Students' Absenteeism in Afghan Schools Parents' and teachers' views about the causes of students' absenteeism and strategies used to tackle absenteeism in higher secondary classes of Kabul city schools Jannat Gul Totakhail Faculty: Art and Social Science Subject: Teacher Education Master Program (TEMP) Points: 15 ECTS credits Supervisor: Per-Olof Fjällsby Examiner: Pia Karlsson Date: 14-10-2014
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Students' Absenteeism in Afghan Schools Parents' and teachers' views about the causes of students' absenteeism and strategies used to tackle absenteeism in higher secondary classes of Kabul city schools
Jannat Gul Totakhail
Faculty: Art and Social Science
Subject: Teacher Education Master Program (TEMP)
Points: 15 ECTS credits
Supervisor: Per-Olof Fjällsby
Examiner: Pia Karlsson
Date: 14-10-2014
I
ABSTRACT
Students' absenteeism is high in Afghanistan. There are various reasons associated with boy
and girl students' absenteeism. This research is conducted to collect the views of parents and
teachers about reasons of boy and girl students' absenteeism in higher secondary classes of
Kabul city schools; it also explores the various strategies used by parents and teachers to
improve students' attendance. Data was collected through a questionnaire in 10 schools. 83%
teachers and 95% parents replied to the questions, the collected data was then categorized and
presented for schools, parents, teachers, girls and boys. Absenteeism more likely affects
academic achievements of students, causes disintegration from school life and drop out from
school in severe cases.
Findings of the study show that there are various financial, environmental, cultural
and family related factors that hinder students' attendance, but girl students' attendance is
particularly affected by cultural and family related reasons while boy students' attendance is
affected by lack of motivation, bullying and weak school regulations. Despite higher
absenteeism, it is good indication that parents and teachers have taken up some strategies to
reduce students' absenteeism. Educated parents are more tolerant and supportive of their girls'
education and likewise qualified teacher deal more professionally on tackling students'
absenteeism. Government has established parents' shuras (councils) in schools but a robust
coordination and support system needs to be established among Government, parents and
teachers to improve both girl and boy students' attendance in schools.
II
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I am Very thankful to Dr. Amir Mansory and Dr. Pia Karlsson for continuous support
throughout the program. I am grateful to all my professors at Karlstad University and my
supervisor Dr. Per-Olof Fjällsby for giving worthwhile supervision and guidance.
I thank ChildFund Afghanistan for giving me time and opportunity to complete my
degree course. I am also very thankful to the parents and teachers who participated in this
survey.
I am very thankful to my wife who always gave me courage and patience to complete
my course and thesis.
III
Table of Contents
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................ I
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ........................................................................................................... II
Table of Contents ..................................................................................................................... III
Teacher views about the reasons of their students' absenteeism
In response to an open question, teachers shared various views about the causes of boy and
girl students' absenteeism. As compared to boys, more teachers (19%) mentioned that
insecurity interrupts girl attendance. Although early marriages affect both boys and girls
attendance but most teacher (33%) mentioned that early marriages in girls cause them to stay
absent. An interesting finding was that 19% parents related early marriages among boys with
absenteeism. About students' motivation, 31% teachers mentioned that boys are not well
motivated to attend schools and thus stay absent. Moreover, 20% teachers associated lack of
motivation with girl students' absenteeism. As compared to girls who seems to suffer less
from bullying (only 2% teachers mentioned), 24% teacher were out spoken about bullying
among boys where others make fun of students. 13% teachers stated that migration and
change of residence equally affect both girls and boys attendance. Another 13% teachers
informed that harassment on the way to school where vulgar boys pass comments and
gestures to the girls offset their attendance.
Table 6: General view of teachers on the reasons of their students' absenteeism
Main Reason of absenteeism
Boys Girls
# % # %
Insecurity 5 9 10 19
Harassment 2 4 7 13
Bullying 13 24 1 2
Migration/Change of residence 7 13 7 13
Early marriages 10 19 18 33
Lack of motivation 17 31 11 20
Total 54 100 54 100
Bullying children was a reason of students absenteeism shared by teachers especially in boy
schools. In reply to a question about various groups of people bullying children in school,
most (36%) of the teachers mentioned that Children are bullied by older students in the
school. 28% mentioned that students are bullied by classmates, while 13% teachers informed
that teachers themselves make fun of students in the school. 5% teachers said that school
guards and support staff make jokes on students and 18% mentioned that students are not
bullied by any one in school.
