thermal conditions in Professors Office B13. - PV array
data included. - As-Built air permeability included in Part L2A
model.
RT
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Contents:
1.0 Executive Summary p.4
2.0 Introduction p.5
3.0 Overview of the Building p.10
4.0 DTM Assessment Data Inputs p.14
5.0 CIBSE TM52 Requirements p.56
6.0 CIBSE TM52 Simulation Outcomes p.58
7.0 BREEAM Hea04 Thermal Comfort p.61
8.0 Passivhaus Thermal Comfort Metric p.65
9.0 Part L2A (2013) Assessment & Renewable Energy p.69
Planning Policy Statement
10.0 Conclusions, Comments & Recommendations p.84
Appendix A: Certificates of Competency
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1.0 Executive Summary MIES Building Services (MIES) have
appointed Greenlite Energy Assessors to undertake a dynamic thermal
model of the proposed ‘RAD Building’ at the University of
Nottingham. The purpose of this thermal model is to demonstrate
that suitable summertime indoor temperatures are achievable, in
order to satisfy the requirements of thermal comfort metric CIBSE
TM52, as assessed at concept design stage by Couch Perry Wilkes. In
addition, the building targets the first two credits of BREEAM
issue Hea04 Thermal Comfort. CIBSE TM52 compliance has been agreed
to be the definitive summertime overheating metric, however
outcomes under the Passivhaus overheating metric are also provided
for reference purposes. A Part L2A (2013) compliance assessment and
review of local planning policy concerning the provision of
renewable energy systems are also included. A detailed thermal
model has been carried out using IES Virtual Environment software,
adhering to the guidance of CIBSE AM11 Building Performance
Modelling. The model has been based on information provided by
MIES, Etude Passivhaus designers and using suitable interpretations
and assumptions in respect of HVAC system controls where required.
It is concluded that all occupied rooms in the building shall
satisfy the requirements of CIBSE TM52 when tested against CIBSE
Nottingham DSY 2005 weather data, where internal blinds are fitted
as recommended. When combined with the demonstration that
wintertime operative temperatures are also met, as described within
the Greenlite report Heating & Cooling System Sizing Report
(Draft) 28.04.17, this satisfies the requirements of the first
credit attainable under BREEAM Hea04. The second credit under
BREEAM Hea04 is assessed not to be attainable under the current
specification, which requires that CIBSE TM52 compliance is
demonstrated under a 2030 ‘future climate change scenario’.
Compliance with the Passivhaus overheating metric is met in all
occupied areas, though several non-occupied areas, including
breakout spaces, are accounted not to meet the targeted conditions.
As with CIBSE TM52 compliance, since these areas are considered
non-occupied areas, this is considered to be acceptable and full
compliance with the Passivhaus overheating metric is accounted to
be met. The outcomes of the analysis suggest that there is no
requirement for mechanical cooling within rooms D08-D14, in light
of revised internal gains data in these zones. However, this is
based upon the assumption that the cooling systems proposed to
serve equipment in these areas limit internal gains to the levels
advised. The report describes how the achievement of Passivhaus and
CIBSE TM52 compliance are design challenges which sometimes work
against one another. The challenge to achieve both performance
targets means that the design of the building must tread a fine
line between achieving thermal comfort requirements, whilst at the
same time not incurring excessive energy demand. Observations are
noted which should aid future Passivhaus projects, by ensuring that
both the architectural design and the building services work as an
integrated system to facilitate reduced-risk compliance under both
Passivhaus and CIBSE TM52 performance targets. Part L2A (2013)
Criteria 1 & 2 of Part L2A (2013) are found to be satisfied,
however two zones are highlighted to fail Criterion 3 of the code
(limiting the effect of heat gains in summer). It is concluded that
in both instances the outcomes of the Criterion 3 assessment are
misleading, as there is no evidence that solar gains shall incur
excessive heat gains in these zones. It is assessed that the CO₂
emission rate of the building is 22% below the minimum Part L2A
2013 pass level without any renewable energy generation. Therefore,
it is concluded that no renewable energy generation shall be
necessary in order to satisfy local planning policy alone. However,
an array producing a yield of 4,684kWh/yr has been included in
order to achieve a further ≥5% reduction in CO2 emissions through
renewable energy generation, as required by BREEAM.
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Greenlite Energy Assessors are CIBSE Low Carbon Consultants and
are certified to carry out Level 3,4 & 5 Energy Performance
Certificates to meet the requirements of the energy performance of
buildings regulations in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, and,
low carbon building design to comply with the building regulations
and the energy performance of buildings directive in the united
kingdom, and, perform computer software simulation evaluations of
environmental performance of buildings related to building
regulations in the united kingdom. Appendix A of this report
contains these certifications. Disclaimer This report estimates the
thermal behaviour of the proposed RAD Building at the University of
Nottingham, using detailed thermal modelling methods. Assumptions
are made within this process, which may not occur in practice (for
instance the internal gains accounted for). Whilst Greenlite take
great care in assembling simulations which provide an accurate
depiction of reality, certain variables are difficult to predict
–in particular the weather. As such, the data contained within this
report is purely advisory and for the purposes of satisfying CIBSE
TM52 & Passivhaus overheating metric requirements only. Higher
or lower temperatures than those simulated may occur if weather
conditions deviate sufficiently from those modelled. It therefore
remains the responsibility of others to design and construct the
building appropriately.
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2.0 Introduction A dynamic thermal model of the proposed RAD
Building at the University of Nottingham has been undertaken using
IES Virtual Environment software. The simulation is based on data
provided by MIES, Etude Passivhaus Designers and using suitable
interpretations of HVAC controls following the site meeting of May
15th, where the control of HVAC was discussed and agreed with
relevant parties, including representatives from Schneider
Electric, Swegon, WARM Consultants, Etude and MIES. The purpose of
the analysis is to establish whether the internal temperatures
simulated within the model achieve the requirements of the CIBSE
summertime thermal comfort metric TM52 when based on Design Summer
Year 2005 weather data. In addition, the analysis is also required
to demonstrate whether the building is capable of achieving
compliance with the first two credits available under BREEAM issue
Hea04 Thermal Comfort, and whether the building demonstrates
compliance with the Passivhaus design code overheating metric. This
report describes in detail the inputs into the IES thermal
simulations which have been used to assess these performance
levels. The requirements of the TM52 thermal comfort metric, BREEAM
Hea04 and the Passivhaus overheating metric are described, and the
outcomes of the simulation discussed. Further to the assessment of
summertime thermal comfort, this report also concerns the building
regulations Part L2A (2013), which the building is subject to. The
building design has been assessed using a Part L2A Level 5 Dynamic
Simulation Method (DSM) assessment. This report provides a
commentary of the requirements of Part L2A (2013), the inputs made
into the DSM assessment, and the outcomes of this assessment in
respect of Criteria 1-5 of Part L2A (2013).
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Inputs into the assessment are based on, but not exclusive to,
the following: Lewis and Hickey Architects’ Data: N6253-200(A)
Proposed Level A Setting Out N6253-201(A) Proposed Level B Setting
Out N6253-201(A) Proposed Level C Setting Out N6253-201 Proposed
Level D Setting Out N6253-106(A) Combined Roof Plan N6253-120 (I)
Proposed Elevations N6253-120 (I) Proposed Elevations (with opening
window mark-ups) N6253-130 Proposed Sections N6253-300(A) Proposed
Sections Sheet 1 N6253-301(A) Proposed Sections Sheet 2
N6253-210(A) Partition Types Level A Layouts N6253-211(A) Partition
Types Level B Layouts N6253-212(A) Partition Types Level C Layouts
N6253-213(A) Partition Types Level D Layouts N6253-483(D) Proposed
Entrance Lobby N6253-494(B) Window Detail-Opening Lamilux Rooflight
Detail H 109698A00 MIES Mechanical Data: MIES-1372-E201_AI Lighting
& Emergency Lighting Level A MIES-1372-E202_AI Lighting &
Emergency Lighting Level B MIES-1372-E203_AI Lighting &
Emergency Lighting Level C MIES-1372-E204_AI Lighting &
Emergency Lighting Level D MIES-1372-M001 Ventilation Schematics
(Sheet 1 of 3) MIES-1372-M002 Ventilation Schematics (Sheet 1 of 3)
MIES-1372-M003 Ventilation Schematics (Sheet 1 of 3) MIES-1372-M101
Ventilation Level A MIES-1372-M102 Ventilation Level B
MIES-1372-M103 Ventilation Level C MIES-1372-M104 Ventilation Level
D MIES-1372-M201 Domestic Services Level A MIES-1372-M201 Domestic
Services Level B MIES-1372-M201 Domestic Services Level C
MIES-1372-M201 Domestic Services Level D Swegon Quotation No
G799307 date 03/08/2017 Lewis & Hickey N6253 103 Rev E (Level D
Labs Internal Gains) Schneider Electric Settings Schedule Issue
C1
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Etude Passivhaus Design Data: Window PHPP Markup Rev H Heating +
DHW Markup Rev A RAD Building Vent Calculations Rev B, inc MIES
Proposed Ventilation Rates Advised window free-opening area
calculations (via e-mail)
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3.0 Overview of the Building
3.1 Overview of the Dynamic Thermal Model The UoN RAD Building
is a laboratory facility with office accommodation. The building
shall be constructed to Passivhaus standards, providing exceptional
levels of thermal insulation, air tightness and energy efficiency.
The building houses various types of laboratory space, some of
which span two or more floors. A full height void is present above
the entrance reception area, with break-out zone balconies on each
floor above. The building is orientated with its longitudinal axis
running north to south. Laboratory areas are to the south of the
building, with office accommodation to the north. Glazing is
principally located on the north, east and west, elevations, with a
lesser degree of glazing to the south elevation. A large fixed
skylight is located above the atrium to the west of the building.
The building is to be constructed using structural insulated panels
(SIPs), with concrete intermediate floors. The ground floor
construction shall be an insulated ground contact floor slab. The
roof construction shall be an externally insulated concrete deck.
Only a small number of areas are specified with suspended ceilings.
The majority of areas benefit from the thermal mass available in
exposed intermediate floor slabs, and the roof construction.
Glazing shall be triple glazed units throughout, with opening
windows specified to the office areas to the north end of the
building. Glazing to the laboratory areas to the south of the
building shall be fixed. The majority of the building shall be
heated via LTHW heating coils located within 3Nr air handling
units, providing tempered supply air to the building. Office spaces
shall also be heated via local wet radiators or via high level
radiant panels. An over door heater shall be present in the
reception area. Mechanical cooling shall only be present within the
comms room and within Laboratory 3 (A15). No cooling coils are
specified within the air handling units, therefore with exception
to the comms room and Lab 3 (A15), all cooling capacity is to be
provided via the mechanical ventilation systems. A chiller shall be
present to provide process cooling to equipment located in Level D
Labs. The chiller serves specific pieces of equipment and does not
condition the wider room. Therefore these cooling systems are
consider ‘process loads’ and are not accounted for within the Part
L2A analysis. Air handling units shall effectively be equipped with
heat recovery by-pass dampers, by way of regulating the speed of
the thermal wheels contained within the AHUs. The AHUs shall aim to
provide air temperatures of between 18-22°C. This shall be achieved
via the speed regulation of AHU thermal wheels. The speed of
rotation shall be dictated by the ventilation extract temperature
at the point at which it reaches the AHU. The AHU will always
attempt to initially recover thermal energy from the extract air
stream in order to raise the supply air temperature to the desired
set-point. Where heat recovery proves insufficient to raise
temperatures above 18°C, LPHW heating coils shall become active to
raise supply temperatures to 18°C. Local wet radiators shall
provide any further shortfall in space heating demand when
necessary. The thermal wheels are assigned to stop (i.e provide no
heat recovery) at extract air temperatures >22°C unless the
extract air temperature is below the external air temperature. The
regulation of ventilation supply to individual rooms shall be
controlled using local VAV boxes. These are typically calibrated to
provide two levels of ventilation; a ‘set-back’ (VAV min)
ventilation rate and a boosted rate of ventilation (VAV max). VAV
boxes are capable of providing either VAV min or VAV max flow
rates, and are not capable of steady actuation between these
set-points. Several VAV boxes do not have a set-back ventilation
rate and are capable of providing ventilation at 0l/s or the VAV
max rate.
