Chapter I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study The number of people who suffer from obesity has increased a lot, but things are sad as teen obesity has reached an incredible high level. Teen obesity causes are also hereditary, but without controlling what kids and teenagers eat, they will be more and more overweight. Teen obesity has multiple consequences that affect self-confidence and health. Teen obesity is the major cause of bulimia, blood flow and heart disorders, as well as hormonal problems. Fast-food courts transformed into a place where teenagers meet and have fun, but what they are eating is completely wrong and unhealthy for them. It is a trend to attend these places, but the effect is teen obesity that incorporates a lot of problem. The best thing is to educate, inform and explain to teenagers what is healthy for them and why. Use anything that may work as a demonstration to prove them
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
1
Chapter I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
The number of people who suffer from obesity has increased a lot, but things
are sad as teen obesity has reached an incredible high level. Teen obesity causes
are also hereditary, but without controlling what kids and teenagers eat, they will
be more and more overweight. Teen obesity has multiple consequences that affect
self-confidence and health. Teen obesity is the major cause of bulimia, blood flow
and heart disorders, as well as hormonal problems. Fast-food courts transformed
into a place where teenagers meet and have fun, but what they are eating is
completely wrong and unhealthy for them. It is a trend to attend these places, but
the effect is teen obesity that incorporates a lot of problem.
The best thing is to educate, inform and explain to teenagers what is healthy
for them and why. Use anything that may work as a demonstration to prove them
that it is true and show them the effects. Adapt your language to their level of
understanding and make sure they keep in mind the information and that apply it.
A great tip is to let them pick the food, but only the healthy one, so you will know
for sure if they got the point and make the right decisions. Beginning from an
early age, during teenage and maybe all their lives, will have no problems.
Here in the Philippines there are lots of herbal plants and also fruit that can
be an alternative medicine to treat some illness, an example is the pomelo.
Pomelo is distinguished from all other citrus fruits by its size – namely it is the
biggest of them all. Other commonly used names for this fruit are also Chinese
grapefruit, lusho fruit, jabong, papanas, shaddock etc. Other quality that
2
differentiates it from its next of kin, i.e. the grapefruit, aside from the size has also
a much thicker skin. When it comes to the size, it ranges anywhere from 15 to 25
cm in diameter, and the weight is approximately 1-2 kg. The rind is in most cases
of pale green color, changing into yellow once the fruit becomes ripe. As far as
the climate is concerned, the ones that best suit pomelo are tropical climates, with
the fruit ripening in winter time.
Pomelo can help you lose weight because it has fat burning enzymes. These
enzymes absorb the sugar content in the body. The fruit can also be used as a
remedy for diabetes, insomnia, fever and sore throat. Pomelo is often called the
"Fat Melting Fruit" and fat-burning supplement, the theory being that the fruit's
low glycemic index is able to support the body's metabolism to burn fat. Pomelo
Seed contains the whole spectrum of the vitamin-B group, with a particularly high
content of Biotin, which is responsible for the utilization of dietary body fats,
facilitating the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins (and the utilization
of other B-complex vitamins). Some studies have also shown that pomelo helps to
lower cholesterol. According to 2010 data from Jerusalem’s Hebrew University
and Massachusetts General Hospital, Naringenin, a compound derived from the
pomelo was found to mimic the actions of some lipid-lowering pharmaceuticals in
animal models and shows potential as a naturally occurring-dietary supplement to
regulate lipid metabolism.
It is on this premises that we should conducted an experimental research on
the effectiveness of pomelo (Citrus Maxima) in order to have actual information
on how to help to reduce the weight of an obese BSN Level 3 student.
functioning of the pomelo. If you are on the right diets, it will promote the
absorption of the calcium in the foods.
However, medics advice us not to take too much of the pomelo as it can
result to a liver condition. If the pomelo has a weird taste, then you should not
consume it. It can be counterproductive. It is the same case if you overuse it.
Some of the signs that you see are vomiting and nausea. This is a pointer to the
fact that pomelo has be taken beyond the recommendable limit (Nokes, 2011).
Since pomelo is a fiber-rich fruit, it can probably help people lose some
pounds. According to Kathleen M. Zelman, MPH, RD, LD, author of High-fiber
Diets and Weight Loss, “Eating healthy high-fiber foods makes you feel full, so
you can resist eating more food than you need. Fibrous foods also can take longer
to chew, giving your brain time to get the signal that you have had enough to eat.”
Fiber also moves fat through our digestive system faster so that less of it is
absorbed.