Parents' and teachers' views about the effect of students' absenteeism In the table below parents' and teachers' views are taken over the effect of students'
absenteeism on their academic performance and drop out. 53% parents and 56% teachers
responded that they strongly agree to the assumption that absenteeism negatively affects
students' academic performance, 7% parents did not have knowledge to reply, and only 2%
parents and 3% teachers strongly disagreed to the statement. Relating students' absenteeism to
13
their drop out, more parents (45%) and teachers (42%) selected the second choice of agreeing
to the assumption. Almost equal number of parents and teachers mentioned not knowing an
answer. As compared to parents (1%), more teachers (9%) strongly disagreed to this
assumption that absenteeism cause drop out among children.
Table 7: Effect of students' absenteeism from parents and teachers perspective
Option Absenteeism lead to lower
academic performance among
students
Absenteeism cause drop out among
students
Parents Teachers Parents Teachers
# % # % # % # %
Strongly Agree 44 53 40 56 29 35 27 28
Agree 31 37 24 33 37 45 40 42
I Don't Know 6 7 2 3 6 7 6 6
Disagree 2 2 3 4 10 12 13 14
Strongly
Disagree
0 0 3 4 1 1 9 9
Total 83 100 72 100 83 100 95 100
Strategies parents use for reducing children absenteeism Mothers and Fathers have adopted various strategies to help their children attend classes. An
efficient and important strategy that both parents use is to motivate their children to attend
classes. 88% parents mentioned that they motivate children and improve their attendance.
Most (31%) parents motivated children and praised them for keeping up regular attendance.
28% parents were setting high expectation for children thus they get ambitious, engage and do
not miss on school days. 20% parents gave gift rewards to their children for good attendance.
Another 20% parents discussed about school events and studies with children thus children
get a sense that their education is valued and also for parent to learn from their children about
any obstacles to attendance and take timely action to resolve them.
Figure 8: Strategies parents use to motivate children for school attendance
Parents' motivation strategies # %
Reward for attendance 17 20
Praise for attendance 26 31
Discuss about school and studies 17 20
Set high expectation for children 23 28
Bring for Excursion 0 0
Total 83 100
Below is a case from school "A" for Girls where students had lower absenteeism (as only 2%
in grade 10 and 3% in grade 11 in category 1). More than half (60%) mothers mentioned that
they take care of children school time and do not assign them on a work during school hours;
another 20% said that they accompany their daughters to schools and 20% mothers were
helping children with home work assigned by teacher. Parents differed in strategies, where
14
40% father informed that they arrange transport to and from school, 40% father were
providing education supplies and materials while another 20% father were not engaging
children in house work during schools hours. The options that have got zero does not mean
that they are not important at all but it was a case of a successful school where fathers and
mothers used the mentioned strategies to facilitate their children to attend classes.
Table 9: Strategies parents use for enhancing children's attendance in School "A".
Ways a mother helps in sending child to
school
Ways a father helps in sending child to
school
Option # % # %
Accompany Child to school 1 20 Arrange transport for school 2 40
Dress Child for school 0 0 provide education materials 2 40
Help with Completing home
work
1 20 Accompany child to school 0 0
Provide meal before school 0 0 Help with home work 0 0
Don't engage child in house
work during school hours
3 60 Don't engage child in work
during school hours
1 20
Other 0 0 Other 0 0
Total 5 100 Total 5 100
Strategies teachers of various education level use for improving children
attendance The table below depicts that with improving students' attendance, teachers behave more
professionally when they have higher education. As compared to Grade 12 graduate teachers
(31%) who motivate students, more teacher training college graduate teachers (57%) used
motivation to integrate students into school; likewise a higher percent of teachers individually
supported absent students as their education level goes up. Most Islamic education teachers
(66%) were individually supporting absent students. About contacting parents of absent
students, there is a clear difference as 15% and 25% for minimum (Grade 12) and maximum
(Master) education level of teachers respectively. A striking finding revealed was that less
qualified teachers are more likely to punish their students' for absenteeism, mostly (54%)
Grade 12 teachers were using punishment as method to control absenteeism and this rate
decreases as the education level of teachers' increases.
