study of pomelo

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Volume 2, Issue No. 1 January-June 2010

CONTENTS

Bataan Peninsula State University

City of Balanga, 2100 BataanPHILIPPINES

ISSN 2012 4678

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY ENHANCEMENT IN BATAANTHROUGH EXTENSIVE EXTENSION OF PINEAPPLE

INTERCROPPING ACTIVITIES

Romualdo B. de Guzman, Jonathan E. Lacayanga, Benedict D.

Torres, Fernando V. Gonzales, Adelma A. Garcia,

Pablo R. Gulen, and Hermogenes M. Paguia

1

DEVELOPMENT OF MECHANICAL EGG SORTER

Hermogenes M. Paguia and Eduardo S. Tinao 15

SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF EGG PRODUCTIONPROJECT OF DOST-BPSU

Reynan P. Calderon, Hermogenes M. Paguia,

Rudy C. Flores and Gregorio J. Rodis

21

MARKET STUDY OF SELECTED VEGETABLES IN BATAAN

Reynan P. Calderon, Jose Paulo B. Tuazon,

Jonathan E. Lacayanga and Walter G. Valdez 2

31

THE EFFECTIVITY OF ESSENTIAL OIL FROM POMELO RINDS(Citrus Grandis) AS SOLVENT FOR SOLID FOAMS

Virgina Enriquez, Arlene Hill, and Juvelyn Lingad

39


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ISSN 2012 4678

Published and Printed by

THE RESEARCH AND

DEVELOPMENT OFFICE

Bataan Peninsula State University City of Balanga, 2100 Bataan PHILIPPINES

©J ANUARY, 2010

Gregorio J. Rodis, Ph. D.Vice President for Research Extension

and Entrepreneurial Services

Arlene D. IbañezDirector, Research & Development

Jonathan E. Lacayanga Associate Director, Abucay Campus

Wilma B. Tumaliuan Associate Director, Balanga Campus

Perla B. Estrella, Ed. D. Associate Director, Dinalupihan Campus

Felicisima E. Tungol, Ed. D. Associate Director, Orani Campus

Reynan P. CalderonScience Research Specialist II

Consuelo G. Cruz Assistant Professor II, RDO Staff

Lorna R. RoldanInstructor I. RDO Staff

Ria-Anne L. DizonUniversity Research Associate

Nelissa B. Cui Administrative Aide III

Andrea O. de Jesus Administrative Aide III

Volume 2, Issue No. 1 January 2010

The BPSU Research Journal,published semi-annually, is the officialresearch publication of the Researchand Development Office of the BataanPeninsula State University, City ofBalanga, 2100 Bataan, PHILIPPINES.

This publishes and disseminatesfaculty members’ research outputs andfindings under the four research thrustsof the University namely: agriculture,engineering and technology, health andrelated discipline and social andbehavioral sciences.

PUBLICATION OF THESES & DISSERTATIONS

The Research and Development Office (RDO) welcomes the publication

of BPSU faculty members’ theses and dissertations.

Interested parties may submit their theses/dissertations abstracts to theResearch Development Office as RDO file and reference for future

publications.

SUBMISSION OF PROPOSALS

The Research and Development Office (RDO) invites faculty members tosubmit proposals for possible funding. Proposals should fall under thefollowing research thrusts of the University:

Proposals should follow the official format and can be submittedpersonally or thru email at [email protected].

Agriculture

Engineering & Technology

Health and Related Discipline

Social & Behavioral Sciences


Rch d Dopm Offc City of Balanga, 2100 Bataan

PHILIPPINES


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54

Citrus Fruits. An Investigatory Project Submitted as Entry to the

2004-2005 Regional Intel Philippines Science Fair.Quisambing, Eduardo 1978. Medicianal Plants of the Philippines.

Katha Publishing Co. Inc. pp454-455Williams, A.L et.al (1978). IOntroduction Laboratory Chemistry:

Organic and Bioxchemistry (2nded.) Addison-Wesley Publishing:

Ontario, Canada.


Rch d Dopm Offc City of Balanga, 2100 Bataan

PHILIPPINES


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iv 53

improve the quality and percent yield of the essential oil.

2. Test the presence and the maximum concentration of d-limonene content of the essential oil produced in the project as

well as its harmful effect to man by seeking the help of aregistered research institute.

3. Try to dissolve solid foam on a large scale basis.

4. Try using the essential oil produced as dissolving agent to othernonbiodegradable material.

5. Test the life span of essential oil ( using shelf life) prolonging

period of time.6. Try to use the essential oil produced as for flavoring agent to

other foods

7. To test the effectiveness of the extracted pomelo rind pulp as:

Fertilizers

Herbal tea

Controlling habitat of golden kuhol in rice field

8. Try to improve/ develop the mechanical process in collecting

essential oil.

REFERENCES

Aguinaldo, H.A and Mina, MG (2001). Molluscidal Activity of VolatileOil from Calamansi ((Citrus mitis L) Fruit Rind.

Brandares, M.T. et.al (1987) Stability Studies of Essential Oils from

Some Philippine Plants I Zingiber Offiunale The PhilippineJournal of Science 116:1-14

Caiyod, D.T and Gonzales, L.G (1954) Outstanding Varieties and

Forms of Pomelo (Citrus grandis linn ) in some towns of Laguna,

Philippine agriculturist 38:57-60Chemistry of Essential Oils and their Components 2001

Compilation of Lectures and Exercises in Elementary Statistics,Bataan Peninsula State University, City of Balanga

Dyhianto, Christian Edward O. et.al 1999. The Effect of Citrus Oil

Extract from Citrus nobilis Epicarp on Expanded PolystyreneFoam. The College of Science Journal. Vol.33. No. 1 University

of Sto.Tomas Manila.pp 4-7

Fronda, Ma. Isabel P. Physico-Chemical Properties and Molluscidal Activity of the Essential Oils from the Rinds of Three Philippine


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52

the size of polystyrene by unraveling its substrate thus converting it to

liquid.

Aside from the use of essential oil as dissolving agent for solidfoams, another related study was conducted by Fronda (2004). Based

on her study, essential oil of Pomelo rinds together with perante or

kahel and dalanghita rinds contained d-Limonene that serve as majorconstituents of citrus peels oil and is a toxic compound at a

concentration of greater than 1% that’s why she used it to control

molluscidal activity of golden kohol.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

The most effective and efficient process to extract essential oil

from pomelo rinds is through distillation method. However, the

researcher recommends using other viable solvent to improve thequality and amount of the extracted essential oil.

The essential oil present in the pomelo rind extract is an effectivedissolution of sample sold foam at different sizes used in the study.

This means that the essential oil was able to dissolve the solid foam

regardless of its size. However, they differ in consistency; a liquid

solution resulted when the volume of the solid foam is less than thevolume of the sample project oil while a paste like mixture was

formed when the volume of solid foam is greater than the volume ofthe sample project oil.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the finding of this study, the researchers recommendedthe following:

1. Researchers who wish to pursue the same study should try otherproportions of distilled water and pomelo rind to obtain a higher

percent yield of essential oil. The use of other solvent inextracting essential oil from the rind is also recommended to

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY ENHANCEMENT INBATAAN THROUGH EXTENSIVE EXTENSION OF

PINEAPPLE INTERCROPPING ACTIVITIES1 Romualdo B. de Guzman2 , Jonathan E. Lacayanga 3 , Benedict D. Torres3 ,

Fernando V. Gonzales3, Adelma A. Garcia3, Pablo R. Gulen

3,

and Hermogenes M. Paguia 3

ABSTRACT

The provision of financial grants/loans by the Commission onHigher Education (CHED) with (BPSU) to the potentialpineapple farmer beneficiaries in the Upland areas of Samal and

Abucay was granted with the aim of improving the pineapple

production in the locality. The implementation of the project tookeffect through the Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) signed by

identified beneficiaries and the University. Each cooperator wasprovided with 4,000 planting materials, vegetable seeds and fertilizers

charged with 1.0% interest for administration cost.

There were 18 beneficiaries from the first batch (2006) andTwenty six (26) on the second the succeeding year (2007) who have

been awarded with the material inputs and trained in SALT,

establishment of contour plantation, intercropping and management

strategies. Aside from the training, technical support and marketingassistance were also provided to the project beneficiaries.

The first batch was composed of 14 out 18 or 78% and four (4)

or 22% from Bry. Bangkal and Barangay Palili, respectively. For thesecond batch, there were 10 out of 24 from Barangay Gugo, Samal,

Bataan or 42%, five (5) from Barangay Guizo and Palili or 21%, two

(2) from Barangay Malaking Bato or 8% and for Barangay Duale and

Pandatung had 1 or 4%.