US study – Naringenin, a key to fighting obesity
In 2006, a scientific study was performed by the Florida Department of
Citrus at the California Scripp's Clinic. It was found that by adding 4 ounces of
grapefruit juice or half a grapefruit to meals, participants had an average weight
loss of 3 1/2 pounds a week without altering their diet in any other way.
Researchers believed a compound, naringenin, in the grapefruit helped the liver
lower cholesterol and also helped regulate insulin levels. Both of these factors had
a significant impact on overall weight reduction of the subjects. It should be noted
that obesity constitutes the main part of the “metabolic syndrome” that is also
characterized by hypertension, elevated blood cholesterol and disturbed glucose
and insulin metabolism.
15
Canadian study – Naringenin, as an effective weight reducer and maintainer
In another study performed at the Roberts Research Institute at the
University of Western Ontario, the study mice were divided into four groups.
They fed one group a normal, healthy diet. The second group received a high-fat,
high-calorie diet. The third and fourth groups received a high-fat, high-calorie diet
along with a naringenin supplement. After just four weeks, the mice on the high-
fat, high-calorie diet became obese. In addition, they became insulin and glucose
intolerant. On the other hand, the two groups who received the naringenin
supplement fared much better. Despite the same high-fat, high-calorie diet, these
mice did not gain weight like their counterparts. In addition, the naringenin mice
did not develop key health factors linked to Metabolic Syndrome. In fact, they
lowered their triglyceride and cholesterol levels. They also continued to
metabolize glucose normally and they never developed a resistance to insulin. At
the end of the study, it was found that naringenin had marked lipid- and
lipoprotein-lowering potential, without affecting caloric intake or fat absorption.
It was also found that naringenin, in concentrations far above levels found
naturally, makes the liver burn fat instead of storing it. These effects were
independent of caloric intake as the mice ate exactly the same amount of food and
the same amount of fat. There was no suppression of appetite or decreased food
intake, which are often the basis of strategies to reduce weight gain and its
metabolic consequences. As a conclusion, it was suggested that naringenin
metabolizes hepatic VLDL (very low density lipoprotein) production, improves
glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity and prevents obesity associated with
high-fat diet (Mulvihill et al., Diabetes journal, July 10, 2009).
16
C. Conceptual Framework
Pre-Intervention Post-Intervention
Experimental Phase
Figure 1. A One-Group Pretest- Post-test Design of the Study
In the Pre-Intervention phase, it involved the weighing of the subject before
the introduction of Pomelo.
The Experimental Phase was the treatment of Pomelo as a weight reduction
approach.
The Post- Intervention Phase was the weighing of the subjects after
introduction of Pomelo. Also, this includes evaluation for effectiveness of Pomelo
as a weight reduction approach.
D. Assumption
1. Pomelo is effective for weight reduction
2. There is a significant difference in the weights of the subjects before and
after introduction of Pomelo as an alternative weight reduction approach.
Weight BeforePomelo As Weight
Reduction ApproachWeight After
Evidence of Effectiveness
17
E. Definition of Terms
Body Mass Index (BMI)- A weight-to-height ration, calculated by dividing
one’s weight in kg by the square of one’s height in meters and used as
an indicator of obesity and underweight.
Ideal weight- a weight that is believed to be maximally healthful for a person,
based chiefly on height but modified by factors such as gender, age,
build, and degree of muscular development.
Obesity- is an abnormal accumulation of body fat usually 20% or more oven
an Individual’s ideal body weight. Obesity is associated with increased
risk of illness, disability and death.
Regular Diet of the Respondents- is the respondents’ normal daily intake of
food, with no alteration in amount or in the number of times of eating.
Weight Loss- A decrease in body weight resulting from either voluntary (diet,
exercise) or involuntary (illness) circumstances. Most instances of
weight loss arise due to the loss of body fat, but in cases of extreme or
severe weight loss, protein and other substances in the body can also be
depleted.
18
Chapter III
METHODOLOGY
A. Research Design
This study utilized an Experimental Design specifically Pre-experimental type
wherein the respondents was randomly assigned to 3 groups A, B and C and
underwent treatment of Pomelo fruit at different amounts. There was no control
group. The pretest was the weighing of respondents before treatment of Pomelo
and the post-test was the weighing of respondents after treatment of Pomelo fruit.
This study proved the hypothesis mathematically utilizing statistical analysis.
And the only variable tested and manipulated in this study is the amount of the
Pomelo taken by the respondents.
B. Sampling Design
a. Research Locale
This study conducted in 2 settings: The actual weighing and the selection of
target respondents done at Western Mindanao State University- College of
Nursing.