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The building is ventilated seven days per week, anticipating
that the building will be accessible and conditioned suitably for
use during the week and weekends. Ventilation within this
simulation is assigned to be active seven days per week, however
building occupancy is only accounted for between Monday and Friday.
It is important to acknowledge that it is the occupied period which
is assessed against CIBSE TM52 criteria (weekends are accounted not
to be occupied in this simulation). Supply rates to rooms shall be
regulated during the day using two mechanisms and are based on the
VAV set-points described in the Schneider Electric Settings
Schedule C1. Daytime ventilation is active from 06:00-19:00
Mon-Sun. At a minimum, this provides the set-back (VAV min)
ventilation rates to rooms which are assigned a minimum set-back
rate. Rooms which are not served with a minimum set-back rate are
not served by any ventilation, unless triggered by other
mechanisms, as described below. VAV boxes shall also be controlled
using PIR sensors. PIR sensors trigger the VAV boxes to move into a
VAV Min position if VAV boxes are not already in this position. PIR
sensors are accounted to be active during the entirety of the
occupied period of each room. Note that these periods of occupancy
run Mon-Fri and are allocated on a room-by-room basis as defined in
Table 10. In addition to PIR controls, VAV boxes are also
controlled using local room thermostats. These thermostats are
assigned to increase the ventilation supply & extract rate to
the boosted ‘VAV max’ position when internal temperatures exceed a
specific temperature set-point during the period 06:00-19:00
Mon-Sun. This helps prevent overheating in the building. Note that
this functionality is available Monday to Sunday. Lab 2, Lab 3
& Lab 4 are equipped with fume cupboards. In order to balance
extract from fume cupboards, supply rates are assigned additional
‘Mid Vol (1)’ & ‘Mid Vol (2)’ supply settings. These are not
accounted for in this simulation. Whilst high rates of ventilation
using fume cupboards could essentially be used to address
overheating issues, this is not their intended use. Fume cupboards
are not accounted to be used, and the higher rates of ventilation
necessary to balance these additional extract rates is not applied
in this simulation. A night time purge ventilation cycle is
accessible during the period 00:00-06:00 Mon-Sun from May 1st to
Sept 30th. During the night time purge cycle, local VAV boxes
dictate the flow rate to each zone based on local thermostats.
Where the room air temperature is >23°C, the boost rate of VAV
max ventilation shall be supplied. At 14°C. At external air
temperatures
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3.2 Model Geometry Screenshots of the construction geometry used
within the IES simulations are shown below: Fig 1: Isometric view
from West:
Fig 2: Isometric view from North:
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Fig 3: Isometric view from East:
Fig 4: Isometric view from South:
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4.0 DTM Assessment Data Inputs 4.1 Construction Materials
Schedule:
The following construction fabric data has been input into the
simulation based on the advice of MIES. Table 1: Thermal Envelope
U-Values
Element Composition U-Value (W/m².K)
Thermal Mass KJ/(m².K)
External Walls
External Walls (SIPS)
- 18mm OSB - 152mm PUR Rigid Foam Insulation - 18mm OSB - 100mm
Clear Cavity - 25mm Gypsum Plasterboard - 3mm Gypsum Plaster
Skim
0.136 22.96
External Walls (SIPS; Parapet Walls)
- 18mm OSB - 110mm PUR Rigid Foam Insulation - 18mm OSB - 100mm
Clear Cavity - 25mm Gypsum Plasterboard - 3mm Gypsum Plaster
Skim
0.182 22.96
Ground & Exposed Floors
Ground Contact Floor Construction
~235mm PUR Rigid Foam Insulation -150mm Cast Concrete Ground
Slab -50mm Screed
0.09 145.40
Roof
Flat Roof Construction - 5mm Breathable Membrane - 195mm PUR
Rigid Foam Insulation - 280mm Cast Concrete Deck
0.11 190.00
Intermediate Floors
Intermediate Floors (Painted) - 50mm screed - 250mm Cast
Concrete
2.00 190.00
Intermediate Floors (Carpeted) - 50mm screed - 250mm Cast
Concrete
1.55 190.00
Suspended Ceilings* - 13mm Gypsum Plasterboard - 3mm
Plastering
3.54 6.20
*Only in locations shown on architects reflected ceiling
plans.
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Internal Partitions
Lightweight Partitions Types A & B
- 3mm Gypsum Plaster Skim - 25mm Gypsum plasterboard - 40m
Fibre-glass Acoustic Insulation - 60mm unventilated void - 25mm
Gypsum Plasterboard - 3mm Gypsum Plaster Skim
0.56 21.75
Masonry Partition Type A
- 3mm Gypsum Plaster Skim - 15mm Gypsum Plasterboard - 10mm Dot
& Dab Cavity - 140mm Medium Density Blockwork - 10mm Dot &
Dab Cavity - 15mm Gypsum Plasterboard - 3mm Gypsum Plaster Skim
0.94 108.97
Masonry Partition Type B
- 3mm Gypsum Plaster Skim - 15mm Gypsum Plasterboard - 10mm Dot
& Dab Cavity - 140mm Medium Density Blockwork
1.28 114.24
Masonry Partition Type C
- 3mm Gypsum Plaster Skim - 15mm Gypsum Plasterboard - 10mm Dot
& Dab Cavity - 200mm Medium Density Blockwork
1.14 136.00
Doors
Internal Doors - 40mm chipboard
2.29 33.48
External Opaque Doors & Rooftop Hatches
- 2mm steel sheet - 11mm PUR Rigid Foam Board - 2mm steel
sheet
1.50 7.48
4.1.1 Glazing:
! The thermal performance of glazing has been input based on the
guidance of MIES. Note that internal curtain glazing and entrance
doors to the Entrance Lobby are assigned as triple glazed and of
same specification as the external curtain glazing and entrance
doors. Internal blinds are accounted to be assigned to room B13
curtain glazing windows only. The blind is accounted to provide a
combined glazing + blind g-value of 0.33. The responsibility to
achieve this level of perfromance lies with others. No internal
blinds have been assigned to any other windows in the building.
Table 2: Glazing Parameters
Glazing Type U-Value (W/m².K)
Frame factor
g-value
Lt-value
Outside Reflectance
Internal Emissivity Glazing Frame Total
External Glazing (1,000mm wide) 0.52 0.75 0.58 27% 0.41 0.55 30%
0.10
External Glazing (500mm wide) 0.52 0.66 0.58 43% 0.41 0.55 30%
0.10
Curtain Glazing (corners) 0.52 1.43 0.58 7% 0.41 0.55 30%
0.10
Curtain Glazing (B13 only) 0.52 1.43 0.58 7% 0.33 0.43 30%
0.10
Curtain Glazing (Inset) 0.52 0.76 0.58 27% 0.41 0.55 30%
0.10
Entrance Doors (External) 0.78 4.41 1.50 20% 0.41 0.55 30%
0.10
Entrance Doors (Internal) 0.50 0.78 0.55 20% 0.42 0.55 30%
0.10
Draft Lobby glazing (internal & external)
0.50 0.78 0.55 20% 0.42 0.55 30% 0.10
Roof lights above Atrium 0.80 0.80 0.80 10% 0.41 0.55 30%
0.10
Internal screens 3.74 2.42 3.47 20% 0.86 0.76 7% 0.84
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Glazing characteristics have been applied as follows: Fig 5:
Allocation of glazing types – South and West Elevation:
Fig 6: Allocation of glazing types – North and East
elevation:
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Fig 7: Allocation of glazing types – East elevation reveal:
Fig 8: Glazing type legend
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4.1.2 Air Permeability: Air permeability has been input based on
the design air leakage rate of 1.3m³/(m².hr)@50Pa. Based on the
envelope area and volume of the building, this equates to an air
leakage rate of 0.47ach at 50Pa. Infiltration has been assigned to
regulate based on wind speed, with the maximum infiltration rate
equalling 0.03170 ach. This figure aligns with the guidance of
CIBSE Guide A, which notes that under normal operational
conditions, the infiltration rate will be approximately 1/60th that
of the rate incurred under test conditions at 50pa. The average
infiltration rate under normal operational conditions is accounted
to be 0.00782 ach. For Part L2A compliance purposes, an air leakage
rate of 1.68m³/(hr.m²)@50Pa has been accounted for based on the air
pressure test undertaken by HRS on the 8th June 2018. Note
therefore that the DTM outcomes are currently based on a level of
design air leakage slightly lower than that achieved in
practice.
4.1.3 Thermal Bridging IES does not explicitly model
non-repeating thermal bridges. Therefore, the simulation
effectively accounts for thermal bridge free detailing at all
construction element junctions. No additional losses are accounted
for within the elemental U-Values for repeating thermal bridges. It
is assumed that these will be calculated as part of the overall
elemental U-Values. Inclusion of parapet walls has been included
however, therefore accounting for some additional heat loss from
this detail. 4.2 Software: The software used to undertake this
study is IES Virtual Environment 2017 Version 2017.1.0.0 For the
purposes of this task, the following IES software modules have been
employed:
• IES Model IT; Building Modeller • IES Suncast; Solar Shading
Analysis • IES Apache; Thermal Simulation Interface • IES
ApacheHVAC; HVAC System Simulation Interface • IES MacroFlo;
Multi-zone Air Movement • IES VistaPro; Advanced Analysis • IES
RadienceIES; Day Lighting and Electrical Lighting Simulation
4.3 Weather Data: Simulations have been carried out using three
sets of weather data:
• CIBSE ‘Design Summer Year’ Nottingham DSY05’ – for that
assessment of CIBSE TM52 & for use in the Passivhaus
overheating metric assessment.
• University of Exeter PROTHEUS Programme ‘Design Summer Year’
Nottingham DSY2030 a1b 50% percentile’ – for the assessment of the
second credit available under BREEAM Hea04, Adaptability for a
Projected Climate Change Scenario.
• CIBSE ‘Test Reference Year’ Nottingham TRY05’ – for that
assessment of CIBSE TM52, use in the Passivhaus overheating metric
assessment and for the calculation of Part L2A (2013) outcomes.