Seventeen out of 18 respondents or 94%% are male and the

remaining 6% were female. And from the second batch, Eighteen out

1 Paper presented during the 1 st BPSU Abucay Campus R&D In house Review held at BPSU

Abucay Campus. 2 Project Leader

3 Project Members


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2

of 24 beneficiaries were male or 75% and sx (6) or 25% were

female.

All of the farmer beneficiar ies attended the one training on SALTestablishment and intercropping of short-term crop and medium crops

for soil and water conservation.

Extensionists of BPSU conducted regular visit to farmer

beneficiaries. Problems/concerns were identified and provided

suggestions for the attainment of the objectives of the project.Fertilizer application, planting and weeding schedule, recording of

inputs and other management activities were followed.

Extensionists of the university were closely monitoring the statusof the farmer beneficiaries wherein all activities and progress report of

the project are being recorded and documented so that problems/concerns, suggestion/recommendation will be clearly addressed and

implemented. Socio-economic benefits were determined after the

beneficiaries have completed harvesting of pineapple fruits.

51

citrus oil extract from dalanghita (Citrus nobilis ) epicard of on

expanded polystyrene foam. Result of their study revealed thatexpanded polystyrene foam of small beaded dissolved faster than

expanded polystyrene foam of big beaded. Their investigationproved that d-Limonene from dalanghita can be a possible substitute

for non polar solvent and maybe used as another method for the

disposal and reuse of expanded polystyrene foam based materials.

The table shows the Test Result of d-Limonene from DOST

Table: TEST RESULT of d-Limonene

In addition, an investigation on the potential use of d-Limonene

from orange (Citrus auranthiun ) as a solvent in compacting

expanded polystyrene foam was conducted by Noguchi et.al. Their

study developed a new recycling technique in shrinking EPS using

naturally occurring organic compound. From their study, they foundout that d-Limonene extracted from tne rind of orange fruit reduce

the volume of EPS foam to its original size. This technology reduces

TestParameter

Water Activity(in Aw unit)

MoistureContent

( in % unit)

Titratable Acidity(as % Citric Acid)

SolubleSolids(as %Sucrose)

pH

Method

TM -208Determination of Water Activi-tyWith reference to RotronicWater Activity TesterManual

TM -203With reference to AOAC Meth-ods of Analysis 18thed.,OfficalMethods 925.45 Vacuum Oven


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50

ml and 1.0 ml of essential oil.

Table 7: Analysis of Variance on Dissolution time of Different Sizes of

EPS.

Since the computed value of 0.36 is less than the tabular value of9.55 therefore the null hypothesis is accepted, there is no

significance in dissolution time of different volumes of solid foam at

varying volume of oil sample.

Table below shows the chemical properties of d-LimoneneCharacteristics of d- Limonene (d-Limonene 200%)

Study shows that the ingestion of large doses of d-Limonene may

cause abdominal burning, hematuria, unconsciousness, shallow,respiration and convulsion. That’s why it is very necessary to havesome test on the maximum concentration of d- Limonene in order to

classify it as non-toxin .To classify d-Limonene as non-toxic eachshould be round 1a%. (Chemistry of the essential oils and their

Components, 2001)

Dyhianto, Chrisdtian Edward et.al (1999) studied the effect of

Source of Variation

Sum ofSquare

DF Mean Sumof Square

F Ratio F Tab

Between

119.35

2

56.68

0.36

9.55

Within 492.87 3 164.29

Total

612.22

5

223.97

Acid number 5.5

Aldehyde content 0.37% - 1.50%

Boiling point 310oF ( 154.1 oC )

Coefficient expansion 1.61 ml/gal per oF

Color colorless (water white)

Dielectric constant 2.3

Dielectric strength 48000V

Ester content 0.07% 2.46%

Evaporation residue 0.03 % - 0.80%

Freezing point -142oF ( -96.7C)

Heat capacity 0.48 calories per cc

Liquid density 0.844g/cc at 68F (20 oC)

Odor clean citrus odor

Refractive index 1.4710 – 1.4740

Specific gravity at 25% 0.838 – 0.843

3

INTRODUCTION

Large areas were open during the American period due to logging where inBataan is one of the large timber and wood producers for export in the country.

This resulted to open and barren upland areas. The areas were converted into

agricultural land which was classified by DENR and DAR as alienable anddisposable land. Then on, farmers start to cultivate the land for vegetable

production and at the same time livestock production in 1970’s to 1980’s. Until

migrants coming from the central and the northeastern part of Luzon introducedpineapple as source of additional income in 1980 up to the present.

Pineapple production and productivity in the upland areas in province of

Bataan is one of the major concern of the university where in it is one of theidentified potential commodity that is adoptable and surprisingly generated

income for the upland farmers.

Pineapple produced in Bataan is known for its quality and sweetness as

proven by the consumers including foreigners who visited province.

Upland areas in Bataan is still known to have a fertile soil not to mentioned

vegetable crops and cash crops are produced seasonally in the area which serveas intercrop of pineapple. Through the effort of the former Bataan State College

(BSC) now Bataan Peninsula State University Abucay Campus and the

Commission on Higher Education (CHED) joint hands in the promotion of the

technology through Agricultural Productivity Enhancement in Bataan throughExtensive Extension of Pineapple Intercropping Activities. This entails the

concern on the conservation of soil and water through Sloping Agricultural LandTechnology (SALT) as introduced farming practice it is because most of the

farmers are not dully acquainted with soil and water degradation or depletion. It

is one of the interventions to minimize nutrient and water losses. The recentpractices of farmers were mono-cropping system and linear plantation where in

pineapple were planted downhill resulted to rapid soil erosion and nutrient

depletion. The utilization of inorganic fertilizer is increased and resulted in the

increase farm inputs.

The provision of grants/loans by the said agencies to the potential farmer

beneficiary formerly engage in pineapple production at 1% interest was agreedupon by the proponent and the latter. Through the signing of Memorandum of

Agreement (MOA) the program was launched.


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4

Eighteen (18) on its first batch (2006) and Twenty six (24) is the second

was the succeeding year (2007) was the beneficiaries. They were trained inestablishment of plantation, intercropping techniques and other management

aspect of the program. Aside from the training, financial support, technical andmarketing services was also provided.

The adaptation of the technology among the farmers shows its economicand environmental benefits that addressed the problems on soil and fertility

degradation in the uplands.

Extensionists of the university were closely monitoring the status of the

first batch and second batch wherein all activities of and progress report of their

project are being recorded and documented so that problems/concerns,

suggestion/recommendation will be clearly addressed and implemented.

Therefore there is a need for the extensionists to provide status report ofthe different proponent for analysis and evaluation and realized the economic

benefits of the program.

Conceptual Framework

49

Table 3: Dissolution Time (in seconds) using 0.5 mL of oil

The lesser the amount of volume of solid foam the lesser thevalue of mean of replicates.


Increasing volume of solid foam, increasing the value of mean.


Table 6: Comparison among Means (Dissolution time of differentsizes of EPS)

Table 3, 4 and 5 revealed the dissolution time in seconds of solid

foam after being treated with different amount of essential oil. Itcan be observed that the dissolution time increases as the volume of

solid foam increases. The larger volume of solid foam took more

time to dissolve in the sample oil.

Table 7, above the analysis of variance made on the meandissolution time of solid foam among varying volumes of 0.5 ml, 0.75

Volume of solid

Foam (cm3)

Replicate

1

Replicate

2

Replicate

3 Mean

0.5 12.23 11.24 12.53 12.00

1.0 38.25

37.26

37.12

37.54

Volume of solid

Foam (cm3)

Replicate

1

Replicate

2

Replicate

3

Mean

0.5 8.90 9.20 8.70 8.93

1.0 22.73 21.60 19.84 21.39

Volume of solid Foam (cm3)

Replicate1

Replicate2

Replicate3

Mean

0.5

8.87 8.92 8.57 8.79

1.0 22.05 22.63 21.74 22.14

Volume of solid Foam (cm3)

0.5 mL 0.75 mL 1.0 mL

0.5 12.00

8.93

8.79

1.0 37.54

21.39

22.14


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48

B E F O R E

D I S T I L L A T I O N

A

F T E R

D I S T I L L A T I O N

Color of Altered

juice

Color

of essential oil

Odor

Solubility

R e

f r a c

t i v e

I n d e x

Wt. of samplebefore

Wt. of sample

after exposure

Degree ofvolatility

p H

S i n i

S i n r

n

( g )

(

g )

Y e

l l o w

G r e e n

C o

l o r -

l e s s

A r o m a -

t i c

C i t r u s

o d o r

I n s o

l u b l e i n

w a

t e r

S o

l u b l e i n

a c e

t o n e

S o

l u b l e i n

e t h a n o

l

1 0 o

= 0

. 1 7

7 . 5

o

= 0

. 1 2

1 . 4

2

5

4

. 8

0 . 0

4 g

/ s

4 . 7

3

T a b l e 2 : P h y s i c a l C

h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e o i l o b t a i n e d f r o m P

o m e l o r i n d s .

5

OBJECTIVES

General

The project aims to increase pineapple produced and provide

additional income to upland farmers through SALT (intercropping

system together with the promotion of soil and water conservationtechniques for sustainable farming practices.

Specific

Specifically the project aims to:

1. increase production and productivity of upland through theintroduction of SALT/ Intercropping practices for soil and water

conservation.2. develop technical skills and knowledge in sustainable farming

system that addressed soil nutrient depletion or soil erosion

through seminar/training on soil and water conservationtechniques.

3. provide technical assistance to farmers in terms of:

establishment of pineapple plantation along contours and

intercropped with vegetables.

record keeping and other management aspects.

4. properly give information and understanding on the

responsibilities on the stated memorandum of agreement bycalling meetings for reiteration.

5. monitor and evaluate the progress of the project to the individualbeneficiaries for its smooth and successful implementation.

METHODOLOGY

Identification of Potential Pineapple Growers

The extensionists of the project conducted on-site visited the different pineapple growers for the

identification and conducted interviews usingunstructured survey questionnaires.


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6

Training/Seminars

The identified potential farmers

had undergone a one day training onSALT/Intercropping systems for

pineapple as main crop for soil and

water conservation and farmmanagement. The said training was

facilitated by the Research and

Extension staff, extensionists and fieldextension officers of the university to

enhance the technical skills, knowledge

and attitude of the project beneficiaries.

At the end of the training, theparticipants were evaluated through

farming planning and management.

MOA Signing

To effectively undertake the

project implementation, farmerbeneficiaries were briefed about the

content of the memorandum of

agreement. Questions were also

entertained after the briefing throughopen forum so that the content of the

MOA was formally agreed uponbetween the beneficiaries and

extensionist.

Project Implementation and Extension Activities

Specialists and extensionists of theuniversity visited the individual farmersand monitored and evaluated the

established and planted area forvalidation. Technical assistance and

actual demonstration on theestablishment of contour was also

47

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS AND FINDINGS

The percentage yield of the samples was determined by using theformula:

Table I:Percentage yield of Pomelo samples in Different Trials

Table 2 below revealed the physical characteristics of the oilobtained from the rinds of Pomelo.

With the use of the table found in the officials methods of analysis

of the Association of Official

Analytical Chemist (AOAC) the refractive index was determine.

Mathematically, the amount of refraction is given by the expressions:

Where i- is the angle of incidence made by the incident ray with

the perpendicular to the dividing surface. Where r- is the angle of

refraction made by refracted ray with the perpendicular to the dividingsurface.

The degree of volatility of the oils was to determine the effect of

different environmental temperatures on the essential oils stability and

is also a way to measure their degree of unsaturation. The higher thedegree of volatility, the more unsaturated the oil is. (Brandares, et.al

1987).

Trials Volume of

oil (mL)Weight of the

Plant Material (g)Percent Yield

1 4.5 mL 500 g 0.9

2 5.75 mL 500 g 1.15

3 6.25 mL 500 g 1.25

rsin

isinn

%100xgraminmaterialplanttheofweight

mLinoilofvolume oilessential•of%


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46

Schematic Representation of the Procedure

7

undertaken to assure the technology were properly executed.

Provided sample forms for recording, documentation andmanagement strategies such as calendar schedule of planting

vegetable as intercropped and fertilizer application. The extensionists,and Extension Director coordinated the marketing manager of the

school and provided market access and strategies in marketing for the

harvested pineapple of the farmers beneficiaries and enjoys areasonable price of the harvest.

Monitoring and Evaluation

The first two months of implementation were monitored twice a

month for the identification of problem/concerns, provision oftechnical assistance, interview and on-site visit and evaluated the

preparation and plantation establishment suggestions/recommendation on the identified problem/concerns were undertaken.

Monthly monitoring was then undertaken for the scheduled fertilizer

application activities and conducted field demonstration in applyingand mixing of inorganic fertilizer to assure the proper method or

procedure was followed.

Economic Analysis

The extensionists provided forms for the beneficiaries andmonitor the sales of the harvested fruits sold to the consumers. The

data gathered were analyzed by the economist of the university toverify the economic benefits derived from harvested pineapple fruit for

each plantation area.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Identified Potential Farmers in the Province

On Table 1, Profile of the respondents is reflected. This

includes sex, and address of the respondents.


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8

Address Male Female Percen-

tage Percen-

tage

First BeneficiariesBangkal, AbucayPalili, Samal,

Total

Second BeneficiariesGugo, Samal,

Guizo, Samal,Palili, Samal,

Malaking Bato, AbucayPandatung,Hemosa,

Duale, Limay,

Total

134

10

77.78%22.22%

7.69%0

17

63

52

11

1

42

00

00

94.44%

41.67%20.83%

20.83%8.3%

4.17%4.17%

5.56%

40%66.67%

0

000

18 6 75% 25%

Target Beneficiaries. As shown in Table 1, from the first batch,

there were14 out of 18 or 78% from Bangkal and four (4) or 22%from Barangay Palili whereas for the second batch, there were 10 out

of 24 or 42% from Barangay Gugo, Samal, Bataan and 21% fromBarangay Guizo and Palili , 2 for Barangay Malaking Bato or 8 % and

for Barangay Duale and Pandatung, 1 or 4%.

Sex. As shown in the table, there were more male respondents than

female from the first batch. Seventeen out of 18 respondents or 94%

% were male and the remaining 6% were female. From the secondbatch, eighteen out of 24 or 75% of the beneficiaries were male and

six (6) or 25% were female. This supports the fact that pineapple

producers are also engaged in other agricultural enterprise. According

to the unstructured interviews with some of the female beneficiaries,the management of the pineapple plantation weredone by wives and

husband were the one preparing and cultivating the land.

Table 1. Target Beneficiaries of Pineapple Production.

SALT Contour Establishment and Plantation of Pineapple Slips

All of the beneficiaries had established and planted pineapple slipsalong the contour. This means that 100% of the beneficiaries adopted

45

METHODOLOGY AND MATERIALS

Materials and Equipment

The materials and equipment such as 500 grams Pomelo rinds,

distilled water, crushed ice, sodium sulfate (Na 2SO4), steamdistillation apparatus, blender, cheese cloth, distilling flask, glass

funnel, stopwatch and watch glass were prepared.

Procedure

The matured fruits of Pomelo were gathered, the rind wereobtained and weighed. Five hundred grams of Pomelo rinds were

grinded. Distilled water was added, half of the volume of the sampleis squeezed thoroughly. The samples were filtered using cheese cloth.

With the use of distilling flask, the filtered juice were placed and

subjected to steam distillation. The oil collected in the receiverimmersed in crushed ice were separated by using a separatory funnel,

dried with sodium sulfate (Na2 SO4) and then measured. The

moisture free oil were then stood in amber colored bottles and placedin the refrigerator to prevent decomposition of the components.

Solubility test were done to determine which organic solvents the

oils are most soluble. About 1-2 ml of oil were added drop by drop in5 ml each of acetone, water and ethanol.

The oil collected from the rind was tested for the presence of pH

or pOH ions. Using pH meter with 0.5 intervals, ranging from 0.5-14

was used. It was noted that the oil has a pH value of 4.73, meaningslightly acidic.

To test the effectiveness of the essential oil on the dissolution of

solid foams, 0.50 mL, 0.75 mL and 1.0 mL were set aside t be used assolvent for solid foams. The sizes of the solid foams to be dissolve inthe samples oil have a volume of 0.5 cm 3 and 1.0 cm3. Three

replicates were prepared for these two sizes of solid foams.


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44

5. Polystyrene Foam – a polymer made from monomer styrene.

Hydrocarbon chain with a phenyl group attached to othercarbon atom. This hard plastic in its expanded and extruded

form is widely used as food container, etc.6. Solute – the substance being dissolved.

7. Solvent – the substance in which the solute is dissolved.

8. Volatile – the ability of a substance to vaporize at a relativelylow temperature.

MARKET POTENTIAL

The project aims to create social awareness on the use of waste,

such as fruit rinds as industrial solvent. The researchers also intend toprove the possibility of creating a valuable product out of waste.

Pomelo rinds are usually dumped by market vendors since we areall aware that the juicy fleshes as well as the vesicles are the only

edible part. In this light, the researchers thought of utilizing the rind.

Since several studies have proved the presence of essential oils fromfruits rinds, specifically rinds from citrus fruits.

D-limonene (C10H16) is the major component of the oil extracted

from the citrus rind. In this study, the presence of d-limonene in thePomelo rind is proven.

The researchers have proven the effectively of d-limonene as a

solvent. It can replace a wide variety of products, including mineral

spirits, methyl ethyl ketone, acetone, toluene, glycol ethers andfluorinated and chlorinated organic solvents.

9

and accepted the technology. The farmers have developed their skills

and knowledge about soil and water conservation technique thataddress soil erosion or soil nutrient depletion and environmental

degradation. They have positively developed their awareness on theenvironment.

Table 2 . Pineapple intercropping and Contour Planting

Eight out of 18 of the first

batch of beneficiaries or 44% hadplanted intercropped of banana and

squash and others had existingplantation crops of fruit trees which

was already about to bear fruits. And

On the other hand, eleven (11) or 61%of the beneficiaries had no intercrop

because of the late procurement ofvegetable seeds to be given to the

farmer beneficiaries. However, thebeneficiaries were already planting

vegetable this rainy season (2008) for

the second cropping. And for thesecond batch there are 21 or 88% of

the beneficiaries had established

AddressInter-

cropped

Contour

Planting

%Inter-

cropped

%

Contour

First BenficiariesBangkal, AbucayPalili, Samal

Total

Second BeneficiariesGugo, SamalGuizo, Samal

Palili, SamalMalaking Bato, Abucay

Pandatung, Hemosa,Duale, Limay, Bataan

Total

71

144

50%25%

77.78%22.22%

8

104

42

01

18

105

52

11

44.44

100%80%

80%100%

0100%

100%

41.67%20.83%

20.83%8.3%

4.17%4.17%

21 24 87.5% 100%


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10

intercropping which also true with the

first batch that most of them hadestablished fruit trees, such as Citrus,

Santol, Mango and Dalanghita aspermanent crops and others planted

medium-term crops such as, banana,

cassava and the squash provided andprocured by the university.

MOA Signing and Training

All of the farmer beneficiaries attended the one training on SALT

establishment and intercropping of short-term crop and medium cropsfor soil and water conservation for production and productivity. They

were able to experience a hands-on training in the establishment ofcontour line and intercropping system. At the same time, they were

briefed on the obligations/responsibilities stated on the memorandum

of agreement by BPSU and the latter.

Project Implementation and Extension Activities

The project started

upon signing of the MOA

between the BPSU andthe farmer beneficiaries.

The BPSU extension staffassisted the farmers in

the establishment of

their individual farmsthrough the

establishment of contour.

Average five (5) farmers

per week was visited and given technical assistance for the saidpreparation and plantation management. Farmer beneficiaries weregiven sample record form for recording farm input, plantation

management schedule and other activities related to the project. Thisserved as monitoring form. After land preparation, panting materials

and fertilizer were distributed by the extension staff after theverification of the area.

43

speeles which have not developed resistance to this wood containing

essential oils from calamans ( citrus mitis L) fruit rinds were found by Aguinaldo and Mina (2001) to be effectives as molluscicide against

golden kuhol.

Essential oils have an active role in plant defense. They sometimes

posses toxic properties linked to the protection of the species. Somesmells nice to insects mat be unpleasant for other insects, this is

useful for the plants as defense against parasites or other animal,

which would damage the plant. The essence evaporated from theplant is therefore considered a defense mechanism from infections,

because of the bactericidal, fuhgicidal and ascarcidal action of several

oils (aromatherapy 2001).

d-Limonene (C10H16) is the major component of the oil extracted

from citrus rind. It is classified under monoterpenes and make upabout 95% of the citral peel oil (what is the d- Limonene). It is also a

very effective biodegradable and decreases occurring in nature as the

main components of citrus peel oil. It is immiscible and has a lowerdensity than water, however, miscible with alcohol. In addition, d-

Limonene oils in peels and leaves may cause contact dermatitis.

As a straight solvent, d-Limonene can replace a wide variety of

products, including mineral spirits, methyl ethyl ketone, acetone,

toluene, glycol ethers and of course fluorinated and chlorinated

organic solvents.

Definition of Terms

For clarity and understanding the following terms were defined.1. Degree of volatility – is the ratio of loss of weight of substance

to time of exposure.

2. Dissolution time – the time in seconds for the expanded

polystyrene foam to dissolve or liquefy.3. Distillation – the process of heating a liquid to boiling point and

considering the vapor back into liquid.

4. d-Limonene (C10H16) – major component of the oil extractedfrom citrus rinds, this very versatile chemical has wide

application. It is non-toxic, pleasant smelling and consideredmore effective than ordinary cleaning solution.


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Polystyrene’s most common use, however, is as expanded

polystyrene (EPS). Expanded polystyrene is produced from a mixtureof about 90 – 95% polystyrene and 5 – 10% gaseous blowing agent,

most commonly pentane or carbon dioxide. The solid plastic isexpanded into a foam through he use of heat, usually seam. Extruded

polystyrene (XPS), which is different from expanded polystyrene

(EPS), is commonly known by the trade name Styrofoam. The voidsfilled with trapped air give it low thermal conductivity. This make ideal

as a construction material and it is therefore sometimes used in

structural insulated panel building systems. It is also used insulation inbuilding structures, as molded packing material for cushioning fragile

equipment inside boxes , as packing “peanuts”, as non-weight-bearing

archiechtural structures ( such as pillars), and also in crafts and model

building, particularly architectural models. Foamed between twosheets of paper, it makes a more-uniform substitute for corrugated

cardboard, tradenamed Fome-Cor . A more unexpected use for thematerial is as a lightweight fill for embankments in the civil

engineering industry.

Expanded polystyrene used o contain CFCs, but other, more

environmentally-safe blowing agents are now used. Because it is an

aromatic hydrocarbon, it burns with an orange-yellow flame, giving offsoot, as opposed to non-aromatic hydrocarbon polymers such as

polyethylene, which burn with a light yellow flame ( often with a blue

ting) and no soot.

Pomelo fruit is a medium to large ovate with a yellowish green

medium thick rind, and pink at the apex when fully mature. Thecotton like tissue is a pearly white to light pink. The flesh is juicy,

some are colorless and some are light pink to pinkish. The vesicles

have sweet surfaced flavor with a large and few numerous seeds( Caiyod and Gonzales, 1954).

Much of the information that has been reported on the general

composition of citrus fruits has mainly local relevance in the growingregion concerned.

Essential oils called Etheral oils on volatile oils or essencesaccording to Farmacopea Uflicrale Haliana are complex mixtures of

volatile organic substances with different chemical compositionscontained in plants when they are taken away from through distillation

in vapor current extraction solvent or through appropriate insect

11

The distribution of squash seeds were delayed due to land

preparation. However, some farmers were able to plant the seeds.Based from the table, 44% or 8 beneficiaries were given seeds. Some

of the beneficiaries however had already existing intercrop such asbanana, citrus, dalanghita, santol and mango.

Monitoring and Evaluation

Extensionists of BPSU were able to visit allthe farmer beneficiaries. Problem/concerns

were identified and provided suggestion to

properly address the objective of the

project implemented such as fertilizerapplication, planting and weeding schedule,

recording of inputs and other managementactivities were followed.

Quarterly meetings were also undertakenthat served as venue for MOA reiteration

and other technical problems encountered

were raised by farmer beneficiaries and theextensionists. Individual progress reports

and documentation such individual farm

status, recorded inputs on fertilizers,

planting materials, seeds and others werealso presented during the meeting. These

enable them to update their expenses andas part of their evaluation. Some technical

problems were also raised and provided

solutions so that succeeding operation isproperly addressed.

Production and Sales of HarvestedFruits

The first eighteen (18) beneficiaries have just started harvesting fruits. There was no

data yet to be analyzed. Harvesting endson August of 2008. Hence, they were given


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marketing forms for recording their sales.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

1. Male pineapple growers dominate the production industry from

the first and second batch of project beneficiaries. Male gender isstill dominant as far as farming is concern. However, female

started to be engaged in farming activities. These shows that

equality of work may have contribution towards farmdevelopment.

2. Majority of the respondents attended trainings or seminar. This

means that if trainings were offered to the pineapple growers

perhaps the objective of the project most especially the technicalaspect promote skills and knowledge for achieving of such.

3. Most of the respondents were able to plant pineapple alongcontour and intercropping practice was also established. This

means that training/seminar provided have contributed to the

achievement of goal and objective of the project. And promotetechnological intervention that enables farmer beneficiaries to

exercise or practice proper farming and the promotion of

environmental awareness, sustainable production and increaseincome.

4. Farmers began to realize the importance of documentation and

their obligation. This will promote people empowerment and

become self-reliant through proper coordination between agenciesthat provide them technical assistance to become progressive in

the field.5. Extensionists provided technical assistance in terms of project

implementation and management through identification of

problems and providing solution to the problems encountered. Itshows that systematic and orderly program create a more

impressive and comprehensive study on people or the community

for the close contact and good relationship for farmers and

extension development.6. Onsite visit enable to establish a substantial and concrete proof

about the status of the individual farm lots and farmer

beneficiaries and regular meeting promote farmer to farmer andextensionist-farmer relationship. Farmers enable them to share

other experiences related to the project implementation whetherpositive or negative experiences.

41

Significance of the Study

It is the purpose of the study to test the effectiveness of essential

oil from Pomelo rinds as solvent for solid foam. Though furtherstudies, this alternative methods of dissolving solid foam look into, to

cope the challenge of recycling products made from solid foams.

Hence, this study can be proven. It can one way or another help

to lessen the amount CFCs in the atmosphere.

Scope and Limitations

This study was conducted only in the Science laboratory room ofBataan Peninsula State University. This study limited only the

following:1. The collection of essential oil from Pomelo rinds extracts water by

distillation.

2. No determination of d-Limonene content on sample oil collectedwas conducted since no test like “Spectral Elucidation” and other

confirmatory tests are available in the researcher’s school.

3. No other parts of Pomelo were used except its fresh rind.4. Due to small amount of oil collected, the researcher used only

limited volume of solid foams to be dissolved which are 0.5 cm 3,

0.75 cm3 and 1.0 cm3. Each size of solid foam was replicated into

three only.5. Determination of the essential oils index of refraction was done at

the school’s laboratory using the improvised refractometer.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Polystyrene is a polymer made from the monometer styrene, aliquid hydrocarbon that is commercially manufactures from petroleumby the chemical industry. At room temperature, polystyrene is

normally a solid thermoplastic, but can be melted at highertemperature for molding/extrusion. The resolidified styrene is an

aromatic monometer and polystyrene is an aromatic polymer.


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INTRODUCTION

Background of the study

The government especially the Department of Environment and

Natural Resources has been encouraging us to promote environmentalconcerns because of the alarming environment issue today which

global warming is caused by different pollutions.

But the continuing use of various forms of polymers a non-

biodegradable material, poses serious to our environment because of

the harmful chemicals it contains that when burned will cause air

pollution. As a result, our country still suffers from climate change anddifferent natural disasters. Therefore, an environment friendly feasible

way of disposing various forms of polymers is definitely needed.

Based from the sturdy conducted by Dyhianto et.al (1999), they

found out the effectiveness of using oil extracted from fruit peelingson the structure of solid foam. They proved that solid foam could be

dissolved using a non toxic, readily available and economical non polar

solvent.

Having this observation the researcher have decided to conduct

an experiment on the effectivity of essential oil from pomelo rinds as

solvent for polymers specifically for solid foams, an effective solventwhich is guaranteed to be free harm, has a socio-economic

significance and can help solved environmental issue.

Statement of the Problem

The study attempted to extract the essential oil from pomelo

rinds and used as a dissolution agent fro solid foams.

Specifically, this study sought to answer the following questions:(1) What is the efficient process to use in order to extract the

essential oil from Pomelo rinds?

(2) Is the essential oil present in Pomelo rinds extract an effectivedissolution agent of solid foam?

(3) What is the amount of essential oil extracted from certainamount of Pomelo rinds can dissolve certain amount of solid

foam?

13

RECOMMENDATIONS

Basing from the above-mentioned conclusions the recommendations

could be generalized as follows:

1. Bataan Peninsula State University in cooperation with the

Department of Agriculture, Department of Environment andNatural Resources, Non-Government Organizations, Local

Government Units, and Upland farmers must look into a holistic

plan for the improvement and enhancement of the pineappleindustry whole province.

2. In such plan, creation of cooperatives, registration and

accreditation procedures for pineapple farmers in the province

must also be considered, and technology adoption must beextended.

3. Production is not only the instrument for sustainability but thepromotion of environmental consideration must also be provided

to improve and enhance the productivity of farmers that may

create a healthy and wealthy upland farm in the province.4. Provisions of seminar/training to farmer not only technical,

environmental awareness but also social and political aspects so

that implementing agencies could easily achieve developmentalaspects of the technologies promoted by the government.

5. Extensionist shall also focus on the socio-economic aspect that

may also provide well developed organizational structure of

farmers. Farmers maybe able to solve individual farm problem andbecome independent individual.

6. Farmers enable them to share other experiences related to theproject implementation whether positive or negative experiences.

Those positive experiences will enable other farmers to practice

and implement such interventions. The negative experience mayhave influenced them to improve and develop new sense of ideas

for the promotion of new skills and knowledge to help them solve

their problems.


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Acknowledgement

The author extends his deepest thanks for the success of the

project to the following:

Mr. Fernando V. Gonzales, Benedicto Torres, Pablo R. Gulen, and

Mrs. Adelma A. Garcia, in extending their work when their expertiseneeded for the conduct of extension activities of the project

implemented.

Dr. Hermogenes M. Paguia, his unending support in the extensionand training activities in pursuing the mandates of the university.

Research and Extension staff, for their untiring support in keeping

the recorded data/information of the project implemented.

Dr. Delfin O. Magpantay, for his constructive criticism and

motivation of the faculty and staff engage in research and extension

activities.

ABSTRACT

This study was conducted primarily to extract the essential oil

from the rinds of pomelo and to determine the effectiveness of

essential oil as a dissolution agent for solid foams. Essential oil wasextracted by distillation method at constant temperature.

The essential oil collected was subjected to solubility test to

determine which organic solvent the oil was more soluble. Using pH

meter, the oil acidity was determined. Drops of sample oil were placed

in a container subjected for each measure of refractive index using

improvised refractive index using improvised refractometer.

Different volumes of solid foams were treated using varyingvolumes of essential oils. Three replicates for each size of solid foams

were treated with a given volume of essential oils, the dissolution time

of each sample was measured. The results revealed that varyingvolume of sample project essential oil has no significant effect on the

dissolution of sample solid foams at different size used in the study.

In addition, observation showed that a liquid solution resulted

when the volume of the solid foam is less than the volume of the

essential oil. While a paste like mixture was formed when the volume

of the solid foam is greater than the volume of the essential oil. Fromthese, the researcher concluded that essential oil from pomelo rinds is

effective as a solvent for solid foam.

THE EFFECTIVITY OF ESSENTIAL OILFROM POMELO RINDS (Citrus Grandis)

AS SOLVENT FOR SOLID FOAMS1 Virgina Enriquez, Arlene Hill, and Juvelyn Lingad 2

1 Paper presented in the 6th BPSU R & D In- House Review, held on October 3, 2008, BPSU Main Campus

2 Instructors 1, BPSU Main Campus


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ABSTRACT

A manually operated egg sorter was developed based on the

design of an electrically driven egg sorter with the purpose of reducing

the fabrication costs at a minimum but with comparable efficiencyamong commercially existing egg sorters.

The mechanically driven egg sorter was developed usingcommercially available materials and assembled together based on the

design of the electrically operated egg sorter. Eggs can be sorted

according to seven different sizes ranging from peewee, extra small,medium, large, extra large and double extra large.

The findings indicated that the developed mechanical egg sorter

was comparable in terms of efficiency as those of the available eggsorters in the market at a reduced cost. However, the machine is

labor intensive and therefore needs further modifications on thedesign but for small poultry raisers, this is a potential partner since

income is optimized at a lower investment cost.

Key words: egg sorter, efficiency

DEVELOPMENT OF

MECHANICAL EGG SORTER1 Hermogenes M. Paguia1 and Eduardo S. Tinao2

1 Presented during the 6th BPSU R&D In- House Review (Oct.3,2008)at the BPSU International House Main Campus

2 Associate Director for Extension Services, BPSU Abucay Campus 2 Instructors 3, BPSU Main Campus


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INTRODUCTION

For farmers especially among the low-income groups, poultry

production represents one of the few opportunities for investment andsecurity against risk since income generation is the primary goal of

poultry keeping. Eggs can provide a regular, albeit small income while

the sale of live birds provides a more flexible source of cash asrequired (Sonaiya and Swan, 2004). Post-harvest processing of eggs

include cleaning, rinsing, sanitizing, candling and grading and sorting

in order to optimize return on investment. Grading involves sortingeggs based on quality, size and weight standards (www.thepoultry

site.com). Sorting and grading of eggs constitute the bases for

determining the selling price of eggs, thus an egg sorting machine

necessitates the purpose.

An egg sorter is a necessity for egg production primarilybecause it dictates the possible price of each egg and be able to

maximize the optimum potential for income of the farmers. Otherwise,

a concept of “it looks like” will occur thereby, losing the possibility ofhigher income. Of course, this is outside the issue of selling eggs by

volume wherein eggs will be sold in kilos. Again, there will be a

problem there of retailing. Whatever will be the selling methods ineggs, it will ultimately boil down to how many and how much? Thus,

for the benefits of producers and consumers, right technology is

necessary, thus an egg sorter.

However, the cheapest egg sorter available in the market is

priced at more than PhP 35,000, and this is expensive as part ofinvestment among egg producers, especially those in the small to

medium size farms.

Initial study shows that for a 500 layer chicken, there is an

amount loss equivalent to a minimum of P3,000 to a maximum of

P5,000 per month. This is because of the different sizes of chicken

being sold on conservative prices of what is or are dominant sizes onthe tray.

BPSU is of no exemption to these losses, not the institution butmore of their cooperator who has 500 layer chickens and no egg

sorter. They resulted to a much conventional type of weighingindividual egg. This is aside from being laborious has been detrimental

37

a need for more vegetable production in the province is deemed

necessary.

REFERENCES

Bataan Provincial Profile. 2007.

Balane, Walter. 2006. Pinoys among lowest vegetable consumers in Asia. 12July 2006.

Calderon, Reynan P., Hermogenes M. Paguia and Rudy C. Flores. 2008.Continuing Rice Deficiency: Pre-Condition for Food Crisis in the

Philippines. Paper presented during the National Research Seminar andForum on “Nurturing Research Skills and Competence Across disciplines: Achieving Competitiveness in a Fast Changing World” held on 27-29

August 208 at Saint Joseph Institute of Technology, Butuan City.Sponsored by Research and Educational Development Training Institute,Quezon City.


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Table 4. Buying prices per kilogram of vegetables in selected

restaurants in Balanga City.

CONCLUDING REMARKS

With an annual per capita vegetable consumption of only 40

kilograms as of 2003, Filipinos are among the lowest consumers of

vegetables in Asia, according to an official of the National NutritionCouncil (NNC). Consumption rate has reportedly been going down

since 1978. Maria Lourdes A. Vega, chief of the NNC's nutritioninformation and education division, told that the declining vegetable

consumption has pushed them to create a national strategic plan to

increase vegetable consumption to at least 50 percent in 2010 as

domestic production of vegetable also went down. Vega used datafrom the 2003 Food and Nutrition Institute (FNRI) Survey, which

recommended that the Philippines should have at least 69 kg per

capita annual vegetable table consumption. In contrast, China has a

per capita vegetable consumption of 250 kg per year, the highest inthe world. Vietnamese, on the other hand, consumed 54 kg per capita

in 2000. The declining vegetable consumption, Vega said, is amongthe major factors in the increase of incidence of illnesses in the

country. In 2002, the World Health Organization (WHO) said lowvegetable intake is estimated to cause some 2.7 million deaths each

year, and was among the top 10 risk factors contributing to mortality

(Balane, 2006).

With this information, it seems that for the past years, manyFilipinos are becoming health conscious, thus, the advent of vegetable

consumption as well as consumption of organically-grown foods, may

it be crops or livestock.

With low per capita consumptions of vegetables, coupled withlow production and the increasing health consciousness of consumers,

Vegetables Onseason

OffSeason

AveragePrice

Lettuce 57.50 80.00 68.75

Tomato 18.75 38.75 28.75

Bell Pepper 55.00 225.00 140.00

17

to the selling process, that is, instead of selling the eggs immediately

to the market or to the buyer, it takes much of the time, thus delayingthe opportunity to gain returns on their investments.

If the amount of egg sorter is made lower than the existing

ones, chances are, it will be bought by these cooperators and those

with backyard type of egg production. Currently, the cost of eggsorters with seven (7) different weights is P35,000. Therefore, this is

too expensive based on the perception of small backyard egg

producers.

With this phenomenon, it seems that small producers are into

jeopardy by not meeting the maximum potential income because of

lack of machine (technology) to be used in their farm as part of theirpost harvest equipment. Thus, a mechanically operated egg sorter is a

possible alternative.

OBJECTIVES

The general objective of this research activity is to fabricate a

mechanically driven egg sorter at a minimum cost for use by small tomedium scale egg producers. Specifically, this study aimed to simulate

the mechanism of an electrically driven egg sorter to a mechanically

driven machine with comparable efficiency and compare the cost ofproduction and investment gain.

METHODS

The procedure used in the fabrication of the machine was

based on the design of an electrically driven egg sorter using

commercially available components assembled together andtransforming the electrically designed sorter to a mechanicallydesigned machine. The efficiency of the machine was tested along

with the electrically operated egg sorter. Seven slots wereincorporated in order to classify the eggs into seven sizes: peewee,

extra small, small, medium, large, extra large and double extra large.


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FINDINGS

The figures below show the process from which the egg sorter

has been developed. There are seven different slots to suit sizesranging from peewee, extra small, small, medium, large, extra large

and double extra large.

The current efficiency level of the machine was found to becomparable to that of the egg sorter available in the market which is

essentially based on weights.

35

season which prove its worth as high value crops. This proves that

right timing will result to an increase in income. More importantly,

prices were dictated by its demand, usually it’s hard to plant thesevegetables during off season thus there is less supply, and less supply

with high demand will result to an increase in prices. In addition,

prices will continue to increase if supply will be coming in outside of

the area (import) since there will be additional transaction costs.

If these commodities/crops will be planted near the consumption

area, naturally transaction costs will be reduced thereby decreasingalso its selling price/costs. If the commodities were not produced inthe area, usually the prices are dictated by traders, unlike if the

production is near the consumption center/area.

For the restaurants that disclosed their source and their buyingprice, it seems that their price is lower compared to what the wet/

public market is stating, this simply means that this regular customer

somehow have a discount from their source. Again, prices are actually

being affected by demand, these regular customers are sure buyers orin other words producers has a sure market, thereby, sure sales of

their commodities even at a lower profit margin is very muchacceptable as long as there is continuing sales or a continuing demand

for a certain volume of the farmers produce.

Table 3. Average prices of vegetables per kilogram, per municipality,

by season, Bataan.

Munici-pality

Lettuce Tomato Bell Pepper On

Season Off

Season On

Season Off

Season On

Season Off

Season

Balanga 65 85 20 40 50 225

Abucay - - 35 50 65 240

Samal 35 55 16 45 50 200

Orani 40 140 20 60 25 225

Hermosa 30 70 12 50 45 250

Orion 25 60 16 46 48 165

Pilar 50 165 15 45 40 200

Mariveles 70 90 20 60 80 185

Limay - - 25 60 45 200

Dinalupihan 25 125 25 55 35 190

BATAAN 42.50 98.75 20.40 51.10 48.30 208


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Table 2. No. of sellers of the three vegetables, daily sales, in kg,

Bataan.

On the demand side, from the current population data of the year

2000, Bataan has a population of 557,859 and using this informationwith the current production of these three vegetables, assume a 40 kg

per capita consumption based on National Nutrition Council (Balane,2006), total demand of vegetables in Bataan is around 22 million kg

(22,314,860) per year. From the production alone of these three

vegetables coupled with the demand of total vegetables, production isnecessary considering that there is a huge demand and low supply.

There is also an effort to interview restaurant owners, hotels and

supermarkets in the province but they are hesitant to disclose even

their source of vegetables, other restaurant owners however,disclosed that they buy their vegetables specifically the three

vegetables mentioned above in the market and in the supermarket.This also proved that there is also a demand of these vegetables

outside of the public market.

Price Analysis

With regards to price, these vegetables promise a good farming

activity and have better profitability than other crops. Whether off

season or on season, prices seem to be high for these vegetables

(Table 3). And notably, prices increase by 100 percents during off

Municipality No. of

Respondents Lettuce Tomato

BellPepper

Balanga 5 By order 178.5 76.5

Abucay 1 By order 30.5 4.5

Samal 3 By order 301.0 129.0

Orani 10 By order 315.5 109.5

Hermosa 7 By order 157.0 78.0Orion 5 1.25 18.0 11.5

Pilar 4 5.25 51.5 6.0

Mariveles 4 By order 275.0 135.0

Limay 1 By order 115.0 45.0

Dinalupihan 2 By order 162.5 22.5

Total 6.5 1,604.5 617.5

19

In fact, what is notable in this project lies on the amount the

machine has been made which is only about P5,000. If for example,this will be sold to the market on 100 increments then that is P10,000.

This is now way below the current market price of P35,000.00

If the losses is at P3,000 to P5,000 per month, and the costs of

the machine is less than P10,000 then the product can easily be sold,thereby will be helpful to the egg producers.

CONCLUSION

The acceptability level considering the costs is high on small tomedium scale producers, this is not intended for large producers

wherein which needs the highest efficiency level. This machine is laborintensive and there is a need to measure the costs of labor to be used

in mechanical egg sorter compared to the costs incurred (i.e.,

electricity) in buying the egg sorter available in the market.

Nonetheless, this will surely help those in the lower segment of

production scale to further optimize their income at a much lower

investment costs.


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REFERENCES

Sonaiya, E. B., S.E. J. Swan. Small-scale Poultry Production:

Technical Guide. FAO-UN. 2004. Retrieved from: www.smallstock.info/reference/FAO/088/y569e/y5169e00.pdf.

Small Scale Egg Handling. Retrived from www.thepoultrysite.com.

33

Table 1. Area, no. of farmers, production data of tomato and bell

pepper in Bataan, 2007.

Source: Bataan Provincial Profile, 2007.

This study was able to interview vegetable vendors in the market

who are selling lettuce, tomato and green bell pepper. Also, some

known restaurants in the province, specifically in Balanga City, wereinterviewed to determine their source of these three vegetables. The

question then would be is there a market sense for farmers to plantthese three vegetables and would yield optimum results for them as

small farmer/entrepreneurs.

Demand Supply Gap

There are fewer farmers engaged in these three crops. There isno recorded lettuce production in the province and only 2 farmers forbell pepper. Tomato has the most number of producers among the

three. Actually, there are farmers or small producers that producelettuce; however, they sell their produce to direct consumers, which in

effect, there is no available supply left for distribution in wet/public

markets. From the total of 42, there is a combined supply at theprovince of 1,604 kg of tomato per day and 617 kg of bell pepper per

day (Table 2). This information is close to the production in Bataan if

only they are the only sellers of the products. Note, however that this

paper tried to picture out the current market of these three vegetablesand if only there are only 42 vendors/retailers of these vegetables in

the province and their requirement won’t be affected by demand.Interestingly, most of the respondents are buyers from Divisoria andBaguio and only two respondents claim that sometimes they got hold

of products/vegetables from Dinalupihan.

Essentially, these vegetables that came outside of Bataan and the

production in Bataan form the initial supply side which simply doublesthe current production.

Item Tomato Spices /

Bell pepper

Area (ha) 86.9 7

No. of Farmers 160 2

Production (MT) 606.21 41

Average Yield 59.71 8.5


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OBJECTIVES

The objective of this market study is simply to determine thesupply and demand of the three selected vegetables (bell pepper,

tomato, lettuce) in the province and look for opportunities that go

with these vegetables. Specifically, this study aims to:

1.Determine the supply of bell pepper, tomato and lettuce in

the province of Bataan;2.Determine the demand of bell pepper, tomato and lettuce in

the province of Bataan;

3.Determine the supply and demand gap of bell pepper,

tomato and lettuce in the province of Bataan, and;4.Provide options for an enhanced market of these selected

vegetables.

MARKET

The three vegetables are high value crops that can commandmuch higher prices especially during off season. In the province of

Bataan, these vegetables; bell pepper, tomato and lettuce are

vegetables that can be found abundantly during peak season and canhardly been found during off season. In almost all of the markets in

Bataan, similar situation persist. Coupled with these, prices also hadbeen affected.

Note, however, that whether off season or on season of thesehigh value vegetables, these vegetables are actually readily available

for serving in most known hotels and restaurants in the province.

Bataan is primarily an agriculture province, with most of itsproduction and production area is devoted to rice. In fact, theprovince still has 4 percent surplus in production (Calderon, et.al,

2008). And specifically for the three mentioned crops in this study,Table 1 shows the area and production in the province of Bataan.

Interestingly, no known records from provincial office that says thereis a production of lettuce in the province.

INTRODUCTION

The Philippine layer sector (chicken egg) has played a minor rolein the poultry industry. In fact, for the past years, it only accounts for

around 3 percents of the total value of agriculture. This could be

attributed to insignificant increase in production in relation toconsumption in the country, although it continous to increase by

around 7 percent per year.

Interestingly, the Philippines ranked 21st in the world egg

producers (Table 1) in 2005. And in relation to its neighbouring

countries such as Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia, Philippines ranked

second with the highest costs of feeds with Malaysia being thehighest. Cost of layers ranked Philippines with the highest (LDC,

2008). Meaning, the Philippines remains to be uncompetitivecompared to its neighbours, even if it is still ahead of Malaysia and

Thailand in production. With this, it is necessary to increase its

competitiveness either through efficient production or effective settingup of system, or both.

In this light that BPSU Abucay campus came up with an idea ofincreasing egg production in the province through a proposal of

community-based egg production. That is providing technical expertise

and financial support through DOST for few farmers to engaged in

egg production. The project was on-going for more than a yearalready, and it seems problem has been facing the BPSU and DOST

specifically in terms of repayment of loans for production. Loans wereprovided by DOST for initial setting-up of layer chicken while BPSU

SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OFEGG PRODUCTION PROJECT OF DOST-BPSU1

Reynan P. Calderon, Hermogenes M. Paguia,

Rudy C. Flores and Gregorio J. Rodis2

1 Paper presented in the 1st BPSU Abucay Campus R&D In- House Review held on June 20,

2008 at BPSU Abucay Campus. 2 Science Research Specialists II, Research and Development Office, Bataan Peninsula State

University; Associate Director for Extension Services, BPSU Abucay Campus; CampusChancellor, BPSU Abucay Campus; and Vice- President for Research, Extension and

Auxiliary Services, BPSU


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provided the technical expertise.

It is in the interest of this paper to try to analyze the issue as to

whether or not there is an economic sense to continue the DOSTfunded project of community –based egg production in the province of

Bataan. And this paper will present financial and socio-economic

evaluation of the project.

Table 1. World egg production, in thousand tons,2005.

Source: Watt Executive Guide, 2007.

FINANCIAL ANALYSIS

The DOST-BPSU Project was able to have four cooperators for atotal of five production system, including one that is situated inside

the BPSU Abucay Campus.

Country Production Country Production

China 24,348 Netherlands 595

USA 5,330 Korea, Rep 570

India 2492 UK 552

Japan 2462 Poland 540

Mexico 2277 Colombia 492

Russian Fed 2050 Nigeria 476

Brazil 1560 Philippines 473

France 1045 Malaysia 442Indonesia 876 Pakistan 400

Spain 802 Canada 399

Turkey 753 Thailand 384

Ukraine 748 Romania 355

Germany 746 South Africa 339

Italy 700 Argentina 300

RATIONALE

Vegetable has been proven to be the major source of incomeamong farmers, especially during the off-season. Not only that it

require less land compared to grains such as rice and corn, it also hasyielded the possible highest returns on crops. However, during the

past few years, environmental and health concerns has been

associated to crop productions. Chemical control of pests and diseases

contaminates surface and ground water which in turn utilized for

drinking and irrigation purposes. In addition to that, continuous andunregulated application of inorganic fertilizers is the main cause of

decreasing land productivity due to increased soil acidity.

The current awareness of vegetable consumers regarding the

effects of chemically produced vegetables to their health is anopportunity to create a lucrative livelihood for farmers. Protective

cultivation of organic vegetable in spite of its advantage in reducing

significant amount of chemical inputs in vegetable production, suchtechnology was not widely practiced.

Promotion of this technology will not only give economic benefits

for farmers but will also provide a safe vegetable supply in the marketand will subsequently reduce environmental hazards.

MARKET STUDY OF SELECTEDVEGETABLES IN BATAAN1

Reynan P. Calderon, Jose Paulo B. Tuazon,

Jonathan E. Lacayanga and Walter G. Valdez 2

1 Paper presented at BPSU Abucay Campus Agency In House Review on June 30, 2009 at Farmer’s Training Center, BPSU Abucay Campus, Abucay, Bataan.

2 Science Research Associate II, Research and Development Office, Bataan Peninsula State

University; University Research Associate I, Office of the Vice President for Research, Extension and Auxiliary Services; Associate Director, RDO BPSU Abucay Campus; and

Instructor I, BPSU Abucay Campus.


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Training on Budget Management

Avoid laissez faire principle. Not all men are created equal. Don’t

let them do things that they are not familiar with. Truly encoding ofinformation is hard for people who are acquainted in the field.

RECOMMENDATIONS

The objectives of the proposal in community-based egg

production were actually achieved. It does not mentioned in the

proposal the payment schemes, if there is. The proposal did not want

a good payor but a have a technical skill and additional income andextends the beauty of egg production for all of it to increase egg

availability.

Shutting down the operations will surely put the cooperators in

bad state. In a state where payment will be close to impossible. If alltheir production will be ceased, like layer chickens, tools and

equipments, what will be their livelihood afterwards? That would be a

clear indication of total failure of the projects. There is no recovery

from payment and putting the cooperators in the same state theywere more than a year ago when there is no project yet and worst,

putting them in low morale state.

While doing some of the policy options mentioned above, the

proponent must act as a monopsonist, or single buyer who will dictatethe price of their eggs in a way that they can pay their debts or loans.

A method must be installed in such a way that penalties in the form of

products will be put in place so they won’t hide. Setting a tone or limitis also necessary to avoid them from selling their eggs underground –

and that is inevitable so let them be.

REFERENCES

Watt Executive Guide. 2007. The statistical reference for poultry executives. August.

Livestock development Council. 2008. Cross country analysis of the hog,broiler and layer industries of the Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia andIndonesia.

23

For the period February 2007 to March 2008, net income per

month is presented on Table 2 below. The data provided below comesfrom the report of the cooperators to Dr. Hermogenes M. Paguia, the

Project Leader of the said project.

Table 2. Net income per cooperators, per month, February 2007-March 2008.

Note: BPSU has an initial of 1,000 stocks while the rest have 500 stocks

each.

This is a 14 month period or around one/third of the period wherefull payment of loans to cooperators was expected. The layers

competitive life span is around 1 ½ years or 18 months, meaning ifwe extend the above figures to 18 months, what will happen after

taken into consideration its monthly average and the monthly average

Date BPSU Dumlao Garcia Salenga Landicho

Feb 2007 6,193 4,207 4,177 3,762 3,108

Mar 2007 10,780 5,802 10,859 11,671 5,209

Apr 2007 10,769 6,580 9,936 5,581 4,220

May 2007 11,313 11,620 13,829 5,879 13,368

Jun 2007 12,046 13,572 15,919 6,616 7,940

Jul 2007 13,489 6,737 5,823 3,644 4,130

Aug 2007 14,830 5,485 9,298 1,739 4,379

Sep 2007 14,439 5,211 8,833 1,946 4,160

Oct 2007 10,790 3,985 10,426 7,343 510

Nov 2007 10,574 3,905 6,642 2,214 4,370

Dec 2007 10,363 3,827 6,510 2,170 4,283

Jan 2008 5, 210 3,467 6,966 1,670 190

Feb 2008 5,000 3,287 4,503 (670) 740

Mar 2008 4,784 3,287 6,415 (824) 737

TOTAL 135,270 80,972 120,136 52,741 57,344


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increase of production, ceteris paribus, considering the price variability

of eggs? Also, considering the efficiency ratio of layers which is stillmore than 70%, in addition to the price of culled layer chicken, we

can assume that the following information in Table 3 could be true.

Table 3. Estimated 18 months egg production, in pesos.

If this is the case, then the loan which is amounting to P127,000which is payable in three (3) years could be paid by each cooperators.

Simply because the only investments to be added are the layer

chickens. Take note, that in the first year of operation, buildings, tools

and equipments have already been made available and this will last ona minimum of five (5) years which is far above the paying period.

If we then compared, Table 2 to Table 3, we could say thatBPSU, Dumlao and Garcia is far above the halfway mark of P127,00

which is an indication of positive profitability of project, at least for the

point of view of funding agency.

Date BPSU Dumlao Garcia Salenga Landicho

Feb-07 6,193 4,207 4,177 3,762 3,108

Mar-07 10,780 5,802 10,859 11,671 5,209

Apr-07 10,769 6,580 9,936 5,581 4,220

May-07 11,313 11,620 13,829 5,879 13,368

Jun-07 12,046 13,572 15,919 6,616 7,940

Jul-07 13,489 6,737 5,823 3,644 4,130

Aug-07 14,830 5,485 9,298 1,739 4,379

Sep-07 14,439 5,211 8,833 1,946 4,160

Oct-07 10,790 3,985 10,426 7,343 510

Nov-07 10,574 3,905 6,642 2,214 4,370

Dec-07 10,363 3,827 6,510 2,170 4,283

Jan-08 5,210 3,467 6,966 1,670 190

Feb-08 5,000 3,287 4,503 (670) 740

Mar-08 4,784 3,287 6,415 (824) 737

Apr-08 10,041 5,784 8,581 3,767 4,096

May-08 11,759 6,755 9,878 4,239 5,217

Jun-08 13,769 7,890 11,370 4,770 6,645

Jul-08 16,124 9,216 13,088 5,368 8,464

Total 192,273 110,617 163,053 70,885 81,766

29

Economic Efficiency

Economic efficiency is looking at output per input level. Probably

one reason behind the unattractiveness of the activity is theassumption that it would be the main activity for income but the fact

is it’s not. It is just simply a support of an existing income. Meaning,

to be economically viable to a family of say, six the number of layersmust not be less than 1,000. And this must be taken into

consideration to be able to get the optimum results out of the activity.

For example, if labor costs will be accounted for 500 layer chickens,the same labor costs could also be accounted for in say 2,000 layer

chickens – then what production is more economically viable?

Correctness of Data

The correctness of data is very important. Sometimes those that

were eaten by the family are not accounted for. Also, those that must

not be accounted for in the expenses, because it is a family’s expenseand not solely for layer production, expense is being considered in the

computation. A template to be filled up must be issued to each

cooperator. In so doing, there will be a uniformity in the presentation

and those that must be accounted.

There must be a daily activity chart coupled with expenses and

income. In this way when in doubt of there will be a data that can bereconciled.

Pre-Condition for Selection of Cooperators

There must be criteria on who will be the next if ever there will

be next, and this paper thinks there must be next cooperators.

Cooperators may not have resources to act as their collateral butsometimes this is necessary. A bond is much better that collateral. Abond can be in any form of resources.


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Not all bad was actually happened in this project.

There are good things aside from mistakes which sometimes hide

in the name of lessons learned. In fact, this uplifts the welfare offamilies from where these cooperators belong; the equivalent is the

amount of investments and income derived from the egg production.

Naturally, if this “fails” at this time, the knowledge and infrastructuresthat have been made available will be used or can be used further to

alleviate these cooperators in the state where they are now. And

soon they will realize that it would be better to continue their activityrather than close it down. And who will benefit?

Naturally, the ultimate beneficiaries of these activities are the

society who is not yet an egg-eater. Imagine the number of eggsproduced in a day in the province out of additional 30,000 layer

chickens. And what if the egg consumption further increases? Which isinevitable since as have been said earlier we are not yet an egg eater?

The problem could be more dramatic.

POLICY OPTIONS

Technical Efficiency

Increasing the efficiency ratio of layer chicken to egg is one arethat needs to be addressed at least by an academic institution. Say if

the rule of thumb is to have an 80 eggs per day for every onehundred of layer chickens, a way to make this increase to say 90 eggs

per day is an increasing technical efficiency.

This technical efficiency could also be addressed to decreasing or

looking for an alternative feeds at lower costs without jeopardizing the

current efficiency level.

Also, there must also be a grading system as to the weight ofeggs that are being produced. Sometimes, the number of eggs is not

sufficient data to say that there is a technical efficiency but rather amarketing loophole. If eggs are properly graded, then the optimum

income could be derived.

In this way, there will be an increase in real income.

25

Based on Tables 2 and 3, it could easily be said that there is a

profitable activity, therefore, payment of loans can easily be paid.Table 4 shows that monthly amortization for three years of farmers’

loan. Now, let’s see this data and information on long-termprofitability on the point of view of the farmers as entrepreneurs.

Say for instance, an entrepreneur may have the option to invest ina low risk lo return investments such as bonds and time deposits or

simply put it in egg production. Taking into consideration the present

value of money that is accounted for in the future and adding interestrates of 15% (the accepted rate to be considered viable), what will be

the amount of money at the present.

Seemingly, there is a net income out of the production activities,but when taken into account interest rates and present value of

money,it seems that, the activity if not profitable.

There is a negative net present value in all cooperators, no

cooperators was able to make it to more than 15% internal rate ofreturns and less than one is its benefit cost ratio (Table 4).

This is an interesting story to tell considering that the minimum

amount of layer chicken to be a profitable activities is only 500 heads,based on Dr. Paguia. But it seems there is something wrong either

way.

There are many reasons behind this. One is efficiency. Both

technical and economic efficiency.

The financial evaluation clearly shows an unprofitable activity in

egg production, at least for this data and information. In fact, thetruth is egg production is one classic example of fastest money

creation from business, ceteris paribus, considering its daily turnover

of products and income. It should not be the case. Again, on the issue

of efficiency.

If financial evaluation states that there is an income loss in the

activity, there is a reason to believe that farmer-cooperators could notable to bring back or pay back the DOST what is due to them? That is

if the answer lies on financial evaluation alone.


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Table 4. Amortization Schedule.

Project Cost 127,000Grace period -

Loan Amount 127,000No. of Payment / Year 12

Equity - Amortization Amount

Interest Rate 0% Loan Component 127,000

Years to Pay 3

Period/Year Principal InterestTotal

PaymentPrincipalBalance

0 127,000

1 3,527.78 - 3,527.78 123,472

2 3,527.78 - 3,527.78 119,9443 3,527.78 - 3,527.78 116,417

4 3,527.78 - 3,527.78 112,889

5 3,527.78 - 3,527.78 109,361

6 3,527.78 - 3,527.78 105,833

7 3,527.78 - 3,527.78 102,306

8 3,527.78 - 3,527.78 98,778

9 3,527.78 - 3,527.78 95,250

10 3,527.78 - 3,527.78 91,722

11 3,527.78 - 3,527

study of pomelo

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