15
Table 10: Strategies teachers use for enhancing children attendance in School
Teacher Education
Level
Teachers responses
# of
teachers Motivatio
n
Individuall
y support
absent
students
Contact
Parents
of
absent
students
Punishmen
t
# % # # % # %
Grade 12 13 4 31% 0 0% 2 15% 7 54%
Teacher Training
College 35
20 57% 3 9% 6 17% 6 17%
Bachelor 40
19 48% 10 25%
1
0 25% 1 3%
Master 4 2 50% 1 25% 1 25% 0 0%
Islamic education 3 1 33% 1 66% 0 0% 0 0%
Total 95
Beside above strategies, over all 62% teachers involved families in their children education
to reduce students' absenteeism. School "A" for girls that had lower absenteeism and School
"H" for boys that had higher absenteeism were selected as a case to investigate the benefit of
family involvement in reducing students' absenteeism.
Families' involvement was found as an important factor in reducing absenteeism at
category 1-3. Comparison of two schools shows that school "A" for Girls where 100%
teachers involved families in their children education had lower absenteeism as compared to
school "H" for boys where 89% teachers did not involve families in their children education.
Table 11: Teacher involvement of families in their children education in two
schools
Table 12: A comparative case of students' attendance in two schools
School Question Option #
teachers Percent
School "A" for
Girls Do you
involve
families
in their
children
education
Yes 10 100
No 0 0
School "H" for
Boys
Yes 1 11
No 8 89
School Grade level # of
students at
Grade level
Level of Absenteeism through
educational year
1-15 Day 16-30
Day
31-46 Day
16
Over all, teachers used different ways to involve parents in their children education and
reduce their absenteeism. Most (29%) teachers were calling parents for individual meeting to
school. 24% teachers mentioned that their schools have a shura where parents are members
and attend shura meetings. 22% teachers were using conventional way of sending letters to
parents to update them on their children studies and attendance. 17% teachers informed that
they contact parents by phone while the least number (8%) teachers were visiting students'
parents in their houses.
A comparison of facilities and strategies in two schools having higher and
lower absenteeism
Two schools have different hard and soft facilities that can be related to having a role
in reducing students' absenteeism. 50% teacher in school "H" for boys mentioned that their
school has convenient school building, and 50 % teachers narrated that their school has a
library, enough textbooks and learning materials for students. On the other hand 30% teachers
in school "C" for girls said that they have established a bullying free environment in school,
50% teachers mentioned that their school has play and recreational activities to attract
students while 20% teachers mentioned that their school has clear attendance policies for
students and teachers. Comparing two schools inform that soft facilities such as bullying free
school environment, recreational activities and clear attendance rules have proved effective in
reducing students' absenteeism in school "C" as compared to physical facilities (Convenient
school building, Library) in school "H". It was interesting to find that soft facilities or services
could not reduce the Mahroom and dropout rate of students in school "C" where still 12 %
girl students were Mahroom in grade 11, 7% in grade 12 and 4% girl students were dropped
out in grade 10, 4% in grade 11 and 7% in grade 12. This finding implies that students get
Mahroom and dropout as the get marry at an early age.
Table 13: Facilities provided in two schools
School Option
Teachers responses
# %
-
School "H" for boys
Convenient School building 5 50
Library and learning materials 5 50
Total 10 100
School "C" for girls
Play and recreation activities 5 50
Bullying free school environment 3 30
Clear attendance policies 2 20
Total 10 100
School "A"
for Girls
Grade 10 214 2% 0% 0%
Grade 11 135 3% 3% 0%
Grade 12 93 0% 8% 0%
School "H"
for Boys
Grade 10 275 49% 18% 13%
Grade 11 288 43% 26% 15%
Grade 12 360 58% 31% 11%
17
Table 14: A comparative case of students' attendance in relation to facilities in
two schools
School Grade
level
Total #
students
Level of Absenteeism through educational year
1-15 day 16-30
day
31-46
day
Mahroom Drop
out
School
"H" for
boys
Grade 10 275 49% 18% 13% 0% 0%
Grade 11 288 43% 26% 15% 2% 0%
Grade 12 360 58% 31% 11% 0% 0%
School
"C" for
girls
Grade 10 351 8% 0% 0% 0% 4%
Grade 11 356 22% 8% 0% 12% 4%
Grade 12 340 11% 9% 0% 7% 7%
Common strategies for improving students attendance Besides parents and teachers, there are other different stakeholders involved in improving
students' attendance. There are various groups that campaign for improving students
especially girls attendance. 33% teachers mentioned that school shura advocate about children
enrolment and attendance. 19% teachers mentioned that Education Radio and Television
broadcasts programs about the importance of education. 11% mentioned that Ministry of
education mobilizers preach for improving students' attendance and 5% mentioned that NGOs
volunteers visit houses and communities to convince parents on sending children to school.