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4.4 HVAC Systems 4.4.1 Mechanical Ventilation HVAC systems have
been assigned to the model using the ventilation layouts shown in
CPW ventilation schematics, using MIES ventilation calculations and
the Schneider Electric Settings Schedule Issue C1. System controls
have been assigned as described within the CPW Building Services
Specification and superseded where necessary in agreement with MIES
and Etude. The building is served by three Swegon AHUs with thermal
wheel heat recovery systems. All three systems are controlled in
much the same way, using local VAV boxes to regulate air flow. AHUs
are simulated to regulate the air flow based on the demand of local
VAV boxes, which in practice means that the fan speed of the AHUs
will be regulated using differential pressure sensors in the
system. The various functions of these systems are described in
detail below:
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4.4.1.1 Set-Back Ventilation Capacity AHUs are assigned to
provide a degree of set-back ventilation in certain rooms. This
provides a degree of background air movement during the opening
hours of the building. Some rooms are specified with no set-back
ventilation rate. Set-back ventilation rates run annually during
the period 06:00-19:00 Mon-Sun based on the rates shown on the
Schneider Electric Settings Schedule Issue C1, as follows: Table 3:
VAV set back ventilation rates Room Set-Back Ventilation Rate (l/s)
AHU A11 Ground Floor E.R.A 0 3 A02 Ground Floor Reception (extract
at D01) 180 1 A08 Ground Floor A.P.M Office 0 3 A07 Meeting Room 0
3 A03 Facility Manager 0 3 A15 Lab 4 40 1 A17 Lab 3 60 1 A18 Lab 2
50 1 A19 Lab 1 20 1 A14 3D Atomic Probe 40 1 B07 Academic Office 1
0 3 B10 Academic Office 2 0 3 B11 Academic Office 3 0 3 B12
Academic Office 4 0 3 B13 Professors Office 0 3 B14 Academic Office
6 0 3 B15 Academic Office 5 0 1 B05 Meeting Room 0 3 B06 Meeting
Room 0 3 B04 Staff Room 0 3 B18 Lab 3 145 2 B20 Lab 4 145 2 B19
Technical Support 100 1 C08 PDRA Office 0 3 C04 Boardroom 0 3 C09
Tech Office Base 80 1 D06 PHD Students Office 0 3 D08 Electrolyser
60
300 2
D09 Gas Upgrade 40 D10 Storage 65 D11 Fuel Cell 62 D12 CHP Test
Cell 46 D14 Control Room 21 D13 Climate Chamber 6
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4.4.1.2 PIR Activated VAV Min Flow Rates: PIR sensors are
allocated to allow VAV min flow rates to rooms during occupied
time, where occupied time is defined using the appropriate
occupancy template for each room, as shown in Table 10. For rooms
with set-back ventilation rates, this will have no effect, as the
VAV min flow rate is already active 06:00-19:00 Mon-Sun. For rooms
where there is no set-back rate, PIR sensors will provide
background ventilation at the following rates during occupied time:
Table 4: VAV PIR activated minimum air flow rates Room PIR
Activated VAV Min Flow
Rate (l/s) AHU
A11 Ground Floor E.R.A 80 3 A02 Ground Floor Reception (extract
at D01) 180 1 A08 Ground Floor A.P.M Office 120 3 A07 Meeting Room
60 3 A03 Facility Manager 20 3 A15 Lab 4 40 1 A17 Lab 3 60 1 A18
Lab 2 50 1 A19 Lab 1 20 1 A14 3D Atomic Probe 40 1 B07 Academic
Office 1 30 3 B10 Academic Office 2 30 3 B11 Academic Office 3 30 3
B12 Academic Office 4 30 3 B13 Professors Office 30 3 B14 Academic
Office 6 30 3 B15 Academic Office 5 30 1 B05 Meeting Room 80 3 B06
Meeting Room 60 3 B04 Staff Room 60 3 B18 Lab 3 145 2 B20 Lab 4 145
2 B19 Technical Support 100 1 C08 PDRA Office 180 3 C04 Boardroom
300 3 C09 Tech Office Base 80 1 D06 PHD Students Office 440 3 D08
Electrolyser 60
300 2
D09 Gas Upgrade 40 D10 Storage 65 D11 Fuel Cell 62 D12 CHP Test
Cell 46 D14 Control Room 21 D13 Climate Chamber 6
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Page 22 of 100
4.4.1.3 Local Thermostatically Activated VAV Max Flow Rates:
Local thermostats regulate the control of VAV Max flow rates.
Should a room exceed 24°C during the period 06:00-19:00 Mon-Sun,
VAV Max flow rates will be activated. The VAV Max flow rate will
continue until the room temperature falls to 23°C. Some rooms are
not specified with a rate of ventilation higher than that present
during occupied time. Thermostatically activated VAV Max flow rates
are assigned as follows: Table 5: Thermostatically controlled VAV
max maximum air flow rates Room Local Thermostatically
Activated VAV Max Flow Rate (l/s)
AHU
A11 Ground Floor E.R.A 80 3 A02 Ground Floor Reception (extract
at D01) 500 1 A08 Ground Floor A.P.M Office 120 3 A07 Meeting Room
60 3 A03 Facility Manager 20 3 A15 Lab 4 388 1 A17 Lab 3 394 1 A18
Lab 2 625 1 A19 Lab 1 654 1 A14 3D Atomic Probe 260 1 B07 Academic
Office 1 30 3 B10 Academic Office 2 30 3 B11 Academic Office 3 30 3
B12 Academic Office 4 30 3 B13 Professors Office 30 3 B14 Academic
Office 6 30 3 B15 Academic Office 5 30 1 B05 Meeting Room 80 3 B06
Meeting Room 60 3 B04 Staff Room 60 3 B18 Lab 3 500 2 B20 Lab 4 500
2 B19 Technical Support 202 1 C08 PDRA Office 180 3 C04 Boardroom
300 3 C09 Tech Office Base 198 1 D06 PHD Students Office 440 3 D08
Electrolyser 366
1832 2
D09 Gas Upgrade 294 D10 Storage 400 D11 Fuel Cell 376 D12 CHP
Test Cell 280 D14 Control Room 126 D13 Climate Chamber 40
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Page 23 of 100
4.4.1.4 Overview of Ventilation Rates: Shown below is an
overview of ventilation rates applied to rooms served with
mechanical ventilation: Table 6: Overview of VAV rates by room
Room
Set-Back Ventilation Rate (minimum
ventilation rate during period 06:00-19:00)
PIR Activated Ventilation Rate (minimum
ventilation rate whilst room is occupied)
Thermostatically control boost ventilation rates (maximum
ventilation rate during period 06:00-19:00)
A11 Ground Floor E.R.A 0 80 80 A02 Ground Floor Reception
(extract at D01)
180 180 500
A08 Ground Floor A.P.M Office 0 120 120 A07 Meeting Room 0 60 60
A03 Facility Manager 0 20 20 A15 Lab 4 40 40 388 A17 Lab 3 60 60
394 A18 Lab 2 50 50 625 A19 Lab 1 20 20 654 A14 3D Atomic Probe 40
40 260 B07 Academic Office 1 0 30 30 B10 Academic Office 2 0 30 30
B11 Academic Office 3 0 30 30 B12 Academic Office 4 0 30 30 B13
Professors Office 0 30 30 B14 Academic Office 6 0 30 30 B15
Academic Office 5 0 30 30 B05 Meeting Room 0 80 80 B06 Meeting Room
0 60 60 B04 Staff Room 0 60 60 B18 Lab 3 145 145 500 B20 Lab 4 145
145 500 B19 Technical Support 100 100 202 C08 PDRA Office 0 180 180
C04 Boardroom 0 300 300 C09 Tech Office Base 80 80 198 D06 PHD
Students Office 0 440 440 D08 Electrolyser 60
300
60
300
366
1832
D09 Gas Upgrade 40 40 294 D10 Storage 65 65 400 D11 Fuel Cell 62
62 376 D12 CHP Test Cell 46 46 280 D14 Control Room 21 21 126 D13
Climate Chamber 6 6 40
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Page 24 of 100
4.4.1.5 Heat Recovery Control: All three Swegon AHUs aim to
provide supply air temperatures between 18°C-22°C during the period
06:00-19:00 Mon-Sun Jan-Dec. This is achieved via the speed control
of thermal wheels in each AHU. When the external air temperature is
below 22°C, the AHU thermal wheel will aim to provide a supply air
temperature of 22°C if the return (extract) air temperature falls
below 18°C. It will continue to aim to provide a supply air
temperature of 22°C until the return air temperature exceeds 20°C.
When the external air temperature is below 22°C, the AHU thermal
wheel will aim to provide a supply air temperature of 20-22°C if
the return (extract) air temperature falls below 20°C. At a return
air temperature of 20°C, the AHU thermal wheel will aim to provide
a supply air temperature of 22°C. As the return air temperature
tends towards 22°C, the AHU thermal wheel will aim to provide a
supply air temperature of 20°C. The AHU thermal wheel will continue
to aim to provide a supply air temperature of 20-22°C until the
return air temperature exceeds 22°C. When the external air
temperature is below 22°C, the AHU thermal wheel will aim to
provide a supply air temperature of 18°C if the return (extract)
air temperature exceeds 22°C. When the external air temperature is
above 22°C, the incoming air supply has no means by which to cool
the supply air temperature below 22°C. The AHU operates in full
‘by-pass’ mode (thermal wheel stationary), and supplies air at the
external air temperature. It continues to do so unless the external
air temperature exceeds the return air temperature, in which case,
the thermal wheel begins to turn again in order to recover coolth
from the return air stream, targeting a supply air temperature
equal to the return air temperature. The AHU will aim not to permit
a supply temperature below 18°C during occupied hours 06:00-19:00
Mon-Sun. The return air temperature forms a weighted average of
room extract air temperatures, with a weighting given to the
extract rate from each room.
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Page 25 of 100
Evidence that the AHU thermal wheel behaves in this manner in
the simulation is shown below: Fig 9: AHU Behaviour Example A (AHU3
17th August):
1. All rooms served by AHU 3 do not account for a set-back
ventilation rate. Ventilation is dormant 06:00-06:45.
2. First room on network exceeds 24°C. Ventilation becomes
active based on thermostatic trigger at VAV Max rate in first
room.
3. Second room on network exceeds 24°C. Ventilation becomes
active based on thermostatic trigger at VAV Max rate in second
room.
4. Ventilation room supply air temperature (supply air
temperature after thermal wheel) tracks 18°C until external air
temperature (supply air temperature before thermal wheel) exceeds
18°C. Supply air temperature tracks external air temperature (i.e
no heat recovery) until point 5.
5. External air temperature (supply air temperature before
thermal wheel) exceeds return air temperature. Heat recovery
becomes active, targeting a supply air temperature equal to the
return air temperature. Supply air temperature falls below external
air temperature, close to the return air temperature (retaining
coolth), unit point 6, when the external air temperature falls
below the return air temperature once again.
1. Supply air volume flow (after thermal wheel) (obscured by 2.)
2. Supply air volume flow (before thermal wheel) 3. Return air
volume flow (before thermal wheel) (obscured by 2.)
4. Supply air temperature (after thermal wheel)
5. Return air temperature (before thermal wheel)
6. Supply air temperature (before thermal wheel)
Building occupied period 06:00-19:00
1
3
5 6
4
2
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Page 26 of 100
Fig 10: AHU Behaviour Example B (AHU2 3rd December):
1. Set-back ventilation rate becomes active at 06:00. 2. PIR
triggered VAV min ventilation rate becomes triggered in a room. 3.
Thermostatically triggered VAV max ventilation rate becomes active
in a room. 4. Thermostatically triggered VAV max ventilation rate
becomes reactivated in a room.
5. Return air temperature drops as consequence of VAV max
ventilation rate.
6. Supply air temperature stabilised at 18-20°C based on return
air temperatures of 20-22°C. 20°C target supply air temperature not
fully achieved through heat recovery.
7. Return air temperature exceeds 22°C. Heat recovery rate
reduces, returning supply air temperature to 18°C.
1. Supply air volume flow (after thermal wheel) (obscured by 2.)
2. Supply air volume flow (before thermal wheel) 3. Return air
volume flow (before thermal wheel) (obscured by 2.)
4. Supply air temperature after thermal wheel
5. Return air temperature (before thermal wheel)
6. Supply air temperature (before thermal wheel)
Building occupied period 06:00-19:00
1
2
3 4 6
7 5
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Page 27 of 100
4.4.1.6 Night Time Purge Ventilation: Night time purge
ventilation is accessible from May 1st to September 30th, during
the hours of 00:00-06:00 Mon-Sun. Night time purge ventilation
offers two ventilation rates based on VAV min and VAV max set
points as shown in Table 7 below. The VAV min ventilation rate of
the night time purge ventilation cycle becomes active during the
accessible time period when:
1. The internal room temperature exceeds 21°C. The VAV min
ventilation rate shall continue until the room air temperature
falls to 19°C. If the room air temperature then rises, the VAV min
ventilation rate shall not become active again until the room air
temperature exceeds 21°C.
AND 2. The external air temperature is at least 1°C lower than
the room air temperature.
The VAV max ventilation rate of the night time purge ventilation
cycle becomes active during the accessible time period when:
1. The internal room temperature exceeds 25°C. The VAV max
ventilation rate shall continue until the room air temperature
falls to 24°C. If the room air temperature then rises, the VAV max
ventilation rate shall not become active again until the room air
temperature exceeds 25°C.
