Summer green-manuring crops and zinc fertilization on productivity and economics of basmati rice (Oryza sativa L

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Summer green-manuring crops andzinc fertilization on productivity andeconomics of basmati rice (Oryza sativaL.)Vijay Pooniya a & Yashbir Singh Shivay aa Division of Agronomy, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, NewDelhi, India

Available online: 07 Jul 2011

To cite this article: Vijay Pooniya & Yashbir Singh Shivay (2012): Summer green-manuring cropsand zinc fertilization on productivity and economics of basmati rice (Oryza sativa L.), Archives ofAgronomy and Soil Science, 58:6, 593-616

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Summer green-manuring crops and zinc fertilization on productivity and

economics of basmati rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Vijay Pooniya and Yashbir Singh Shivay*

Division of Agronomy, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India

(Received 20 July 2010; final version received 21 October 2010)

Field experiments were conducted to study the effects of summer green-manuringcrops and zinc (Zn) fertilization on the productivity and economics of Basmatirice. Sesbania aculeata summer green-manuring crop residue incorporation(SGMI) gave highest values of all the growth and yield attributes, grain and strawyield, viz. 3.58, 3.69 t ha71 and 16.14, 16.25 t ha71 of Basmati rice in 2008 and2009. Among the Zn fertilization treatments, application of 2.0% Zn-enrichedurea (ZEU) as ZnSO4 �H2O significantly influenced yield attributes and yield ofBasmati rice during both years, and the increase in grain yield was 38.5 and40.0% over absolute control (no N and no Zn) and 11.9 and 13.6% over control(only N) in both years of study. However, 2.0% ZEU (ZnO) was very close interms of yield attributes and grain, straw yields of Basmati rice. As regards to theeconomics of Basmati rice, SGMI and 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4 �H2O) Zn fertilizationtreatments gave the highest gross (SGMI, 85,985 and 91,582 INR ha71; 2.0%ZEU, 89,837 and 59,851 INR ha71) and net (SGMI, 56,997 and 61,445 INRha71; 2.0% ZEU, 59,851 and 64,442 INR ha71) returns, respectively, comparedwith incorporation of the remaining summer green manuring residue and Znfertilization treatments in 2008 and 2009. A significantly higher benefit:cost ratiowas recorded with SGMI and 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4 �H2O). Overall, Sesbaniaaculeata green manuring and 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4 �H2O) are excellent sources of Nand Zn for improved productivity of Basmati rice.

Keywords: Basmati rice; economics; summer green-manuring crops; yield; Zn-enriched urea; Zn fertilization

Introduction

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) remains the staple food for nearly half the world’s population,most of them living in Asia, and many of them among the poorest people in theworld (Fischer 1998). In Asia, rice is the premier food crop and foremost cereal andtherefore, food security largely depends on productivity of the rice ecosystem.American consumption, although increasing, is still only *11 kg per personannually, compared with 90–181 kg per person in parts of Asia. India is first in termsof area (44 million ha) and second in production (148.3 million t) of paddy, next onlyto China. However, the average productivity of paddy in India is only 3.36 t ha71

compared with a world average of 4.30 t ha71, still well below the world average,although increasingly marginally (FAO 2007). The productivity of rice depends

*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]

Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science

Vol. 58, No. 6, June 2012, 593–616

ISSN 0365-0340 print/ISSN 1476-3567 online

� 2012 Taylor & Francis

http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2010.535205

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mainly on environmental conditions and agronomic managements practices (Ooet al. 2007). Basmati rices are premier rices grown in north-western India andPakistan. These rice cultivars are preferred for their long and slender kernels, whichexpand to 3–4 times their original length and remain fluffy on cooking. Basmati ricevarieties developed from Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi,India, now cover *60% of the total area under Basmati rice in north-western India,and area estimated at *5 million ha.

Zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient for the normal growth, development andhealth of plants and humans. Currently, millions of hectares of cropland are affectedby Zn deficiency and approximately one third of the human population suffers froman inadequate intake of Zn (Alloway 2008). An analysis of 0.233 million soil samplestaken from different areas showed that 47% of Indian soils are deficient in Zn(Takkar 1996). Zinc deficiency in cereal plants is a well-identified problem and leadsto reduced productivity of crops (Fageria et al. 2002). In addition, it causeswidespread Zn deficiency in humans, especially in developing countries where dietsare cereal based and poor in animals and fish products (Cakmak 2008). Therecommendation for Zn, which is generally marketed as Zn sulfate monohydrate(ZnSO4 �H2O) varies from 15 to 45 kg Zn ha71 y71, depending on the crop, andenvironmental and soil conditions. Therefore, good-quality Zn-enriched urea (ZEU)will be required for Zn and N application to rice crops, because this is ideal one fromviewpoint of quality and second also cost effective. Therefore, an attempt is currentlybeing made by the fertilizer company in India to produce ZEU (2.0% Zn eitherthrough ZnSO4 �H2O or ZnO), that would allow farmers to apply Zn to crops, alongwith N, to increase the productivity of Basmati rice.

In northern India some farmers, after harvesting of their wheat crop in the monthof April, grow short-duration summer green-manuring crops to add nutrients to thesoil by incorporating residue before transplanting Basmati rice. Typically, green-manuring crops are grown for a specific period, and then ploughed and incorporatedinto the soil. Green manures usually perform multiple functions including soilimprovement and soil protection, as well as enhancing soil microbial biomass andenzymatic activity. Incorporation of green manures into soil increases the availabilityof diethylenetriaminepentaacetate (DTPA)-extractable Fe and Zn attributed to themining of sub-soil Zn by green-manuring crops (Nayyar and Chhibba 2000).However, to date, no scientific studies or their documentation have looked at asummer green-manuring crops residue incorporation–Basmati rice croppingsequence. It is expected that regular incorporation of Sesbania aculeata, cowpeaand mungbean before transplanting of rice may improve the physico-chemicalproperties of the soil and also enhance the availability of certain micronutrientcations, especially those that are limiting for the increased productivity of Basmatirice. Therefore, considering the above-mentioned facts, field experiments wereundertaken to study the effect of green-manuring crops and Zn fertilization on theproductivity and economics of Basmati rice.

Materials and methods

Details of experimental field

Field experiments were carried out during the summer–rainy season (kharif, April–November) at a research farm of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, NewDelhi, situated at latitude of 288 400 N, longitude 778 120 E, and an altitude of 228.6

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meters above mean sea level (Arabian Sea). The soils of experimental field was sandyclay loam and having 225 kg ha71 alkaline permanganate oxidizable N (Subbiahand Asija 1956), 16.0 kg ha71 available P (Olsen et al. 1954), 275 kg ha71 1 Nammonium acetate exchangeable K (Hanway and Heidel 1952) and 0.53% organiccarbon (Walkley and Black 1934). The soil pH was 7.5 (1:2.5 soil and water ratio)and DTPA-extractable Zn (Lindsay and Norvell 1978) in soil was 0.68 mg kg71 ofsoil.

Experimental design and treatments

The experiment was carried out in a split-plot design. Four treatments comprisingsummer green-manuring crops residue incorporation, i.e. cowpea (grown only forgreen manuring purposes, CGMI), mungbean (grown only for green manuringpurposes, MGMI), Sesbania aculeata (SGMI) and summer fallow (SF) were takenin main plots and eight treatments of Zn fertilization, i.e. absolute control (no Nand no Zn), control (only N), 2.0% Zn-enriched urea (ZEU) (ZnSO4 �H2O),2.0% ZEU (ZnO), 5 kg Zn ha71 (ZnSO4 �H2O) as soil application, 5 kg Zn ha71

(ZnO) as soil application, ZnO slurry for dipping rice seedling roots beforetransplanting of Basmati rice and 0.2% foliar spray of ZnSO4 �H2O at maximumtillering, pre-flowering and flowering stage, respectively, were allocated in sub-plots and replicated three times. Nitrogen at 120 kg ha71 was applied in all thetreatments except absolute control (no N and no Zn) and 26 kg P and 33.3 kg Kha71 were applied uniformly in all the treatments including absolute control. AllZn fertilization treatments either by ZEU (2.0% ZEU as ZnSO4 �H2O or ZnO) ordirect soil application (as ZnSO4 �H2O or ZnO) supplied 5.0 kg Zn ha71 andZnO slurry and 0.2% foliar spray (ZnSO4 �H2O) supplied 0.5 and 1.0 kg Znha71. Twenty-five-day-old seedling of rice variety ‘Pusa Basmati 1121’ weretransplanted at 20 6 10 cm spacing keeping 2 seedlings hill71. The plot size was5.0 6 1.8 m for each treatment. Throughout the cropping seasons, the crop waskept under submerged conditions (5–6 cm standing water). Basmati rice wasgrown as per recommended practices and was harvested in the second fortnightof October in both years of the experiment (2008 and 2009).