There are stakeholders providing security to schools. In most of the schools there are are
school janitors recruited by government but others also have a role in providing secure
environment for children studies. Most (59%) teachers mentioned that school janitor provide
security to schools while 26% teachers stated that school shura has a role in protecting school
against any threats or attacks. 15% shared that community in general safeguard school and its
facilities.
DISCUSSION
Ten schools surveyed had various patterns of students' absenteeism. Survey findings present
data in five categories where rate of absenteeism is different among the schools, boy and girl
schools and grade level. As compared to girls, boys are more absent in category 1, 2 and 3
that is absence up to 46 days. Boys' absenteeism starts reducing from category 1 to 3 but is
high for Mahroom students. Likewise girls' absenteeism starts reducing from category 1 to 3.
A common point for both girls and boys is that their absenteeism starts to rise again from
category 3 to category 4 (Mahroom students). Drop out remain higher for girls than boys.
This finding of Mahroom and dropout rate for girls implies that in Afghanistan girls get marry
at an early age and when married cannot continue their education thus due to higher
absenteeism get Mahroom and ultimately dropout. According to Kibria (2013), early marriage
among girls is the main reason of drop out in Afghanistan. Mansory (2007) has also
mentioned early marriage as an important reason of girl students' dropout. My study revealed
that 33% teachers associated early marriages with girls' absenteeism and 19% with boys'
absenteeism. According to teachers' views, an interesting point found from the study that is
not supported by other authors was that early marriages in boys also affect boy students'
attendance. Males are considered earners of the family and when marry early, take the
responsibility to work as well, look after family responsibilities and thus may remain
sporadically absent or will drop out. Study findings shows that both boys and girl students
18
attendance is affected by insecurity. Peterson (2009) says that between January 2005 and June
2006, 204 attacks on schools, teachers, and students were documented what resulted in death
of 75 students and teachers. Most of the parents (39%) replied that insecurity causes their
girls to stay away from classes as compared to boys (10% parents). It shows that insecurity
affects girls' attendance more than boys. According to Jackson (2011), girls' access to
education is hampered by growing insecurity in Afghanistan.
Findings of this study revealed that as compared to girls, boys are are more than
double absent for sickness. There may be two reasons, first, we can assume that boys are
more prone to get sick, second that boy students often make false excuses that they are sick
and avoid attending the classes. Sickness was a unique reason informed by parents that
Peterson (2009) has not explored in Afghanistan. 29% parents claimed that schools do not
have a strong system to regularize students' attendance. The weak school regulation system
can be interpreted as although the Ministry of Education has an attendance policy for schools
but most of the students do not know the minimum attendance required and the teacher do not
take the required corrective actions. Some teachers do not take regular attendance, there are
absent students who receive proxy attendance, and students who have got higher absenteeism
bring fake documents for sickness to avoid any disciplinary action. In my literature review,
Kearney (2007) says that lack of proper monitoring and management of attendance cause
children to avoid classes and leave schools.
Study findings show that both boys and girls attendance is affected by poverty. For
poor families, girl attendance is not a priority and they do not spend on girl education. Boys
are busy with earning a livelihood for family. 34% of the families surveyed had low income
which does not allow their children to keep attendance. Gupta and Lata (2014) consider poor
socio-economic background is a main reason of students' absenteeism. 23% parents
associated their children absenteeism with school costs. Kearny (2007) is also of the view that
learning materials, school uniform, transport and food as a factor offsetting students'
attendance, moreover, the opportunity lose of child labor don't allow families to send their
children to school. Findings show that 14% of the parents linked up students' absenteeism
with work where children are busy to earn a livelihood for family.