AND
2. The external air temperature is at least 1°C lower than the
room air temperature.
The fan speed control logic of the night time purge ventilation
cycle aims to reduce air temperatures to 19-21°C prior to building
occupancy during the period May-September. In practice, rooms
rarely fall to the lower end of this target range. The higher VAV
max ventilation rates are only applied under high temperature
scenarios, when internal air temperature remain >25°C after
midnight. This control logic therefore conserves energy by only
applying higher ventilation rates when necessary.
-
Page 28 of 100
Table 7: Night purge ventilation VAV supply rates
Room Night Time Purge VAV min Ventilation Rates (l/s). Active at
room temperature >19°C
Night Time Purge VAV max Ventilation Rates (l/s). Active at room
temperature >25°C
A11 Ground Floor E.R.A 80 80 A02 Ground Floor Reception (extract
at D01)
180 500
A08 Ground Floor A.P.M Office 120 120 A07 Meeting Room 60 60 A03
Facility Manager 20 20 A15 Lab 4 40 388 A17 Lab 3 60 394 A18 Lab 2
50 625 A19 Lab 1 20 654 A14 3D Atomic Probe 40 260 B07 Academic
Office 1 30 30 B10 Academic Office 2 30 30 B11 Academic Office 3 30
30 B12 Academic Office 4 30 30 B13 Professors Office 30 30 B14
Academic Office 6 30 30 B15 Academic Office 5 30 30 B05 Meeting
Room 80 80 B06 Meeting Room 60 60 B04 Staff Room 60 60 B18 Lab 3
145 500 B20 Lab 4 145 500 B19 Technical Support 100 202 C08 PDRA
Office 180 180 C04 Boardroom 300 300 C09 Tech Office Base 80 198
D06 PHD Students Office 440 440 D08 Electrolyser 60
300
366
1832
D09 Gas Upgrade 40 294 D10 Storage 65 400 D11 Fuel Cell 62 376
D12 CHP Test Cell 46 280 D14 Control Room 21 126 D13 Climate
Chamber 6 40
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Page 29 of 100
During the night time purge ventilation cycle, the AHU thermal
wheels aim to regulate supply air temperatures between 14-16°C. The
AHU thermal wheels will aim to provide a supply air temperature of
16°C if the return (extract) air temperature falls below 14°C. It
will continue to aim to provide a supply air temperature of 16°C
until the return air temperature exceeds 15°C. The AHU thermal
wheels will aim to provide a supply air temperature of 14-16°C if
the return (extract) air temperature falls below 16°C. At a return
air temperature of 14°C, the AHU thermal wheel will aim to provide
a supply air temperature of 16°C. As the return air temperature
tends towards 16°C, the AHU thermal wheels will aim to provide a
supply air temperature of 14°C. The AHU thermal wheels will
continue to aim to provide a supply air temperature of 14-16°C
until the return air temperature exceeds 16°C. The AHU thermal
wheel will aim to provide a supply air temperature of 14°C if the
return (extract) air temperature exceeds 16°C. At no point will the
supply air temperature fall below 14°C during the night time purge
ventilation cycle. Evidence that the AHU thermal wheels behave in
this manner within the simulation is shown below:
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Page 30 of 100
Fig 11: AHU Behaviour Example C (AHU3 20th & 21st
August):
1. Night time purge ventilation period Weds June 20th. 2. Night
time purge ventilation period Thurs June 21st. 3. Ventilation
dormant during period 19:00-00:00. 4. Night time purge ventilation
becomes active at 00:00 at VAV max ventilation rate in some rooms.
5. Night time purge ventilation falls from VAV max rate to VAV min
in a room. 6. Night time purge supply air temperature held at 14°C
based on return air temperature and supply air
temperature (before thermal wheel) conditions.
1 2
00:00-
06:00
00:00-
06:00
3
4
5
6
1. Supply air volume flow (after thermal wheel) (obscured by 2.)
2. Supply air volume flow (before thermal wheel) 3. Return air
volume flow (before thermal wheel) (obscured by 2.)
4. Supply air temperature after thermal wheel
5. Return air temperature (before thermal wheel)
6. Supply air temperature (before thermal wheel)
-
Page 31 of 100
4.4.1.6 Frost Protection Cycle The ventilation system is
assigned controls to allow the system to provide ventilation at VAV
Min rates should any room fall to
-
Page 32 of 100
Night time purge ventilation period Weds 20th. 2. Night time
purge ventilation period Thurs 21st. 3. Ventilation dormant during
period 19:00-00:00. 4. Night time purge ventilation becomes active
at 00:00 at VAV max ventilation rate in some rooms. 5. Night time
purge ventilation falls from VAV max rate to VAV min in a room. 6.
Night time purge supply air temperature held at 14°C based on
return air temperature and supply air
temperature (before thermal wheel).
Fig 12: LPHW Heating Coil Behaviour in January (external air
temperature 0- -3°C):
1. Ventilation begins at 06:00.
2. Thermal wheel unable to provide supply air at or above 18°C.
3. LPHW heating coil tops up supply temperature to 18°C. 4. Thermal
wheel able to provide supply air at 18°C. LPHW heating coil becomes
inactive. 5. Thermal wheel becomes unable to provide supply at or
above 18°C. LPHW heating coil becomes
active again. 6. Ventilation ceases at 19:00.
1. Ventilation supply flow volume before heating coil (obscured
by 2.) 2. Ventilation supply flow volume after heating coil
3. Ventilation supply air temperature after thermal wheel &
before heating coil
4. Ventilation supply air temperature after thermal wheel &
after heating coil
5. External air temperature
2
3 4
5
6 1
-
Page 33 of 100
4.4.2 LPHW Radiator Circuits & Over Door Heater Radiator
heating is assigned to zones identified as having radiator heating
on CPW heating philosophy drawings. All zones served by radiator
heating are assigned a heating set-point of 21°C during the period
06:00-19:00 Mon-Sun. A 12°C set-back temperature is assigned
between 19:00-05:00 Mon-Sun. A one hour pre-heat period is present
between 05:00-06:00 Mon-Sun, which ramps the set-point between 12°C
and 21°C.
Radiators are controlled using logic which allows them to
function only when external air temperatures are
-
Page 34 of 100
4.5 Natural Ventilation and Bulk Air movement Natural
ventilation and bulk air movement have been modelled within the
simulation using the IES ‘MacroFlo’ module. Certain external
windows are assigned to be openable, as defined on the Etude Window
PHPP Markup drawing Rev H, indicating the location of opening
windows. The free-opening capacity facilitated by opening windows
has been defined based on calculations by Will South of Etude, as
expressed in his email dated 08/05/18. The free-opening area
calculations also take account of the restricted flow
characteristics of the external inverted brise-soliel. Windows are
assigned to be openable during occupied time only, which varies on
a room-by-room basis dependent upon the occupancy template, as
defined within Table 10. When occupied, windows are assigned to
begin opening when internal air temperatures are ≥22°C and are
assigned to become fully open when internal air temperatures are
≥24°C. Note that there is no control logic to assume that windows
will be closed under scenarios where the external air temperature
is above the internal air temperature. It is assumed that occupants
will not be aware of this condition, unless ‘traffic lights’ style
feedback systems are installed to indicate when window opening is
appropriate. The personnel doors to Lab 1 (A19) and Lab 2 (A18) and
the garage door to Lab 2 (A18) are accounted to be opened should
the local air temperature exceed 23°C during occupied time, on the
condition that the external air temperature is ≥14°C. Doors are
assumed to progressively open, with full opening occurring should
the local air temperature exceed 25°C. Remaining external doors to
the building are accounted to remain shut at all times. All
internal doors are also accounted to remain shut at all times,
though these do account for a sufficient amount of tolerance, in
order to facilitate mechanical ventilation air transfer paths – as
per Passivhaus guidance. Note that slight variation in the
free-opening area of windows results from the minor differences in
the window areas within the simulation.
-
Page 35 of 100
Window opening conditions have been assigned as follows
(brise-soleil omitted for clarity): Fig 13: Allocation of natural
ventilation opening types – South and West elevation:
Fig 14: Allocation of natural ventilation opening types – North
and East elevation:
-
Page 36 of 100
Fig 15: Allocation of natural ventilation opening types –East
elevation reveal:
Fig 16: Natural ventilation opening types legend:
-
Page 37 of 100
Table 8: Natural ventilation flow characteristics
Reference Opening Conditions Usage Template
Fixed Closed Window
Off continuously
Internal Doors (obscured)
Off continuously (with crack flow co-
efficient to allow a
degree of air transfer)
-
Page 38 of 100
Internal glazing
(obscured)
Off continuously
Opening Window Profile E (500mm)
Opening Profile E
-
Page 39 of 100
Opening Window Profile F (500mm)
Opening Profile F
Opening Window Profile K (500mm)
Opening Profile K
-
Page 40 of 100
Opening Window Profile M (500mm)
Opening Profile M
Opening Window Profile N (500mm)
Opening Profile N
-
Page 41 of 100
Opening Window Profile E
(1,000mm)
Opening Profile E
Opening Window Profile F
(1,000mm)
Opening Profile F
-
Page 42 of 100
Opening Window Profile N
(1,000mm)
Opening Profile N
Louver Always Open
Always on
-
Page 43 of 100
Entrance Doors Internal (obscured)
06:00-19:00 Mon-Fri
Lab A18 & A19 Doors
Lab A18 & A19 door profile
-
Page 44 of 100
Entrance Doors
External.
06:00-19:00 Mon-Fri
Table 9: Natural ventilation opening parameters
Profile Name Opening Condition Active Period Opening Profile
E
Window begins to open at internal air temperature of 22°C,
becoming fully open
at 24°C.
08:00-18:00 Mon-Fri Opening Profile F 09:00-18:00 Mon-Fri
Opening Profile K 08:00-17:00 Mon-Fri Opening Profile M 08:00-18:00
Mon-Fri Opening Profile N 08:00-17:00 Mon-Fri
Lab A18 & A19 door profile
Window begins to open at internal air temperature of 24°C,
becoming fully open at 26°C, only if the external air
temperature
is >14°C (with 1°C deadband)
09:00-17:00 Mon-Fri
-
Page 45 of 100
4.6 Internal Gains Heat gains within the building can broadly be
divided into ‘internal heat gains’ and ‘external heat gains’.
External heat gains comprise of heat gains which occur externally
to the building, and include; heat gain through solar irradiation,
conducted heat gains through the building fabric, infiltration heat
gains through uncontrolled ventilation and ventilation heat gains
through controlled ventilation. These heat gains are modelled as
part of the simulation process, through variables such as the
location weather file, building fabric, controlled ventilation
parameters and the allocated infiltration rate. Internal heat gains
comprise of heat gains which occur internally to the building.
These can broadly be broken down into lighting, equipment and
occupancy heat gains. These heat gains are input into the
assessment based upon information provided by the client, or by
using suitable assumed data where detailed information is yet to be
provided. As a Passivhaus building, external conditions will have a
lesser influence on the internal environment when compared to a
more conventional building, however internal gains must be tightly
controlled. Excessive internal gains will have a higher impact on a
Passivhaus building, particularly if these gains cannot be
discharged via the ventilation system. The internal gains accounted
for within the simulation account for occupancy, lighting,
equipment gains and DHW secondary circulation pipework. Occupancy
gains have been modelled based around the occupancy levels quoted
within Etude ventilation calculations, with occupancy templates
constructed based on the maximum and typical occupancy rates
indicated, the typical working hours and diversity factors. All
occupants are accounted to incur internal heats gains of 73W
(sensible) and 50W (latent). Occupancy profiles are shown in Table
10. These typically account for peak occupancy levels around 13:00,
with lower occupancy rates towards the start and end of the day.
