Sublittoral Seaweed Investigation in Northumberland Strait and George Bay 1967-1968

SUBLITTORAL SEAWEED TNVESTIGATION

rNNORTHUMBERLAND SIRAIT AND GEORGE BAY

196 7 -1968

C . l . 4 a x w e l I M o s e l e v

and

C o n s t a n c e I . M a c F a r l a n e

S e a w e e d s D i v i - s i o n

}. IOVA SCOTIA RESEARCH FOUNDATION

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 . INTRODUCTTON

1 .11 ?

1 .3

Area Su rveyed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l { e t hods . . . . .

No tes on the e f fec t o f rock t ypeson the bo t tom subs t ra te and the e f fec to f subs t ra te on the a lqae

1

I

z . GEORGE BAY 1957-68

2 .L Eco logy o f t he sub l i t t o ra l i n George l l ay . . . o .

2 .11 Phys i ca l Fac to r s i n t he Env i r onmen t . . . . . r . . . .

2 . L2 Seaweed Popu la t i ons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. 4

. 4q

2.2 STIRVEY RESULTS BY AREA

?. .2L Wes te rn Shore Cape George

2 .22 Son the rn Shore - Monk Head

2 .23 S t ra i t o f Canso

2 .24 Eas te rn Sho re - He f f e rnan ' sto Cape L inzee

to Monk Head 13

to Hav re Bo r . r che r . . . . . . . . . 19

. . . . i . 2 E

. : : : : . . . . . . 30

2.3 HARVESTING IN GEORGE BAY

2 . 3 1 U s e f u l S p e c j - e s t . . . r . . . . . 3 9

2 . 3 2 H i s t o r y . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t . . . . . . r . . . , . . . 3 9

2 . 3 3 F u t r r - r e P r o s p e c t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0

CARIBOTI AREA 1968

? ' t

2 . )

3.3

3 .4? q

3.6

4 . PTCTOU ISLAND 1967-1968PAGE

GeneraL Desc r i p t i on o f t he A rea . . o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ag

Nor th S ide o f P i c tou I s1and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o . . . . . . . 5 ' 1

Sou th S ide o f P i c tou I s l and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

COnc lus ionS . . . . o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3

4.1

4 .2

4 .3

4 .4

sEcTroN 1. fNTRODUCTION-

1 .1 Area Survevsd

Dur ing the summer season o f L967 , work on thesubl i t tora l seaweed surve) ' in the Nor thumber land Stra j_ twas cont inued a long the coast o f George Bay f romcape George i -n the west to cape r , inzee in tne east . Anumber of s i tes in th ls area had been examined dur lngthe 1966 invest igat lon. These were re-examj_ned, tog6therw i th a l a rge number o f i n te rmed ia te s i t es , t hus 'g i v ing acomprehensive pLcture of the subl i t tora l seaweed beds inGeorge Bay . p i c tou I s land was re -su rveyed .

r t r "as hoped that in 1969 the survey could havebeen cont lnued nor thward arong the coast or -ape Bretonbeyond Por t Hood. This coast lLne was known to be d i f f icu l tto work because throughout i ts ent i re length i t is open tothe Gul f o f s t . Lawrence and the prevai l - i ig winds areonshore. unfor tunatery, f ie ld work here courd not be s tar tedun t i l f a i r l y l a te i n t he season and th i s , comb ined w i th theear ly onset o f poor weather and the reructance of theboatman to work ln these waters necessj - ta ted abandoning thatpar t o f the proJect a f ter on ly two days of survey work.

rn order to supplement data obta ined in prev ioussurveys and to note any changes in densi ty and d i i t r ibut ion,the survey team returned to the more shel tered westernarea of George Bay and Nor thumber land st ra i t . A number ofpoints in the bay were re-sur .veyed.

condi t ions were no ' ted in harvested areas nearcar ibou and runs were completed of f p ic tou rs land.

The repor t o f the survey is , d iv ided j_nto threema in sec t i ons , George Bay r ca r ibou a rea , and p i c tou r s rand .

Metho.ds

The f le ld survey technlques used in 1967 wereldent ica l to those used in the prev i .ous year . The sub-l l t tora l a lgae hrere examined by d ivers u3ing se l f -conta ined

.2

2-

brea th ing appara tus ( I Scuba ' ) bo th i n f ree d i ves , andalso f rom an underwater s led towed by a power boat andmaneuvered by the d iver c lose to the bot tom. The s ledwas put in to the water f rom the boat as c lose to theshore as poss ib le and on i t the d iver was towed a longa l i ne pe rpend icu la r t o t he sho re l i ne a t a speed o f oneto two kno ts . A1gae , dep th and bo t tom subs t ra te a longthe run- t ransect were observed by the d iver . Length ofrun l r tas est imated by the sur face crew. This in format ion wasen te red i n a 1og immed ia te l y a f te r t he d i ve h ras comp le ted .Runs were te rm lna ted a t t he op t l on o f t he d i ve r .

I t mus t be no ted tha t a t ransec t ob ta lned by th i sme thod se ldom fo l l ows a s t ra igh t l j - ne . The boa t i sin f luenced by winds and currents , the ef fects of which wi l1ra re l y be pa ra l l e l t o t he fo rward mo t ion o f t he boa t wh ich ,the re fo re , f o l l ows a cu rved pa th . These e f fec ts a reincreased when the boat is towi-ng a s led. However , foreonven j -ence , s led runs a re cons lde red to fo l l ow a s t ra igh tl i ne and a re d rawn as such on the maps .

In 1958 runs were made in a s imi lar manner excepttha t a p las t i c no te pad h ras a t tached to the s1ec l , enab l i ngthe d iver to record in format lon wl thout hav ing to re lyon memory a1one. This technique bras reasonably successfu lbu t was no t used on a l l r uns . S tee r ing the s led , wa tch ingthe bo t tom, and wr i t i ng on the no tepad , a l t a t t he samet ime , i nvo l ves cons ide rab te d i f f i cu l . t y .

The 1958 work cons i s ted ch ie f l y o f add i t i ona l_s tuc ies o f a reas p rev ious l y examined , l n o rde r t o ob ta in morede ta i l ed i n fo rma t ion . Grea te r use was , t he re fo re , made o ff r ee d i ves ( ' spo t d i ves ' ) w i t hou t t he s l - ed . Mos t f r ee d i . veswere made a f te r comp le t i ng a run to c la r i f y de ta i l s o f t het ransec { : , co l l ec t ma te r i a l f o r i den t i f i ca t i on , cu t p lo t s ,and gather data on water temperature.

wherever poss lb le , georogica l data have been inc ludedin the repo r t s . The abundance o f a lgae i s o f ten dependen ton the subs t ra te wh lch i s i t se l f l a rge l y dependen t on thenature of the under ly ing rocks. Some knowledge of the

1.3

3-

coas t l i ne geo logy i s , t he re fo re , use fu l i n a su rvey o fth is type and w111 help determine the probable extent o fbeds of seaweed. Tf some corre lat l -on is noted betweenthe a lgae and the rock type, predic t ions may be made ofthe poss ib le d i s t r i bu t i on o f a lgae i n s im l l a r unsu rveyedareas nea rby . Ex t rapo la t i ons o f t h i s so r t a re no t who l I yreLiable and become less so the fur ther away f rom theo r lg ina l s i t e t hey a re made .As a gu ide , however , t hey a reuse fu l . f n p lann ing su rveys o f t h l s k ind , a few days s tudyo f geo log i ca l repo r t s may save t lme in the ac tua l f i e l dwork by ind icat ing areas where most concentrat ion of e f for tshou ld be made .

A few notes are g iven below to help expla j -n there la t i on be tween rock t ypes , bo t tom depos i t s , and seaweedpopu la t i ons . Spec i f i c examp les o f such fac to rs no ted i nGeorge Bay are inc luded ln the succeeding sect ions.

) t

Notes on the ef fect o f rock t t lpes on the bot tom substrateand the ef fect o f subst rat@:

The seabed in coasta l reg ions d i -sp lays many typeso f subs t ra te , i nc lud ing con t i nuous rock l edges , bo r r l de rs ,pebb les , sand , mudr o f comb ina t i ons o f t hese . The t ypeo f bo t tom a t any l oca t l on depends l a rge l y , bu t no t en t l re l y ,on the na tu re o f t he under l y ing rocks . Hard , res i s tan trocks such as basa l t , g rey sands tone , g ran i te , and l imes toneare e roded s Iow ly fo rm ing l edges and bou lde rs " Red sands tone ,sha1e , gypsum and o the r so f t rocks r o r t he o the r handr :d is in tegrate rapid ly formlng hol lows which of ten beeomein f i l l ed w i th e ros lon p roduc ts (mud , sand , g rave l e t c . ) .M ixed beds o f rock g l ve r i se to m ixed subs t ra tes , f o r examp leser ies of para l le l i tOges of bedrock separated by sand orgravel whj -ch has set t led out between them.

The d i f ferent nature of the rocks exposed as asubs t ra te i s a l so o f impor tance and , a l t houEh i t w i l l no ta f fec t t he geograph ica l d i s t r i bu t i on o f a spec ies , has apronounced ef fect on the abundance and re lat lve propor t ionso f d i f f e ren t spec les i n d l f f e ren t l oca l i t i es . I t l s d l f f l cu l tf o r mos t seaweed ho ld fas ts to a t tach secu re l v t o such

-

4

substrates as mudstone and red sandstone which have aneasi l l r eroded f r iab le sur face, and both holdfast andsrr face are easi ly removed by ice, waves, and other :ex t reme phys i ca l agen ts . Res j - s tan t , s tab le rocks on theother hand prov ide a secure sur face for the at tachment ofseaweeds .

Areas wi th under ly ing res is tant rocks are thusmore l i -ke ly to exhj -b i t good a1gal growth than regionsw i th so f t , eas i l y e roded rocks . The s i t ua t i on may , however ,be cons ide rab l y mod i f i ed by o the r f ac to rs . f n tense i ceact lon in ear ly spr ing is capable of scraping of f the mostsecure ly at tached p lants , and areas of good rocks inotherwise ideal env i ronmenta l condi t ions are somet imesswept c lear of seaweeds by the scour ing act lon of sandsuspended in the wa te r . Uns tab le subs t ra tes such as so f tsands tone o r sma l l pebb les f requen t l y suppor t a dense g rowtho f a l gae i n she l t e red , ca lm l oca l i t i e s .

S E C T ] O N 2 . G E O R G E B A Y 1 9 6 7 - 6 8

2.r ECOLOGY OF THE SUBLITTORAL TN GEORGE BAY

2 .11 Phvs i ca l f ac to rs i n t he env i ronmen t

Geo . rge Bay i s a l a rge rec tangu la r bay open ingnorbhward i n to the eas te rn en t rance to Nor thumber land S t ra l t .f t i s connec ted a l so w i th the A t l an t i c Ocean by a na r rowchanne l , t he S t ra j - t o f Canso , i n t he sou theas te rn co rne r .Excep t f o r t he l ocks , t h i s channe l i s no t r comp le te l yi ' locked by a causeway completed in 1955 between Cape Bretonfs land and the Nova Sco t i an ma in land .

Envi ronmenta l condi t ions wi th in the bay are largelys im i l a r t o t hose In the Nor thumberLand s t ra l t . The ra t te rhave been desc r ibed e l sewhere (ae t l and MacFar lane 1933 ,Fa rquharson 1958 , MacFar lane L965) . The fo l l ow ing no tesare in tended to descr ibe ex is t ing d i f ferences as wer l aspronounced changes that have resul ted f rom the presence ofthe causeway.

5 -

Water Temperatures and Sal in i tv

Because the waters of the Nor thumber land Stra i ta re sha l l ow , a re rep laced s low ly and a re i n p rox im i t y t oland masses wh ich abso rb the rma l rad la t l on , t he i r su r facelayers reach a h igher temperature in summer than those ofwa te rs a round o the r pa r t s o f t he P rov lnce - The mos text reme temperatures are found towards the centra l par t o fthe S t ra i t where the wa te r i s sha l l owes t . Tempera tu res a reless ex t reme towards the ends . Hence , summer su r facetemperatures in George Bay are somewhat lower than temper-a tu res i n t he cen t ra l pa r t o f No r thumber land S t ra i t .

Suf face Temperatures - Auqust 1952 ( .Mcle l lan l -954)

Centre ofGeorge Bay

20 .0 "c

Off Havre Boucher

18 .0 "C

Canso S t ra i t

r 7 .0"c

t he1967

Linzee

Dur ing the summer a two- layer system correspondingto cond l t i ons fo r :nd i n t he Gu l f o f S t . Lawrence i s f oundin the deeper par ts of Nor thumber land Stra i t and George Bay.The su r face l aye r i s warm and o f l ow sa l l n i t y (1ess th . i n28 .0 pa r t s pe r t housand) . I t i s sepa ra ted f rom the l owerlaye r by a s teep ve r t i ca l t empera tu re g rad j -en t ( t he rmoc l i ne )wh ich usua l l y co inc ides w i th a s teep ve r t i ca l sa l i n i t yg rad ien t (ha loc l i ne ) . The l ower l aye r i s co l c l and w i th ah ighe r sa l i n i t y t han t he uppe r ( ove r 30 .0 pa r t s pe rthousand) .

P r io r t o t he cons t ruc t i on o f t he causeh /ay thetwo- laye r sys tem in the cen t ra l sec t i on o f t he S t ra i t o fCanso was dest royed by mix i .ng which accompanied the rapidt i da l f l ow . Dur ing a t i da l cyc le th i s ?one o f m ix ing movedhor izonta l ly throu{h the Stra i t as r$* fs ten mi- tes i . *€t l *1c1. . (Mcl ,e l lan 1954) . Accord ingry the area was exposedto rap l -d , ex t reme changes j -n tempera tu re and sa l i n i t y .Such changes no longer occur .

Sur face temperatures in shal low water aroundcoast o f George Bay were taken ln Ju ly and August o fand 1968. Around most of the Bay the temperature was20"-2I"C and somewhat lower around Por t Hood and Cape(1Bo -19 "C) ,

6

Subsur face temperatures in 1968 ind icated a minorthe rmoc l i ne a t dep ths be tween 40 -60 f t . , wh ich ra the rsharp ly separated an upper layer of water at 20"C f rom alower one at 13oC. A second thermocl lne was found at adep th o f abou t 90 f t . i n deep wa te r o f f t he en t rance tothe S t ra i t o f Canso . The bo t t om tempera tu re (110 f t . )was BoC.

The wel l -def ined upper layer , however , may not benorma l . A long the eas te rn coas t o f George Bay i n L967 thetempera tu re d rop was more cons tan t bu t reached 7 .5oC a t50 f t . A rather 11 l -def ined thermocl ine occrr r red around30-40 f t . The cond i t l on obse rved i n 1968 may have beenthe resu l t o f g rea te r m lx ing o f t he su r face wa te rs causedby the unusual prevalance of h igh winds throt . rghout thatsummer.

In w in te r t he su r face coo ls cons ide rab l y . I nth is area the water is rep laced s lowly, and is comparat ive lycalm. Heavy hrave act ion j -s rare and there are few st rongcu r ren ts . Such cond i t l ons pe rm l t ex tens i ve f reez lng o f t hesu r face . Dur ing the sp r ing thaw la te ra l i ce e ros iondenudes much o f t he l i t t o ra l zone o f l t s a lgae bu t hasl i t t 1e i n f l uence on the sub l i t t o ra l (ee t l and MacFar lanerg33) .

Curents and Sedimentat lon

The presence of the Canso Causeway has a l teredsys tem in George Bay . Be fo re i t s cons t ruc t i on

in add i - t i on to the t l da l cu r ren ts , a s t rongsur face water through the Stra i t o f CansoAt lan t l c ( t - , t c l , e l l an 1954) . Th i s has now beena no r theas te r l - y f l ow a long the coas t o f(Fa rquha rson 1958 ) .

Because of the changes in the current system andposs ib l y a l so i n t i da l amp l i t ude the re has been lnc reasedsedimentat ion ln many par ts of George Bay whlch hasadve rse l y a f fec ted the a lgae . The l -nc rease i s mos tno t i ceab le 1n the S t ra i t o f Canso i t se l f where deep depos i t s

the currentthe re was ,mor. 'ement oft r:wards thereplaced byCape Breton

7 -

TABLE AOC IN GEORGE BAY (Iur,y-eucusT)WATER TEMPERATURES

A . 1 9 6 7

B. 1968a

Bot torn temperature at locat lon of d ive.

)ATE STATION DEPTH FT .'t 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

I u l . 2 L O f f C r e i g -n i s h

2r .7 9 .4 8.3

Ju l . 22 Cre igmore, . i . I L7 .B 13.3 7 .8

Ju1 . 23 N . o fCanso S t . 21 , 7 20 .6

8 .9

DATE STATION D E P T H F ' T .

t0 20 30 40 50 55 60 65 70 80 1r0

Aug . 3

Aug . 3

CapeGeorge

C r i b b e a nHead

Pr :mquetI s l a n d

O f f C a n s oS t r a i t

C a p e B l u e

Cape Jack

C a p e L i n z e e( 300 ) 'ds .o f f shore )

Cape L j -nzee( m i l e o f f

sho . re )

Por t Hood

Ju J 1

Ju1 . 3 l )

Ju l . 29

Ju I . 28

Ju I . 24

T . I ..1

1 . 24

20.5

20

2A

2A

20. 5

?.o

19

19

1B

I

20

20

20

2Aa

) a

L Y

20

20

20

a

19 .5

19

20

20

20

t9

20

20

20

L7

t

e v

20

20

aL4

T7

I

z u

t8

15*

L4

13 1"3;

B

8

of mud have bui l - t upr in par ts complete ly cover ing rocksand pebbles on which a lgae once grew. fn other par ts ofGeorge Bay the a lgae are now of ten covered by detr i tusand are s tunted and unheal thy ln appearance.

Subst ra te

Many d i f ferent k lnds of rock are found a long theshore l ine of George Bay, ind icat lng a comesponding var ie tyin the compos l t l on o f t he seabed . So f t , f r i ab le gypsum,shales, mudstones and red and ye l Iow sanCstones are usualbu t some ha rd , res i s tan t rocks , i nc lud ing l imes tones ,conglomerates, and grey sandstones are a lso found. Therea re a l so depos l t s o f g l -ac ia l rbou lde r c lays r .

The great varS-ety of rocks is par t ly responsib lefor the f requent changes in the nature of the bot tomobserved here. Ledges and beds of pebbles, cobblesr orboulders a l ternate wi th smaLl to large areas of sand orrmore rare ly , graveJ- or mud. Sand and mud predomlnate indeeper water . Rock substrates are not usual . ly found atdep ths g rea te r t han 50 f t .

Pebbles and cobbles are perhaps the most typ ica lk ind of subst rate avai labLe to a lgae ln George Bay. fnthe ca lm waters here, pebbles are re la t ive ly s tab l_e andhence sui tab le for the at tachment of many seaweeds,a l though very large a lgae such as Lamjnar ia may not beable to secure a f i rm hold

Changes in the type of rock- forming substrate dono t a l - t e r : t he d j - s t r i bu t i o i -o f a spec ies o f i eaweed , bu tmay have a marked ef fect on i ts abundance in a g lvenloca r i t y . rn George Bay , d i f f e rences i n t he a rga l cove rare due ch ief ly to changes in the propor t ions o i t f redominant speci -es and so i t may be bxpLcted that the natureof the substrate is an impor tant factor here.

Wherebot torn deposi tspos tu l a ted , i t

9

a re la t ionship between the, and a lga l cove r has beenj -s descr ibed in the body of

bed rocks ,observed or is

th l s repo r t .

2 . I 2 Seaweed Popu la t i ons

Sub l i t t o ra l popu la t i ons o f a lgae i n George Baya re s - i -m i l a r t o t hose o f Nor thumber land S t ra i t . Seaweedbeds throughout the area appear monotonous and err€rpunchang i -ng , and th i s i s pa r t i cu la r l y no t j - ceab le i nGeorge Bay.

The ve r t i ca l pa t te rn o f d i s t r i bu t i on rema inss i -m i l a r i n a l l pa r t s o f t he Bay . The max imunr denS i t y o fseaweeds :Ls me t immed ia te l y be low the l owes t i n f l uence o fd r i f t i ng i ce . The dens i - t y dec reases , usua l l y g radua l l ybu t somet imes ab rup t l y , w i th i nc rease i n dep th and , /o rdec rease i n the ava i l ab i l i t y o f a su i tab le subs t ra te .A lgae a re f i na l l y l im i ted by the absence o f a su i tab lesubs t ra te o r by bands o f sea -u rch ins and musse ls .Dec rease i n i l l um ina t i on w i th dep th i s ra re l v a d i rec tI im i t i nq fac to r he re .

V e r t i c a l - a n d l a t e r a l c h a n g e s i n t h e a l g a lp o p u l a t i o n s a r e a l m o s t i n v a r i a b l y g r a d u a l a n d m o d e s t i nex ten t . F "ucus se r ra tus , Chondrus c r i spus and I ru rce l l a r i a-....'...-fastiqi-ata are Ehe- rnosE a6unoanr specreS-and afT-i i l i l fF-L rsua l l y be found i , n a g i ven a rea . They do no t occu r i nd i s t i nc t beds , changes be ing con f i ned l a rge l y to changesin the p ropo r t i ons o f t he spec ies . Fucus usua l l y domina tesin shal lcw water and decreases in dei3f f i or somet j -mesd isappears i n deeper wa te r . Fu rce l l a r i a and Chondrususr.lally increase with the redffiffirucus Ei?=ffiffidec rease w i th the genera l l essen ing o f ET f f i - l ga I popu la t i on .E i the r may be dominan t r o r t hey may be o f equa l dens i t y "Iv l ixed s tands of the three main species form the domj-nante lemen ts i n t he a lga l commun i t y t o the vL r tua l exc lus i -on o fa l l o the rs . Phv l l opbq ra i s a l so common in some p laces andmay form an imF6Effi-rt of the communi-ty below the zonedomina ted by Fucus . Th ree spec ies a re found :P . membran i f o l i a .Der -ng ra re .

1

b rod iae i , and P . i n t e r rup ta , t he l as t

---T

10

A few other speci -es are found genera l lyd i s t r i bu ted among the above . cho rda f i l um and Lamina r iaspp. occur here and there in-iFa fr whil i l -Desmares t i a ac r r l eg ta and Fg lys iphon ia n ig iescens a re fo r rndin many p races . one o r oLher o f bhese spe -aes rnay becomedominan t i n res t r i c ted a reas bu t t h i s i s no t usua l .

Cora l l i na o f f i c i na l i s and L i t ho thamn ion a recommon under the large a lgae. seveiaT smEl f -Ef - ramentousspec ies a l so con t r i bu te to th i s l ower J -aye r and f requen t l yappear as abundant ep lphyt ic growths on rarger seaweeds.

The seaweed beds a re o f ten cu t o f f i n dep ths o fabou t 25 f t . by a band o f sea -u rch ins ( s t ronqv locen t ro tus )f requen t l y m ixed w i th musse ls ( t * l v t i t us ) f f ian imals compete wj - th sea.weeds, f r ,d : f f i re they are commonseaweeds a re ra re o r absen t . Sea -u rch ins q raze on seaweedswh i l e musse ls compe te fo r space .

The coa rse a lgae a re usua l l y heav i l y cove red bysma l le r ep iphy t i c spec ies , The sha l l ow ca lm rva te r i s goodfor the at tachment and growth of ep iphytes and nrany ofthese a re found . The fo l l ow lng l i s t g i ves the spe - iesrecorded f rom George Bay dur ing the present survey.

PHAEOPHYCEAE

Ec toca rpa les

Ectoc_arpus confervo ides. Very common.ro t j no a t t acned t o r ocks ) .

g . Pen i c i l l a t us . Occas iona l

E . f asc l cu la tus . Occas iona l

(e l so

Sphace la r i a l es

Sphace la r i a-

S . f usca . Ra re .

Very common.

Chorda r ia les

Sphaerot r ich ia

Di .e tyos iphonaL es

divar icata. Very common.

foen icu laceus . Occass lona l .Dic tos i -phon

RHODOPHYCEAE

B a n g i a l e s

Goniot r ighglq a ls iQi i . Common, but very smaLl--Fancl rnconspl_cuous.

Gigar t ina les

purpureum. $are; more usual ly found

Ceram la les .

Ant i thamnion boreale. Verv common.

Ca l l l t ha$n ion bvsso j -des . Oecas iona l .

Ceramium elegans. Verv common.

Ceraml r rm d iaphanum-s t r i c tum. Rare , more t yp i ca l l yfound on rocKs .

P l t rmar ia e leqans . Rare

P t i l o ta semata . One smaI1usrffi e ic.

specJ .men on l y . No t

T ra l l l i eL1a l n t r i ca ta . Ve ry abundan t , espec iaL l yon Chondnrs and F 'urce l lar ia .

n"]G*-*" "rolffi*o^P. harvev i i Common

g . n lg rescens . Abundan t . (n l so common on rocks ) .

g. urceolata. Common.

Cvstocloni-umon rocks .

T2

The growth of coarse a lgae is o f ten reducecl whenthe p lants suppor t a heavy cover ing of ep iphytes r a condi t ionwhj-ch reduces the commerc la l va lue of a bed. fn addl t lontmany ep iphy t i c spec ies a re f i ne l y b ranched and co l l ec tl a rge amoun ts o f de t r i t us wh ich make the ha rves t unsu i tab lefor us€. Thick growths of the f iner a lgae such asTra i l l i e l l a re ta i -n wa te r and h inde r a i r d rv inq o f t heha ivEs t . Many i n themse lves a re use less and mus t becons ide red f f o re iqn ma t te r ' i n t he i ndus t ru ' .

T t i s somet imes poss lb le e i . t he r t o removeep iphy te o r t o u t i l i ze i t depend ing on the spec iesamount of orowth.

a ) . Remova l . I t i s poss ib l e t o sepa ra te somespf f i mechanic i r ry . Some epiphytes areannual p lants and can be avoided by har-ves t i ng a t a su i t ab le season . T ra i l l l e l l afor initance is not common untiFGE.F-summer. Perennia l species may be mr:chsma l l e r a f t e r t hey shed t he l r spo res .

b ) . U t i l i za t i on . Many epiphytes conta lne i the r aga r o r ca rageen in wh ich cou ld beu t i l i zed w i th the ex t rac t f rom the ' use fu lp lant | . Some specles of Ant i thamnlon andCe.ramium produc L good aga?lllJniffi-Fomeareas m igh t even improve the ex t rac t .Fu r the r resea rch i s requ i red on th l sp rob lem.

Most of the var ie ty shown by the a lgae ln George Bayi s thus seen to be l n t he sma l l e r and l ess consp icuousspec ies . Changes i n the l a rge r p tan ts a re res t r : i c tec l a lmos ten t i re l y t o va r ia t i on i n t he p ropo r t i ons o f t he dominan tspec ies . Zona t ion l s ve ry l im i ted . The mono tony j . semphasized by the cover ing of ep iphytes and detr i tus whlchobscu res the vege ta t i on i n genera l .

t heand

7

2 .2L Wes te rn SLrp re - Cape Georqe to Monk Head

In the area between Cape Georqe and Monk Headthe a lga l vege ta t i on l s i n qenera l a Chondrus - Fu rce l l a r l aF ucus ierratus associati-on. Fucus isff i inaF. G-f[ i-ilET-roffi. chondrus is TFabunclant than in otherNor thumber land toc lJETf f i -anO only i -n rest r ic ted areas was i tf ound to be the dominan t spec ies . The Chondrus tends toincrease towards the south but nowhere Th-- f f isect ion wasi t f ound i n su f f i c i en t quan t i t y f , c r comrnerc ia l ha rves t i ng .

Fu rce l l a r i a occu rs a lmos t eve rvwhere bu t i s. . - -se ldom the ma ]o r spec les .

Phv l l ophora l s f ound f requen t l y i n deeper wa te r ,o f ten rep lac lnq Chondrus i n t he assoc la t i on .

13

2.2 SURVEY RESULTS BY AREA

Lamina r ia occu rs occas iona l I y .

P lan t s i n t h l s who le reg ion a re gene ra l l y heav i l yepiphy. t ized. The searveed band is in genera l ra ther na. r l r r :vrand pa r : t i c t rLa r l y so toward the no r th . Dense popura t i on .s o fYv t i l us and S t rongy locen ! :o tus f r i ng ing the o r r te r edge mayla rge l y be respons ib l e f o r t he res t r i c t ed w id th o f t heseaweed beds a long th i s pa r t o f t he coas t .

The sea bed j -s predominant l "y rocky wi_t i r largea reas o f rock l edges . The re a re some a reas o f sand andsone o f pebb les , cobb . , l es , and bou lde rs . These c lepos i t sa l . so l i e on many o f t he l edges , pa r t l y obscu r i ng t hem.Beyond Mor: : is town the bot tom j -s predominant ly sandy, wi tho r w i tho r r t beds o f pebb les , cohb les , and bou : Ide rs o ' ' r e r l y i ngthe sand) r su r face . Th l s t ype o f bo t tom con t i nues a long thewho le o f t he so r - t t he rn sho re wh ich i s desc r ibed i nsec t i on 2 .32 .

l .

l ij1l iirlr

I 4

n Cape Georqq to Ba t l an tvnes Cove\2+

The t i p o f Cape George i s composed o f an angu la rcong lomera te wh ich ex tends sou thward to Ba l l an tynes Cove .I t i s made up o f bou lde rs o f p re -Carbon i fe rous rocks upto two f t . i n d iamete r cemen ted by a ca l ca reous red i ronox ide ma t r i x . The bou lde rs a re so r ted , dec reas ing i n s i zesou thwards .

A th rus t f au l t a t Ba l l an tynes Cove i s respons ib lefo r t he consp ic io r . r s i den ta t i on o f t he coas t l j . ne the re .Beyond i s a fu r the r bed o f cong lomera te ex tend ing sou thwardto Ba l l an tynes B rook .

The cong lomera te has fo rmed ex tens i ve o f f sho reIedges wh ich a re cove red nea r the sho re l i ne by pebb lesre leased f rom the ma t r i x . The re a re pa tches o f pebb les ,cong lomera te bou lde rs , and sand on the l edges . Thebc t t om s l opes more s teep l y f r om the sho re l i ne t han i susual ln George Bay and hence the seaweed band j -s narrower.The a rea i ns j . de the cove i s she l te red by the head land andthe bo t tom i s cove red bv sand wh ich has co l l ec ted the re .

In the a rea w l th l edges (Cape George to Each renPo in t ) t he seaweed cove r i s good (7O 100%) on rocksu r faces f ree f rom sand down to 20 f t . , bu t t he unpopu la tedsand pa tches reduce the to ta l cove r t o abou t 5O%. Fucusserratus ls dominant inshore (about 50% cover on c f f f ioct )mTf6ff iTth l lpndltrS and Fulceltqrrq, but with increasingdepth the tEff icies ff i :me approximately eq' ial

i " , ] lnsi ty. Eu.dgsm? -vl f esg_ens - is -a1so found. Lb11.!$.g!98brr29iaei , P. membragi f o l ia ,@99 f i lum ,and E.ry ! . i aacuTeat a App@eg r ns t o d r- s app ear-ET:Tp!ffi.rn at e 1 y20 f t . as Phv l l ophora o f ten becomes dominan t , bu t t he to ta lp1an tcove f f i educed .Chond rusandFu rce1 ] . a r i a rema inLut j-n decreasing density. BeT6it?iff i t . moff iargera lgae d i sappear and sea u rch ins become dominan t . A fewsmal . ler a lgaer e.9. f3 f .Ef j$gb spp. and Plumar ia gfggig,rema in to g i ve a spa rse cove r .

-

Jus t wes t o fd i sappears ab r t rp t l y a tand musse l s dom ina te .( 1 es s than 5-"6) reaches

15

the t i p o f t hea dep th o f 20A sparse covera depth of 40

Cape the a lga l bandf t . and sea u rch ins

o f Desmares t i af t . o r mo re -

A11 t he coa rse a l gae suppo r t ep lphy tes .T ra i1 l i e11a was the mos t abundan t a t t he t i _me the su rvevwas made (Ju l y ) , bu t i t i s poss lb le tha t o the r ep iphy t i cspec i .es a re more eommon a t o the r t imes . Ep iphy t i e spec iesreco rded i n 1967 and 1958 we re : -

Ectocarpus confervo ides-

Sphace la r i a fusca

Sphaero t r i ch ia d i va r i ca ta

An t i t hamn i -on bo rea le

Ceramium eleqans

g . des lonqchamp i i

Po lvs iphon ia n ig rescens

g . u rceo la ta

T ra i l l i e l 1a l n t r i ca ta

Between Eachren Polnt and Bal lantynes Brook therea re no a lgae because o f t he sand .

B a l l a n t y n e s B r o o k t o C r i b b e a n H e a d

A se r i -es o f m lxed t rans i t i ona l rocks i s f oundbe tween Ra l l an tynes B rook and c r i bbean Head . The se r iescon ta j -ns th in l y -bedded s i l t s tones , med ium to coa rsesands tones , and seve ra l beds o f cong lomera te .

Sands tones va ry i n f r i ab i l i t y . The ha rde r bedsand the conglomerates have produced scat terec l areas of ledgerock be low low wa te r .

16

From Bal lantynes Brook to Lakevale, the bot tomis ma ln l y o f bou lde rs and pebb les w i th occas iona l sandpatches and ledges of rock. Large areas of ledge rockappear about L00 yds. o f fshore around Mclnnis B:r :ook" Tothe so r : t h the l edges make the i r appearance c lose r i nsho rewi th fur ther areas of boulders reaching seawa.rd. A Largearea of barren sand abuts the ledges extending seaward.f rom Cr ibbean Head. A bed of sof t mudstone bedrock lsrespons ib le Fo r t he a rea o f sand .

On rocky a reas the seaweed cove r i s s im i l a r t otha t i n t he p reced ing sec t i on a l t ho t rgh t re bo t t r :m she lvesless s teep l y a l l ow ing a g rea te r w id th i n t he seaweed band .Lamina r ia i s p resen t bu t ra re . The Mv t i l us S t ronc rv locen t ro tusband i 5 usua l l y p resen t a t a dep th r f 25 -30 f t . ( some t imes20 f t . o r 40 f t . ) and t he re a l gae a re no t p resenb .

Algae reappear below the sea urch in band and wereobse rved a t dep ths to 55 f t . The fo l l ow ing spec ies wereco l l ec ted a t 50 -65 f t . : -

Desmares t i -a acu lea ta

Cvstoc lonium purpureum

Furcel lar i -a fas t l q ia ta

b rod iab iPhv l lophora

P. membran i fo l i a

Ceramium dlanhanum

eleoans*

Po lvs iphon ia n ig rescens

g . u rceo la ta

Rhodomel a confervo ldes

s t r i c tum

Plunar ia

I 7

Cr ibbean Head

Cr ibbean Head i - s a b lock o f ha rd sands tones .is t ro ' . :nded on the nor th by a sof t mudstone, and on thesouth by a patch of hard Ordovi_c ian rocks which extendMcTsaac Po in t .

T{ -

to

There a re exLens ive a reas o f sands tone l edge o f ft he head lanC. These suppor t a l ux r r r i a : r t cove r : (90 - f00%)o f a lga l vege ta t i on to dep ths va ry ing be tween 20 and 40 f t .?he band o f a lgae i s na r row o f f t he t i p o f bhe head l .and b r . r tbecomes w i -de r t o the no r th and to the sou th .

In th i s req ion , t he seaweed popu la t i on i s unusua l -I n dep ths down to 20 o r 25 f t . , i t cons i s t s o f aPurce l l a r i a Desmares t i a assoc ia t i on . The Desmares t i a_ , _ _ z _ ^ ^ ^ , _ _comprlseFbetween 20% and 80% of the total pbSiff i-trreamorrn t be ing dependant on depth and loca t ion .

Of f t he po in t t h i s bando f 2A f t . by t lEe sea u rch in be l tbe low th is level even thor ;gh thea su i tab le s r :bs t ra te to a dep th

i s succeeded a t a dep thand no a lgae are foundIedges con t i nue to p rov lde

o f a t l eas t 50 f t .

To theDesmares t i a i sIn deeper waterFu rce l i a r l a i s

no r th and to Lhe sou th o frep laced a t a dep th o f 25

Chondrus and Phyl lophora--rouno Enrouc rnou t .

f t . bv Fucus se r ra tus .rep lace the F r l c r r s .

t he po in t t he

The ledges d i sappear sudden t l y i n abo r : t 40 f t . o fwa te r and the bo t tom becomes pebb ly . on the pebb les the rel s a spa rse (abou t 15%) cove r o f a lgae cons i s t i ng o fFu rce l l a r i a , Chond rus , Ph r l l l opho ra rand Lam ina r i a .

1II

18

t/^l Cri-bbean Head to Mclsaac Rock\.7

The hard ordovic ian rocks under ly ing th is par tof the coast form ledges underwater . Near the shore,however , a l l rock is obscured by sand which has spreadfrom the extensive deposi ts of f Ant igonish Harbor : r . Largeamounts of sand and loose rocks a lso occur on the l -edgesin deeper wa te r .

The seaweed cover on c lean rock ls ext r :emelydense (90 -100%) Uu t i t i s g rea t l y reduced on s i l t ed a reas .The a lgae a re m ixed and the quan t i - t i es o f t he spec iesva ry i n ra t i o , p robab ly because o f t he f requen t changesin dep th and i n t ype o f subs t ra t r rm (e .9 . t he amoun ts o . fs i - i . t ing and the s izes of Loose rocks) . Egggg, 9!gg9IE,Furcel lar i -a , and Phvl lophora are the most common a l .gae.Laminar ia , 9$g!g, and f i lamentous brown a lgae are a lsof r : t r nd . The re i s a be l t o f sea -u rch ins be low 25 f t .

Iv1cIsaac Rock to Monk Head

The Mc lsaac Rock to Crys ta l C l i f f s sec t i . on i sunder la i . n by a se r ies o f d l f f e ren t rocks . These i nc ludesome hard beds of conglomerate and l imestone which, hower/er ,are obscured underwater by sand f rom the south. FromCrys ta l C l i f f s t o Monk Head the bed rock cons i s t s o f so f t ,eas i l y -wea the red s i l t s tone con ta i -n ing ra re , t h in beds o fl imestone and gypsum. The low- ly ing area of Ant igonishHarbour has been produced by the weather ing of th is sof ts i - 1 t s tone .

The sea bed is sa.ndy and bedrock was not seenanywhere . Beds o f l oose pebb les and rocks I i e on the sand .

The densi ty of a lgaI cover depends on the amountof rock avai l -ab le, but even where rocks complete ly coverthe sand the p lant cover is rare l -y more than 6O% of the to ta larea. The greatest cover observed here was BO% (run 1967-23)bu t t h i s was unusua l l v dense .

19

A s i s u s r r a l , F u c r r s i s d o r n i n a n t i n r l o n t h s o f l e s sthan zo or 2s*r[:;*;,1.ff i";- ' ; ; ' i ;ei-zl^'* i ]" i . i i ' ""drtrsccntr ib ' . t tes 7O% cf the to ta l cover . Chonci r i rs ap i '6 f f i bemore common here than in other areas ?f f iFc i ; Cape GeLrrge,and is of ten dominant here in a narrow band at a depth ofabou t 25 -30 f t . whe re a su i t ab le subs t ra te i s ava i l ab l c .A11 r l r ns ended on c lean sand a t abo r : t 30 f t .

A sma1l quant i ty of Laminar ia is present amongthe Fucus and Chondrus.

- ctpgffiFTecorOba only in a

singT6:ffitcrr nffiFFmou€FFAntiqonish Harboui. rt wasassoc ia ted w i th Furce l la r ia and fo rmed 75 ' / " o f the to ta lcover on a substf f ibbles and gravel .

2 .22 Sou the rn Shore - Monk Head to Hav re Boucher .

The sou the rn sho re o f George Bay i s t he on l y reg ionwhere Chond-n. rs is present ly harvested. I t is obta ined ata nr-rmbff iEations between Pcmquet and Cape Jack.

So f t rocks , f o r examp leT sha le , under l i e mos t o fth i s reg ion wh j - ch i s l ow- l y ing w i th l a rge f l oode r1 a reas ,such as the harbours at Pomquet and Tracadj_e. The sea l :edi s p redominan t l y sandy .

T h e r e a r e e x t e n s i v e d e p o s i t s o f g l a c l a l r b o r r l d e r

c l a y r e n c l o s i n g n u m e r c l l s p e b b l e s , c o b b l e s , a n d l a r g e r o c k s .T h e s e a r e r e l e a s e d b y a e r i a l a n d m a r i n e e r o s j _ o n a n d c o m e t ol i e o n t h e s h o r e a n d o n t h e s e a b e d . I n m a n y o l a c e s l ^ r e d so f p e b b l e s a n d c o b b l e s , w i t h s o m e b o u l d e r s , e x t - e n d s e v e r a lh u n d r e d y a r d s f r o m t h e s h o r e l i n e .

Pebb le beds fo r rn the ma jo r subs t ra te fo r t hea t tachmen t o f seaweec ls j - n th i s a rea . T re beds a re b roken bya reas o f sand wh ich a re somet i rnes ex tens i ve . Lec lges o frock a re ra re . Sma l l a reas o f l eCge a re fo r rnd j n sha l l owwater of f headlands where there are beds of hard rock. Theheadl"anc is appear , however , to act as breakwaters and deposi tso f pebb les bu i l d up a round them pa r t l y mask ing the l edges .

=r

2A

These ree fs o f pebb les o f ten ex tendf rom the sho re .

cons ide rab l e d i s tances

Mos t o f t he Chondrus beds a re l oca ted on thesehead land ' r ee fs r , w l tT i f f i f ew ve ry sma l l beds such asthose a t Pomque t Po in t occu ru ing on l edges .

The seaweed communi t ies are dominated byFucus and @!g;i. Ig5gglfgJ3, although present throughout,rare ly forms more than 10% of the to ta l poprr la t j -on andhence wor : ld not repay harvest ing.

The Mvt l lus Strof ,v locentrotus banddeve loped . I t beg ins i n de5 i ths be tween 15 andsomewha t c lose r i nsho re than the co r respond inqthe wes te rn s ide o f t he Bav .

Conglomerates and coarsetyp i ca l o f No r thumber land S t ra i tand Tracadi -e West Arm. Thev area t t he Wes t A rm.

i s we l l20 f t . ,band a long

yel low-grey sandstonesare found between Monk Headabrup t l y cu t o f f by a fau l t

Some seaweeds wh ich a re common a long the wes te rnshore are rare here. &I f l9$g€ ls of genera l d is t r ibut , ionbu t neve r abundan t ; l esmares t i a l s p resen t wes t o f Pomque tbrr t was not found e lsewhere; - ! ,arnrqgl re is very rare. Asthese a lgae tend to inhabi t 'O6!?!F- lFSer than the more commonspecJ -es , t he fac t t ha t sea -u rch ins i nvade sha l l ower wa te ri n th l s reg ion may exp la in the i r ra r i t l z . I n t he case o fLamigar la , whlch grows to a very large s ize and so requi res as tab le subs t ra te , t he sca re i t y o f l edges and l a rge r rocks i sa con t r i bu t i -no fac to r .

Monk Head to Tracadie W.est Arm

Thebecomes most

t r ac t o f bou lde rs andextensive around Monk

pebbles over ly ing sandHead where i t covers the

? I

s a n d c o m p l e t e ) y , a n d t h e n d e c r e a s e s t o w a r d s t h e e a s t .Ar :eas o f sand appear amongen, j o f De lorer rs Reach. Theg i - v i n g w a y t o a n e x t e n s i v e

t he bou lde rs a t Lhe Norbhwes te rn*ones deci :ease j -n f r r .quency

s t re t ch o f ba r r : en sand wh i chr e a c h e s n e a r l y t o P o m q t i e t P o j n t .

F la t sands tone l edges ex te , ' nd abo r lL lO0 yds . f r r :m f henor thwes te rn sho re o f Pomque t Po in t . The l edgc ' s con t j . n r rea long the coas t f o r a few hundred ) /a rds be fo re be ing cove re r lby a f r r r ther t r :act o f pebbles and bor : lders extending aJ-onc;the wes { : s i de o f Pomque t I s1and as fa r as the l i gh t onthe no r th po in t . The bo { : t om i s sandy Lo the eas t o f t h r , :f s l . and anC a l a rge sand ba r j . s exposed a t l ow r ^ ra te : : "

The seaweed bed l - y ing a long the wes te rn s ide o fPomqr :e t Po in t and Pomqr re t I s1and . i " s one o f t he f ew i nGeorge Bay where the Chondlg repa) 's ha. rvest ing. F j "g. 1shows the bot tom aepoElTFf f i - t f rL Ois t r ibr . r t j on cr f a16ae i -nth i . s a rea .

The seaweed bed ex tends f rom Pomque t Po in t anda long t he wes te rn s j - de o f Pomque t Ts land t o t he l i qh t .T t v i r j es i n w id th f r om 100 ) ' ds . t o pe rhaps l - 50 y . j ; . andsuppo r t s a t o ta l a l ga l cove " r o f usua l l y 90 -1OA%. Chond r :usi s domjnan t ove r mos t o f t he a rea , con t r : i - b r r t i ng up -E-TO1L o f t he ccve r . Fu rce l l a r i a i s abundan t b r rb no t us r :a l l ydominant except f or -E-3f f iT f rmal t area about 25 yds. wid i whichwas f c r :nd on bou lde rs i n 6 -L0 f t . o f wa te r a t t he s ta r to f : : r : n 1967 -36 . The vege ta t i on he re cons j_s ted en t i r e l yo f young p lan ts o f Fu rce l l a r i a . Fucus se r ra tus i s co l t l pa ra t i ve l yrare and is never tffi;J6"-Eecifficffil:-a narrowl :and on run 36 .