Rate of migration and change of residence is although not high but it is a common
barrier to school attendance both for boys and girls. Families living in rented houses in Kabul
change residence within the districts of the city due to house rent fluctuation or personal
interests, migrate seasonally to other provinces or Pakistan in winter. In Afghanistan, it is a
lengthy and complex process to shift admission between schools and this irregularity in
residence causes disruption to the attendance of most students in such families. Due to
unavailability of literature to support this point, we can assume that other authors have
overlooked the sporadic change of residence as a reason of students' absenteeism in urban
areas of Afghanistan.
There are are some conservative beliefs that have assimilated to the culture and are
more embedded in rural areas. In an open question, 9% of the parents related girl students'
absenteeism with cultural barriers. Kibria (2013) confirms this finding that in Afghanistan,
families and community have a perception that girls are to give birth to children, rear them
and take charge of household activities. Some parents are not prepared to send their daughters
to school so they might be seen by men, and it will disgrace family reputation. Likewise, they
do not allow girls to join in mixed schools or learn from a male teacher. Girls are married at
an early age and their education is not considered a necessity, they are expected to do
tailoring, embroidery and household chores. When parents were specifically asked about the
cultural barriers, then per their education level a high percent (63%) shared different reasons
for girls quitting school. Cultural barriers included early and forced marriages, reluctance of
19
parent to send girls outside and negative perception about parents' education. Parents seem
getting tolerant to girls education as their education level increases. In addition to above, there are some family related reasons of absenteeism. Social life
in Afghanistan is very strong, communities and relatives gather at various events where
children are brought by parents to participate. A response in relation to household factors
received from parents was that 7% boys and 31% girls miss school hours as they are kept
home to receive and serve guest on certain events and routine days. Moreover, in addition to
help mother in house work, 42% of the parents replied that girls are considered to share the
responsibility with mothers to look after young children in house. Older children mostly girls
look after younger ones especially when mother is sick, busy in house work or away from
home for any reason. Peterson (2009) says that girls are particularly asked to stay home and
look after their younger siblings. Likewise for boys, fathers decide to assign their male
children on a work instead of getting an education (ibid.).
According to Ministry of Education, in order to save resources and have wider
coverage, there has to be a distance of three kilometres among schools (Ministry of
Education, 2012), this standard has not met in rural areas, even in urban areas there are some
barriers that students especially girls can't walk this long. 42% of the parents mentioned that
long distance cause absenteeism among girl children and 36% of the parents associated the
long distance with absence of disable children. Girls do not have school transportation; those
who walk long or transport through public buses are risking insecurity and harassment
incidents on the way to school. Kibria (2013) share that in Afghanistan, physical distance
between house and school is one of the main reasons of girls drop out. In Afghanistan,
physically disabled children are 14 percent less likely and those who have mental problems
are 20 percent less likely to attend school as compared to other children (Peterson, 2009).
36% parents who informed disability as a reason for interrupting students attendance implies
that inclusive and especial needs education has not been encouraged, schools have not
provided facilities for children with disabilities, Government has not arranged for
transportation and children with disabilities have not been motivated and empowered. Beyond
physical limitations, disabled children are more prone to be bullied on the way and in the
school. Bullying is common in boy schools, 24% of the teachers mentioned that students
avoid coming to classes due to fear of bullying. According to 13% of the teachers, harassment
on the way to way to schools is a unique reason for girls' absenteeism in Afghanistan. Balfanz
and Byrnes (2012) also say that these two factors impede students' attendance.
A high degree of parents and teachers agree to the statement that students' absenteeism
has a detrimental effect on students' academic performance and cause drop out among them
which imply that parents are aware of the consequences of students' absenteeism. Although
most parents and teacher agreed to the statement there were a number of parents (12%) and
teachers (14%) who disagreed to the statement that absenteeism lead to drop out among
students. This disagreement can be inferred to the weak schools regulations where teacher
don't take regular attendance, students receive proxy attendance, and bring fake sickness
documents to avoid consequences.