Lighting gains have been input based on the lighting layout
drawings provided by MIES. Where PIR controls are specified, a
suitable diversity factor for the room has been applied. Where
daylight dimming controls are specified, lighting is assigned to
dim such that full lighting gains are only incurred when natural
lux levels are equal to zero. Lighting is assigned to dim in a
linear manner until natural light lux levels are equal to the
artificial lighting design lux, at which point lighting gains
cease. Zones with very short occupancy periods such as stores, the
plant room and the comms room account for no lighting gains. For
sub-zoned multi-level labs, lighting gains are allocated in the
upper most zone.
! In most cases, equipment gains follow the same profile as
occupancy gains, accounting for the fact that equipment gains are
likely to rise and fall with occupancy levels. A 2% standby rate is
accounted for during non-occupied time. Internal gains from the
comms room are assigned to also fluctuate based upon building
occupancy, accounting for high rates of server activity during
occupied time. Equipment gains in laboratory rooms D08-D14 have
been assigned based upon the advice of MIES. It has been assumed
that the internal gains noted on Lewis & Hickey drawing N6253
Rev E are active during the period 09:00-17:00 Mon-Fri. Heat gains
totalling 9.3kW have been introduced within rooms D08-D14. Note
that no internal heat gains resulting from the operation of the
large fuel cell test bed are present. It is assumed that cooling
equipment provided to address heat gain from this piece of
equipment shall facilitate net zero heat gain into the room. The
sizing of this system lies outside the remit of this study. This
study accounts for no heat gain from the fuel cell test bed and no
chiller.
Heat gains from DHW secondary circulation pipework is also
assigned to the simulation, based on the Etude drawing Heating +
DHW Markup Rev A. These gains are active at all times. Heat gains
total 797.5W, which equates to 2.41W/m² floor area in rooms subject
to these gains.
-
Page 46 of 100
Table 10: Variation Profiles by Type:
-
Page 47 of 100
-
Page 48 of 100
Table 11: Internal gains profiles by room
Room Occupancy Lighting Equipment Diversity factor (applies to
all gain types)
Variation Profile (Mon-Fri)
Variation Profile (Mon-Fri)
Dimming Profile
Variation Profile (Mon-Fri)
A.CD01 Corridor BRE estimates BRE estimates None BRE estimates
1
A.CD02 Corridor BRE estimates BRE estimates None BRE estimates
1
A.CD03 Corridor BRE estimates BRE estimates None BRE estimates
1
A.CD04 Stairwell Lobby BRE estimates BRE estimates None BRE
estimates 1
A.ST01 Stair BRE estimates BRE estimates None BRE estimates
1
A.ST02 Stair BRE estimates BRE estimates None BRE estimates
1
A01 Draft Lobby None B A None 1
A02 Reception K K B K 1
A03 Facilities Manager E E B E 0.5
A04 Dis WC BRE estimates BRE estimates None BRE estimates 1
A05 WC BRE estimates BRE estimates None BRE estimates 1
A06 WC BRE estimates BRE estimates None BRE estimates 1
A07 Meeting Room E E B E 0.5
A08 APM Open Plan Office E E B E 0.9
A09 Changing Room BRE estimates BRE estimates None BRE estimates
1
A10 Shower BRE estimates BRE estimates None BRE estimates 1
A11 ERA Open Plan Office E E B E 0.9
A12 Directors Office K K B K 0.5
A13 Plant Room BRE estimates BRE estimates None BRE estimates
1
A14 3D Atom Probe A A A A 1
A15 Laboratory 4 B B A B 1
A16 Clnrs Cupd BRE estimates BRE estimates None BRE estimates
1
A17 Laboratory 3 W C C A C 1
A18 Laboratory 2 D D A D 1
A19 Laboratory 1 E E A E 1
A20 Comp Store None None None None 0
A21 Chem Store None None None None 0
B.CD01 Corridor BRE estimates BRE estimates None BRE estimates
1
B.CD02 Corridor BRE estimates BRE estimates None BRE estimates
1
B.CD03 Corridor BRE estimates BRE estimates None BRE estimates
1
B.CD04 Corridor BRE estimates BRE estimates None BRE estimates
1
B.ST01 Stairwell BRE estimates BRE estimates None BRE estimates
1
B.ST02 Stair BRE estimates BRE estimates None BRE estimates
1
B01 Breakout Area L L None L 0.3
B02 WC BRE estimates BRE estimates None BRE estimates 1
B03 WC BRE estimates BRE estimates None BRE estimates 1
B04 Staffroom K K B K 0.5
B05 Meeting Room E E B E 0.3
B06 Meeting Room E E B E 0.3
B07 Academic Office 1 M M B M 0.5
B08 Clnrs Cupd BRE estimates BRE estimates None BRE estimates
1
B10 Academic Office 2 N N B N 0.5
B11 Academic Office 3 N N B N 0.5
B12 Academic Office 4 N N B N 0.5
B13 Professor Office N N B N 0.5
B14 Academic Office 6 N N B N 0.5
B15 Academic Office 5 N N B N 0.5
B16 Dis WC BRE estimates BRE estimates None BRE estimates 1
B17 Comms Room None None A None 1
B18 Laboratory 3 H H A H 1
-
Page 49 of 100
Table 12: Internal Gains Profiles by Room Cont… Room Occupancy
Lighting Equipment Diversity factor
(applies to all gain types)
Variation Profile (Mon-Fri)
Variation Profile (Mon-Fri)
Dimming Profile
Variation Profile (Mon-Fri)
B19 Technical Support F F A F 0.6
B20 Laboratory 4 I I A I 0.9
C.CD01 Corridor BRE estimates BRE estimates None BRE estimates
1
C.CD02 Corridor BRE estimates BRE estimates None BRE estimates
1
C.CD03 Corridor BRE estimates BRE estimates None BRE estimates
1
C.ST01 Stair BRE estimates BRE estimates None BRE estimates
1
C.ST02 Stair BRE estimates BRE estimates None BRE estimates
1
C01 Breakout Area E E None E 0.3
CO2 WC BRE estimates BRE estimates None BRE estimates 1
C03 WC BRE estimates BRE estimates None BRE estimates 1
C04 Board Room E E A E 0.5
C05 Kitchen BRE estimates BRE estimates None BRE estimates 1
C06 Dis WC BRE estimates BRE estimates None BRE estimates 1
C07 Clnrs Cupd BRE estimates BRE estimates None BRE estimates
1
C08 PDRA Open Plan Office F F B F 0.6
C09 Tech Office Base G G B G 0.9
D.CD01 Corridor BRE estimates BRE estimates None BRE estimates
1
D.CD02 Corridor BRE estimates BRE estimates None BRE estimates
1
D.CD03 Corridor BRE estimates BRE estimates None BRE estimates
1
D.CD05 Corridor BRE estimates BRE estimates None BRE estimates
1
D.ST01 Stair BRE estimates BRE estimates None BRE estimates
1
D.ST02 Stair BRE estimates BRE estimates None BRE estimates
1
D01 Breakout Area E E None E 0.3
D02 WC BRE estimates BRE estimates None BRE estimates 1
D03 WC BRE estimates BRE estimates None BRE estimates 1
D04 Dis WC BRE estimates BRE estimates None BRE estimates 1
D06 Open Plan Office SW E E None E 0.6
D07 Clnrs Cup'd BRE estimates BRE estimates None BRE estimates
1
D08 Electrolyser Test Bed J J A H 1
D09 Gas Upgrade J J A H 1
D10 Storage J J A H 1
D11 Fuel Test Cell J J A H 1
D12 CHP Test Bed J J A H 1
D13 Climate Chamber J J A H 1
D14 Control Room J J A H 1
D15 Plant Room BRE estimates None None BRE estimates 0
-
Page 50 of 100
Table 13: Peak internal gains by room (before variation template
or diversity factors are applied):
Peak Internal Gains by Room
Zone Lighting Gain (W)
Occupancy Sensible Gain (W)
Occupancy Latent Gain
(W)
Equipment Sensible Gain (W)
Equipment Latent Gain
(W)
A.CD01 Corridor 28.8 151.3 151.3 37.1 0.0 A.CD02 Corridor 43.2
124.0 124.0 30.4 0.0 A.CD03 Corridor 43.2 139.0 139.0 34.1 0.0
A.LS01 Lift - - - - - A.RS01 Riser - - - - - A.RS01 Riser - - - - -
A.ST01 Stair 32.5 28.8 28.8 7.1 0.0 A.ST02 Stair 130.0 149.3 149.3
36.7 0.0 A01 Draft Lobby 64.0 0.5 0.5 13.0 0.0 A02 Reception 174.0
140.0 140.0 67.9 0.0 A03 Facilities Manager 80.1 146.0 100.0 212.5
1.3 A04 Dis WC 27.5 27.9 27.9 17.1 0.0 A05 WC 27.5 17.1 17.1 10.5
0.0 A06 WC 27.5 16.5 16.5 10.1 0.0 A07 Meeting Room 58.2 438.0
300.0 136.4 1.0 A08 APM Open Plan Office NE 116.4 292.0 200.0 420.9
3.2 A08 APM Open Plan Office S 87.3 160.3 109.8 253.7 1.9 A08 APM
Open_N Plan_N Office NW 174.6 236.3 161.9 374.1 2.8 A09 Changing
Room 27.5 23.0 23.0 16.4 0.0 A10 Shower 27.5 27.4 27.4 19.6 0.0 A11
ERA Open Plan Office 174.6 584.0 400.0 721.4 5.5 A13 Plant Room
121.4 166.8 166.8 300.0 0.0 A14 3D Atom Probe 306.0 390.4 249.6
1004.6 32.1 A15 Laboratory 4 E 306.0 195.2 124.8 686.4 21.9 A15
Laboratory 4 W 153.0 195.2 124.8 804.0 25.7 A16 Clnrs Cupd 3.2 12.5
12.5 0.0 0.0 A17 Laboratory 3 E 306.0 292.8 187.2 689.5 22.0 A17
Laboratory 3 W 153.0 292.8 187.2 804.6 25.7 A18 Laboratory 2 NE 0.0
122.0 78.0 1069.5 34.2 A18 Laboratory 2 NW 0.0 122.0 78.0 897.7
28.7 A18 Laboratory 2 SE 0.0 122.0 78.0 932.1 29.8 A18 Laboratory 2
SW 0.0 122.0 78.0 782.4 25.0 A19 Laboratory 1 N 408.0 97.6 62.4
1504.7 48.1 A19 Laboratory 1 S 408.0 97.6 62.4 1005.9 32.1 A20 Comp
Store 60.7 85.4 85.4 0.0 0.0 A21 Chem Store 60.7 72.8 72.8 0.0 0.0
AXX Cleaners Cupd 32.5 33.8 33.8 0.0 0.0 B. RS02 Riser - - - - - B.