Subsequently, the treatment with Pomelo fruit conducted in the respondents’
respective houses.
b. Sampling Technique
19
This study utilized a non-probability sampling technique specifically the
Purposive sampling method wherein the 9 willing obese respondents among the
BSN Level 3 students selected.
c. Samples
The respondents for this study are the BSN students, aging 15-20 years old
belonging to the obese group in the classification of Body Mass Index.
From the 9 respondents, there were 3 groups namely Group A, B and C.
Group A received 100 grams of Pomelo, Group B 200 grams and Group C
300grams. This was done to determine if the amount of Pomelo taken affected the
total weight loss. There was a weekly weighing to monitor the weight loss and it
was totaled at the end of 6 weeks.
C. Research Instrument
The study utilized the Body Mass Index (BMI) Chart as basis of the
classification of the weights of respondents. It also utilized an Interview Guide for
the pre-assessment of the subjects for the study.
D. Reliability and Validity
Each weighing scale used in this study was subjected to a Pretest, ensured the
reliability and validity of results.
The 3 weighing scales for Pomelo are tested by weighing 1 Pomelo using each
weighing scale. The weight readings did not exceed 2 grams below or above each
weight to be considered reliable.
20
For the single weighing scale used to weigh the respondents, 1 researcher was
weighed 3 times. The weight readings did not also exceed 5 grams below or
above each weight considered reliable.
E. Plan for Data Gathering
Prior to the data gathering, the respondents was oriented about the study,
emphasized the duration of the research, the amount of Pomelo taken after lunch
everyday and the weekly monitoring of weights.
For the baseline data, the respondents was weighed before the treatment of
Pomelo. In this study, the recommended amount of Pomelo fruit per group was
prepared. These was packed and distributed to each respondent, received packed
Pomelo good for 3 days. They were instructed to take 1 pack of Pomelo anytime
after lunch without altering their regular diet. It was also be advised that taking
pomelos after dinner may yield better result.
Weights were taken weekly, every Saturday morning with each respondent
wearing the same clothing every weighing session. The clothing was provided to
ensure the validity and reliability if the weights to be taken. This was done for a
total of 6 weeks.
21
F. Plan for Data Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation
The result of this study was presented in a combination of textual, tabular and
graphical forms; this showed the relationship of results accurately. The data
gathered also was subjected to t-test to prove the significant difference of the
respondents’ weights before and after the treatment of Pomelo fruit.
G. Ethical Considerations
In all countries, research works that involve human subjects and animals
should be carried out in accordance with high ethical standards set by various
ethics committee. The privacy and dignity of every individual to be involved in
this research will be protected. The respondents will be assured of confidentiality
and anonymity through identification coding and reports of aggregate data. The
respondents will be notified of the aims, methods, expected outcome, benefits and
potential hazards of this study.
22
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Journal/Manual:Conopio, Flor , et.al. (1990). The National Journal of Better Living:
Health & Home. page 20, July-August edition.
Santos, Leah B, et.al. (2009). Readings and Laboratory Manual in NuDiet
101 (Nutrition with Diet Therapy) for Nursing and Allied Courses.
WMSU. CHE. pg 17.
Websites:Chinapomelo. (2009). Chinese Pomelo. Retrieved February 15, 2012,
from http://www.chinapomelos.com/index.php/pomelo-other-uses.html
Annadurai, G., Arubachalam, R., Jayarajan, M. (2011). Research Journal Of Environmental Sciences 5:434-443. Use of Low Cost Nano-porous Materials of Pomelo Fruit Peel Wastes in Removal of Textile Dye. Retrieved February 13, 2012, from http://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=rjes.2011.434.443
Bijlmakers, H. (nd). Pomelo. . Retrieved February 10, 2012, from http://www.bijlmakers.com/fruits/pomelo.htm
Bilton, P. (2011, July 2). The Tropical Fruit Pomelo: Its Nutrition and Culinary Uses. Retrieved February 10, 2012, from http://food-nutrition.factoidz.com/the-tropical-fruit-pomelo-its-nutrition-and-culinary-uses-1/
Crowther, NJ., Ali AT., (2009). Journal of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes of South Africa Vol. 14, No. 2. Factors Predisposing to Obesity: A Review of Literature. Retrieved February 17, 2012, from http://www.ajol.info/index.php/jemdsa/article/view/50350
Jamilah, B., Keshani, S., Luqman Chuah, A., Nourouzi, M. M., Russly A.R. (2010). International Food Research Journal 17: 733-742.
Optimization of Concentration Process on Pomelo Fruit Juice Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Retrieved February 15, 2012, from:http://www.ifrj.upm.edu.my/17%20(03)%202010/IFRJ-2010-733-742%20Keshani%20Malaysia%20ok.pdf
Morton, J. (1987). Fruits of Warm Climates. p. 147–151. Pummelo. Retrieved February 17, 2012, from http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/pummelo.html#Other%20Uses
Nokes, S. (2011, April 29). Nutritional Benefits of Pomelo. Retrieved February 17, 2012, from http://healthy-diet.maxupdates.tv/nutritional-benefits-of-pomelo/
Park, M. (2011, April 15). Why isn't there a safe weight-loss pill?. Retrieved February 17, 2012, from http://edition.cnn.com/2011/HEALTH/04/15/diet.drugs.fail/index.html
Rutishauser I., Tienboon P., Wahlqvist M. (1992). ) Asia Pacific J Clinic Nutr, 1. pp 21-22. Early Life Factors Affecting Body Mass Index and Waist-Hip Ratio in Adolescence. Retrieved February 17, 2012, from http://www.healthyeatingclub.com/info/articles/infant child/childhood-obesity.htm#Tienboon,P
Kaewsarn, P., Saikaew, W., Saikaew, W. (2009). World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 56 2009 pg 287-291. Pomelo Peel: Agricultural Waste for Biosorption of Cadmium Ions from Aqueous Solutions. Retrieved February 17, 2012, from http://www.waset.org/journals/waset/v56/v56-56.pdf
Thulaja, N. (2003, December 3). Pomelo. Retrieved February 17, 2012, from http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_207_2005-01-09.html
Torrey, T. (2010, May 2). Natural or Herbal Weight Loss Drugs and Supplements - Contaminated and Dangerous. Retrieved February 17, 2012, from http://patients.about.com/od/patientempowermentissues/a/weightlossdrugs.htm
24
WHO. (2011). Obesity and Overweight. Retrieved February 15, 2012, from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/index.html
Zelman, K. (2010, October 29). High-fiber Diets and Weight Loss. Retrieved February 17, 2012, from http://www.webmd.com/diet/fiber-health-benefits-11/fiber-weight-control?page=2
Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998) National Academy of Sciences. Institute of Medicine. Food and Nutrition Board. Retrieved March 1, 2012, from http://www.vitamin-basics.com/index.php?id=53
Mulvihill et al., (2009) Diabetes journal, July 10. Retrieved March 1, 2012, from http://www.fat-diet.com/citrus-fruits-weight-loss
2. Why do you want to lose weight?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. What methods did you take to lose weight?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. Is this your first time to hear that Pomelo can help you reduce weight? What do you think about this?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
26
APPENDIX BRepublic of the Philippines
WESTERN MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITYCollege of NursingZamboanga City
LETTER OF CONSENT
To whom it may concern:
I,______________________________ , _____ years of age and resident
of ___________________________, voluntarily submit myself and express my
willingness to participate in the research to be conducted by the Western
Mindanao State University Level 3 SY 2010-2011 BSN students on the study
titled “EFFECTIVENESS OF POMELO (Citrus maxima) AS A WEIGHT
REDUCTION ALTERNATIVE AMONG OBESE BSN LEVEL III
STUDENTS”.
My signature affixed below signifies my full cooperation and participation
in all activities that the group is planning to undertake.
_________________________ _____________________ Signature over Printed Name Date
27
Republic of the PhilippinesWESTERN MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
College of NursingZamboanga City
BEHAVIORAL CONTRACT
I,______________________________ , _____ years of age agree to make the following behaviors:
Take the prescribed amount of Pomelo given by the researchers anytime after lunch but before sleep for the whole duration of the research.
Not make any alterations in my regular diet, exercise or activity to help the researchers gather valid and reliable results.
Not take any diet pills, drinks and the likes to achieve a valid and reliable result of my weight loss through the use of Pomelo.
Immediately notify the researchers of any unusual effects when taking pomelo.
Signed:
______________________________ _____________________ Signature over Printed Name Date
Researchers: Aldrich B. Arquiza _________________Sarah Merdan C. Bensali _________________Lorelee Ninia O. Espaldon _________________Hanna Joy H. Hirang _________________Kathleen Mona R. Napao _________________Christopher Philip M. Pelayo _________________Kharren A. Reyes _________________Marlo Rene D.R. Solis _________________Chrissele Joyce P. Tacurian _________________
2. Do you think it had been an effective weight reduction alternative for you? Why or why not?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Does eating pomelo affect your daily life? If yes, how does it affect you?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. For you, is pomelo safe for loosing weight? Why?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. What would you recommend for this research to be more effective?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________