Studies on growth and yield attributes of Basmati rice

Plant height for the Basmati rice was measured from the base of the plant at groundsurface to the tip of the tallest leaf panicle using a standard meter scale. Numbers oftillers were noted by counting from the sampling unit. Leaf area was measured byseparating leaves from the stem, cleaning the leaves with deionized water and dryingthem with tissue paper. The area of fresh green leaves for each treatment wasmeasured by using a leaf area meter (Model LICOR 3000, USA) and was expressedin cm2 plant71. Leaf area index (LAI) was calculated at the 30, 60 and 90 DAT stageusing the formula as suggested by Evans (1972). The selected 10 panicles, which wereused for panicle length, were also used to record the weight of the panicles, meanpanicle weight was computed, and number of grains per panicle was counted. The1000-filled grains, taken from sampled panicles, were first counted by a seed counterand then weighed to compute the 1000-grain weight.

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Measurement of yield and economics of Basmati rice

After harvesting, threshing, cleaning and drying, the grain yield was recorded at 14%moisture. Straw yield was obtained by subtracting grain yield from the total biomassyield. Yield was expressed in t ha71. Gross and net returns were calculated based onthe grain and straw yield and the prevailing market prices of Basmati rice during therespective crop seasons. Benefit-to-cost ratio (B:C) was calculated by dividing the netreturns from total cost of cultivation. The cost of cultivation of summer green-manuring crops (INR ha71) and inputs cost for cultivation of Basmati rice (INRha71) are shown in Tables 1 and 2. The B:C ratio was calculated by using followingexpression:

B:C ¼ Net returns ðINR ha�1Þ=Cost of cultivation ðINR ha�1Þ

Statistical analysis

All the data obtained from short-duration summer green-manuring crops andBasmati rice for consecutive two years were analyzed statistically using the F-test, asper the procedure given by Gomez and Gomez (1984). LSD values at p ¼ 0.05 wereused to determine the significance of difference between treatment means. Interactioneffect was also analyzed statistically in the same design.

Results

Observations recorded for summer green-manuring crops

Biomass (fresh/dry) accumulation by summer green-manuring crops

Data on biomass accumulation by summer green-manuring crops are shown inFigure 1. Among the summer green-manuring crops, SGMI gave significantly higher

Table 1. Cost of cultivation of summer green manuring crops (INR ha71).

2008 2009

S. No. Particulars Unit RateCost(INR) Rate

Cost(INR)

1 Ploughing of fieldand planking

4 tractor hours 160 640 165 660

2 Cost of seedi. Cowpea 40 kg 65 2600 65 2600ii. Mungbean 25 kg 50 1250 50 1250iii. Sesbania aculeata 25 kg 18 450 18 450

3 Sowing 4 tractor hours 160 640 165 6604 Bunds and channel making 4 man days 140 560 151 6045 Irrigation 3 irrigation 450 1350 450 13506 Rental Value of Land 2 months 500 1000 500 1000A. Total

i. Control 4190 4274ii. Cowpea 6790 6874iii. Mungbean 5440 5524iv. Sesbania aculeata 4640 4724

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biomass (fresh/dry) accumulation over MGMI in 2008 and 2009. Sesbania aculeataremained statistically on a par with cowpea green-manuring crop with respect tototal biomass accumulation (fresh) during both years.

Table 2. Inputs cost for cultivation of Basmati rice (INR ha71).

2008 2009

S. No. Particulars Unit RateCost(INR) Rate

Cost(INR)

a. Nursery raising

1 Ploughing of field 1 tractor hour 155 155 160 1602 Puddling 2 tractor hour 155 310 160 3203 Making beds and sowing 8 man days 140 1120 151 12084 Seed 25 kg 39 975 39 9755 Nitrogen dressing 12 kg N 10.5 126 10.5 1266 Weeding 2 man days 140 280 151 3027 Cost of irrigation 3 man days 140 420 151 4538 Rental value of land 1 month 200 200 200 200

Sub Total 3586 3819

b. Main field

1 Discing 4 tractor hour 155 620 160 6402 Ploughing by cultivator 4 tractor hour 155 620 160 6403 Puddling 6 tractor hour 155 930 160 9604 Bunding 6 man days 140 840 151 9065 Seedling uprooting

and transplanting24 man days 140 3360 151 3624

6 Weeding 10 man days 140 1400 151 15107 Gap filling 3 man days 140 420 151 4538 Fertilizer

i. P2O5 60 kg 16.25 975.0 16.25 975.0ii. K2O 40 kg 7.43 297.2 7.43 297.2iii. N 120 kg 10.5 1260 10.5 1260

9 Application of fertilizer 4 man days 140 560 151 60410 Irrigation 10 450 4500 460 460011 Harvesting and threshing 20 man days 140 2800 151 302012 Rental value of land 4 month 500 2000 500 200014 Special cost of cultivation

i. Prilled urea 0 0 0 0 0ii. 2.0% ZEU* (ZnSO4 �H2O) 120 kg 4.61 553 4.61 553iii. 2.0% ZEU (ZnO) 120 kg 6.04 725 6.04 725iv. 5 kg Zn/ha (ZnSO4 �H2O) 120 kg 4.41 529 4.41 529v. 5 kg Zn/ha (ZnO) 120 kg 5.84 701 5.84 701vi. ZnO slurry 120 kg 0.8 96 0.8 96vii. 0.2% foliar spray 120 kg 0.8 96 0.8 96

B. Total cost of cultivation (rice)i. control 22,908 23,973ii. Prilled urea 24,168 25,233iii. 2.0% ZEU* (ZnSO4 �H2O) 24,721 25,786iv. 2.0% ZEU (ZnO) 24,892 25,957v. 5 kg Zn/ha (ZnSO4 �H2O) 24,698 25,763vi. 5 kg Zn/ha (ZnO) 24,869 25,934vii. ZnO slurry 24,264 25,329viii. 0.2% foliar spray 24,264 25,329

Note: *Zn-enriched urea.

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Nutrients accumulated by summer green-manuring crops

Among the summer green-manuring crops, SGMI gave significantly higher totalaccumulation (root þ shoot) of N, P and K over MGMI, and it remainedstatistically on a par with CGMI during both years (Table 3). With respect to totalmicronutrient accumulation (root þ shoot), among the summer green-manuringcrops, SGMI gave higher Zn and Cu accumulation compared with CGMI andMGMI, but these crops were not significantly different from each other with respectto Zn and Cu accumulation during 2008 and 2009. CGMI and MGMI gavesignificantly higher total accumulation of Mn and Fe, and SGMI remained on a parwith MGMI with respect to Fe accumulation during both years (Table 4).

Observations recorded for Basmati rice

Growth parameters

Data on plant height of Basmati rice at different growth stages are shown in Table 5.Plant height of Basmati rice at 30, 60, 90 DAT and at harvest were significantlyinfluenced by summer green-manuring crops residue incorporation during bothyears. The plant height after SGMI at 30, 60 and 90 DAT was significantly higher

Table 3. Total macronutrients accumulated by summer green manuring crops.

N (kg ha71) P (kg ha71) K (kg ha71)

Treatment 2008 2009 2008 2009 2008 2009

Cowpea (CGMI) 137.5 146.7 17.3 18.7 213.0 223.8Mungbean (MGMI) 121.8 126.8 12.2 13.2 122.6 139.0Sesbania aculeata (SGMI) 177.3 183.7 21.7 23.5 257.3 278.3SEM + 9.90 10.38 1.18 1.28 13.90 14.94LSD (p¼ 0.05) 38.74 40.64 4.62 5.01 54.42 58.47

Figure 1. Biomass accumulation (fresh/dry) by summer green manuring crops. The verticalbars indicate a critical difference at p¼ 0.05.

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compared with plant height recorded with MGMI plot and SF treatments, andSGMI remained very close to CGMI at all growth stages except 60 DAT in 2008 and2009. A significant increase in plant height was recorded due to Zn fertilization inboth years. The highest plant was observed with 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4 �H2O) at allgrowth stages in 2008 and 2009, and it remained statistically on a par with 2.0%ZEU (ZnO) and 5 kg Zn ha71 (ZnSO4 �H2O) as soil application at 30 DAT during2008 as well as in 2009. In both years of the study, the tallest plants were recordedwith 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4 �H2O) and shortest with absolute control (no N and no Zn)followed by control (only N).

Table 4. Total micronutrients accumulated by summer green manuring crops.

Zn (g ha71) Mn (g ha71) Cu (g ha71) Fe (g ha71)

Treatment 2008 2009 2008 2009 2008 2009 2008 2009

Cowpea (CGMI) 390.3 427.6 1120.9 1173.8 161.3 175.8 4710.8 5094.6Mungbean (MGMI) 361.7 404.1 505.7 565.2 214.6 239.2 6718.7 7186.9Sesbania aculeata

(SGMI)450.6 489.7 681.1 370.8 226.67 238.4 5577.5 5953.6

SEM + 27.21 29.9 57.33 60.87 13.32 14.44 376.37 403.83LSD (p ¼ 0.05) NS NS 24.44 238.28 NS NS 1473.40 NS

NS, Non-significant.

Table 5. Effect of summer green manuring crops and Zn fertilization on plant height ofBasmati rice.

Plant height (cm)

30 DAT 60 DAT 90 DAT harvest

Treatments 2008 2009 2008 2009 2008 2009 2008 2009

Summer green manuring cropsCowpea (CGMI) 66.6 66.7 106.0 105.8 112.5 112.7 118.8 118.8Mungbean (MGMI) 66.1 65.7 100.8 101.5 111.6 112.2 118.3 118.4Sesbania aculeata (SGMI) 68.0 68.0 110.2 110.3 113.7 115.5 119.5 120.6Summer fallow (SF) 65.5 65.4 96.6 96.4 110.0 109.9 115.9 115.8SEM + 0.48 0.45 0.34 0.59 0.87 0.67 0.88 0.73LSD (p¼ 0.05) 1.61 1.49 1.12 1.98 2.92 2.24 2.95 2.44

Zinc fertilizationAbsolute control (no N/Zn) 58.9 58.5 95.2 94.7 106.8 105.5 111.9 111.1Control (only N) 66.7 66.1 100.0 100.4 110.6 111.8 117.0 117.42.0% ZEU* (ZnSO4 �H2O) 69.0 69.5 111.0 111.4 115.9 115.7 121.4 121.52.0% ZEU (ZnO) 68.2 68.4 107.5 107.6 113.8 114.4 119.8 120.35 kg Zn ha71 (ZnSO4 �H2O) 68.3 68.4 106.6 106.5 113.1 113.7 119.6 119.75 kg Zn ha71 (ZnO) 67.8 67.8 103.6 103.8 112.1 114.0 118.7 119.1ZnO slurry 66.7 66.6 102.2 102.3 111.1 112.9 117.9 118.40.2% foliar spray ZS** 66.6 66.4 101.3 101.2 112.2 112.7 118.7 119.6SEM+ 0.47 0.43 0.48 0.52 0.41 0.46 0.46 0.53LSD (p¼ 0.05) 1.33 1.22 1.37 1.46 1.17 1.31 1.29 1.50

Note: *Zn-enriched urea; **ZnSO4 � H2O.

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The interaction effect between summer green-manuring crops residue incorpora-tion and Zn fertilization treatments was significant with respect to plant height at 60DAT during 2008 (Table 6). When comparing the different Zn fertilizationtreatments with summer green-manuring crops residue incorporation, applicationof 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4 �H2O) was found to be superior in MGMI and SF, but inCGMI and SGMI it remained on a par with 5 kg Zn ha71 (ZnSO4 �H2O) as soilapplication. However, among the summer green-manuring crops and SF, SGMI wasfound to be superior in all the Zn fertilization treatments except in absolute control(no N and no Zn).

The interaction effect between different summer green-manuring crops residueincorporation and Zn fertilization was also found to be significant with respect toplant height at 90 DAT during 2009 (Table 7). When comparing the different Zntreatments with summer green-manuring crops residue incorporation and SF, inCGMI 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4 �H2O) gave greater plant height over all Zn fertilizationtreatments and remained a on par with 5 kg Zn ha71 (ZnSO4 �H2O) as soilapplication. Whereas, in MGMI and SGMI, 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4 �H2O) gavesignificantly greater plant height over absolute control (no N and no Zn) and 0.2%foliar spray (ZnSO4 �H2O). In summer fallow, 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4 �H2O) remainedon a par with 2.0% ZEU (ZnO). However, among all the summer green-manuringcrops, SGMI gave a significantly greater plant height over the other summer green-manuring crops, but remained statistically on a par with the rest of the summergreen-manuring crops including SF in absolute control (no N and no Zn) and 0.2%foliar spray (ZnSO4 �H2O) and in CGMI with 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4 �H2O).

Numbers of tillers hill71 at 30, 60 and 90 DAT, and at harvest were significantlyinfluenced by residue incorporation of different summer green-manuring cropsduring both years (Table 8). The number of tillers hill71 at all growth stages wassignificantly higher when Basmati rice crop was grown in SGMI plots compared withafter CGMI, MGMI and SF treatments during 2008 and 2009. However, CGMIremained on a par with SGMI at all the growth stages in 2009. Among the Zn

Table 6. Interaction effect between summer green manuring crops and Zn fertilization onplant height of Basmati rice at 60 DAT during 2008.

Interaction effect on plant height (cm) of Basmati rice at 60DAT (2008)

Zinc fertilizationCowpea(CGMI)

Mungbean(MGMI)

Sesbaniaaculeate(SGMI)

Summerfallow(SF) Mean

Absolute control (no N/Zn) 97.6 94.9 98.0 90.1 95.2Control (only N) 104.8 96.7 107.7 90.9 100.02.0% ZEU* (ZnSO4 �H2O) 112.2 108.0 116.7 107.2 111.02.0% ZEU (ZnO) 106.8 103.1 115.7 104.2 107.55 kg Zn ha71 (ZnSO4 �H2O) 111.0 103.8 116.2 95.3 106.65 kg Zn ha71 (ZnO) 107.6 99.9 112.2 94.7 103.6ZnO slurry 107.1 97.9 110.5 93.3 102.20.2% foliar spray (ZS)** 101.2 101.9 104.9 97.2 101.3Mean 106.0 100.8 110.2 96.6 103.4SEM + 0.97LSD (p¼ 0.05) 2.74

Note: ZEU*, Zn-enriched urea; ZS**, ZnSO4 �H2O.

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fertilization treatments, application of 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4 �H2O) gave the greatestnumber of tillers over remaining Zn fertilization treatments at all growth stagesduring both years. However, 2.0% ZEU (ZnO) Zn fertilization treatment was very

Table 7. Interaction effect between summer green manuring crops and Zn fertilization onplant height of Basmati rice at 90 DAT during 2009.

Zinc fertilization

Interaction effect on plant height (cm) of Basmati rice at 90DAT (2009)

Cowpea(CGMI)

MungbeanMGMI)

Sesbania aculeata(SGMI)

Summerfallow(SF) Mean

Absolute control (no N/Zn) 105.8 105.0 106.5 104.7 105.5Control (only N) 112.5 112.3 114.6 107.7 111.82.0% ZEU* (ZnSO4 �H2O) 116.7 114.4 118.4 113.2 115.72.0% ZEU (ZnO) 113.7 114.1 118.2 111.5 114.45 kg Zn ha71 (ZnSO4 �H2O) 114.2 114.3 118.1 108.5 113.75 kg Zn ha71 (ZnO) 113.3 114.1 117.7 110.8 114.0ZnO slurry 112.2 112.1 116.6 110.5 112.90.2% foliar spray (ZS)** 113.2 111.3 113.6 112.6 112.7Mean 112.7 112.2 115.5 109.9 112.6SEM + 0.93LSD (p¼ 0.05) 2.61

Note: ZEU*, Zn-enriched urea; ZS**, ZnSO4 �H2O.

Table 8. Effect of summer green manuring crops and Zn fertilization on number of tillers perhill of Basmati rice.

No. of tillers hill71 Effectivetillers hill71

30 DAT 60 DAT 90 DAT harvest

Treatment 2008 2009 2008 2009 2008 2009 2008 2009

Summer green manuring cropsCowpea (CGMI) 18.4 19.2 19.6 20.0 15.6 16.0 12.1 12.2Mungbean (MGMI) 18.0 18.8 19.1 19.5 15.4 15.7 11.7 11.8Sesbania aculeata (SGMI) 19.4 19.6 20.9 21.7 16.9 17.1 12.6 12.8Summer fallow (SF) 17.9 17.7 18.6 18.5 14.4 14.3 11.4 11.3SEM + 0.28 0.51 0.26 0.33 0.27 0.27 0.14 0.17

LSD (p¼ 0.05) 0.94 1.69 0.85 1.10 0.89 0.89 0.47 0.57Zinc fertilizationAbsolute control (no N/Zn) 10.3 10.1 10.8 10.4 10.5 10.3 8.5 8.1Control (only N) 18.8 19.1 20.2 20.3 15.9 16.2 11.3 11.32.0% ZEU* (ZnSO4 �H2O) 21.4 21.5 23.1 23.7 18.3 18.7 14.1 14.32.0% ZEU (ZnO) 20.5 21.3 21.3 22.1 16.6 16.9 12.5 12.95 kg Zn ha71 (ZnSO4 �H2O) 20.2 20.6 20.4 21.5 15.9 16.3 12.4 12.65 kg Zn ha71 (ZnO) 18.8 19.5 20.3 21.1 15.7 16.1 12.3 12.5ZnO slurry 18.8 19.3 20.0 20.3 15.6 15.6 11.9 12.00.2% foliar spray ZS** 18.8 19.1 20.2 20.1 16.2 16.3 12.6 12.8SEM + 0.32 0.45 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.24 0.21 0.19LSD (p¼ 0.05) 0.91 1.27 0.65 0.64 0.73 0.68 0.59 0.52

Note: ZEU*, Zn-enriched urea; ZS**, ZnSO4 �H2O.

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close to 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4 �H2O) at 30 DAT during 2008 and 2009. The lowestnumber of tillers hill71 was recorded in absolute control (no N and no Zn) followedby control (only N). The percent increase in effective tillers at harvest with 2.0%ZEU (ZnSO4 �H2O) was 65.8 and 76.5 over absolute control (no N and no Zn), and24.7 and 26.5 control (only N) during 2008 and 2009.

The interaction effect between various summer green-manuring crops and Znfertilization treatments was significant with respect to number of tillers hill71 at 60DAT during 2008 (Table 9). When comparing the different Zn fertilizationtreatments with summer green-manuring crops residue incorporation, applicationof 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4 �H2O) gave a significantly higher number of tillers hill71 in allsummer green-manuring crops, including SF, it remained on a par with 2.0% ZEU(ZnO) in the SF treatment. However, among the summer green-manuring crops, thehighest number of tillers hill71 was recorded with 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4 �H2O) inSGMI, followed by CGMI, MGMI and SF, SGMI remained statistically on a parwith CGMI in different Zn fertilization treatments, i.e. absolute control (no N andno Zn), 2.0% ZEU (ZnO), 5 kg Zn ha71 (ZnSO4 �H2O), 5 kg Zn ha71 (ZnO) as soilapplication and 0.2% foliar spray (ZnSO4 �H2O).

Data on dry matter accumulation at different growth stages of Basmati rice aregiven in Table 10 and Figure 2. Among the summer green-manuring crops residueincorporation, SGMI gave significantly higher dry matter accumulation at allgrowth stages of Basmati rice during both years, and it remained on a par withCGMI at 60 DAT in 2008 and 2009. The lowest dry matter accumulation at allgrowth stages was recorded when Basmati rice was grown in the SF treatment.Among the Zn fertilization treatments, dry matter accumulation was significantlyhigher with 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4 �H2O) compared with remaining Zn fertilizationtreatments at all growth stages of Basmati rice during both years (Figure 3).However, 2.0% ZEU (ZnO) remained statistically on a par with 2.0% ZEU(ZnSO4 �H2O) at 30 DAT. The percent increase in dry matter accumulation at 60

Table 9. Interaction effect between summer green manuring crops and Zn fertilization onnumber of tillers hill71 in Basmati rice at 60 DAT during 2008.

Interaction effect on number of tillers hill71 in Basmati riceat 60 DAT (2008)

Zinc fertilizationCowpea(CGMI)

Mungbean(MGMI)

Sesbaniaaculeata(SGMI)

Summerfallow (SF) Mean

Absolute control (no N/Zn) 10.6 10.2 11.9 10.5 10.8Control (only N) 19.4 19.9 23.1 18.4 20.22.0% ZEU* (ZnSO4 �H2O) 22.9 22.9 24.9 21.8 23.12.0% ZEU (ZnO) 21.5 20.8 22.3 20.8 21.35 kg Zn ha71 (ZnSO4 �H2O) 20.7 20.0 21.8 19.4 20.45 kg Zn ha71 (ZnO) 20.7 20.1 21.2 19.0 20.3ZnO slurry 20.3 19.5 21.4 18.9 20.00.2% foliar spray (ZS)** 20.4 19.9 20.3 20.3 20.2Mean 19.6 19.1 20.9 18.6 19.6SEM + 0.46LSD (p¼ 0.05) 1.30

Note: ZEU*, Zn-enriched urea; ZS**, ZnSO4 �H2O.

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DAT with 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4 �H2O) was 52.8 and 56.9 over absolute control (no Nand no Zn) and 34.6 and 32.3 over control (only N) during 2008 and 2009.Application of Zn fertilizers through various sources (ZEU) maintained a goodresponse over prilled urea (PU) up to harvest with respect to dry matteraccumulation, number of tillers hill71 and plant height of Basmati rice.

Table 10. Effect of summer green manuring crops and Zn fertilization on dry matteraccumulation of Basmati rice.

Dry matter accumulation (g hill71)

30 DAT 60 DAT 90 DAT

Treatment 2008 2009 2008 2008 2009 2008

Summer green manuring cropsCowpea (CGMI) 6.8 7.0 11.6 11.8 32.7 32.7Mungbean (MGMI) 6.6 6.6 11.4 11.4 32.5 32.2Sesbania aculeata (SGMI) 7.2 7.7 12.2 12.3 35.4 35.1Summer fallow (SF) 6.1 6.1 11.1 11.0 31.8 31.7SEM + 0.14 0.14 0.11 0.16 0.23 0.31LSD (p¼ 0.05) 0.47 0.46 0.36 0.52 0.78 1.03

Zinc fertilizationAbsolute control (no N/Zn) 4.8 4.6 8.9 8.6 25.3 25.0Control (only N) 7.1 6.5 10.1 10.2 30.0 29.22.0% ZEU* (ZnSO4 �H2O) 7.6 8.2 13.6 13.5 37.4 36.22.0% ZEU (ZnO) 7.3 7.7 12.6 12.9 36.1 36.15 kg Zn ha71 (ZnSO4 �H2O) 7.0 7.4 12.6 13.0 36.0 35.65 kg Zn ha71 (ZnO) 6.6 7.2 11.7 12.2 33.8 34.5ZnO slurry 6.5 6.7 11.1 11.8 32.8 33.10.2% foliar spray (ZS)** 6.4 6.4 11.5 10.8 33.5 33.6SEM + 0.14 0.16 0.15 0.19 0.22 0.53LSD (p¼ 0.05) 0.38 0.45 0.42 0.53 0.62 1.50

Note: ZEU*, Zn-enriched urea; ZS**, ZnSO4 �H2O.

Figure 2. Effect of summer green manuring on dry matter accumulation (g hill71) byBasmati rice at 30, 60 and 90 DAT. The vertical bars indicates a critical difference at p¼ 0.05.

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The interaction effect between summer green-manuring crops and Zn fertilizationtreatments was significant with respect to dry matter accumulation (g hill71) at 90DAT during 2008 (Table 11). When comparing the different Zn fertilizationtreatments with summer green-manuring crops, application of 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4 �H2O) gave significantly higher dry matter accumulation (g hill71) over remaining Znfertilization treatments in all summer green-manuring crops including SF treatments,except 2.0% ZEU (ZnO) and 5 kg Zn ha71 (ZnSO4 �H2O) as soil application inMGMI and SF treatments. However, among summer green-manuring crops residueincorporation, the highest dry matter accumulation (g hill71) was observed with2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4 �H2O) in SGMI and it remained statistically on a par withcontrol (only N) in CGMI.

LAI at 30, 60 and 90 DAT were significantly influenced by residue incorporationof summer green-manuring crops during both years of the experiment (Table 12).LAI at all crop growth stages of Basmati rice was significantly higher when Basmatirice was grown after SGMI compared with LAI recorded after MGMI and SFtreatments in 2008 and 2009. CGMI remained statistically on a par with SGMI at allgrowth stages during 2008 and 2009. The lowest LAI at all crop growth stages, viz.5.38 and 5.42 at 60 DAT and 4.37 and 4.37 at 90 DAT was recorded when Basmatirice was grown in the SF treatment. A significant effect on LAI due to theapplication of Zn fertilization was observed and the highest LAI was recorded with2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4 �H2O) over remaining Zn fertilization treatments at all growthstages of Basmati rice during both years. Application of 2.0% ZEU (ZnO) remainedstatistically on a par with ZEU (ZnSO4 �H2O) at 30 DAT in 2008 and 2009. The LAIat 60 DAT was highest (varied from 5.06 to 6.11) compared with 30 and 90 DAT.This might be due to the fact that, at this stage, the leaves are fully functional andexpanded compared with 30 and 90 DAT.

The interaction effect between different summer green-manuring crops and Znfertilization treatments was significant with respect to LAI at 60 DAT during 2008

Figure 3. Effect of Zn fertilization on dry matter accumulation (g hill71) by Basmati rice at30, 60 and 90 DAT. The vertical bares indicates a critical difference at p¼ 0.05.

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(Table 13). When comparing the different Zn fertilization treatments with varioussummer green-manuring crops residue incorporation, application of 2.0% ZEU(ZnSO4 �H2O) gave significantly higher LAI compared with the remaining Zn

Table 11. Interaction effect between summer green manuring crops and Zn fertilization ondry matter accumulation (g hill71) in Basmati rice at 90DAT during 2008.

Interaction effect on dry matter accumulation (g hill71) inBasmati rice at 90DAT (2008)

Zinc fertilizationCowpea(CGMI)

MungbeanMGMI)

Sesbaniaaculeata(SGMI)

Summerfallow(SF) Mean

Absolute control (no N/Zn) 25.1 25.0 27.1 24.1 25.3Control (only N) 31.0 30.4 31.6 27.1 30.02.0% ZEU* (ZnSO4 �H2O) 36.7 36.4 41.5 34.9 37.42.0% ZEU (ZnO) 35.2 35.2 39.1 34.9 36.15 kg Zn ha71 (ZnSO4 �H2O) 35.4 35.2 38.5 34.7 36.05 kg Zn ha71 (ZnO) 33.1 33.0 35.9 33.2 33.8ZnO Slurry 32.4 31.6 34.5 32.6 32.80.2% Foliar spray (ZS)** 32.8 33.0 35.2 32.9 33.5Mean 32.7 32.5 35.4 31.8 33.1SEM + 0.44LSD (p¼ 0.05) 1.23

Note: ZEU*, Zn-enriched urea; ZS**, ZnSO4 �H2O.

Table 12. Effect of summer green manuring crops and Zn fertilization on leaf area index(LAI) of Basmati rice.

LAI

30 DAT 60 DAT 90 DAT

Treatment 2008 2009 2008 2009 2008 2009

Summer green manuring cropsCowpea (CGMI) 2.36 2.38 5.30 5.32 4.30 4.32Mungbean (MGMI) 2.33 2.34 5.22 5.23 4.12 4.15Sesbania aculeata (SGMI) 2.42 2.43 5.38 5.42 4.37 4.37Summer fallow (SF) 2.31 2.30 5.08 5.06 4.09 4.07SEM + 0.03 0.02 0.07 0.09 0.04 0.11LSD (p¼ 0.05) 0.10 0.07 0.23 0.31 0.15 0.35

Zinc fertilizationAbsolute control (no N/Zn) 1.54 1.55 3.66 3.57 2.66 2.52Control (only N) 2.44 2.44 5.19 5.11 4.18 4.252.0% ZEU* (ZnSO4 �H2O) 2.57 2.58 5.99 6.11 4.94 5.022.0% ZEU (ZnO) 2.52 2.52 5.60 5.65 4.53 4.575 kg Zn ha71 (ZnSO4 �H2O) 2.45 2.49 5.44 5.49 4.41 4.435 kg Zn ha71 (ZnO) 2.44 2.46 5.42 5.44 4.40 4.35ZnO slurry 2.43 2.45 5.39 5.38 4.27 4.280.2% Foliar spray ZS** 2.44 2.44 5.28 5.34 4.37 4.37SEM + 0.02 0.02 0.05 0.11 0.05 0.10LSD (p¼ 0.05) 0.06 0.06 0.14 0.29 0.14 0.27

Note: ZEU*, Zn-enriched urea; ZS**, ZnSO4 �H2O.

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fertilization treatments in all summer green-manuring crops, including SF. However,among summer green-manuring crops, the highest LAI was observed with SGMI inall Zn fertilization treatments except 0.2% foliar spray (ZnSO4 �H2O).

Yield attributes

Data on panicle length (cm), panicle weight (g) and effective tillers hill71 are shownin Table 14. Preceding summer green-manuring crops residue incorporation andvarious Zn fertilization treatments significantly influenced panicle length, panicleweight and effective tillers of Basmati rice during 2008 and 2009. The significantlyhigher panicle length, panicle weight and effective tillers were recorded when Basmatirice was grown in the SGMI plot. SGMI remained on a par with CGMI andsignificantly superior to MGMI and SF treatments with respect to panicle length,panicle weight and effective tillers in 2008 and 2009. The highest and lowest effectivetillers hill71 were 12.6 and 12.8 with SGMI treatment and 11.4 and 11.3 with and SFtreatment during both years of the study. Zinc fertilization had a significant effect onpanicle length, panicle weight and effective tillers of Basmati rice. Among the Znfertilization treatments, application of 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4 �H2O) gave highest valuesof panicle length, panicle weight and effective tillers in Basmati rice during bothyears. The highest panicle length and panicle weight of Basmati rice viz. 26.1 and26.0 cm and 1.97 and 2.05 g were recorded with 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4 �H2O) during2008 and 2009, respectively. The percentage increase in panicle length of Basmati ricewith 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4 �H2O) was 15.4, 17.6, 11.5% over absolute control (no Nand no Zn), 8.7 and 8.2% over control (only N), 7.8 and 2.8% over ZnO slurry and2.3% over 0.2% foliar spray (ZnSO4 �H2O) during 2008 and 2009.

The interaction effect between various summer green-manuring crops residueincorporation and Zn fertilization treatments was found to be significant withrespect to panicle weight (g) of Basmati rice during 2008 (Table 15). Application of2.0% ZEU (ZnO) in CGMI, 5 kg Zn ha71 (ZnSO4 �H2O) as soil application inMGMI, 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4 �H2O) in SGMI and 0.2% foliar spray (ZnSO4 �H2O) in

Table 13. Interaction effect between summer green manuring crops and Zn fertilization onLAI in Basmati rice at 60 DAT during 2008.

Interaction effect on LAI in Basmati rice at 60 DAT( 2008)

Zinc fertilizationCowpea(CGMI)

MungbeanMGMI)

Sesbaniaaculeata(SGMI)

Summerfallow(SF) Mean

Absolute control (no N/Zn) 3.85 3.48 3.93 3.37 3.66Control (only N) 5.30 5.13 5.36 4.95 5.192.0% ZEU* (ZnSO4 �H2O) 6.11 5.77 6.38 5.69 5.992.0% ZEU (ZnO) 5.64 5.60 5.67 5.47 5.605 kg Zn ha71 (ZnSO4 �H2O) 5.41 5.39 5.58 5.37 5.445 kg Zn ha71 (ZnO) 5.45 5.45 5.46 5.33 5.42ZnO slurry 5.41 5.40 5.47 5.30 5.390.2% foliar spray (ZS)** 5.24 5.49 5.23 5.15 5.28Mean 5.30 5.22 5.38 5.08 5.24SEM + 0.098LSD (p¼ 0.05) 0.276

Note: ZEU*, Zn-enriched urea; ZS**, ZnSO4 �H2O.

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SF treatments produced maximum panicle weight. However, among summer green-manuring crops, CGMI produced maximum panicle weight with control (only N),2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4 �H2O) and 0.2% foliar spray (ZnSO4 �H2O). Whereas, MGMI

Table 14. Effect of preceding summer green manuring crops and zinc fertilization on yieldattributes of Basmati rice.

Treatment

Effective tillershill71

Panicle length(cm)

Panicle weight(g)

2008 2009 2008 2009 2008 2009

Summer green manuring cropsCowpea (CGMI) 12.1 12.2 24.7 24.9 1.91 1.97Mungbean (MGMI) 11.7 11.8 24.3 24.7 1.84 1.91Sesbania aculeata (SGMI) 12.6 12.8 25.5 25.7 1.94 2.02Summer fallow (SF) 11.4 11.3 23.7 23.6 1.83 1.82SEM + 0.14 0.17 0.31 0.26 0.025 0.023LSD (p¼ 0.05) 0.47 0.57 1.03 0.88 0.084 0.076

Zinc fertilizationAbsolute control(no N/Zn) 8.5 8.1 22.6 22.1 1.69 1.67Control (only N) 11.3 11.3 23.4 23.9 1.79 1.802.0% ZEU* (ZnSO4 �H2O) 14.1 14.3 26.1 26.0 1.97 2.052.0% ZEU (ZnO) 12.5 12.9 25.6 25.8 1.96 2.035 kg Zn ha71 (ZnSO4 �H2O) 12.4 12.6 25.3 25.3 1.95 2.035 kg Zn ha71 (ZnO) 12.3 12.5 24.4 25.1 1.91 1.97ZnO slurry 11.9 12.0 24.0 24.1 1.86 1.900.2% foliar spray (ZS)** 12.6 12.8 25.0 25.4 1.94 2.01SEM + 0.21 0.19 0.12 0.17 0.016 0.023LSD (p¼ 0.05) 0.59 0.52 0.35 0.48 0.032 0.064

Note: ZEU*, Zn-enriched urea; ZS**, ZnSO4 �H2O.

Table 15. Interaction effect between summer green manuring crops and Zn fertilization onpanicle weight (g) of Basmati rice during 2008.

Zinc fertilization

Interaction effect on panicle weight (g) of Basmati rice(2008)

Cowpea(CGMI)

Mungbean(MGMI)

Sesbaniaaculeata(SGMI)

Summerfallow(SF) Mean

Absolute control (no N/Zn) 1.69 1.69 1.74 1.64 1.69Control (only N) 1.84 1.76 1.73 1.82 1.792.0% ZEU* (ZnSO4 �H2O) 1.98 1.94 2.14 1.83 1.972.0% ZEU (ZnO) 2.01 1.94 2.05 1.84 1.965 kg Zn ha71 (ZnSO4 �H2O) 1.97 1.95 2.05 1.83 1.955 kg Zn ha71 (ZnO) 1.94 1.86 1.98 1.87 1.91ZnO slurry 1.84 1.84 1.88 1.88 1.860.2% foliar spray (ZS)** 1.98 1.90 1.97 1.90 1.94Mean 1.91 1.86 1.94 1.83 1.88SEM + 0.032LSD (p¼ 0.05) 0.089

Note: ZEU*, Zn-enriched urea; ZS**, ZnSO4 �H2O.

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produced maximum panicle weight with 5 kg Zn ha71 (ZnSO4 �H2O) as soilapplication.

Data on yield attributes like number of grains panicle71, grain weight panicle71

and 1000-grain weight (g) are shown in Table 16. Highest numbers of grainspanicle71, grain weight panicle71 and 1000-grain weight of Basmati rice wererecorded with SGMI compared with MGMI and SF treatments in both years. SGMIremained statistically on a par with CGMI with respect to number of grainspanicle71, grain weight panicle71 and 1000-grain weight during second year ofstudy. With respect to 1000-grain weight during 2008, nonsignificant variation wasobserved among the summer green-manuring crops as well as SF. Application of Znthrough various Zn fertilization sources significantly influenced the number of grainspanicle71, grain weight panicle71 and 1000-grain weight of Basmati rice in bothyears. Among the Zn fertilization treatments, 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4 �H2O) gave highestnumber of grains panicle71, grain weight panicle71 and 1000-grain weight ofBasmati rice, and these yield attributes remained on a par with 2.0% ZEU (ZnO)and 5 kg Zn ha71 (ZnSO4 �H2O) as soil application in 2008 as well as in 2009. Thehighest number of grains panicle71 of Basmati rice, i.e. 69.1 and 71.1, was recordedwith 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4 �H2O) during 2008 and 2009, respectively The percentageincrease in grains weight panicle71 of Basmati rice with 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4 �H2O)was 12.2 and 21.1% over absolute control (no N and no Zn), 6.7 and 12.2% overcontrol (only N), 4.1 and 7.0 over ZnO slurry, and 1.7 and 2.2% over 0.2% foliarspray (ZnSO4 �H2O) during 2008 and 2009.

Grain and straw yield of Basmati rice

In general, grain and straw yields were higher during the second year in all summergreen-manuring crop residue-incorporated plots and Zn fertilization treatments,except SF and absolute control (no N and no Zn) (Table 17) . Grain and straw yieldsof Basmati rice increased significantly with SGMI compared with the remainingsummer green manuring residue incorporation treatments and SF during both years.SGMI remained statistically on a par with CGMI with respect to grain yield ofBasmati rice during 2008 as well as in 2009. Zn fertilization had a significantinfluence on grain and straw yield of Basmati rice. Among the Zn fertilizationtreatments, application of 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4 �H2O) gave the highest grain yield, viz.3.74 and 3.84 t ha71, and straw yield, viz. 16.86 and 17.07 t ha71, compared with theremaining Zn fertilization treatments, absolute control (no N and no Zn) and control(only N) during both years. But, with regards to grain yield of Basmati rice during2008 and 2009, 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4 �H2O) also remained on a par with 2.0% ZEU(ZnO) and 5 kg Zn ha71 (ZnSO4 �H2O) as soil application. The lowest values ofgrain and straw yields were recorded with absolute control (no N and no Zn).Percent increase in grain yield with 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4 �H2O) over absolute control(no N and no Zn) was 38.5 and 43.3% and over control (only N) was 11.9 and 13.6%during 2008 and 2009, respectively. Similarly, the percent increase in straw yield with2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4 �H2O) over absolute control (no N and no Zn) was 30.1 and10.8% and over control (only N) was 32.3 and 11.4% in the 2008 and 2009,respectively. The increase in grain and straw yields due to incorporation of summergreen-manuring crops residue and Zn fertilization application can be explained onthe basis of yield attributes, namely effective tillers, panicle length and panicle weightof Basmati rice.

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Total above-ground biomass and harvest index (HI) of Basmati rice

Short-duration summer green-manuring crops residue incorporation and Znfertilization treatments significantly influenced total above-ground biomass (grainþ straw) of Basmati rice in 2008 and 2009 (Table 17). The highest total above-ground biomass (19.72 and 19.94 t ha71 and 20.59 and 20.89 t ha71) was recordedwhen Basmati rice was grown in SGMI plots and with application of 2.0% ZEU(ZnSO4 �H2O) during both years. HI of Basmati rice was significantly higher withCGMI (18.7%) and remained on a par with MGMI and SGMI during 2009.Nonsignificant variation was observed in different summer green-manuring crops aswell as SF with respect to HI in 2008. Among the Zn fertilization treatments, thehighest HI of Basmati rice was recorded with ZnO slurry (18.6%) during 2008 andwith 5 kg Zn through ZnSO4 �H2O as soil application (18.7%) during 2009, andthese treatments were very close to remaining Zn fertilization treatments exceptabsolute control (no N and no Zn) and control (only N).

Economics of Basmati rice

The economics of Basmati rice were significantly influenced by the incorporation ofvarious summer green-manuring crops residue and application of Zn fertilization torice crop during both years of the experiment (Table 18). Among the summer green-manuring crops, SGMI gave highest gross and net returns, viz. 85,985 and 91,582INR ha71 and 56,997 and 61,445 INR ha71, respectively, followed by CGMI and

Table 16. Effect of summer green manuring crops and Zn fertilization on yield attributes ofBasmati rice.

Treatment

Numberof grainspanicle71

Grain weight(g) panicle71

1000-grainsweight (g)

2008 2009 2008 2009 2008 2009

Summer green manuring cropsCowpea (CGMI) 64.3 65.1 1.70 1.77 22.44 24.21Mungbean (MGMI) 62.9 65.0 1.68 1.73 22.31 23.94Sesbania aculeata (SGMI) 67.0 67.2 1.71 1.79 23.01 24.75Summer fallow (SF) 62.1 61.9 1.65 1.64 22.66 22.35SEM + 0.55 0.89 0.016 0.027 0.31 0.24LSD (p¼ 0.05) 1.83 2.96 NS 0.090 NS 0.78

Zinc fertilizationAbsolute control (no N/Zn) 51.1 50.9 1.55 1.51 19.69 19.16Control (only N) 56.6 59.8 1.63 1.63 20.57 22.022.0% ZEU* (ZnSO4 �H2O) 69.1 71.1 1.74 1.83 24.41 25.752.0% ZEU (ZnO) 68.0 70.0 1.74 1.82 23.63 25.225 kg Zn ha71 (ZnSO4 �H2O) 68.3 70.1 1.73 1.79 23.51 25.035 kg Zn ha71 (ZnO) 66.5 68.0 1.72 1.78 22.83 24.70ZnO slurry 65.1 65.3 1.67 1.70 22.57 23.820.2% foliar spray ZS** 67.9 69.0 1.71 1.79 23.65 24.79SEM + 0.84 0.53 0.017 0.021 0.36 0.27LSD (p¼ 0.05) 2.36 1.49 0.047 0.059 1.01 0.77

Note: ZEU*, Zn-enriched urea; ZS**, ZnSO4 �H2O.

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MGMI as well as SF treatments during first and second year of study. However,among the Zn fertilization treatments, application of 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4 �H2O) gavehigher gross (89,837 and 95,577 INR ha71) and net (59,851 and 64,442 INR ha71)returns compared with remaining Zn fertilization treatments and lowest wasrecorded with absolute control (no N and no Zn) in 2008 as well as in 2009.Application of 2.0% ZEU (ZnO) Zn fertilization treatments was very close to 2.0%ZEU (ZnSO4 �H2O) with respect to gross and net returns and B:C ratio of Basmatirice. The B:C ratio of Basmati rice was significantly higher with SGMI and 2.0%ZEU (ZnSO4 �H2O) during first and second year of the experiment.

Discussion

All the growth parameters, viz. plant height, dry matter accumulation, number oftillers and LAI of Basmati rice, were significantly influenced by the incorporation ofsummer green-manuring crops residue. Among the summer green-manuring crops,SGMI gave greatest plant height, LAI and dry matter accumulation at all the growthstages of Basmati rice compared with the remaining summer green-manuring crop aswell as SF during both years. However, CGMI before transplanting of Basmati ricewas very close to SGMI for all growth parameters. SGMI accumulated highest N(177.3 kg ha71), P (21.7 kg ha71) and K (257.3 kg ha71), based on the mean of twoyears (Table 3) compared with MGMI. Finally, these nutrients were recycled into thesoil and this higher availability of major nutrients in the soil led to increased number

Table 17. Effect of summer green manuring crops and Zn fertilization on grain, straw,biological yields and harvest index of Basmati rice.

Treatments

Grain yield(t ha71)

Straw yield(t ha71)

Above-groundbiomass(t ha71)

Harvestindex (%)

2008 2009 2008 2009 2008 2009 2008 2009

Summer green manuring cropsCowpea (CGMI) 3.51 3.59 15.42 15.62 18.93 19.22 18.53 18.68Mungbean (MGMI) 3.44 3.54 15.21 15.45 18.65 19.01 18.43 18.63Sesbania aculeata (SGMI) 3.58 3.69 16.14 16.25 19.72 19.94 18.12 18.48Summer fallow (SF) 3.29 3.27 15.37 15.32 18.66 18.59 17.65 17.58SEM + 0.04 0.03 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.23 0.18LSD (p¼ 0.05) 0.14 0.11 0.26 0.27 0.27 0.29 NS 0.58

Zinc fertilizationAbsolute control (no N/Zn) 2.70 2.68 12.96 12.88 15.65 15.56 17.23 17.23Control (only N) 3.34 3.38 15.21 15.29 18.54 18.67 18.00 18.122.0% ZEU* (ZnSO4 �H2O) 3.74 3.84 16.86 17.04 20.59 20.89 18.17 18.392.0% ZEU (ZnO) 3.65 3.75 16.30 16.51 19.94 20.26 18.30 18.525 kg Zn ha71 (ZnSO4 �H2O) 3.62 3.72 16.03 16.17 19.64 19.88 18.45 18.675 kg Zn ha71 (ZnO) 3.54 3.63 15.70 15.81 19.23 19.44 18.40 18.69ZnO slurry 3.52 3.56 15.45 15.68 18.97 19.24 18.57 18.520.2% foliar spray (ZS)** 3.55 3.65 15.81 15.94 19.35 19.59 18.33 18.60SEM + 0.06 0.05 0.13 0.13 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.20LSD (p¼ 0.05) 0.17 0.14 0.36 0.37 0.42 0.43 0.42 0.58

Note: ZEU*, Zn-enriched urea; ZS**, ZnSO4 �H2O.

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of tillers, LAI and plant height of Basmati rice over the remianing summer greenmanuring and SF treatments. The increase in growth attributes might be due to amore residual effect of biological N fixed in the root nodules of previous green-manuring crops (Vaiyapuri et al. 1998; Vaiyapuri and Sriramachandrasekharan2002; Meena HN and Shivay 2010; Moola Ram 2009). As regards to Zn fertilizationtreatments, application of 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4 �H2O) gave the highest values for allthe growth parameters (plant height, LAI, dry matter accumulation and tillersnumbers) compared with the remaining Zn fertilization treatments, but it remainedvery close to 2.0% ZEU (ZnO) during both years of the experiment. Based on themean of the two years, the highest number of panicle-bearing tillers (14.2) in Basmatirice was recorded with 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4 �H2O) and the lowest number (8.3) wasrecorded with absolute control (no N and no Zn) (Table 14). Dry materaccumulation of rice increased significantly with application of 13.5 kg Zn ha71

(Salton et al. 2005). At 90 DAT, application of Zn fertilization through varioussources maintained a good response over PU with respect to dry matteraccumulation (Grewal et al. 1997; Nathan et al. 2005). Plant height increased withincreasing level of N, either through PU and ZEU (Jaiswal and Singh 2001; Ghataket al. 2005). Adequate Zn levels in soil increased tillering and consequently thenumber of panicles per unit area of lowland rice (Fageria 2001). The increase in thenumber of tillers hill71 due to a proper supply of N and Zn from PU and ZEUrecorded in this study is in accordance with the findings of Chandra and Pandey(1996), Kalia and Kumar (2002), Reddy and Kaleem (2002), Muhammad-Abid et al.(2003), Singh et al. (2004) and Ghatak et al. (2005). Application of Zn from Zn-

Table 18. Effect of summer green manuring crops and Zn fertilization on economics ofBasmati rice (including cost of cultivation of summer green manuring crops).

Treatment

Gross return(INR ha71)

Net return(INR ha71)

Benefit : costratio

2008 2009 2008 2009 2008 2009

Summer green manuring cropsCowpea (CGMI) 83,556 88,828 52,418 56,541 1.68 1.75Mungbean (MGMI) 82,061 87,649 52,273 56,712 1.75 1.83Sesbania aculeata (SGMI) 85,985 91,582 56,997 61,445 1.96 2.03Summer fallow (SF) 80,099 82,986 51,561 53,299 1.80 1.79SEM+ 667 628 667 628 0.023 0.021LSD (p¼ 0.05) 2224 2093 2224 2093 0.075 0.070

Zinc fertilizationAbsolute control (no N/Zn) 66,393 68,662 38,220 39,340 1.36 1.34Control (only N) 80,454 84,720 51,021 54,138 1.74 1.772.0% ZEU* (ZnSO4 �H2O) 89,837 95,577 59,851 64,442 1.99 2.072.0% ZEU (ZnO) 87,367 93,077 57,210 61,771 1.90 1.975 kg Zn ha71 (ZnSO4 �H2O) 86,294 91,778 56,331 60,666 1.88 1.955 kg Zn ha71 (ZnO) 84,498 89,733 54,364 58,450 1.81 1.87ZnO slurry 83,732 88,337 54,203 57,659 1.84 1.880.2% foliar spray(ZS)** 84,828 90,207 55,299 59,529 1.87 1.94SEM+ 725 768 725 768 0.025 0.025LSD (p¼ 0.05) 2048 2171 2048 2171 0.070 0.070

Note: ZEU*, Zn-enriched urea; ZS**, ZnSO4 �H2O.

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coated urea and other sources also had a beneficial effect on LAI (Grewal et al. 1997;Telong and Zhao 1997).

With respect to yield attributes of Basmati rice, significantly higher paniclelength, panicle weight and 1000-grain weight of Basmati rice were recorded withSGMI compared with the remaining summer green-manuring crop and SFtreatments. Among the Zn fertilization treatments, 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4 �H2O) gavesignificantly higher value of all yield attributes, viz. panicle length, panicle weightand 1000-grain weight. Based on mean of two years, the highest panicle length ofBasmati rice, i.e. 26.05 cm, was recorded with 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4 �H2O) Znfertilization treatment (Table 14). This could be attributed to the proper supply ofZn and N up to harvesting stages and longer supply of mineralized N to the plants(Rengel and Grahan 1995; Ghatak et al. 2005; Shivay, Kumar and Prasad 2008). AZEU of 2.0% (ZnSO4 �H2O) gave significantly higher grain weight panicle71 andnumber of grains panicle71 over absolute control (no N and no Zn), control (onlyN), 5 kg Zn ha71 (ZnO) as soil application and ZnO slurry, analogous to theinvestigations of Dravid and Goswami (1987), Muhammad-Abid et al. (2003), Singhet al. (2004) and Ghatak et al. (2005). Zinc fertilization had a significant effect on1000-grain weight of Basmati rice. Based on the mean of two years, the percentageincrease in 1000-grain weight of Basmati rice with 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4 �H2O) was29.45 and 17.9% over absolute control (no N and no Zn) and control (only N). Nand Zn fertilization increased 1000-grain weight of rice over control becauseapplication of N through PU or ZEU increased the N concentration in grain andwhen the N content increases in grain, crude protein content also increasesproportionally (Meena SL et al. 2002; Naik and Das 2007).

As regards to yields and HI of Basmati rice, among the summer green-manuringcrops residue incorporation, the highest yields and HI of Basmati rice were recordedwith SGMI and 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4 �H2O) among various Zn fertilization treatmentstried in this experiment. Because of the higher biomass (7.34 and 7.48 t ha71; datanot shown) and N accumulation through SGMI, grain and straw yield increasedduring both years of the study. Dhiman et al. (1999), Sharma and Prasad (1999),Aulakh et al. (2000), Mahapatra et al. (2002), Moola Ram (2009) and Porpavai(2009) also found an increase in the productivity in rice due to summer greenmanuring. Grain, straw and total above-ground biomass of Basmati rice weresignificantly influenced by application of Zn fertilization during 2008 and 2009. Theincrease in yields might be attributed to the slow release of applied N and Zn fromZEU (Ozkutlu et al. 2006; Khan et al. 2008; Shivay, Kumar and Prasad 2008), whichmay have led to increased photosynthetic activity for a longer period and finallyincreased dry matter accumulation. Zn fertilization significantly improved grain,straw and total above-ground biomass (grain þ straw) of Basmati rice over absolutecontrol (no N and no Zn) and control (only N). The response of rice to applied Znon Zn-deficient soils has been reported previously (Agarwal and Gupta 1994; Shihuaand Wenqiang 2000; Shivay et al. 2007, Forthcoming 2010; Shivay, Kumar andPrasad 2008). ZnO was inferior to Zn sulfate with respect to grain yield of rice(Nayyar et al. 1990). Hence, owing to better solubility, Zn sulfate-enriched ureaproduced a higher grain yield than ZnO-enriched urea at the same level of Znenrichment, whereas application of 0.2% foliar spray was not as effective as Znsulfate-enriched urea with respect to grain yield. The increase in crop yield could beattributed to the controlled release of N (Shivay et al. 2001; Bharde et al. 2003) andZn from Zn-enriched urea, and the longer supply of mineralized N to the plants

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(Karak et al. 2006; Shivay et al. 2008). In our study, foliar spray 0.2% ZnSO4 �H2Owas significantly less effective than 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4 �H2O) and 2.0% ZEU (ZnO)in improving the yield of Basmati rice. The highest straw yield of Basmati rice wasrecorded when it was grown after SGMI. This could be attributed to the highersupply of N and other micronutrients cation through the incorporation of legumesinto soil (Bishit et al. 2006; Khan et al. 2008). The increased availability of Fe andother micronutrients in soil with regular SGMI every year before transplanting ofrice was responsible for higher yields in the green manuring plot compared with thenon-green manuring plot (Nayyar and Chhibba 2000). Above-ground biomass ofBasmati rice increased with SGMI and Zn fertilization through increasedphotosynthetic activity and finally increased dry matter accumulation. The HI ofBasmati rice was also influenced significantly due to residue incorporation of green-manuring crops and Zn fertilization treatments in 2008 and 2009. The HI is mainlycontrolled by partition of photosynthates between harvesting and non-harvestingorgans during the crop growth cycle. It is evident that the economic yield is closelyrelated to crop growth. Hence, variation in the partitioning of photosynthates ingrain and vegetative organs of different treatments possibly led to a significantvariation in HI. Similar results have been reported in several studies (Imtiaz et al.2003; Ozkutlu et al. 2006). SGMI and 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4 �H2O) recorded thehighest values for gross and net returns, as well as B:C ratio of Basmati rice, and2.0% ZEU (ZnO) Zn fertilization treatments were very close. Application of 2.0%ZEU (ZnSO4 �H2O) to Basmati rice gave higher grain and straw yields and thusincreased gross and net returns of Basmati rice during both years. This is inaccordance with Tripathi and Singh (2007), Bana (2009) and Meena HN and Shivay(2010).

Conclusions

Based on our two years of field study, it may be concluded that the residueincorporation of Sesbania aculeata summer green-manuring crop and application of2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4 �H2O) increased growth and yield attributes and yields ofBasmati rice compared with the remianing green-manuring crop and Zn fertilizationtreatments. Among the summer green-manuring crop residue incorporation and Znfertilization treatments, SGMI and 2.0% (ZEU ZnSO4 �H2O) gave the highest grossand net returns and B: C ratio of Basmati rice.

Acknowledgements

The senior author gratefully acknowledges the assistance received in the form of SeniorResearch Fellowship from the Director, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi,during his Doctor of Philosophy degree programme. Thanks are also due to the Head ofDivision of Agronomy for providing the necessary field and laboratory facilities during thecourse of the investigation.

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