Void Over Laboratory 2 0.0 - - - - B.CD01 Corridor 57.2 169.0 169.0
41.5 0.0 B.CD02 Corridor 43.2 197.9 197.9 48.6 0.0 B.CD03 Corridor
28.8 55.0 55.0 13.5 0.0 B.CD04 Corridor 43.2 111.9 111.9 27.5 0.0
B.LS01 Lift - - - - - B.RS01 Riser - - - - - B.RS01 Riser - - - - -
B.ST01 Stairwell 97.5 70.3 70.3 17.3 0.0 B.ST02 Stairwell 130.0
61.1 61.1 15.0 0.0 B.Void Above Reception 0.0 - - - - B01 Breakout
Area 82.5 140.4 96.2 222.2 1.7 B02 WC 27.5 18.4 18.4 11.3 0.0 B03
WC 27.5 18.2 18.2 11.1 0.0 B04 Staffroom 75.2 438.0 300.0 265.6 2.0
B05 Meeting Room 75.2 584.0 400.0 292.2 2.2 B06 Meeting Room 58.2
438.0 300.0 156.8 1.2 B07 Academic Office 1 58.2 219.0 150.0 158.6
1.2
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Page 51 of 100
Peak Internal Gains by Room
Zone Lighting Gain (W)
Occupancy Sensible Gain (W)
Occupancy Latent Gain
(W)
Equipment Sensible Gain (W)
Equipment Latent Gain
(W)
B08 Clnrs Cupd 6.3 25.0 25.0 0.0 0.0 B10 Academic Office 2 58.2
219.0 150.0 155.7 1.2 B11 Academic Office 3 58.2 219.0 150.0 158.6
1.2 B12 Academic Office 4 58.2 219.0 150.0 155.7 1.2 B13 Professor
Office 58.2 219.0 150.0 214.6 1.6 B14 Academic Office 6 58.2 219.0
150.0 163.1 1.2 B15 Academic Office 5 58.2 219.0 150.0 164.5 1.2
B16 Dis WC 55.0 33.5 33.5 20.5 0.0 B17 Comms Room 51.0 0.0 0.0
2000.0 0.0 B18 Laboratory 3 E 0.0 488.0 312.0 1019.9 32.6 B18
Laboratory 3 W 0.0 488.0 312.0 1458.0 46.6 B19 Technical Support
306.0 219.0 150.0 494.3 3.7 B20 Laboratory 4 N 0.0 292.8 187.2
1504.7 48.1 B20 Laboratory 4 S 0.0 292.8 187.2 1005.9 32.1 C. RS02
Riser - - - - - C. RS02 Riser - - - - - C.CD01 Corridor 14.4 137.0
137.0 33.6 0.0 C.CD02 Corridor 28.8 55.0 55.0 13.5 0.0 C.CD03
Corridor 43.2 149.3 149.3 36.7 0.0 C.LS01 Lift - - - - - C.Riser
adj Kitchen - - - - - C.RS01 Riser - - - - - C.RS01 Riser - - - - -
C.ST01 Stair 130.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 C.ST02 Stair 130.0 61.1 61.1
15.0 0.0 C.Void Over Comms Room 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 C.Void Over
Laboratory 2 1530.0 - - - - C.Void Over Laboratory 3 969.0 - - - -
C.Void Over Laboratory 4 1020.0 - - - - C.Void Over Reception 0.0 -
- - - C01 Breakout Area 82.5 657.0 450.0 222.2 1.7 CO2 WC 27.5 18.1
18.1 11.1 0.0 C03 WC 27.5 18.1 18.1 11.1 0.0 C04 Board Room N 310.8
1460.0 1000.0 482.4 3.6 C04 Board Room S 103.6 730.0 500.0 371.1
2.8 C05 Kitchen 51.8 16.9 16.9 17.3 3.0 C06 Dis WC 55.0 33.3 33.3
20.4 0.0 C07 Clnrs Cupd 32.5 11.7 11.7 0.0 0.0 C08 PDRA Open Plan
Office NE 116.4 365.0 250.0 384.3 2.9 C08 PDRA Open Plan Office NW
116.4 365.0 250.0 480.0 3.6 C08 PDRA Open Plan Office SE 116.4
365.0 250.0 309.9 2.3 C08 PDRA Open Plan Office SW 58.2 219.0 150.0
203.1 1.5 C09 Tech Office Base 150.4 584.0 400.0 494.3 3.7 CV_A04
Dis WC - - - - - CV_A05 WC - - - - - CV_A06 WC - - - - - CV_A09
Changing Room - - - - - CV_A10 Shower - - - - - CV_B02 WC - - - - -
CV_B03 WC - - - - - CV_B16 Dis WC - - - - - CV_CO2 WC - - - - -
CV_C03 WC - - - - - CV_C06 Dis WC - - - - - CV_D.WC - - - - -
CV_D.WC - - - - - CV_D04 Dis WC - - - - - D Roof Light Void 0.0 - -
- -
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Page 52 of 100
Peak Internal Gains by Room
Zone Lighting Gain (W)
Occupancy Sensible Gain (W)
Occupancy Latent Gain
(W)
Equipment Sensible Gain (W)
Equipment Latent Gain
(W)
D Void - - - - - D.CD01 Corridor 29.7 123.2 123.2 30.2 0.0
D.CD02 Corridor 14.4 53.1 53.1 13.0 0.0 D.CD03 Corridor 43.2 121.7
121.7 29.9 0.0 D.CD05 Corridor 102.0 134.5 134.5 33.0 0.0
D.Cleaners Room adj. CD03 3.7 29.2 29.2 0.0 0.0 D.LS01 Lift - - - -
- D.RS01 Riser - - - - - D.RS01 Riser - - - - - D.ST01 Stair 65.0
0.4 0.4 0.1 0.0 D.ST02 Stair 130.0 80.7 80.7 19.8 0.0 D.Void Over
Reception 0.0 - - - - D01 Breakout Area 82.5 657.0 450.0 218.7 1.7
D02 WC 27.5 18.1 18.1 11.1 0.0 D03 WC 27.5 17.8 17.8 10.9 0.0 D04
Dis WC 27.5 24.1 24.1 14.8 0.0 D06 Open Plan Office N 112.8 912.5
625.0 578.0 4.4 D06 Open Plan Office NE 75.2 456.3 312.5 384.3 2.9
D06 Open Plan Office NW 75.2 456.3 312.5 384.3 2.9 D06 Open Plan
Office S 112.8 693.5 475.0 452.3 3.4 D06 Open Plan Office SE 75.2
346.8 237.5 309.9 2.3 D06 Open Plan Office SW 75.2 346.8 237.5
299.0 2.3 D08 Electrolyser Test Bed 408.0 767.3 490.6 1792.5 57.3
D09 Gas Upgrade 204.0 519.7 332.2 1214.0 38.8 D10 Storage 612.0
849.1 542.9 1983.6 63.4 D11 Fuel Test Cell 408.0 795.0 508.3 1857.2
59.3 D12 CHP Test Bed 306.0 597.1 381.7 1394.9 44.6 D13 Climate
Chamber 204.0 269.5 172.3 629.5 20.1 D14 Control Room 0.0 86.5 55.3
202.1 6.5 D15 Plant Room 242.8 329.7 329.7 300.0 0.0
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Page 53 of 100
The table below shows time averaged internal gains for the year.
These are calculated by summing the annual internal gains to a room
by type, and dividing this figure by 8,760 (the number of hours in
a year. Gains are shown in units of Watt hours (Wh). Table 14:
Annual time averaged internal gains
Annual Time Averaged Internal Gains
Zone Occupancy Gain (Wh)
Lighting Gain (Wh)
Equipment Gain (Wh)
Hot Water Secondary Circulation Gain (Wh)
A.CD01 Corridor 100.87 19.20 25.41 0.0 A.CD02 Corridor 82.67
28.80 60.92 40.08 A.CD03 Corridor 92.67 28.80 23.36 0.0 A.LS01 Lift
0.00 0.00 10.30 0.0 A.RS01 Riser 0.00 0.00 1.20 0.0 A.RS01 Riser
0.00 0.00 1.20 0.0 A.ST01 Stair 19.20 21.67 4.86 0.0 A.ST02 Stair
99.53 86.67 25.14 0.0 A01 Draft Lobby 0.13 5.34 0.00 0.0 A02
Reception 26.28 7.90 12.74 0.0 A03 Facilities Manager 22.36 9.39
32.55 0.0 A04 Dis WC 8.69 10.57 17.39 9.02 A05 WC 5.32 10.57 10.65
5.52 A06 WC 5.14 10.57 10.25 5.32 A07 Meeting Room 67.08 3.69 20.89
0.0 A08 APM Open Plan Office NE 80.49 31.21 116.03 0.0 A08 APM Open
Plan Office S 44.19 23.41 69.94 0.0 A08 APM Open_N Plan_N Office
65.14 9.44 103.13 0.0 A09 Changing Room 5.65 12.29 6.85 0.0 A10
Shower 6.74 12.29 8.20 0.0 A11 ERA Open Plan Office 160.99 46.82
198.86 0.0 A13 Plant Room 0.00 0.00 140.14 0.0 A14 3D Atom Probe
61.88 43.70 159.24 0.0 A15 Laboratory 4 E 47.92 90.50 168.52 0.0
A15 Laboratory 4 W 47.92 31.43 197.39 0.0 A16 Clnrs Cupd 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.0 A17 Laboratory 3 E 12.74 16.31 29.99 0.0 A17 Laboratory 3
W 12.74 5.34 35.00 0.0 A18 Laboratory 2 NE 25.88 0.00 226.87 0.0
A18 Laboratory 2 NW 25.88 0.00 190.43 0.0 A18 Laboratory 2 SE 25.88
0.00 197.73 0.0 A18 Laboratory 2 SW 25.88 0.00 165.97 0.0 A19
Laboratory 1 N 29.90 83.56 460.88 0.0 A19 Laboratory 1 S 29.90
23.38 308.09 0.0 A20 Comp Store 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 A21 Chem Store
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 AXX Cleaners Cupd 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 B. RS02
Riser 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 B. Void Over Laboratory 2 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.0 B.CD01 Corridor 112.66 38.14 28.42 0.0 B.CD02 Corridor 131.94
28.80 97.28 64.00 B.CD03 Corridor 36.67 19.20 27.04 17.79 B.CD04
Corridor 74.60 28.80 18.84 0.0 B.LS01 Lift 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
B.RS01 Riser 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 B.RS01 Riser 0.00 0.00 1.30 0.0
B.ST01 Stairwell 46.87 65.00 11.85 0.0 B.ST02 Stairwell 40.73 86.67
10.27 0.0 B.Void Above Reception 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 B01 Breakout
Area 7.02 7.37 11.11 0.0 B02 WC 5.73 10.57 5.54 0.0 B03 WC 5.66
10.57 5.45 0.0 B04 Staffroom 41.11 7.66 24.93 0.0
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Page 54 of 100
Table 14: Annual time averaged internal gains (cont…) Annual
Time Averaged Internal Gains
Zone Occupancy Gain (Wh)
Lighting Gain (Wh)
Equipment Gain (Wh)
Hot Water Secondary Circulation Gain (Wh)
B05 Meeting Room 53.66 1.63 26.85 0.0 B06 Meeting Room 40.25
5.21 14.41 0.0 B07 Academic Office 1 24.86 7.83 18.66 0.0 B08 Clnrs
Cupd 0.00 0.00 8.50 0.0 B10 Academic Office 2 22.71 7.13 16.84 0.0
B11 Academic Office 3 22.71 7.02 17.16 0.0 B12 Academic Office 4
22.71 7.09 16.84 0.0 B13 Professor Office 22.71 1.96 23.21 0.0 B14
Academic Office 6 22.71 5.25 17.64 0.0 B15 Academic Office 5 22.71
7.81 17.79 0.0 B16 Dis WC 10.42 21.13 10.05 0.0 B17 Comms Room 0.00
0.00 491.02 0.0 B18 Laboratory 3 E 120.97 0.00 252.82 0.0 B18
Laboratory 3 W 120.97 0.00 361.42 0.0 B19 Technical Support 36.42
41.80 82.18 0.0 B20 Laboratory 4 N 34.24 0.00 175.92 0.0 B20
Laboratory 4 S 34.24 0.00 117.60 0.0 C. RS02 Riser 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.0 C. RS02 Riser 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 C.CD01 Corridor 91.32 9.60
23.01 0.0 C.CD02 Corridor 36.67 19.20 27.04 0.0 C.CD03 Corridor
99.53 28.80 25.14 0.0 C.LS01 Lift 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 C.Riser adj
Kitchen 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 C.RS01 Riser 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 C.RS01
Riser 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 C.ST01 Stair 0.00 86.67 0.00 0.0 C.ST02
Stair 40.73 86.67 10.27 0.0 C.Void Over Comms Room 0.00 0.00 50.59
50.65 C.Void Over Laboratory 2 0.00 115.49 0.00 0.0 C.Void Over
Laboratory 3 0.00 141.27 0.00 0.0 C.Void Over Laboratory 4 0.00
73.95 0.00 0.0 C.Void Over Reception 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 C01
Breakout Area 60.37 7.37 20.42 0.0 CO2 WC 5.63 10.57 5.45 0.0 C03
WC 5.63 10.57 5.45 0.0 C04 Board Room N 223.58 29.32 73.87 0.0 C04
Board Room S 111.79 11.69 56.83 0.0 C05 Kitchen 4.58 13.20 14.58
5.20 C06 Dis WC 10.37 21.13 10.00 0.0 C07 Clnrs Cupd 0.00 0.00 4.00
3.97 C08 PDRA Open Plan Office NE 60.68 6.96 63.89 0.0 C08 PDRA
Open Plan Office NW 60.68 15.19 79.81 0.0 C08 PDRA Open Plan Office
SE 60.68 13.29 51.52 0.0 C08 PDRA Open Plan Office SW 36.42 9.36
33.77 0.0 C09 Tech Office Base 116.83 28.00 98.88 0.0 CV_A04 Dis WC
0.00 0.00 9.00 0.0 CV_A05 WC 0.00 0.00 5.50 0.0 CV_A06 WC 0.00 0.00
5.30 0.0 CV_A09 Changing Room 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 CV_A10 Shower 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.0 CV_B02 WC 0.00 0.00 6.00 0.0 CV_B03 WC 0.00 0.00 5.90
0.0 CV_B16 Dis WC 0.00 0.00 10.80 0.0 CV_CO2 WC 0.00 0.00 5.90 0.0
CV_C03 WC 0.00 0.00 5.90 0.0 CV_C06 Dis WC 0.00 0.00 10.80 0.0
CV_D.WC 0.00 0.00 5.61 0.0
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Page 55 of 100
Table 14: Annual time averaged internal gains (cont…)
Annual Time Averaged Internal Gains
Zone Occupancy Gain (Wh)
Lighting Gain (Wh)
Equipment Gain (Wh)
Hot Water Secondary Circulation Gain (Wh)
CV_D.WC 0.00 0.00 5.70 0.0 CV_D04 Dis WC 0.00 0.00 7.80 0.0
D.CD01 Corridor 82.13 19.79 60.48 39.82 D.CD02 Corridor 35.40 9.60
8.90 0.0 D.LS01 Lift 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 D.RS01 Riser 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.0 D.RS01 Riser 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.0 D.ST01 Stair 0.26 43.33 0.07
0.0 D01 Breakout Area 60.37 7.37 20.09 0.0 D02 WC 5.63 10.57 11.34
5.85 D03 WC 5.54 10.57 11.14 5.76 D04 Dis WC 7.50 10.57 15.06 7.80
D06 Open Plan Office N 167.69 20.16 106.22 0.0 D06 Open Plan Office
NE 83.86 13.45 70.63 0.0 D06 Open Plan Office NW 83.86 13.45 70.63
0.0 D06 Open Plan Office S 127.44 20.16 83.12 0.0 D06 Open Plan
Office SE 63.73 13.45 56.95 0.0 D06 Open Plan Office SW 63.73 13.45
54.94 0.0 D08 Electrolyser Test Bed 121.62 76.63 22.35 0.0 D09 Gas
Upgrade 82.37 37.99 245.81 0.0 D10 Storage 134.59 68.20 458.08 0.0
D11 Fuel Test Cell 126.00 67.42 111.74 0.0 D12 CHP Test Bed 94.65
40.95 1340.73 0.0 D13 Climate Chamber 42.72 31.04 0.00 0.0 D14
Control Room 13.71 0.00 0.00 0.0 D15 Plant Room 0.00 0.00 140.14
0.0 D Roof Light Void 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 D.Void Over Reception 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.0 D Void 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 D.ST02 Stair 53.80 86.67
13.56 0.0 D.Cleaners Room adj. CD03 6.89 0.00 0.00 0.0 D.CD05
Corridor 89.67 48.63 22.60 0.0 D.CD03 Corridor 81.13 28.80 20.48
0.0
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Page 56 of 100
5.0 CIBSE TM52 Design Criteria
CIBSE TM52 is the most up to date definition of overheating
within buildings that the Chartered Institute of Building Services
Engineers (CIBSE) have defined. The code now forms part of the
latest revision of CIBSE Design Guide A. The code defines a room as
being subject to overheating where it fails two or more of the
definitions shown below, when based upon a Design Summer Year
weather file.
Criterion 1: Hours of Exceedence The first criterion sets a
limit for the number of hours that the operative temperature can
exceed the threshold comfort temperature (upper limit of the range
of comfort temperature) by 1°K or more during the occupied hours of
a typical non—heating season (1 May to 30 September). This
criterion is assessed as follows:This criterion is assessed as
follows:This criterion is assessed as follows:This criterion is
assessed as follows: The number of hours (He) during which ∆T is
greater than or equal to one degree (K)
during the period May to September inclusive shall not be more
than 3 per cent of
occupied hours.
Where:
∆T = TOP - TMAX
Where:
TOP = Actual operative temp in a given room
TMAX = The limiting maximum acceptable temperature
Where:
TMAX = 0.33TRM + 21.8
Where:
TRM =the running mean of the outdoor air temperature
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Page 57 of 100
Criterion 2: Daily weighted Exceedance
The second criterion deals with the severity of overheating
within any one day, which can
be as important as its frequency, the level of which is a
function of both temperature rise
and its duration. This criterion sets a daily limit for
acceptability.
To allow for the severity of overheating the weighted exceedance
(WE) shall be less than
or equal to 6 in any one day where:
WE = (∑hE) x WF
= (he0 x 0) + (he1 x 1) + (he2 x 2) + (he3 x 3)
Where the weighted factor WF = 0 if ∆T ≤ 0, otherwise WF = ∆T,
and hey is the time (h)
when WF = y.
Criterion 3: Upper limit Temperature
The third criterion sets an absolute maximum daily temperature
for a room, beyond which
the level of overheating is unacceptable.
To set an absolute maximum value for the indoor operative
temperature the value of ∆T
shall not exceed 4°K.
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Page 58 of 100
6.0 CIBSE TM52 Simulation Outcomes Outcomes of the thermal
analysis described within Section 4 of the report have been
assessed against the CIBSE TM52 design criteria and are tabulated
below. The outcomes shown have been produced using the IES VE
native TM52 calculation tool. Table 15: IES Generated TM52 Outcomes
–Levels A:
Room Name
Criteria 1 (%Hrs Top-Tmax>=1K) (Limit =3)
Criteria 2 (Max. Daily Deg.Hrs) (limit =6)
Criteria 3 (Max. DeltaT) (Limit = 4)
Criteria Failing
Occupied Areas -Level A A02 Reception 0.0 0.0 0.0 - A03
Facilities Manager 0.0 0.0 0.0 - A07 Meeting Room 0.0 0.0 0.0 - A08
APM Open Plan Office NE 0.2 4.5 2.0 - A08 APM Open Plan Office S
0.3 4.7 2.0 - A08 APM Open_N Plan_N Office 0.5 7.3 2.0 2 A11 ERA
Open Plan Office 0.1 3.4 1.0 - A14 3D Atom Probe 0.0 0.0 0.0 - A15
Laboratory 4 E 0.0 0.0 0.0 - A15 Laboratory 4 W 0.0 0.0 0.0 - A17
Laboratory 3 E 0.0 0.0 0.0 - A17 Laboratory 3 W 0.0 0.0 0.0 - A18
Laboratory 2 NE 0.8 13.6 2.0 2 A18 Laboratory 2 NW 0.9 14.3 2.0 2
A18 Laboratory 2 SE 0.9 13.4 2.0 2 A18 Laboratory 2 SW 1.3 16.1 3.0
2 A19 Laboratory 1 N 0.1 3.9 1.0 - A19 Laboratory 1 S 0.2 6.7 2.0
2
Table 16: IES Generated TM52 Outcomes –Levels B:
Room Name
Criteria 1 (%Hrs Top-Tmax>=1K) (Limit =3)
Criteria 2 (Max. Daily Deg.Hrs) (limit =6)
Criteria 3 (Max. DeltaT) (Limit = 4)
Criteria Failing
Occupied Areas -Level B B04 Staffroom 0.0 0.0 0.0 - B05 Meeting
Room 1.6 11.7 3.0 2 B06 Meeting Room 0.0 0.0 0.0 - B07 Academic
Office 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 - B10 Academic Office 2 0.0 0.0 0.0 - B11
Academic Office 3 0.0 0.0 0.0 - B12 Academic Office 4 0.0 0.0 0.0 -
B13 Professor Office 1.0 5.1 1.0 - B14 Academic Office 6 0.0 0.0
0.0 - B15 Academic Office 5 0.0 0.0 0.0 - B18 Laboratory 3 E 0.2
6.5 2.0 2 B18 Laboratory 3 W 0.3 7.6 2.0 2 B19 Technical Support
0.0 0.0 0.0 - B20 Laboratory 4 N 0.1 3.4 1.0 - B20 Laboratory 4 S
0.2 5.3 2.0 -
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Page 59 of 100
Table 17: IES Generated TM52 Outcomes –Levels C:
Room Name
Criteria 1 (%Hrs Top-Tmax>=1K) (Limit =3)
Criteria 2 (Max. Daily Deg.Hrs) (limit =6)
Criteria 3 (Max. DeltaT) (Limit = 4)
Criteria Failing
Occupied Areas -Level C C04 Board Room N 0.1 3.4 1.0 - C04 Board
Room S 0.1 2.4 1.0 - C08 PDRA Open Plan Office NE 0.0 0.0 0.0 - C08
PDRA Open Plan Office NW 0.0 0.0 0.0 - C08 PDRA Open Plan Office SE
0.0 0.0 0.0 - C08 PDRA Open Plan Office SW 0.0 0.0 0.0 - C09 Tech
Office Base 0.0 0.0 0.0 -
Table 18: IES Generated TM52 Outcomes –Levels D:
Room Name
Criteria 1 (%Hrs Top-Tmax>=1K) (Limit =3)
Criteria 2 (Max. Daily Deg.Hrs) (limit =6)
Criteria 3 (Max. DeltaT) (Limit = 4)
Criteria Failing
Occupied Areas -Level D D06 Open Plan Office N 0.0 0.0 0.0 - D06
Open Plan Office NE 0.0 0.6 1.0 - D06 Open Plan Office NW 0.0 0.0
0.0 - D06 Open Plan Office S 0.0 0.0 0.0 - D06 Open Plan Office SE
0.0 1.3 1.0 - D06 Open Plan Office SW 0.0 0.0 0.0 - D08
Electrolyser Test Bed 0.1 2.5 1.0 -
D09 Gas Upgrade 0.1 3.9 1.0 - D10 Storage 0.2 7.5 2.0 2
D11 Fuel Test Cell 0.2 7.6 2.0 2 D12 CHP Test Bed 0.5 12.8 3.0
2
D13 Climate Chamber 0.2 8.0 2.0 2 D14 Control Room 0.2 6.3 2.0
2
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Page 60 of 100
Table 19: IES Generated TM52 Outcomes –Non Applicable Zones:
Room Name
Criteria 1 (%Hrs Top-Tmax>=1K) (Limit =3)
Criteria 2 (Max. Daily Deg.Hrs) (limit =6)
Criteria 3 (Max. DeltaT) (Limit = 4)
Criteria Failing
Non-Applicable Zones (non-occupied) A.CD01 Corridor 0.0 0.0 0.0
- A.CD02 Corridor 0.0 0.0 0.0 - A.CD03 Corridor 0.0 0.0 0.0 -
A.ST01 Stair 0.0 0.0 0.0 - A.ST02 Stair 11.0 17.9 2.0 1 & 2 A01
Draft Lobby 2.4 18.9 5.0 2 & 3 A04 Dis WC 0.0 0.0 0.0 - A05 WC
0.0 0.0 0.0 - A06 WC 0.0 0.0 0.0 - A09 Changing Room 0.0 0.0 0.0 -
A10 Shower 0.0 0.0 0.0 - B.CD01 Corridor 0.0 0.0 0.0 - B.CD02
Corridor 20.8 27.8 2.0 1 & 2 B.CD03 Corridor 2.8 8.9 1.0 2
B.CD04 Corridor 0.0 0.0 0.0 - B.ST01 Stairwell 1.7 7.9 1.0 2 B.ST02
Stairwell 21.2 17.6 2.0 1 & 2 B01 Breakout Area 0.2 2.8 1.0 -
B02 WC 1.5 4.6 1.0 - B03 WC 11.7 9.2 1.0 1 & 2 B16 Dis WC 4.5
7.0 1.0 1 & 2 C.CD01 Corridor 25.1 32.4 3.0 1 & 2 C.CD02
Corridor 14 15.6 1.0 1 & 2 C.CD03 Corridor 0.0 0.0 0.0 - C.ST02
Stair 24.2 15.9 1.0 1 & 2 C01 Breakout Area 1.9 12.2 3.0 2 CO2
WC 16.4 9.9 1.0 1 & 2 C03 WC 27.2 10.0 1.0 1 & 2 C05
Kitchen 0.0 0.0 0.0 - C06 Dis WC 47.4 14.0 2.0 1 & 2 C.CD01
Corridor 25.1 32.4 3.0 1 & 2 C.CD02 Corridor 14 15.6 1.0 1
& 2 C.CD03 Corridor 0.0 0.0 0.0 - D.CD01 Corridor 47.7 38.8 4.0
1 & 2 D.CD02 Corridor 8.5 15.0 1.0 1 & 2 D.CD03 Corridor
0.3 6.0 1.0 - D.CD05 Corridor 0.2 7.3 2.0 2 D.Cleaners Room adj.
CD03 0.0 0.0 0.0 - D.ST01 Stair 4.0 11.9 1.0 1 & 2 D.ST02 Stair
11.5 15.4 1.0 1 & 2 D01 Breakout Area 5.7 22.2 4.0 1 & 2
D02 WC 37.7 10 1.0 1 & 2 D03 WC 50.7 10.3 2.0 1 & 2 D04 Dis
WC 72.5 15.2 2.0 1 & 2
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7.0 BREEAM Hea04 Thermal Comfort
BREEAM issue Hea04 Thermal Comfort is targeted as part of the
BREEAM design strategy. This report can be used to support the
first credit of this BREEAM issue, as outlined below. The second
credit under this BREEAM issue as assessed not to be met under the
current specification. Fig 17: BREEAM Hea04 Credits 1 & 2:
This report can be used to demonstrate compliance with the first
credit of BREEAM Hea04. The second credit has been found not to be
attainable under the specification described in this report. The
third credit should be discharged by those responsible for defining
thermal zoning and HVAC system controls. As a building which is
principally not served by air conditioning, the building is
considered a ‘free-running building’ with mechanical ventilation
under the definition of the BREEAM Technical Manual. As shown
within Section 6 of this report, all occupied areas satisfy CIBSE
TM52 criteria under DSY05 weather data. Therefore, the first credit
of BREEAM Hea04 is considered to be attained. A simulation has also
been run for the purposes of assessing the second credit
‘Adaptability for a projected climate change scenario’. This
simulation has been undertaken using a 2030 DSY weather projection.
The file selected is the Nottingham DSY 2030 Medium Prediction 50%
Percentile file, simulated by the University of Exeter PROMETHEUS
programme, using the UKCP09 weather generator, as recommended by
the BREEAM Technical Manual. Data inputs are identical to those
used in the DSY05 weather data simulation, and TM52 outcomes are
tabulated below. Several occupied zones are shown not to satisfy
the TM52 criteria under 2030 weather data, therefore the second
credit of Hea04 is consider not to be attained. Details of
winter-time thermal comfort can be found in the Greenlite Report
Heating & Cooling System Sizing Report (Draft) 28.04.17, where
it is demonstrated that CIBSE Guide A Table 1.5 wintertime
operative temperatures are also met.
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Page 62 of 100
Table 20: IES Generated TM52 Outcomes using 2030 DSY Weather
Data–Levels A:
Room Name
Criteria 1 (%Hrs Top-Tmax>=1K) (Limit =3)
Criteria 2 (Max. Daily Deg.Hrs) (limit =6)
Criteria 3 (Max. DeltaT) (Limit = 4)
Criteria Failing
Occupied Areas- Level A A02 Reception 0.5 7.6 2.0 2 A03
Facilities Manager 0.0 0.0 0.0 - A07 Meeting Room 0.1 2.1 1.0 - A08
APM Open Plan Office NE 1.5 9.2 2.0 2 A08 APM Open Plan Office S
1.6 9.4 2.0 2 A08 APM Open_N Plan_N Office 2.8 11.9 2.0 2 A11 ERA
Open Plan Office 2.2 14.7 2.0 2 A14 3D Atom Probe 0.0 0.6 1.0 - A15
Laboratory 4 E 0.0 0.0 0.0 - A15 Laboratory 4 W 0.0 0.0 0.0 - A17
Laboratory 3 E 0.0 0.0 0.0 - A17 Laboratory 3 W 0.0 0.0 0.0 - A18
Laboratory 2 NE 3.7 24.2 4.0 1 & 2 A18 Laboratory 2 NW 4.0 26.1
4.0 1 & 2 A18 Laboratory 2 SE 3.8 26.8 4.0 1 & 2 A18
Laboratory 2 SW 5.2 30.9 4.0 1 & 2 A19 Laboratory 1 N 0.8 8.8
2.0 2 A19 Laboratory 1 S 1.3 11.7 3.0 2
Table 21: IES Generated TM52 Outcomes using 2030 DSY Weather
Data –Levels B:
Room Name
Criteria 1 (%Hrs Top-Tmax>=1K) (Limit =3)
Criteria 2 (Max. Daily Deg.Hrs) (limit =6)
Criteria 3 (Max. DeltaT) (Limit = 4)
Criteria Failing
Occupied Areas- Level B B04 Staffroom 0.0 0.0 0.0 - B05 Meeting
Room 5.3 24.5 4.0 1 & 2 B06 Meeting Room 0.0 0.0 0.0 - B07
Academic Office 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 - B10 Academic Office 2 0.0 0.0 0.0 -
B11 Academic Office 3 0.0 0.0 0.0 - B12 Academic Office 4 0.0 0.0
0.0 - B13 Professor Office 5.3 15.6 2.0 1 & 2 B14 Academic
Office 6 0.0 0.0 0.0 - B15 Academic Office 5 0.0 0.4 1.0 - B18
Laboratory 3 E 1.5 13.7 3.0 2 B18 Laboratory 3 W 2.0 15.2 3.0 2 B19
Technical Support 0.0 0.0 0.0 - B20 Laboratory 4 N 0.7 7.1 2.0 2
B20 Laboratory 4 S 1.1 10.5 2.0 2
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Page 63 of 100
Table 22: IES Generated TM52 Outcomes using 2030 DSY Weather
Data –Levels C:
Room Name
Criteria 1 (%Hrs Top-Tmax>=1K) (Limit =3)
Criteria 2 (Max. Daily Deg.Hrs) (limit =6)
Criteria 3 (Max. DeltaT) (Limit = 4)
Criteria Failing
Occupied Areas- Level C C04 Board Room N 0.9 9.0 2.0 2 C04 Board
Room S 0.6 6.6 2.0 2 C08 PDRA Open Plan Office NE 0.3 4.4 1.0 - C08
PDRA Open Plan Office NW 0.2 3.4 1.0 - C08 PDRA Open Plan Office SE
0.2 4.1 1.0 - C08 PDRA Open Plan Office SW 0.2 3.6 1.0 - C09 Tech
Office Base 0.2 2.6 1.0 -
Table 23: IES Generated TM52 Outcomes using 2030 DSY Weather
Data –Levels D:
Room Name
Criteria 1 (%Hrs Top-Tmax>=1K) (Limit =3)
Criteria 2 (Max. Daily Deg.Hrs) (limit =6)
Criteria 3 (Max. DeltaT) (Limit = 4)
Criteria Failing
Occupied Areas- Level D D06 Open Plan Office N 0.3 3.9 1.0 - D06
Open Plan Office NE 0.4 4.4 1.0 - D06 Open Plan Office NW 0.5 4.3
1.0 - D06 Open Plan Office S 0.2 3.9 1.0 - D06 Open Plan Office SE
0.3 4.3 1.0 - D06 Open Plan Office SW 0.4 4.1 1.0 - D08
Electrolyser Test Bed 0.3 3.6 1.0 - D09 Gas Upgrade 0.9 6.7 2.0 2
D10 Storage 1.7 9.9 2.0 2 D11 Fuel Test Cell 1.9 10.4 3.0 2 D12 CHP
Test Bed 3.8 15.5 3.0 1 & 2 D13 Climate Chamber 2.1 10.9 3.0 2
D14 Control Room 1.5 9.2 2.0 2
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Page 64 of 100
Table 24: IES Generated TM52 Outcomes using 2030 DSY Weather
Data –Levels D:
Room Name
Criteria 1 (%Hrs Top-Tmax>=1K) (Limit =3)
Criteria 2 (Max. Daily Deg.Hrs) (limit =6)
Criteria 3 (Max. DeltaT) (Limit = 4)
Criteria Failing
Non-Applicable Zones (non-occupied) A.CD01 Corridor 0.1 1.9 1.0
- A.CD02 Corridor 0.0 0.0 0.0 - A.CD03 Corridor 0.0 0.0 0.0 -
A.ST01 Stair 0.0 0.0 0.0 - A.ST02 Stair 35.4 21.2 2.0 1 & 2 A01
Draft Lobby 5.5 40.9 7.0 1 & 2 & 3 A04 Dis WC 0.0 0.0 0.0 -
A05 WC 0.0 0.0 0.0 - A06 WC 0.0 0.0 0.0 - A09 Changing Room 0.4 2.0
1.0 - A10 Shower 0.1 0.6 1.0 - B.CD01 Corridor 0.0 0.0 0.0 - B.CD02
Corridor 31.2 30.4 3.0 1 & 2 B.CD03 Corridor 9.2 14.9 1.0 1
& 2 B.CD04 Corridor 0.0 0.0 0.0 - B.ST01 Stairwell 6.8 13.9 1.0
1 & 2 B.ST02 Stairwell 50.0 30.3 2.0 1 & 2 B01 Breakout
Area 1.0 11.0 3.0 2 B02 WC 4.7 8.0 1.0 1 & 2 B03 WC 13.3 9.8
1.0 1 & 2 B16 Dis WC 6.3 8.3 1.0 1 & 2 C.CD01 Corridor 37.5
34.0 3.0 1 & 2 C.CD02 Corridor 27.9 19.2 2.0 1 & 2 C.CD03
Corridor 0.2 3.6 1.0 - C.ST02 Stair 57.6 30.9 2.0 1 & 2 C01
Breakout Area 5.5 24.9 5.0 1 & 2 & 3 CO2 WC 18.6 10.0 1.0 1
& 2 C03 WC 34.7 13.9 2.0 1 & 2 C05 Kitchen 0.6 3.5 1.0 -
C06 Dis WC 55.5 18.2 2.0 1 & 2 D.CD01 Corridor 63.4 41.7 4.0 1
& 2 D.CD02 Corridor 28.7 16.0 1.0 1 & 2 D.CD03 Corridor
18.3 15.0 1.0 1 & 2 D.CD05 Corridor 2.0 9.5 2.0 2 D.Cleaners
Room adj. CD03 0.0 0.0 0.0 - D.ST01 Stair 19.0 16.0 1.0 1 & 2
D.ST02 Stair 50.0 16.0 1.0 1 & 2 D01 Breakout Area 11.4 34.8
5.0 1 & 2 & 3 D02 WC 55.0 19.7 2.0 1 & 2 D03 WC 63.5
19.6 2.0 1 & 2 D04 Dis WC 78.3 20.0 2.0 1 & 2
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Page 65 of 100
8.0 Passivhaus Thermal Comfort Metric
It has been agreed amongst the design team that CIBSE TM52
compliance shall be used as the definitive overheating metric for
the building. Assessment against Passivhaus overheating criteria
has also been unde