Teachers and parents have adopted various strategies at their levels to control children
absenteeism. Based upon the social and parental roles identified in Afghan society, mothers
and fathers help children differently to attend classes. Findings from the case of school "A"
for girls where students had good attendance shows that the successful strategy for mothers to
enhance children attendance is to accompany girls or disable children to and from school.
Moreover, girl attendance is improved when mothers don't engage them in house work and
help them have enough time to attend their classes and do home work. Fathers' role is found
effective in providing transport and education supplies, and to avoid engaging children in
house work during school time. Shahzada et al. (2011) in their study have clarified the role of
20
parents and have confirmed that parents need to provide basic amenities and education
supplies to their children, provide transport and give them enough time to attend school and
do home work.
Study findings shows that the majority of parents (88%) motivate children which
implies that children are well motivated to attend but the issue is of environmental, cultural
and family level factors and when these are addressed students attendance will improve. On
the other hand table 6 above informs that 31% of the teachers associated boys' absenteeism
with lack of motivation and 20% of the teachers linked up girls' absenteeism with lack of
motivation. Since the question "Do you motivate your children" leads respondents to a Yes, it
is probability that the frequency of answer might have got biased.
Like parents, teachers also have adopted various methods to help students reduce their
absenteeism. 48% of the teachers surveyed in 10 schools used motivation to integrate students
into school life and raise their interest in studies and school environment. 16% of the teachers
used to individually help those students who were weak in studies. Article 39 of Afghan
education law strictly prohibits punishment (Ministry of Education, 2008) but still 16% of the
teachers were using punishment as a tool for controlling students' absenteeism. According to
Peterson (2009), corporal punishment increase absenteeism among students. Kearney (2007)
says that rigid disciplinary practices to control absenteeism make ground for rise in
absenteeism. Finding of the study reveal the qualified teacher more professionally deal with
reducing absenteeism and avoid punishment.
According to Sharon and Karen (2009), teachers and parents support each other to
ensure better learning for children. Family involvement in children education was found as an
effective strategy to reduce absenteeism. 62% of the teachers involved families in their
children education using various means such as invited parents to school shura meeting,
called parents of absent students for individual meetings, sent letter, made phone calls and
visited parents at their houses. A comparative case between two schools shows that school
"A" for girls where all teachers involved families in children education has a lower
absenteeism while school "H" for boys where 89% teachers did not involve families in
children education had a higher absenteeism.
Schools surveyed had some hard and soft facilities to make school environment child
friendly and enhance students' attendance. Facilities varied among schools, a comparative
case between two schools show that school "H" for boys which had physical facilities (
convenient school building, library) had higher absenteeism and school "C" for girls that had
soft facilities such as recreational and extracurricular activities and bulling free environment
had lower absenteeism. It means to me that children are more attracted by soft child friendly
services. Bati et al. (2012) view that student attendance will improve when soft child friendly
services are provided in school. This comparative case contrast common understanding that
attendance improves when there is convenient school building and enough learning materials
available. This finding also deviates from the drop out study that Mansory conducted where
he mentions that students studying in proper buildings seem to be more motivated and
continue education (Mansory, 2007). Although schools in Kabul center have similar buildings
and likewise they receive same learning materials, but the difference in answers might be that
teachers in school "C" for girls did not consider physical facilities important in reducing
absenteeism. Although mentioned facilities helped in reducing absenteeism in category 1-3
among girl students in school "C" but the rate of Mahroom and drop out students is not well
reduced. Again, continuation of girls' education relies on parents' decision, cultural and
environmental factors (Peterson, 2009). Community involvement is an important strategy to
improve enrolment and attendance and protect school facilities. 33% of the teachers informed
that school shura comprised of teachers and community members advocated for children
attendance and 26% of the teachers mentioned that the school shura protected school
21
facilities, thus Schools shuras have proved effective in improving students' attendance.
Schools such as "A, and "C" who had active school shuras had less absenteeism. Peterson
(2009) confirms that school shura called Parents Teacher Association (PTA) has a role in
improving school attendance.
CONCLUSION
Absenteeism is a huge problem in Afghan education system. To reach national and global
education targets, Ministry of Education encourages massive enrolment at the cost of
absenteeism. Strategies adopted at various levels have not been sufficient to resolve this issue.
It needs a robust and long-term effort to tackle the reasons of absenteeism.
Study findings show patterns of absenteeism varying among schools and for girls and
boys. As compared to girls, Boys seem to be more absent at category 1-3 but have a lower
dropout rate. In addition to poverty, childhood in Afghanistan is short and male children in
early teenage life are expected to start work and earn a livelihood. Rise in the percent of
Mahroom girls and their high dropout means that girls are forced by cultural factors to quit
school when they grow up and reach puberty.
Absenteeism has various reasons among girls and boys in relation to gender, family
background and environment. Common reason of absenteeism found for boys and girls were
insecurity, financial problems, Teacher and parents' indifference, sickness and migration.
There were some reasons such as child work that stood solely for boys, harassment and house
errands for girls. Moreover, girls' attendance is affected by gendered biased values assimilated
into culture. Study finding reveal that most of the parents are aware and agree that
absenteeism offset students' academic performance and put them on the risk to be dropped
out.
Per their role, most of the teachers and parents have adopted various strategies to
control absenteeism. Comparative cases among the schools inform that some strategies are
working better than the others. For parents, strategies differed between father and mothers;
study findings inform that student attendance will increase when father and mother both
facilitate children to attend schools. It was good indication that a good number of teachers
(48%) used positive and motivate ways to reduce students' absenteeism but it was sad to find
that despite corporal punishment is strictly forbidden by law, still 16% teachers in formal
schools punished their students for absenteeism. Educated parents are more tolerant and
supportive of their girls' education and likewise qualified teacher deal more professionally on
tackling students' absenteeism. Parents' involvement improves education environment and
reduce students' absenteeism, Ministry of education has school shuras/committees in its
schools where parents are members and one of its main responsibilities is to reduce students'
absenteeism. Most (62%) teachers surveyed were involving families in their children
education.
Findings of the study are mainly in line with the literature review, to some degree it
does not match as the local literature on absenteeism was not available and the international
literature studied differed with the conditions of the students, families and schools in
Afghanistan. I propose for conducting further studies on absenteeism and other education
related issues in Afghanistan. Study findings respond well to elaborate on problem area and
inform required information. Resources did not allow conducting survey for students as well;
finding would be more convincing if students themselves were questioned about the reasons
of absenteeism. Moreover, questionnaire limited respondents to the structure of questions and
did not provide them a chance to share additional opinion and viewpoints. A mix of
quantitative and qualitative methods would have yielded more reasonable findings.
22
REFERENCES
Abadzi, H. (2007) Absenteeism and Beyond: Instructional Time Loss and Consequences.
Washington, DC: World Bank.
Balfanz, R. & Byrnes, V. (2012) The Importance of being in School: A Report on
Absenteeism in the Nation's Public School. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University
Center for Social Organization of Schools.
Barlow, J. & Fleischer, S. (2011) Student absenteeism: whose responsibility? Innovations in
Education and Teaching International 48 (3), 227-237
Bati, A. H., Mandiracioglu, A., Orgun, F. & Govsa. F. (2012) Why do students Miss
Lectures? A Study of Lecture Attendance Among Students of Health Science. Nurse
Education Today 33(2013)596-601
Bryman, A. (2012). Social Research Methods. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Baxter, S.D., Royer J.A., James, W. H., Guinn, C.H. & Devlin, C.M. (2011) The
Relationship of School Absenteeism with Body Mass Index, Academic Achievement,
and Socioeconomic Status Among Fourth-Grade Children. Journal of School Health
81 (7), 417-423
Central Statistic Organization (2014), NATIONAL RISK AND VULNERABILITY
ASSESSMENT 2011 - 2012. Kabul, Central Statistics Organization.
Cook, L & Ezenne, A.(2010): Factors Influencing Student's Absenteeism in Primary School
in Jamaica, Perspectives of Community Members. Caribbean curriculum 17, 2010,
33-57
Cohen, L., Manion, L. & Morrison, K. (2010). Research Methods in Education. London:
Routledge.
Denscombe, M. (2010). The Good Research Guide For small-scale research projects. