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Styles of fishways - Federal Energy Regulatory Commission entire fishway flow passes through two 18” x 24 ... calculation of orifice flow ... Styles of fishways

May 17, 2018

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Page 1: Styles of fishways - Federal Energy Regulatory Commission entire fishway flow passes through two 18” x 24 ... calculation of orifice flow ... Styles of fishways

*

* Pressure represents energy when a 

pressure difference

is available.

*

4

Page 2: Styles of fishways - Federal Energy Regulatory Commission entire fishway flow passes through two 18” x 24 ... calculation of orifice flow ... Styles of fishways

Potential  Energy

Datum

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Potential  Energy

Datum

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Pressure Energy

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Pressure Energy

Page 6: Styles of fishways - Federal Energy Regulatory Commission entire fishway flow passes through two 18” x 24 ... calculation of orifice flow ... Styles of fishways

Kinetic  Energy

Page 7: Styles of fishways - Federal Energy Regulatory Commission entire fishway flow passes through two 18” x 24 ... calculation of orifice flow ... Styles of fishways

Kinetic Energy

Page 8: Styles of fishways - Federal Energy Regulatory Commission entire fishway flow passes through two 18” x 24 ... calculation of orifice flow ... Styles of fishways

Kinetic Energy

Dividing  each side of the equation by weight (mg) yields:

Page 9: Styles of fishways - Federal Energy Regulatory Commission entire fishway flow passes through two 18” x 24 ... calculation of orifice flow ... Styles of fishways

Velocity Head Calculation

• When water moves, kinetic energy (also  termed velocity head), is calculated by the 

relationship: (equation 1)  hv

= V2

/ 2g, where

• hv

is velocity head

• V is water velocity• g is the gravitational constant 32.2 feet per 

second squared.

Page 10: Styles of fishways - Federal Energy Regulatory Commission entire fishway flow passes through two 18” x 24 ... calculation of orifice flow ... Styles of fishways

Example: calculation of velocity head as  flow approaches a weir

If water velocity at point B 

is 4 fps, then velocity head 

at point B is calculated as:

hv

= V2

/ 2g (equation 1)= (4 fps)2

/(2 x 32.2 ft/s2

) = 16/64.4  (do units check?)= 0.25 feet 

A velocity head of 0.25 feet means that the water surface will drop0.25 feet from A to B, assuming that velocity at A is nearly zero.

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Energy Forms ‐

Summary

z

Potential Head

Lengthh

Pressure Head

Length

V2/2g Velocity Head

Length

Symbol Form of Energy

Units          

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Page 13: Styles of fishways - Federal Energy Regulatory Commission entire fishway flow passes through two 18” x 24 ... calculation of orifice flow ... Styles of fishways

Weir Flow

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Weir Flow – Free Discharge

Page 15: Styles of fishways - Federal Energy Regulatory Commission entire fishway flow passes through two 18” x 24 ... calculation of orifice flow ... Styles of fishways

Weir Flow – Free Discharge

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Weir Flow – Free Discharge

Q=Cw

L(H + 2 )3/2Vo

2g

Sharp crested weir

Where:Cw 

= Weir Coefficient (handbook)L = Weir LengthH= Head across weirVo

2/2g = Velocity Head

Equation 2:

Page 17: Styles of fishways - Federal Energy Regulatory Commission entire fishway flow passes through two 18” x 24 ... calculation of orifice flow ... Styles of fishways

Submerged Weirs

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Weir Flow – Submerged Discharge

Qsubmerged

= Q/Q1

x  Qunsubmerged

Page 19: Styles of fishways - Federal Energy Regulatory Commission entire fishway flow passes through two 18” x 24 ... calculation of orifice flow ... Styles of fishways

Example: Submerged Weir

Then Qsubmerged

= 0.85 x  Qunsubmerged,

with Qunsubmerged 

from equation 2

If H1

=1 ft and H2

= .33 ft, then H2

/H1

=.33

If H2

/H1

=.33, then Q/Q1

= 0.85 (chart)

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Orifice Flow – Free Discharge

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Orifice Flow – Free Discharge

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Orifice Flow – Free Discharge

DH

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Orifice Flow ‐

Contraction Coefficients

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(Circular) Orifice Flow – Free Discharge

Q = AV = Cd

Ao

(2gDH)0.5

Cd

= Cc

Cv

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Orifice Flow –

Submerged Discharge

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Orifice Flow – Submerged Discharge

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Orifice Flow –

Submerged Discharge

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Orifice Flow –

Submerged Discharge

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Orifice Flow –

Submerged Discharge

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(Circular) Orifice Flow – Submerged Discharge

Cd

= Cc

Cv

Q = AV = Cd

Ao

(2gDH)0.5

Page 31: Styles of fishways - Federal Energy Regulatory Commission entire fishway flow passes through two 18” x 24 ... calculation of orifice flow ... Styles of fishways

The entire fishway flow  passes through two 18”

x  24”

orifices with a 0.75 foot 

difference in water surface  elevation. The forebay 

velocity is 0.1 ft/s. Calculate  the orifice flow rate.

Example: Orifice  Flow Equation

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Priest Rapids FB Control Orifices

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Example: calculation of orifice flow• First, calculate the velocity head (equation 2):  • hv

= 0.12

/ (2 x 32.2) = .00016 ft• Using equation 4:  Q = 0.61 x A x [2g(H+ hv

)]

½

• Q = 0.61 x 18/12 ft x 24/12 ft x [2 x 32.2 x (9/12 + 0.00016) ft] ½

• = 0.61 x 1.5 x 2 x 6.95 = 12.7 cfs, • Or, Q = 25.4 cfs for both orifices • Note that the calculated velocity head is negligible (slow 

forebay velocity)

• Note that the coefficient of 0.61 is only

for a rectangular 

orifice.

• For further guidance on various orifice coefficients for a 

variety of shapes, see “Water Measurement Manual”, U.S. 

Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colorado, 1981.

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Open Channel Flow

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Open Channel Flow

Rh

= A/P

= Manning’s Roughness Coefficient (find using Google)

Page 36: Styles of fishways - Federal Energy Regulatory Commission entire fishway flow passes through two 18” x 24 ... calculation of orifice flow ... Styles of fishways

Handy Conversions1 cubic feet per second 

= 448.8 gallons per minute

1 gallon per minute 

= 1440 gallons per day

1 cubic meter per second 

= 35.31 cubic feet per second

1 cubic foot per second

= 2 acre‐feet per day

1 acre‐foot per day 

= 0.504 cubic feet per second

1 cubic feet 

= 7.48 gallons

1 cubic foot of water 

= 62.4 pounds

1 gallon of water 

= 8.34 pounds

1 foot per second 

= 0.3048 meters per second

degrees F ‐

32 x 5/9 

= degrees Celsius

1 kilogram 

= 2.2 pounds

1 foot per second 

= 1.097 kilometers per hour = 0.682 miles per hour = 16.4 miles per day

Or e‐mail me at [email protected]

for a handy 

conversions freeware 

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Modeling ToolsComputational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Models               Scaled Physical Models

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Hydraulic Modeling

Page 39: Styles of fishways - Federal Energy Regulatory Commission entire fishway flow passes through two 18” x 24 ... calculation of orifice flow ... Styles of fishways

Hydraulic Modeling

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Numerical Modeling

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Numerical Modeling

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The End

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1

Upstream Passage

Fishways

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What I’m going to talk about

• Fishway nomenclature• Fishway components

– Entrances– Fishway styles– Flow control– Exits

2

Page 45: Styles of fishways - Federal Energy Regulatory Commission entire fishway flow passes through two 18” x 24 ... calculation of orifice flow ... Styles of fishways

3

Fishway

components

• Tailwater• Entrance • Entrance pool • Transportation channel• Auxiliary water system• Fish ladder• Flow control • Exit • Forebay

Page 46: Styles of fishways - Federal Energy Regulatory Commission entire fishway flow passes through two 18” x 24 ... calculation of orifice flow ... Styles of fishways

4

Forebay

Low Flow Entrance3’x5’

High Flow Entrance4’x5’

Attraction Jet

Aux Water Diffuser

Trashracks

Dam

Tailwater

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5

Fishway Entrances

• Getting fish into the fishway is 90% of the design challenge– NFI = NFO

• Design flow range• At location of barrier at all flows• Tailrace

– scale– entrance approach conditions– distraction

• Entrance hydraulic and lighting conditions

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6

Powerhouse

SpillwayCrowning

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7

Hell’s CanyonFraser River