Ep iphy tes va ry i n dens i t y andthe ma in spec ies be ing Ec toca rpus spp . r

a re o f ten ve r : y heavy ,T ra i1 l i e l l a i n t r : i ca ta ,and Snhaero t r i ch iaFoLr ls iphon ia sDD. . Sphace laETa- cTr rosa .

oar /a r l -ca t a .

-|

22

The Wlifgg - Stronqvlocentrotus band is welldeve loped a t dep ths o f 15 f t . and be low .

Eastward the a lgae are l imi ted by an extensj -vea rea o f ba r ren sand to the eas t o f t he f s land . Thetrans i t lon zones between the Chondrus bed and the sand( the s t ra i t between Pomquet P6T; f f f i Pomquet Is land,and eas t o f Pomque t I s1and l - i gh t ) a re cha rac te r i zedby bands o f Chorda (5 -20% cove r ) g row ing on sca t te redpebbles ly ing on the sand.

The S!9sgg bed , therefore, covers only asmal l area f iEe[EGr hat f a mi le in length and 100-150yds . w ide . A p lo t one sg . yd . i n a rea cu t i n a pa tcho f Chondrus con ta ined 3255 gms . (d ra ined f resh we igh t )incT[dlff ibout 300-400 gms. of epiphytes.

The sands tone l edges a t Pomque t Po in t a re f l a tand regu la r and eas i l y raked . They a re , however , l im i tedin area. E lsewhere the Chondrus grows on boulders andpebbles where rak ing is T i f f ient and d i f f icu l t .

To the east o f Pomquet Point the bot tom lsgenera l ly muddy or sandy wi th a few scat tered areas ofpebb les . These a re no t ve ry su i tab le fo r t he g rowth o fa lgae , and a re mos t l y occup led by sea u rch ins wh i - ch a refound c lose i nsho re , a t one po in t ( run 1967-4A) reach inga lmos t t o the sho re l i ne . A t a dep th o f 40 -45 f t . wherea su l tab le subs t ra te i s ava i l ab le , Fu rce l l a r i a i s ava i l -ab l -e, but the p lants are s tunted and covered wi th mudand de t r i t us .

A sma l l a rea o f Chondrus (4O%) and Fu rce l l a r i a( 60%) occurs on boulders lI@es orf QuarF[ffi:ET-tnecove r reaches 90% bu t dec reases rap id l y o f f sho re , t heplants becoming ragged and covered by s i l t and epiphytes.Sea-urchins appear at a depth of 20 f t . To the east thebot tom again becomes sandy, and vegetat lon is absent .

23

Tracadie West frm to Barrlo Head

A faul t a t Tracadie West Arm has brought thesandstone beds to the west in to contact wi th a ser ies ofsof t grey shales which extend f rom th is po int eastward.Wi th these easi l .y eroded under ly ing deposi ts the land isnow low- ly ing and large areas are f looded by the sea toform Tracadie Harbour and Tracadie West Arm.

Delorey IsLand and the other land which form apar t ia l barr ier to the sea appear to consls t main ly ofg lac ia l d ruml jns w i th ou tc rops o f rock he re and the re .?he druml ins are composed of g la-c ia l c lay conta in ing pebblesand larger rocks whlch are re leased by rnar ine eros ion tocover the sea bed for severa l hr rndred yards f rom shore. Westof Bowman Head areas of sand cont inuous wi th those of fT racad ie h les t A rm a l te rna te w i th bands o f pebb les , b r rbelsewhere sand is found only beyond the seaward l imi t o ft he pebb les and bou lde rs . A few ledges ou tc rop o f f BowmanHead , M idd le Head , and Bar r j -o Head , bu t t hey a re o f tenpar t l y obscu red by l oose rocks . The sha le rocks a re p robab tytoo so f t t o f o rm ex tens i ve l edges , mos t o f wh ich a re l i ke l yto have been prrcduced by in ters t rat i f ied beds of sandstoneor conglomerate. The ledges of f Boraman Head, however ,r r 'ere found to be of shale.

t

The d i s t r i bu t i on o f seaweeds p resen ts a re la t i ve l ys imp le p i - c tu re he re . A s ing le band o f a lgae , usua l l y abou t200 yds . i n w id th bu t va ry i -ng be tween 100 yds . and 450 yds . ,extends from Bowman Head to Barrio Head. The cover is dense(usua l l y 75 -100%) and dec reases on l y s l i gh t l y o f f sho re be fo reending rather abruptly, except west of Bowman Head wherethe pebbles graduall-y give way to sand and there is acont inuous reduct ion in the to ta l seaweed cover f rom 85% tc :

Almost everywhee the algae are domj-nated by aFucus -Chondrus assoc ia t i on . Fu rce l l a r i a i s p resen t bu t;E;4" Sff iF, usually formingff ian 5% of the totalcove r . Near the sho re Fucus i s dominan t (F r r c r r s 7O%,Chondrus 30,' , /") . At eowmffiead rrp to 50% of the inshore--Fucrrs populat ion is F. ves icu los_r . rs , a lone wi th the r rsualElErratus. Pur the? o@"is dominant (up toE'oyJff i5-1itt le phyrtoptrora me@ria appears.

24-

The sea-urchin band is usual ly present , beginningat depths ranglng f rom 15-25 f t . f t ls absent ln one areaoff Barrio Head where the vegetation continues wlth upto 100% cover to the end of the pebbles at a depth of50 f t . Occasional a lgae are found in the sea-urchln bandbut they are few and stunted.

Areas of Chondrus whlch would repay working areto be found in seve:-f ipaces. During thl iurvey i iJu ly 1968, a number of boats were rak ing the beds of fthe t ip of Barr io Head and a shor t d is tance to the eastof the point . Chondrus forms about 80% of the cover here,and the plants Eff iTG'n, heal.thy and relatively free fromepiphytes. A pJ-ot one s{ . yd. in area cut a t a depth of15 f t . j us t o f f t he po ln t was found to con ta in : -

Spec ies Drained f resh weiqht (qms. )

Chondrus c raspus-Fu rce l l a r i a f as t i o ia ta

PhvI lgphora memhrag-j.fol ia

Cora l l i na o f f i c i na l i s

epiphyt ic a lgaeTo ta l

At Barr io Head eplphytes are l ight inshoreJncreaslng to a heavy cover of fshore. E lsewhere they varyin densl ty , but in genera l seem to be less prevalent thanat such p laces as Pomquet . The fo l low5-ng specles werecol - lected of f Baru i -o Head:-

EctoEarpus penic i l la t j -s

Polvs iphonia e lonqata

P. n igrescens-

! . urceolata

T ra i l l i e l 1a i n t r l ca ta

4925

90

85

60

50ei3'

25

Barr io Head to Havre Boucher

Sr : f t sha les and s iL t s tones , i n te rbed . - Jed w i th th inseams o f l imes tone , con t i nue to a no in t beyond Hav reBor rche r . Beds o f ha rde r sands tone and cong lomera te a rerespons ib le fo r t he head lands a t Cape R lue and Ca i re Jack .

T l re seaweed band is broken by an area of sando f f L i t t l e T racad ie Harho r r r , bu t beyond th i s ha rbou rthe s r rhs t ra te con t i nues as be fo re w i th pebb les , cobb les ,and oceas iona l bo t r l de rs cove r ing the bo t t cm f r ) r a f ewhundred ya rds f rom the sho re l i ne " Be tween Cape Fond andHa.r re Boucher the rocks are scat teredrrv l th sand and gravelccve r ing pe rhaps 50? / " o f t he bo t tom. The re a re a few ledgesin sha l . l ow wa te r o f f t he head lands .

Commerc ia l rak lng of Chond: :us was seen at twos ta t i ons ,CapeB1ueandCape l f f i i sno t J . i ke1y tha tex tens i ve beds occu r ou ts i -de the a rea o f t hese two heaC lands .

The seaweed band i s 100 yds . w ide o f f Cape B l r :e ,ex tend ing f rom near the sho re to a dep th o f 20 f t . wherei t ends ab rup t l y . To ta l - cove r i s 80 -85% th roughou t , 60%of th i s he ing l a rge , hea l thy Chondrus re la t i ve l y f r : ee f romepiphytes. The remain lng 4O% is Furcel lar ia vr j - th a fewp1ants of Fugys selrgtus 3ld ?nv+1ffi";E'olgei. rhislarge prop6r naffiell-arffiaffirge l3ay.

o fa t

A samp l e one square ya rd j -n a rea c r r t a t a dep th10 f t " , i n a pos i t i on whe re t he dens i t y o f Chond rus wasamax i rnum,con ta i ned the fo11ow ingwe ign t s6@at i on : .

Snec ies- Dra ined we t we iqh t (oms . )

Chondn.rs cr isprrs

Fu rce l l a r i -a f as t i . qa ta*

ep iphy t i c a lgae

/ o q n

7 Y J

BO

' l nPhv l lo r rhora- brod iae i

T o t a l 5435 gms .

26

Th is Chondrus bed i s l lm i ted i n ex ten t . To theeas t t he to ta t f f i . im in j . shes rap i c i 1y ,an r iPuc t r sbecomes the dominant form (7O% or ine io ta l co: i l i l .Ep iphy tes a l so l nc rease i n number and the cove r becomesdense . The fo l l ow ing ep lphy t i . c spec ies were co l l ec ted a tCape B Iue : -

Sphace la r l a c i r rosa

Sphaero t r i ch ia d i va r i ca ta-T ra i l I i e l l a l n t r l ca ta

Po lvg iphon ia n ig rescens

P. harvev i

As l s usua l i n GeorEe Bay , t he seaweed popu la t i onsa re l i r n i t ed ve r t i ca l l y a t Cape B lue by sea u rch ins and musse ls .f t was found tha t t he pehb le and cobb le bo t to rn con t i nuedo f f sho re fo r : abou t 500 yds . be fo re g i v i . ng way to sand .Seaweeds were p resen t f o r t he f i r s t 100 yds . wh i l e t herema ln ing 400 yds . o f cobb les and pebb les were occup ied bythe an ima l s .

Between Cape BIue and Cape Jack the seaweed bedremains approx imate ly 100 yds. widerFucus serra. tus bei -ng thedominant form. The total cover is 5ff i f f ihoredec reas ing o f f sho re to be tween 10 and 3O%, Chondrus i spresent throughor:t brrt lurc-g_l_Ie_!_i_g" disappea::ffiilTsCape Jack .

Seve ra l boa ts ha rves t i ng fmoss f were p resen tdu r ing the su rvey o f Cape Jack . I t wou ld have beendangerous fo r d j . ve rs to work too c lose ; consequen t l y , i twas no t poss ib le to examine the a rea be ing rakec l .

The Chondrus beds a re l oca ted be tween the head landand Cape PondT-1815&[ was founcl at a depth c>f t5-20 ft.a sho r t d i s tance wes t o f cape Pond . To ta l a lga l cove r was80% <- r r more , 2Q% o f wh ich was Fucus se r ra tus and Fu rce l l a r i aand the remainder (80%) chondrFoiff id. orff iE--samp led a t a dep th o f 2Ompor te< t : -

se r ra tus

Soec ies

Chondrus cr l -sDus-Co ra l l i na o f f i c i - na l i s

Fucus serratus

ep iphy t i c a lgae

The boats wereindicat ing that the bedOf f sho re the to ta l cove rwith Chondrus., SgSg and.-D roDor t f ons .

Dra ined we t we iqh t (qms . )

A A N q

25

l -5B5

t o t a l 5720 gms .

rak ing i nsho re f rom th i s po in t ,ex tended in to sha l l o rve r wa te r .

dec reased to abou t 20% a t 30 f t .Fu rce l l a r i a in aborrt equal

The seaweed band at Cape Jack is ver) ' broadex tend ing ou t t o t he sha l l ow wa te r a round Jack Shoa l . Asthe wa te r becomes more sha l l ow towards the Shoa l t he cove rinc reases to 9A% o r more , and i s domina ted by Fucus se r ra tus .Th i s i sposS jb1yacon t i nua t j - ono f t heFuc r i s . b f f i j T i f f i _is found between Cape Rlue and the headE?fr -of Caper Jack.Chondrus and Purce l l a r i a a re a l so p resen t i n va ry ing p ro -r ro r t ' i ons and nea r the Shoa l Po lvs iphon j -a n i s rescensccnt- r ibutes about 20% ct f the t f f i T f f ies isa l so abundan t as a r - r ep iph l ' t e .

P h y l l o p h o r a s p p .a n C t h e r e .

and Chorda f i l r rm wc: )Fe found here

The l a rge r a l gae i n a l l a reas suppo r ted mode rc teto heavy g rowths o f ep iphybes . More ep iphy t i . c spec ieswere found he re than a t any o the r s ta t i on i -n George t t aywhe re co l l ec t i ons we re made . T ra i l l i e l - 1 .a was 'hhe mos t common .Sph.rse lar ia and Polvs iphonj -a s f f i5 fso abun, lcrnt . o thersoec j es co l l ec ted a t Cape Jack a re I r s ; t e r ] be low : -

Ec toca rous- con fe rvo ldes

E . f asc i cu la t r : s

S p h a c e l a r i a- ca r rosa

2B

Sphaerot r ich ia divar icataGoniotr ichum pls id i iAhnfe l t ia pl icatjr

Ant i thamnion boreale

Cal l i thamnion byssoides

Ceramium eleqans

Polys iphonia e lonqata

P. harvevi-

P . n iq rescens-

Nois poss lb leseaweed beds

sea-urchin bandthat i t extends

on the seaward

was located of f Cape Jack. I taround the per imeter of thes i -de o f Jack Shoa l .

Between the Shoal and Havredeveloped reducing the seaweed band50 yds . Be tween 50% and 80% o f t he

Boucher , l t l s we lL -to a wldth of aboutbot tom is covered wi th

a.vegetation of rcg, 9@!g andmixed s tands.

Furcel lar ia growing in

2 .23 S t ra l t o f Canso

The Stra i t o f Canso is a narrow channel connect ingGeorge Bay wi th the At lant ic . I t is very deep wi th maximumdep th o f ove r 200 f t . , t he sea bed s lo f l i ng ve i y s teep lyf rom the shore l ine. As a resul t the seaweed band is vervna r ro r / t r usua l l y l ess than 50 yds ,

i

i

l

The bo t tom l s heav i l y s i l t ed sou th o f a NE-SWl ine drawn through Hef fern: .n Pond. The substrate consls tspf scat tered pebbles and boulders ly ing on muddy sand, anda l l ob jec ts a re coa ted w i th a l aye r o f s i l t . Suspendeddetr i tus reduces v is i .b i l i ty in the water to only a fewfeeL As a resul t o f these londi t ions d lv ing obsi rvat ionsare d i f f icu l t , and rnost runs had to be terminated at depthso f abou t 30 f t . because o f ex t reme ly poo r v i s ib i l i t y .

29

Rock exposu res a long the sho re l i ne a t Nor th Cansocon t inue as l edges underwa te r . They become p rog ress i ve l ys i l t ed i . n deepe r wa te r un t i l a t dep ths o f abou t 40 f t .t hey a re comp le te l y obscu red .

The sea-urchin (Sl_sqagylqqentrqtus ) band di_sappearseast of Havre Boucher anaff i absent fromCanso s t ra i t , p robab ly because they a re unab le to w i ths tandthe . s i l t . Musse l s (Uy t l t ug ) , howeve r , seem ab le t o t h r i vein th is env i ronment : f id-E some areas cover 90% of rocksu r faees a t dep ths be tween 35 and 45 f t . Th j s hab i ta f i srendered unsuj - tab le for a t tachment and growth of seaweedsby the heavy s i l t i ng wh ich p reven ts a lga l a t tachmen t t othe rock benea th and l im i t s l i gh t pene t ra t i on too seve re ryfo r t he i r g rowth . f n t h i s pa r t i cu la r s i t ua t i on , i t seemstha t t he mr rsse l s a re no t compe t ing w i th the seaweeds .

Between Nor th Canso and the causeway, Fr- rc t rsserratus tends to be dominant to a depth of Z5-30-- fE.r t is for rnc i mixed wi th chondrus and chorda. punctar iaI a t i f o 1 i a a nd P hy I 1 o prr oFTn eTE?a n I r oTTi--EIr e aTffiiiid'.- - -A r t - rnese spec les o t ten con t l -nue as a spa rse cove r be row30 f t . , bu t sma l l r ed and b rown a lgae a re more t yp i ca l . a tt hese dep ths . Cerami -um d iaphanum s t r i c tum and Chae ton te r l spl umos a wer e r effiil- bThreriffipec i eF--afficc,, r .

-

Near'there at r )pearwa l l s o f t hethe sho re .

the causeway the s i l t ing is a t a maxi -mum andto be no a lgae excep t f o r t hose g row ing on thecauseway l t se1 f . Zos te ra j - s common near

Be tween "g r rg .Pond

and He f fe rnan pond , .Fyc r : s se r ra tusus dominate j -n shal l_ow water toqether wIEF-sonx.-o r Chondrus domina te i n sha l l ow wa te r t ooe the r i lv r \ - r l v t l \ . . ! t , | D L l u t l l - L r l c l L e I t I 5 I r d . J - I ( ) W W a E e f C O g e f n e f W a t n S O m e

-F.

Turgg l l aq j - a . .The . cove r dec reases rap id l y o f f sho re .- i r ' ' " ; ; ; ; ; ; parts or

t h e a L g a l z o n e h e r e .

30 -

Epiphytes are genera l ly abundant .spec ies r { , e re reco rded : -

T h e f o l l o w i n g

Tra i l l i e l l a i n t r i ca ta

Snhacelar i -a- c l r rosa

Gon io t r i chum a l s id i l

2 .24 Eas te rn Shore - Ee f fe rnan ' s _Pond to Cape L inzee

The seaweed be l t i s unb roken a long a lmos t t heen t i re l eng th o f t he eas te rn sho re and i s remarkab le fo r t helack o f ab rup t changes i n popu la t i ons . I t { ode ra te l y ex tens i v r :changes do c ' ccu r bu t t hese a re g radua l and a re apparen t on l ya f te r cons ide rab le d i s tances a re t rave rsed a l -onc l t he ccas t .

Th i s s t r i k i ng cond i t i on resu l t s i n pa r t f r om thefac t t ha t t he re a re no na t r : ra l b reaks , such as a reas o fsand , i n t he seaweed beds , and i n pa r t f r om the un i fo rm i t yo f t he subs t ra te to wh ich the a lgae a re a t tached . A lmos tlnvar j -ab ly the substratum is of pebbles and cobbles wi thsome a reas o f bou ld€FS. Rock l edges and sandy bo t tom a refound only nor th of L i t t le Judique Ha.rbour and of f Por t Hoodand Henry I s lands .

Because o f t h i s marked un i fo rm i t y i t i s d i f f i cu l tt o d i v ide the eas te rn sho re , sou th o f L i t t l e JuC ique Harbour ,l n to sec t i ons fo r desc r ip t i ve pu rposes . The d i v i s ions usedare l a rge l y a rb i t ra ry and a re so le l y f o r conven ience .Because o f t he l ack o f d i ve rs i t y o f t he subs t ra te i t hasno t been cons ide red necessa rv to i nc lude qeo loq i ca l da taf o r t h i s reg ion .

The same spec ies a re impor tan t he re as e l sewherej -n George Bay . Fucus se r ra tus i s t he dominan t spec ies i nshallow-watei asFnoTt' ' l i -Fcraham Point but b-ecomes lessimpor tant fur ther nor th. Uf- }93B is rare ly impor tantbut appears gradually to i?ff i-1fr?thwards ana posslblybecomes dominan t a t g rea te r dep ths beyond Cape L inzee .

31

Chondrus and Fu rce l l a r i a a re comnron th roughou t ,hrrt no bfr'ffi commEffip?-ilentia1 were fountl. A heavycove r w l th 80 -90? ,6 Fu rce l l a r i a occu rs i n a sma11 and i so la tec ia reabe tweennaggea f f i i f f i 'Ha rbo t r r v i ew .Thep1an tSwerefot rnd to be . ter i densel t , covered wi th err inhrr tes.

T h e s e a - u r c h i n b a n d i s f o u n d t o b e i n t e r m i . t t e n ti n f h i s r e o i o n . A S a r e s u l t a l q a l b e d s f r e q u e n t l v r e a c hg r e a t e r A e p t t r s t h a n i s u s u a l i n G e o r g e B a y ,

- e s p e c i a l l y j - n

a r e a s ' , v h e r e t h e b o t t o m s l o p e s s t e e p l y a w a \ / f r o m t h es h o r e l j - n e . I t i s n o t u n c o m m o n t o f i n d s e a w e e d s p e r s i . s t i n g t o5 0 f t . O f f H e n r y f s l a n d a c o v e r o f 9 0 ? / " v r a s r e c o r d e d a t ad e p t h o f B 0 f t .

Hef fe rnan ' s Pond t o C re iqn i sh (R r rns 1967 -68 t o 72 )

The f ea t r r r es o f t h i s sec t i on bea r many s im i l a r i t i e sto t hose o f Canso S t ra i t . The bo t t om con t i nues t o s l opes teep ly away f rom the sho re l i ne bu t t he a lgae ex tend tog rea te r dep ths (40 -55 f t . ) . The seawee r l be l t i s a l .mos t100 vds . w i -de .

T h e s u b s t r a t e c o n s i s t s o f l o o s e r o c k s o f v a r i o r r ss i z e s o v e r l f i 6 g s a n d o r r m o r e r a r e l y , o f g r a v e l . T h ef r e q u e n c y o f r o c k s g e n e r a l l y d e c r e a s e s o f f s h o r e . I n s h o r et h e t o t a l c o v e r o . F a l g a e i s h i g h ( 7 5 - 9 0 ? 6 ) , t h e d e n s i t yg r a d r : a l 1 y d e c r e a s i n g w i t h d e p t h .

I n sha l l ow wa te r Fucus se r ra tus i s dominan t b r r tmixed with Chondrus and ri f f iTfEffSll--Ts thp rlent.h inc.reasesd I . l . ] t heden f r t yo f t he " rg f f i i on_a i ' i " i s r ' . ' , - t t - , "p ropo r t i on o f Fu rce l l a r i a i n t he th . i nn ing popu la t i oninc reases r rn t i f f i Fu rce11a r i a i s - t hedomi .nan t spec ies .Fucrrs and Cho_fr.drus are graff iaTiy

' inated unti l

even tua l l v on l y Fu rce l l a r i a rema lns to fo rm a spa rse cove rreach ing t o dep ths as g rea t as 55 f t . The a1ga l cov€ r usua l l yreaches on l y t o abou t 40 f t . , howeve r r ds t he s r rbs t ra te a t t h i sdep th i s gene ra l l y occup ied , as i n t he S t ra i t o f Canso ,by dense beds o f musse l s .

32

Laminar ia occurs asrn roughou t t he seaweed beds ,domina ted by Fucus se r ra tus .

sca t t e red i nd i v i dua I susua l1 ) r be low the zcne

Ep iphy teson o the r spec i_es .

are abundant on F. se r ra tus bu t ! rncommon

TheLhe seaweed

seaweed bedsb e l t r e m a i n s

here reachna r row (100

a d e p t h o fy d s , ) ,

50 f t . bu t

The subs t ra te i - s o f bou lde rs anc l pe i rb les ove r l v i no

Point to Graham point ( Run{ff_!78 r:o 84 )

s a n d .

As before , Fucus ser ra l r :s i s the dorn inant spoc iesat depths down to 2oFa?fr ' - rs mi-x.J, i tn chondrus and" l la r * - To ta l cover remai -ns 7s-ga%.- - f f i . i "noweVer 'd i sappearSatapprox1mate1y2Or t . - ; i a f f i ea

and b rown a lgae (p robab ly 'Ceramium, po land others ) 6ecome domininffi"

"ffi#iof#glgeandFucusmaVpers is t to30 f t .The to | " r - . " f f i easescontT f r l6 i i s ly - to 50 f t . where the a lgae c i i s . :ppear .

Th is appears to be one o f t he few a reas i n9g? tg9 Bay where the a lgae a r .e l im i ted by dec rease i ni l l r rm ina t l on w i , t f r . dep t f i . A su i tab re s . rbs t ra te con t i nuesbe low 50 f t . and t he r l a re no bands o f mr r sse r . s o r sea_u rch ins ,excep t o f f c ra igmore r rhe re the a lga t i t o .u i . s t e rm ina tedbe tween l ' 5 -30 f ! . by a band o f se5 -u rch ins . A f ew sma t r a l qaepe rs i s t i n t he beds o f sea -u rch ins . The seaweed be t t he re i sas l i t t l e as ZS yds . w ide .

Lon

ando f f

Beyond cra igmore the water becomes much shar lowerthe seaweed bel t increases in width ie icr r ing a maximumJudique South. Here the inner edge of the zor \es

( Runs 1967*73

33

dorn ina ted by sma l l r ed and b rown spec iess i s as fa r aslOOQyds . o f f sho re .

Subs t ra te i s a lmos t i nva r iab l y o f pebb les andcobb les .

The d i s t r i bu t i on o f t he a lqae l i s s im i . l _a r t o tha ti n t he p reced ing sec t i on bu t t he zones a re muc t r w j -de r . A tdep ths to 15 f t . Fucus se r ra tus i s t he domj -nan t spec iesust:al ly constitutTi!-7olE-6'%?trre total cover anct occasionallyreach ing 100%. To ta l cove r j - s 75 -100? , , and cons j s t s o f Fuc r rs -Chond.r r :s and Furcel lar ia .

- - " t

These th reeva ry i ng p ropo r t i ons .a t t h i s Cep th .

a l gae rema in dom inan t t o 25 f t . , bu ! i nThe to ta l cove r d im in i shes to 5 - .1_0%

B e l o w 2 5 f t . F u c u s , C h o n d r u s a n d F u r c e l l a r i a m a vpers i.st as scattered ifrffiEouETF=;a-c tumpF,Tf3tffil er-red and b rown a lgae become domi -nan t . These may reachdep ths o f 40 f t . o r more , b r - r t as mos t runs were te rm ina tec la t t he s ta r t o f t h i s zone da ta f o r l owe r ' r eve l . s a re nc tava i l ab le .

An add i t i ona l zone oecu rs i nsho re o f f J r rd iquesor- r t -h where the to ta l cover is on ly 40% and where Fuctrsves j - cu losus i s p resen t as we l l as F . se r ra tus . A f f i a r-.zonc wfEF F. .yes icu losus is c f ten preFef f iEr the shore l j -nein ottrer aFea$Tff iTff ig mrrch nariower has freqrrentlybeen ove r looked du r ing the su rvey . rn th i s a re ; i t he w ta tno f Lh i s zone i s up t o 200 yds .

Graham Poin! t€ Emers ion point . (Runs 1967-85 to 8_Z

Thef rom Grahanra n d 3 0 0 y d s .

seaweed be l t dec reasesFo in t . I t i s abou t 700

o f f MacKay Po in t .

i .n width nor thwardyds . r v ide o f f Jud ique

34 -

The subs t ra te cons i s t s o f pebb les , cobb les ,and bou lde rs .

In th i s sec t i on the mos t no tab le fea tu re i s t hedecl ine in the impor tance of Fucus serratus which is a lmostalways domlnant in shallow waEffieEG,en'-ff i is locatlon andthe S t ra i t o f Canso . The zone domina ted by th i s spec iesand F. ves icu losus extends for a shor t d is tance nor th ofGraham Po in t and then d i sappears . The to ta l cove r con t i nuesto be 4O%. Below th is zone the cover increases to 75-80%and becomes dominated by Chondrus and Phyl lophora.Phyl lophora was not recorded in other areas to the southbu t as l t i s somet imes d i f f i cu l t t o d i s t i ngu i sh f romChondrus i n t he f i e1d , Phy l l opho ra may be p resen t .

The to ta l cove r dec reases s l i gh t l y o f f sho re be ingreduced to 40 -60% a t a dep th o f 25 f t . Sma l l b rown andred a lgae become dominanL below th is level except in thea . rea no r th o f MacKay Po in t where a band o f sea -u rch lnste rm ina tes a l l vege ta t i on be low the 25 f t . l eve l .

Emers ion Po in t t o L i t t l e Jud ique Harbour _ (Runs 1967-90 to 93 )

The seaweed bel t cont inues to narrow towards themouth of L l t t le Judique Har :bour .

A substrate is prov ided by boulders and in someareas by cobb les . The cove r o f seaweeds i s genera l l y ve ryspa rse i nc lud ing tha t o f t he j -nsho re a reas towards the sou th .The i nsho re cove r improves no r thwards , however , reach ing50% at Cape Susan and 75% near the entrance to the harbour .o f f sho re the cove r rema ins poo r (o f ten l ess than 5%) anda lgae a re found on l y to dep ths o f 25 -30 f t .

The a lgae occu r i n pa tches o f va r i ous s i zes mak ingt t d i f f t cu l t t o j udge wh j - ch i s t he dominan t spec ies . pucussg r ra tus . Chondrus , Fu rce l l a r i a , and Chorda a re the ma jo ip lan ts . Lamina r ia i s f ound j -n some p laces . np ipny tes a reabundan t .

35 -

The compos i ton o f t he seaweed be l t rema ins s im i l a r :thr :oughout , except for one area where a zone c lominated bysma l l r ed and b rown spec ies was found be l .ond the l . owerl - im i t o f t he coa rse a1qae .

Raqoed Polnt to Hgrbourv j -ew l lRuns 1967-94, 95 )

The subs t ra te i s pebb les , cobb les , and bou lde rs .Be l t s o f sand appear and i nc rease no r thwards .

t ha tneardep tha l gae

The to ta l cove r j . s j - nc reased ccnsJc ie rab l y f romof Emers ion Po ln t -L i t t l e i ud ique . T t app roaches 90%the shore l ine and may be as mrrch as 8O' / " even at a

o f 30 f t . When a s r r i t ab le subs t ra te i s p r : esen t t hecon t i n ' . ; e , v l i t h dec reas i ng dens i t ) ' , t o 40 f t . o r more .

Pu rce l l a r i a i sth rouohou t t he seaweedPhy l l 6pho t . ( I a rge l y P .

t he dom inan t p l an t ( 80 -901 / " : o f t o t a l )be l t . Fucus se r ra tus . Chond rus . and

oroqr aFare as s oc :.rr eilffiffir .T h e F t r r c e l l a r r a s r r p p o r t s a ve ry heavy cove r o f ep iphy tes .

I {a rbou rv iew to Po r t Hood Breakwa te r (R .uns L967-96 to 98 )

l l

l l

I

It;IJ

The numberto dec rease . No r thsa;r . i lv i l -h occasional

o f p e b b l e s a n d l a r c r e ro f Por t Hocd lv l ines the

s c a t t e r e d s t o n e s .

rocks con tbo L l -om is

i-nue.-:sm a i n ' l r r

There i s a l i gh t cove r ( 1seaweeds i nc lud ing qu_cus se r ra tus ,Lar . inar ia , anc i u f ia l -

-

Ca r re_L i . nzee (Runs 1967 -99 . l 96B-2 . 3 )

-2O% t : t a l cover )Fu rce l

o fQhory!5us , l a r : - a ,

r d D a r e a o f s h a l l o w w a t e ro f P o r t H o o d I s l a n d . T h e

t h a n 3 0 f t . T o t h e n o r t hs t e e p l y a n d C e e p w a t e r i s

Son th o f Cape L inzeeex tends to the no r the rn sho remax imum dep th i s l i t t l e mo resea bed beg ins t o s l ope ve ryc l cse i - nsho re .

thefound

3 t !

The subs t ra te on bo th s i des o f t he Cape cons i s t so f pebb les , cohb les , and bou lde rs v rh i ch g i ve way o f f sho r :eto muddy sand . An a rea o f rock l edge ex tends app rox ima te l y100 yds . f rom the t i p o f t he Cape , g i . v i ng way to pebh l .es andcobb les a t a dep th o f 30 f t .

To ta l cove r o f a lgae i s 100% on l edges and bou lde rs i nsha l l ow wa te r . f t dec rea .ses con t i nuo r . r s l y o f f sho r :e w i thdec rease o f ava i l ab le subs t ra te , un t i l a t 50 f t . t he bo t t omcons is t s en t i r : e l y o f sand and the a lgae d i . sappear .

Fucus se r ra tus p redomina tes i n sha l l ow r ^ ra te r andthen becomes m i -xec l w i th F r : r ce l l a r i a and Chondrus . The Fuc r rscec r eas es with depth and-Tffi-TFhas ar-'m-frffifrs appearfrv ;h i . 1e F r : ree l - l a r i a becomes dominan t . The Chon i l rus a l sodecli-n@ b'odiaei appears-Eifr ' f f i reases i-ndensity. samffiTiEFtff iTff i-o"ptr, of 30 ft. on ledgesshowed a Fu rce l ra r i a Phv l l ophora assoc ia t i on domina tedby t he f o rmer . A p l o t o f one sq . yd . was cu t he re and t hefoL low ing we igh t s ob ta i ned : -

bpecr -es- D r a i n e d w e t w e i q h t ( q m s . )

Furce l I a r i a

P h v l l o n h o r a*va r ious ep iphy tes

f a s t i - q i a t a

b r o d i a e i

( 5 0?/" approx .( 3 5:1, approx.( 1 .5% app rox .

I 850

I 345

445

\

)

r o ta l 3640 ( 100%)

Be low th i s l eve l t he re i s l i t t l e f r . : r t he r change ,excep t f o r t he g radua l r ed r - r c t i on o f t o ta l cove r , un t i l - t hea lgae c l i sappea r a t 50 f t .

- La r l i na r i a spp . . ( i nc l ud ing L . d i c r i t a t a )occu r

sp .a rse l y and some Po lys iphon ia u rceo la -LJ i s f o r rnd on rocksl " n c e e p e r w a t e l : "

37

Epiphytes are abundant and there are many speci -essome of which are not found e lsewhere in George Bay. Thisis probably an ind icat ion of the change to more exposedcond i t i ons . The fo l l ow inq were reco rded : -

Ectocarpus confervo ides

Desmotr ichum bal t icum

Di-c tvos iphon

CvstocLonium

Ant i thamnion

foen icu laceus

purpureum

borea le

Cerami-um e f e g a n s&

Pt i l o t a se r ra ta

P o l y s i p h o n i a n i q r e s c e n s

P . u r c e o l a t a

Rhodomela confervo ides

Po r t Hood I s l and (Runs 1967 -100 t o 104 1968 -1 )

The water betweenea : ; t e rn coas t o f Po r t Hooddep th o f 32 f t . The bo t tomwere recorded except those

t h e C a p e B r e t o n m a i n l a n d a n d t h eI s l a n d i s s h a l l o w w i t h a m a x i n u m

i s s a n d y a n d n o a l g a l h a b i t a t sf o u n d n e a r t h e m a i n l a n d .

Sandy cond i t i ons con t j -nue a long the sou the rn sho reo f t he i - s l and a l t hough a f ew p lan t s i nc l ud ing , Fucus ,Furcel lar ia , Chorda , and Phvl lopho_ra occur on pe-nFlesembedded in the sand .

Around the western and nor thern shores thesubs t ra te changes to pebb les and bou lde rs . The re a re a fewledges o f f Po in t Ve r t i ca l . The t o ta l cove r o f a l gae i s75 -L0O% c lose i nsho re , dec reas ing i - n deepe r wa te r . A tdep ths t o 25 f t . , t he cove r cons i s t s ma in l y o f Fucu lse r ra tus , Chondrus , and Desmares t i a t oge the r w i th someffiriffiTE-Torda aitZ?Gffia I ty phvl lophora .

mff iE? 'smalrb r o w n a n d g r e e n a l g a e a r e d o m i n a n t . T h e s e e x t e n d t o a d e p t ho f 5 0 f t . w h e r e v e r a s u i t a b l e s u b s t r a t e i s a v a i l a b l e .

3B

The e f fec t o f t he t ype o f subs t ra te on the dens i t yo f a l ga l popu la t i ons i s c l ea r l y d i sp layed a t Po in t Ve r t i ca l .The bed rock he re cons l s t s ma in l y o f red and g rey sha lescon ta in ing l imes tone beds fou r t o s i x f ee t t h i ck . Bo thtypes of rock outcrop in shal low water to form ledges sur-rounded by pebb les and cobb les . The to ta l cove r o f seaweedson the l imes tone l edges app roaches 100%. On the pebb lebo t tom, however , i t i s app rox i -ma te l y on l y 10 -15%. Ad jacen tsh ; l l e l edges a re more o r l ess ba re w i th no coa rse a lgae .There a re pa tches o f L i t ho thamn ion and o the r enc rus t i ngspec ies ,bu t t hesea r f f i a r ypopu1a t i onswh i cha reremoved as the sha le su r face becomes e roded and even tua l l vf l akes o f f .

H e n r y I s l a n d ( R u n s 1 9 6 7 - 1 0 5 t o 1 0 8 )

T h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e e a s t e r n a n dw e s t e r n s i d e s o f t h i s s m a l l i s l a n d e x h i b i t a s t r o n g c o n t r a s t .T h e e a s t e r n s i d e i s s h e l t e r e d a n d t h e w a t e r i s s h a l l o w ,c o n d i t i o n s t y p i c a l o f G e o r g e B a y a s a w h o l e . T h e w e s t e r ns i d e i s m u c h m o r e e x p o s e d t o w a v e a c t i o n a n d t h e s e a b e ds l o p e s a w a y v e r y s t e e p l y f r o m t h e s h o r e l i n e g i v i n g d e e pw a t e r c l o s e t o l a n d . W a t e r 2 0 f t . d e e p i s f o u n d i m m e d i a t e l ya d j a c e n t t o t h e s h o r e l i n e i n s o m e p l a c e s a n d a d e p t h o f 7 5 f t .m a y b e r e a c h e d a t a d j - s t a n c e o f o n l y 1 5 0 y d s . o f f s h o r e .T h e s e c o n d j - t i o n s p r o b a b l y r e s e m b l e t h o s e o f t h e c o a s t o fC a p e B r e t o n I s l a n d n o r b h o f C a p e L i n z e e m u c h m o r e t h a n t h o s eo f . e n y a r e a w i t h i n G e o r g e l l a y i t s e l f .

Occas l cna l l ybe tween these two zones .

a na r row be l t o f Lamina r ia occu rs

a r e s p a r s e o f f t h e e a s t e r n s i d e . O c c a s i o n a l -se r ra tus ,

t tached toF u r c e l l a r i a , a n d P h y l l o p h o r ap e b b l e s a n d l a r g e r r o c k s b u t

d o m i n a n t o v e r l a r o e a r e a s .

A l g a ep lan ts o f Fuc t rsw e r e r e c o r d e d as e a - u r c h i n s a r e

f n con t ras t t hei s l uxu r ian t . The to ta la much g rea te r dep th tha r rj -n George Bay. Cover is

v e g e t a t i o n o f f t h e w e s t e r n s h o r ec o v e r i s v e r y h i g h a n d r e m a j . n s s o t o

t h e l o w e r l i m i t o f a l g a e e l s e w h e r ef 0 0 % i n s h a l l o w w a t e r a n d d e c r e a s e s

39

on l y s l i gh t l y ( t o 75 -90%) i n dep ths as g rea t as 80 f t . Asdives were not made beyond th j -s < lepth the lower l imi t o fa l sae was no t es tab l i shed .

The vegeta t i -on aLso is d i . f fe ren t f rom tha t o fthe res t o f George Bay. Large and hea l thy r ,sp inar ia a rethe most conspi-c ious prants 5t a lL depths-I6--SFTAFI 80 f t .Benea th the Laminar ia i s a ' t u r f I o f Chondrus . Furce l la r la -Desmarest i r r f i f f ier a lgae, togeth

'

wrr:e-l"n eEdence in shall-ow wate::. pr,yt topho?Ei-Frffiff ip resent , was no t recorded.

Ep iphy tes a re abundan t a t a l l dep ths .

2.3 HARVESTTNG TN GEORGE BAY

2 .3 I Use fu l S r rec i es

c r i spus i s a t p resen t t he on l y seaweedcommerc ia l l l z i n George Bay . Fu rce l l a r i abuc che popuiac ions are excref f i -

f ew sma l l a reas .

Chondrusspec ies ha rves tedf i s t i q ia ta occu rs

- #

an. l I i m i ted t :o a

2 .32 H i s to r y

The f i r s t ha rves ts o f Chondrus taken i _n Nova Sco t i alvere fr:om this area. For sever: i l lEiF before 1940 a fewrnen i n the v l c in l t y o f Hav re Boucher co l l ec ted , b leachedand expo : : t ed app rox ima te l y l 0 rO00 l bs . (O ry we igh t ) ann r ra l l y ,(MacFa . r l ane 1956 ) .

I n 1 9 4 3 a n A m e r i c a n f i r m b e g a n r : o b r r y f r i s h M o s sf r o m A n t - i g o n i s h C o r : n t y , m o s t o f t h e s u p p l y c o m i n q U r o mG e o r g e B a y . T h e g r e a L e ' s t d e m a n d a t t h a t t i m e w a s f o rb l e a c h e d r n i o s s ' f o r w h i c h t h e p r i c e p a r d w a s a b o u t t w e n t yc e n h s p e r p o r . r n d . t b o u t 1 . 9 5 0 s e a r , r e e d c o m p a n i e s b e g a n t o u s eu n b l e a c h e d ( ' b l a c k ' ) m o s s a n C a c c e p t e c i o n l y s m a l 1 q u a n t i t i e so f L h e b l e a c h e d s e a w e e d . T h e p r i c e p a i d f o r b l a c k m o s s w a sn n r c h l o w e r L h a n f o r b l e a c h e c l a n d f i r a n y l o c a l s u p p l i e r s , f e e l i n g

ffiT

f r l ,

r lIlIIII 4o

t ha t tmoss ing t was no l onge r p ro f i t ab le , l os t : - n te res t andthe ha rves t dec l i ned . The re was a fu r the r : c i ec l i ne i nGeorge Bay du r i . ng the cons t ruc t i on o f t he Canso Causewayas many men were a t t rac ted to the emp loymen t o f fe red bytha t p ro j ec t .

A few ha rves te rs re tu rned to the i ndus t r y a f te rthe comp le t i on o f t he ca l r seway i n 1955 . Ry tha t t ime ,however , t he quan t i t i es o f ep iphy tes and espec ia l l y o fT ra i l l i e l l a g row i .ng on the Chondrus i n t ha t r : eq ion hadff im'e-Aff ie dense ancl the ff ial quali ty i , . .=eqrre,ntlypoo r . As a resu l t t he company s topped buy ing i n t l i i s a reaa f t e r 1957 .

Purchasesa re g i ven i n Tab le

?rrr

C .t h i s company f rom An t iq r - -n j sh Cor . rn t y

A second company began t o pu rchase 'moss ' f r omth i s a rea i n 1962 . The annua l ha rves t was g radua l l yl nc reased to a max imum in 1965 . Dur ing th i s pe r lod theq r ra l i t l ' 31uo lmproved , pe rhaps because rak ing repea tedannua l l y reduced the number o f ep iphy tes " I n 1966 the ha rves to f Chondr r r s was l ow because o f l ack o f supe rv i s i -on bv the-:company buyer and large qrrant i t j -es of PhI ] lopho€e,r r n a c c e p t a b l e t c t h e t r a d e , w e r e b r o u g h t i n . I n L 9 6 7 t h e r e

rl

w a s a n e x c e l l e n t c 1 a m h a r : v e s t a n d m a n y m e n i , J e r e a t t r a c t e dt o t h e m o r e r e m u n e r a t i v e e m p 1 o 1 , ' m s p f c f f e r e d b y c l a ms h t t c k i n g . C o r : s e q u e n t l y t h e C h o n d r u s h a r v e s t w a s a q a i ns m a l l . - h e h a r v e s t i n l r e a s e f f i f f i e r a b l v i n 1 9 6 8 :

2 .33 Fu tu re P rospec t s

In Georgethe sou the rn sho reHavre Rotrcher . ACape Bre ton Shore

B a y , C h o n d r u s i s h a r v e s t e d o n l y f r o mi n t h e a r e a b e t w e e n P o m o u e t a n d

v e r y s m a l - l a m o u n t w a s o b t a i n e d f r o m t h ei n 1 9 6 7 , b u t n o n e i n 1 9 6 8 .

4 l

TABLE C

Purchases by an Amer ican company f rom Ant igonish CountyL943-57

( l bs . d r y we igh t )

YEAR BLEACHEDM O S S ( L B S . )

BLACKM O S S ( L B S . )

TOTAL( lns . )

I 943

1944

194 5

t946

r 948

1949

1950

1951

I 952

r95319 54

1955

19 56

195 7

L r48450 , 261

5L r2745 r801

30 ,456

52 r57926 r62715 ,595

300

158

q ra3s30 r158

4 r5482 r33?r r2452 , 4943 r107

6 , 432r r 52B

L r7B450 ,261

5 r r 4325 rB0 I

30 ,456

67 ,OL4

56 , 795

20 r r432 r7O3L 12452 r484

3 r107

6 r582I , 528

TABLE D

Pu,rchases by the 'second Companyf f rom George Bay

Year

I 962 -68

App rox . I and inqs ( I bs . d r v we iqh t )

5 r0001 7 , 00040 , 00052 ,000

4 r7OA7 ,000

165 ,0Oo

1962196 3L964I 9651 966l-957I 968

7',

The beds a long the sou the rn sho re a re i so la tedf rom each o the r and o f sma l l d imens ions . They co t l l dp robab ly ma in ta in an annua l p roduc t i on i n t he reg ion o f25 ,000 l bs . d r y we igh t bu t i t appea rs l i ke l y t ha ti n tens i ve rak ing , and i nc reased sed imen ta t i on resu l t i ng f romthe p resence o f t he causeway , w i l l r esu l t i n a dec l i nein t he nea r f u tu re . A con t ro l l ed ha rves t o f 251000 l bs .o r s l i gh t l y more cou ld p robab ly be ma in ta j -ned fo r manyyears and cou ld i -mprove the rqua l i t y ' o f t he p lan ts byremov ing ep iph l r t es and s t imu la t i ng g rowth . Repea tedexcess i ve ha rves t i ng w i l l even tua l l y des t roy bhe beds .

S E C T I O N 3 . C A R I B O U A R E A 1 9 6 8

The a rea compr i sed Doc to r f s l and and the pen lnsu lao f Be l l ow ts , Ca r i bou , and Gu I l ' l s l ands ' . (See map ) .This area was surveyed in deta i l in L964 and re-examinedin 1965 and 1966 (MacFa r l ane 1965 , 1966 , L967 ) . On t hepresent occasj -on the a ims of the survey were: -

t " To de te rm ine t he p resen t ( 1968 ) l oca t i onand extenb of beds of Chondrus and FurcelLar ia .

To determj-ne changes which have taken p laces ince those ea r l i e r su rveys and as fa r asposs ib le to re la te the changes to the e f fec tso f rak ing .

To de f i ne a reas where rak ing cou l -d dep le tebeds wh ich a re a oo ten t i a l sou rce o fF r r r ce l l a r i a .

4 . To de te rm ine t he dens i t y and cond ih i on o ft he p l an t s i n 1968 , t he s j . ze o f p l an t s , t hequant i - ty and type of ep iphytes and to obta j -no the r re levan t i n fo rma t ion .

Poor wea the r cond i t i ons se r lo t r s l y red r : ced theava i l ab le t ime t o two days . I n t h i s t jme , I i t t l e mo re t hana b r i e f su rvey cou ld be made , bu t some use fu l da ta wereobta ined by concentrat ing on a. reas where ra.k ing was in progress.

l .

43

3 ,1 Genera l gesc r ip t i on o f t he A rea

In 1968 I r i sh moss was ha rves ted f r cm the no r ths ide o f Doc to r and Gu l l I s l ands , and i n sma l l e r amoun tsf rom the no r th s ide o f Car ibou I s land eas t o f Ba rebankPo in t .

The a lgae show a marked ve r t j - ca l zona t j -on i n t heca r ibo r - r a . r€ ra . A t t he upper l im i t i s a spa rse popu la t i on o fFucus ves i c r r l osus and Ascoph i r l l um nod< . rsum. rep laceC inshaLl -ow water hy Chondr t rs and Furcel lar ia rnrh ich are ths h a l l o w w a t e r l : v ' wh ich a re the mos tow water hy Chondrtrs and Furcabuncant speci e- ffi@ttr or-ftTfffi trre limitdepend ing on the a rea . chondrus i s t he d r - rm inan t spec ieseast o f Barebank Point wETTf f ice l rar ia tends to te *oreimpor tant to the west . Fr :cus- f f i iE i iFTs usual l .v presentbr:t forms only an insignT?TEnE-!fr!?Fhion of th; popr-r lat ion.

The seaweed bedspar t o f t he coas t bu t a reo the r by a reas o f musse ls( St ronqyloceryFrotus ) .

The re l s f reouen t l v amu.ssels and sea-urchi r is a t t f reFu rce l l a r i a beds .

a re no t con t i n r :ous a long th i si so l a ted l a te ra l l y f r om each( t ' , ty t i lus ) anc l . /or iea-r r rch i ns

Be low 12 f t . t he dens i t y o f Chondrus andFurcel lar ia d lmi-n ishes rapid ly .

-ChorEa f f i ' ancJ

Desmares t i a ac r r l ea ta a re the mos t consp ic ious spec ies bu t-a va r i e t y o f smar l e r a l gae a re a l so f ound . A lgae he re reacha dep th o f 30 f t .

narrow barren zone wi thlower l im i t o f t he Chondrus

The ccve r o f ep iphy tes , a l t hough o fg rea te r dens i t y i - n deeper wa te r , i s us r :a l1yo f Chondrus and Fu rce l l a r i _a . A t a l l l eve l sr , - . r -n y d r o l d s a n d m e m b r a n o p t e r - j d b r y o z o a a r e m o r et h o e p : l p h y t i 6 a l g a e w h i c h a r e c o m p a r a t i v e l y

somewhatl i gh t j . n bedsse r t r r l a r l an

abundant thanra re .

41

T h e n o s { : c o m m o n e o i p h y t i c a l g a l s p e - r c i e s a n d t } r e j rh o s t l r l a n t s ( w h e r e t h e s e w e r e r e c o r c - l e d ) a r o g - i v e n i nT a h i e I l " S p e c i e s n r a r k e d ( { - ) w e r e c o l l e c t e c l i n 1 9 5 5 .o t h e r . r e c o r d s a r e f r o m t h e n r e s e n t s u l : v € r J - ,

TABLE R

E n i o h v t i - c A l o a e C o l l e c t e d f r o m t h e C a r l h o r r L : : e a' - ' I . r f - '

HOS'I PI ,A}JT

.P IPHYTA

E c t o c a : : n r : s c o n f e r v o i d e s

F t r l o q n r r z ^ - - f - d F - 6

S p h a e r o t r : j c h i a c l i v a r i - c a t a

. 1F . r \ , , 1 . h F r 1 n / i l f ' l q a J l q a - 1 n o r 2 +

G o n i o f r : i c h u m a l s : - d i l

An t i tha lnn ion . bore 'a l , e

e r - ' r , lm i t r r r r , ' .1 o r r a f lS

(: . rr rb r -i. f o-rlre

C . r u b r r t m

Tra i l l i e l l a i n t r i ca ta

P o l y s i p h o n i a e l o n g a t a t

n ' l a f r r : q a - 6 n <

- - 1 ! ! t l l l

45

3 .2 Chondrus c r l spus-

Chondrus is the dominantoF f Gu l l I s l and and Doc to r I s1andabundance of f tsarebank Point andto condj . t ions in George Bay themaximum development in the bays

The Chondrus bedsw i t h cccas i - ona l bou lCe rs .the a rea b r r t none o f t hesethe s ta t i ons examined .

Chondrus beds here shornrand are great ly reduced

or even absen t o f f head lan< is . A s led run o f f Ba re i rankPc in t (1968-31 . ) revea led a 7O% cove r o f musse ls andsea-u rch ins . A lgae were absen t . O f f Gu l l f s l and(1968-28 ) t he re was a spa rse cove r o f f i l amen to r , r s r : cd andbrown a lq rae bu t no l a rge r seaweeds .

p lan t o f sha l l ow wa te . rb t r t dec reases i n

to t he wes t . I n con t ras t

a re on a s r rbs t ra te o f pehb l csPa tches o f l edge r : cck occ r t r i nsuppor ted beds c f Chondrus a t

O f f Gu l l - and Doc to r Ts lands the beds va ry i n w ic l t hbe tween 50 and 75 ycs . and reach a dep th o f r0 f t . To ta lcover runs as h igh as 90% but in some areas j -s considerablyreduced b : , r pa tches o f sand . chondrus con t r i b r r tes 90%of the to ta l seaweed popu la t i@s se r ra tus 5%, w i thfhe remaining 5% consi.st ing of ruff iaF-f iE otherspec i es .

The cove r d im in l shes rap id l y be low l0 f t .becoming reduced to as l i t t r e as l -% a t a dep th o f 15 f t .The re ra t i ve p ropo r t i ons o f t he maJor spec ies a re s im i l a rto those i n sha l l ower wa te r .

One or two o ther spec ies are found j -n the beds .I t]v t j,gph-g{d, brosl i a e i and .Sphasro t q i glr ia d ivar ic atgcccas iona l l y occr l r on pebb le-s

2 e s r n q r g s t i P + c q l e a t ? . ? n d R h o d v m e n j - a p a l m a t a a r e s o m e t i m e sJrO ' - i l ' tO . l -n shaded pos l - t j ons arounc the s ides and bases o fl a r q e r h o r r l d e r s .

wes t o f Ba rebank po ln t t he p ropo r t i on o f chondrus}? . t h9k redsgene ro .11ydec reases t c l 20 -4o%tho r l gh j f f i sh ig i r i n some res t r i c ted a reas .

46 -

The cove r o f ep iphy tes i s r r s r . ra l l \ r l i g . r t onChond r r r s i n sha l l ow wa te r . A l i s t o f a l oae f ound o row inqr r la l -h i . ' : n l rn* * i s g i v e n i n t h e p r e c e C J - n g s e c t j o n . t { r r d r o i d sa n d b r v o z o a w e r e a l s o : : e c o r d e d .

3 .3 F r r r c * : l 1a r i a f as t i - o i a ta

F : r ce l _ l a r i a wassha l l ow wa te : : c f f Gu l ) .eylSa rebank Po in t .

f ound to be the dominan t p l . an t i nHead and a sho r t d i s tance wes t o f

A t R a r e b a c k P o i n t t h e b e d s2 0 0 y d s . i n w i d ' L h . T h e t o t a l c o v e r9 5 ' / o . F u r C e l l a r i a C o n t r i - b u 1 - o . r r n f ni l ;-r,*ff io-;";;; ; ; ' ; ; ; i ; t .

are app rox ima te l yva r ies beLween 30% and95% o f t he t o ta l cove r .

and t hen end ab rup t l v .

T h e b e d s a t G u l l e y H e a d a r e l e s s t h a n 5 0 y d s . w i d ea n c . l r e a c h a m a x i m u l n d e p t h o f L 2 f t . w h e r e a g a j n i : h n y e n da b r ' : p t l y . T h e t o t a l c o v e r i s B O - 9 0 % b r r t t h e p r o p o r l : i o n o fF ' t r r - , ' - p l l a r i a ( a v e . r a g e 5 5 - 6 0 ? 1 , ) i S l e s S t h a n a t l l a r e b a n k F c - . r n t .

F u c r r s s e r r a t r r s i s g e n e r a l l y s p a l : s e a n C o f t e ne n t i r e l y a b s e n t . O c c a s i o n a l p l a n t s c . f P h . T l l o p h o r a b : ' o d i a e ia n d C o r a l l i n a o f f l c i n a l i s u r " . b r e c o r c l e d ; -

F r : r c e l l a r i a q r o w i n c r i n s h a l l c v ; w a t e rl : ree t ro ;Tr epapn ' r '1_-es ,

r o l a f - i r r r r l I '' - - ' - * I

Furc le l " la r ie i p : :obab ly cont in ' )es to be ' the dr - 'm j_nantp l - a n t i n t h e a r e a h e t w e e n G u l l e y H e a r _ l a n d B a r ' e h a i i k p c j - n t .T h i s c o n c l r , i s i o n i s s u p p o r t e d a l s o b y t h e d a t a o b t a i n e l i nt h e e a r l i e r : S u r v e l , / S . C h o n d r u s i S n o t h a r v e s t e d : f r r ) m t h i sarea at the presei,- t i f i i l -TT-is recomnencJed tha.t r"akingb e p r o h . i b i . t e d o n t h e n o r b h s i d e o f i 3 e l l o w t s T s l a n d a n d t h en o r t h s i d e o f C a r i b o u r s r a n d w e s t o f R a r e b a n k p o i n t i . f t h ep o t e n t i - a l s r : p p l i e s o f F u r c e l l a r i a a r e t o b e c o n s e r v e c j .

ti

47

3 .4 , O the r Popu la t i ons

Beds o f a lgae w i th an ave rage w id thextend f rom the lower l imi t o f the Chondrusbeds to a cepth c f approx imate ly 3O. . . .F

o f 200 -300 yds .F r : r ce l l a r i a

The tota l cover is r - rsua1-1y low but f requent lyi nc reases to a max imum in the m idd le o f t he zone where i tsomet j "mes reaehes 8076. Else lvhere i . t rnay i :e as low as 1 ' ; ( .C i rond r r r s , Fu rce l l a r i a , and Pucus se r ra tus occ l l r he re anc lthe re bu t a re no t t yp i - ca l o f t h j - s l ower zone . Chorda f i l umand Desmarestia gg1gg.1g_ are consplci or:s l :ecatrs6-ff ih' f fl a rge s i ze , b r : t , c the r spec ies a re a l so p resen t and someare o f ten ab r :ndan t . The fo l l o r . r i ng a lgae , exc l r : s i ve o i :ep lphy tes , we re reco rded : -

Ec toca rpus sp .

Chae top te r i s p lumosa

Eudesme zos te rae

Desmares t i a v i r i d i . s

Lamina r ia sp .

Sc ina i -a fu rce l l . a ta

Phy l l ophora i n te r rup ta

PoIvs3Jchonj a n iqrescens

3 . e l onsa ta ( co l l ec ted 1965 )

Rhodome la con fe rvo i -des ( co l l ec ted f965 )

Sc ina i .a fu rce l l a ta had no t p rev ions l v bee rn reco rdedfrcm tlor, ' f f iouncl to L,e abundait offca : : i bo r : r s l and (Run 1968-32 ) i n . ## so ycs . w ic ie anc i a tdep ths be tween 10 -20 f t . The p lan ts were common (abo r : t1? ( o f t o ta l cove r ) on a subs t ra te o f pebb les and wereassoc ia ted r v i t h Eudespe , Ha lop te r : i s , and po l vs i phon iq .

Dr i f t Moss

Qr - ran t i t i esloose by rak r : s andma] , b re t ransPor ted

4B

of Chondrus and- - - ' i - - , .

r o m a f n o r a l - t l _ n gg r e a t d i s t a n c e s

o t h e r s e a ' . v e e c l s a r e t o r nnear . l : he l - r . r t tom " Th errby v ra te r mcr rernents .

t c o t h e r s w h i c h h a v e ' t r e e n

a r e o f t e n , J e p o s i t e , Jw i n c i s , T h c v t e n d t oa s : t c a t c h C c l , " e S I .

These p l an t s , i n add i t i on'Lo. r :n of f b) , s to : :ms and mo.r ing 1ce,a l o n o f l r r ' r . . r A q F h w s f r o n n o n s h o r ea c c u m r r l - a L e i n c e r t a i n c o v € r s k n o w n

- A . f t e r : s e v c r a l C a y s o f g a l e f o r c e w i n d s i n A r r g r r s ' t : 1 9 6 8 ,t h e n o r t h e r n s h o r e s o f R e l l o v , r r s a n d C a r i , b o r r T s . l . a r r d s w e l : ( .c x a m i n e c l f o r s t t c h a c c u m u l . : " t i o n s c F t d r i f I r n o s s ' .

T h e c o r r e i m m e d i a t e l y w e s t o f G u l . l e v H c a d i s a g o o dc a t c h c c - , r . / € . O n A u g r ; 5 t 2 2 , a b a n k o f d r i f t w e e r l 2 0 f t . w i d ea n d u p t c , ? - f t . d e r ' p h a d b e e n c a s t a s h o r r - ' a l o n g t h e w h o l c :I c n g t h c ; f t h i s c o v e . I t c o n t a i n e d a l a r g e p r o p o r f i c , n o fC h , : n d r u s I n i x e r r l r ^ r i f h t r ' r r r - r r q t r ' r r r , - o l l : r i : 5 n d s { ) m e L a m i n a r i a ,' ' ' j - : : t : t

- .P h v l l o p h o r a , a n d o t h e r s p e c i e s . T h e t o t a l w e i g h t o fs e a w e e d l . r a s v e r y q r e a t a n d t h e c a s t r e p r e s e n t i : . d a n e n o r m o l l sw a s t a g e . S m a l l e r q u a n t i t ' i e s w e r e f o r r n d i n s r l v e r " a l o t h e r :p l a c e s t o t h e e a s t .

A r o n s h . o r r , : w i n d o f 1 0 - 1 5 k n . ' " v i l - 1 r - r s r r a l 1 - y C c p o s i tn l o r e o r l . . e s s ; p u r e C h n d r r r s j - n t i ' r i s a r e a . I h r n a v h e c o l l - e c i - e c lfo r : sa le v rh i le f re .ET i l -6T i - th is occas ion the v r jnc i speoc l o ft h a n r o r r i o t t s n i n h { - h r r - l l - r a n 1 1 m r r r - h r r r r r a J - p r t h a f f I 5 k n .

3 .6 Conc l r . r s i . ons

l 4 o s t c o m m r r r c i a l l y a v a i l a b l e b e d sFurce l l a r i aand cobb les .damage f rom

in th i s a rea a re found on aTh is t ype o f subs t r :a te i s

excess i ve rak i nq .

o f Chcndr r r s andsr-:bsTff i pebblesv . j r v l i ab le to

+ - e

Irili l i

i il rr it i tl i- 4 C

Furce l l a r i a i s ve rvrne pr anliliFfiffi-ec wicht enuous ho ld fas t t he who le

eas111r des t ro l ' ed b ry rak ing .an ex t reme ly de l i ca te ando f wh ich i s eas i l v t o rn awav .

A l g a 1 p o p r r l a t i o n s m a y b i n d a r e a s o f p e b b l e s . O nr e m c v a l o f t h e a l - g a e , t h e p e b b l e s b e c o m e l o o s e a n d m a y b ew a s h e d o n t o l e d g e s w h i c h c o n s e q u e n t l y b e c o m e m o r e d i f f i c u l tt o r a k e .

Commerc ia l beds o f Chondn :s and Fu rce l l a r i a i . n t h l sarea wil l be qr"r ickl y destrol 'e:fr-f f iaking'ff i .ve.

E f f l nen t d i sposa l f r on r t he K ra f t pu lp m i l l nea rP j , c tou wh ich began ope ra t i ons i n 1966 may a l so have anadve rse e f fec t on the seaweed beds i n th i s a rea .

S E C T I C T ] 4 . P ICTOU ISLAND I 96 7 - r 968

4 . 1 G e n e r a l D e s c r j - g t i o n o f t h e A r e a

P j . c t o u T s l a n d i s a l a r g e i s o l a t e < 1 i s l a n C a p p r o x i _ m a t e l ym i d w a y b e t w e e n N o v a s c o t i a a n d P r i n c e E d w a r d r s l a n d . T t i ss r r b j e c t e c i t o s t r : o n g t i d a l c u r r e n t s ( u p t o 2 . 3 k r r . ) w h i c ha f f e c t h l r e m a r i n e v e c l e t a t i o n .

The cu r ren ts make i . t d i f f i cu l t bo work c lose i nsho rew i th a l a rge boa t . The sho re can be sa fe l y app r :oacher l on l ya t s lack wa te r . Many s led runs had to be mac le wh i l e t het i de was r i r nn ing and o f necess i - t y were begun in c tep ths asg rea t as f 5 o r 20 f t . I n t hese c i r cums tances a l gae i nsha l l ow wa te r nea r t he sho re cou l -d no t be examined .

Seav" 'eed populat ionsthe Car iho r : a rea . The" re a re

show s lm i l a r i t i e s t o t hose o ftwo ma in be l t s o f seaweed ; an

insho" re he l t r , v i . Lh / : hondrus , Fu rce l l a r i a , and Fuc r rs se r ra tus

F-i

I

and be ,yon< l th is aC h o r C a f i l r r m a n d

:V

s e c o n d b e l t r , r i t h s u c h s p e c i o s a sD e s m a r e s t i a a c u l e a t a .

T h e f i - r s t b e l t i s a p p a r e n t J . l r p r e s e n t ( o r w e l l -d e v e l o p e d ) o n l y a l o n g a p a r t r : f b h e n o r b h e r n s i c l e c f t h ci s l a n d . F u c u s s e r r a t u s i s u s u a l l v t h e d o m l n a n t s D e c i e s .--C h o n d r u s i s d o m l n a n t i n s m a l l a r e a s . F r . r r c e l l a r i . a i sAiffi, sparse. The beds reach a oeffinffit.

The second be l t i - s o f ten ve ry w lde and i s domina tec lby b rown a lgae . Chorda occu rs a lmos t eve rywhere l Lamina r iais genera l l lz d is t f f id but is most cornmon on t :he souths ide o f t he i s l and l Desmares t i a i s f ound ch ie f l v on t hesor : th s ide. Smal . l .er -Ef f i i i l - - red a l -gae occur lverywher :e.Fu rce l l - a r :a j - s a l so founC he re i n * smaI1 pa fches bu t i : he rnos tf iE f f iG occu ! :ence oF th i s p lan t i s o f f sea l pc in t wherei t f o rms a re la t i ve l v ex tens i ve k red a t a c l c ' n th o t 40 f t .

At tempts t , : r o t ta in a comme: 'c j_a l harvc .s t r : ' f Chondrusw i t h d r a g - r " a k e s w e r e m a d e o f f P i c l o u T s l a n d a t . t t r e f f i -o f t h e 1 9 6 8 s e a s o n " T h e p l a n t s w e r e f o r r n C t o h e v l s r y s m a l land har r , 'es t i ,nq was abondoned.

5er t r . - r l .ar l an hydro ids andare abundan t ep iphy tes . Ep iph i r tF o l I o r , . r i n o s n r ' g ! g g w e r e c o l l e c L e d

memhrannn1- i : l l . i r v , rzc )a, L c a l - g a e a r e r a r e . T h e

i n 1 9 6 8 : -

v . s i l i c r r l o s u s

O s c j l l a t o r j a s t r .

! l c tocarous conf e rvo lc ies

Gon io t r i chum a l s id i i

Ce ramium spD.

P o l y s i p h o n i a n i o r e s c e n s .*

J

4 . 2 N C R T H S I D E O F P I C T O I J I S L A N D

4 . ? 7 . W e s t P o i n t a n d e a s t w a r d s ( R u n s 1 9 6 7 - 1 1 8 t o 1 2 1 )

T h e s u b s t r a t e i s o f p e b b l e s , c o b b l e s r i ' r o u l d e r s ra n i r a r e l e d g e s .

Algae reach a dep th o f 30 f t . o r more fo rm ing aba rnd app rox ima te l y 600 yds . i n w id th . The Lo ta l cove r i sspa rse ( r r sua l l y 5 -10 t6 ) t h rougho r . r t ; ( t he bo t t om i n sha l l owvr ; rber vJas not exarn ined) . The cover is o f Chorda f i l t rm andsmal1 rerl and brown algae inclucl ing nctoca?Fff i i f f f iosrrs,Cs , ram ium e leqans , and a sn ra1 l f o rm o f Po lns iphon ia n ig rescens .L i t ho thamn ion i s abundan t .

Beds of Wlilgg and @ appear inmany p la .ces br r t nc pa t te rn o f d is t r ibu t ion was ev ic len t .

4 .?? - Sea l Po in t and wes twa rds (Runs I 967 -L2 I t o 1968 -27 )

' I he s r rbs t ra te i s ve ry va r iab le i n t h i s a rea . Sand ,g rave l , pebb les , cobbLes , bo r . r l de rs , and l edges were a l lobse rved .

This i s the on ly a rea where beds o f ChondnrsFrrrcel lar ia, and Pr.rc l rs serratus brere ro.at"of f f i l . is areEfr$7,rTTfr1Gt1' 100-F ffiiEi ana extend to a depth of1 ) . t r | -- L a _ : L .

The cove r l s 80 -90% on rock s r r r f aces hu t t he to ta lcove r i s reduced by pa tches and bands o f sand and q rave l .

Fucus serratus and Chondrus are the most abundant' :eff iaria.-ThoE occasional Laminaria andspecaes . So tn . _

s rnaL l red and b rown a lgae a re a l so found . No pa t te ln o fd i s t r i . h r r t j . on i s ev iden t , p robab ly because o f t he f requen tchanges i n subs t ra te and dep th . The p resence o f f r ee f s f ,

52

o f hou lde rs , f o r examp le , sudden l y dec rease t he dep thby 5 - I 0 f t . Fucus se r ra tus i s us r ra l l y t he dom inan t spec ies .. ' .- . .--Chondrus was found to be dominan t on l y rn one a rea1trnT9'67-L22) where i t contr ibuted 95?.( o f the cover oF aband 50 yc l s . w ide . Fu rce l l a r i a i s us r : a l l y spa rsc l y, l i s t r i " b r r ted .

A band o f a lgae 500 yds . o r mor :e i n w id th occu rsf rom a dep th o f 12 to ove r 25 f t . To ta l cove r - i s ve ryva r j abLe . T t may } :e ve ry spa rse ( 1 -5%) o r as much as 100? i .Bands o f My t i l uP_ and @ a re found he re anc lthe re . Tn one a rea l { y t i l us was fo r :nd to cove r 95 iL c> f t hebo t t om.

C h o r d a a n d D e s m a r e s t i aa l g a e , b u t s m a l l e r . s p e c i e s a r ew e r e r e c o r d e d : -

are the mos t consp i . c r rousalso ahrr :ndant "

' Ihe Fol lowincr

I i c L o c a r p u s d r a p a r n a l d i - o d e s- -E u d e s m e z o s t e r a e

Sr :hae ro t r i ch i a d i . va r i ca ta

Aqa rdh ie l l a t ene ra

Celamj-rljn e}.eq+ns.

Po lvs- iphonr a r r iqresc ens

Furce l - l a r i a i s so rne t imc , r s found i n the deeper pa r t sof the bf f iGf-3eal" Point t t r is speci es occ l l . rs be low theo the r bands o f a l - gae i n a be l t 100 -L50 f t . w i c l e a t a dep th< : f 40 f t . To ta1 cove r i s 80 -90% mos t o f wh i ch i s Fu rce l l a r i aThere is a smal1 propor t ion of Phyl lophor :a bro<l jaef i I -Bf f i -species are heavj . lv Lncrustec l wTTf i -Tf f i andi o ids"

SOTITH ,9IDE OF PTCTOU ISLAND

l t rea r Wes t Po in t t he subs t ra te j . s o f l ec iges w l thpa tches o f sand i n the ho l - l ows . The l edges g i . ve way o : I f sho reto pebb les , g rave l r and f i na l l v t o sand . The l edqes d j sappea rto the eas t and f rom he re to Roger Po in t t he s r rbs t r :a te ;cons i s t s o f sca t te red pebb les ove r l yS -ng sand . The pebb lesT h e p e b b l e s

4 .3

53

d i . sappear nea r Roger Po in t l eav ing on l v sanc i f r om th i spo in t t o t he P ic to r r r s land t j gh t where -pebb les t rpa rppear .T ,edges w i th bou lde rs a re found fo r a sho r t d i s tance - so t r tho f Sea l Po in t .

The a rga l popu l .a t i ons a re s i -m i l a r t o t hose desc r i -bedin sec t i on 4 .2L . The F rucus - Cho4drus - Fu rce l l a r i a bandappears to be absent affis \^rEfhTegan Tffi--F watergave no ev ic lence of such a band"

The Chorda - Desmares t i a banC i s p resen trne re : I . s a so l : -d s t rbs t ra te . T t i s ve ry w ide t cex tend lng cn to the p i c t c r r ] l anks and wa i exam- inedo f 30 f t .

whereverthe r ves t

to a dep th

The t o ta l cove r i s us r ra l l y 5 -10% bu t i s some t imesas l i gh as 7o%- The cove r depend i on dep th and thea r ra i l a l : i l i t y o f a su i tab le s r - rbs t ra te e .g . t he max imumcover occ r r r red sou th o f sea l po in t where the s r rbs t ra te i sbou lde rs and l edges . The cove r on redges o f f wes t po in t wasreduced by a reas o f sand to app rox ima te fy S%.

Chorda i s t he c lom inan t p lan t t n mos t a reas ,contr ibuEfr ' f - i ip to 90% of the to tat cover . Laminar ia ismore a l :undant here than of f the Nor th s ide, f f ig amax i -mum dens i t y (60% o f t o ta l cove r ) o f f t he p i c to r r r sLandr igh t . -Desmares t i a acu lea ta i s a l so abundan t . sma lLe rr€ ' c . l anc b rcwn a l_gae , p rcbabry the same spec jes as l i s tedabo ' ' r e , a re a ma jo r cons t i t uen t o f t he a rga r popu la t i on .

CO}JCLUSTONS

There a re no p rospec ts fo r ex tens i ve c .mmerc ia lha rves t i ng o f e i t he r C lcnd rus o r Fu rce l l a r i a o f f p i c tours land . Beds con ta in f f i e sp r i ; ; ; " r im i tec lt o a po r t i on o f t he no r th s i c le o i t he i s l and and a re ma in l ydomina ted ! : y pucus se : : ra tus . A reas domina ted ny c t "no ruu "are f ew and oilii'i6d-Tffint.

nt t

i1,'4. l

54

In sha l l ow wa te r , Fu rce l l a r i -a i - s a m j -no ro f t he beds . The bed found i n deeper wa te r maycons ide rab le ex ten t . The Fu rce l l a r i a f o rms morepure stands there but the ! ' iEiEff ial-1 heavilyb)r br l r6zoa.

cons t i t uen tbe of

o r l essenc rus ted

r.

tf.lrth,

$i i '

R E F E R E N C E S

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MACFARLAI IE , c . r . ( 1967 ) sub r i t t o ra l seaweed i nves t i ga t i on ,Nor thumber land S t ra i t , 1966 . A p rog ress repo r i : . i . t . S . R .F . ,H a t I f a x .

MCLELLAh I , H . J . ( 1954 ) . wa te r : cond iL - i . ons i n t he s t r a i t o f cansobe fo re c l os l ng . P rog . Rep . A t l . Coas t S tns . , No . 59 ,F - i sh . Res . Bd .

MURRAY, B .C . ( 1960 ) .o f Nova Sco t i a .

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SAGE, N .M . ( 1954 ) . The S t ra t i g raphy o f t he W indso r g roup i n t heAnt i -gonish quadrangle and the Mahone Ray St , I ' ia rgareb Baya rea , Nova Sco t i a . N .S . Dep t . o f M ines . Mem. l Jo . 3 .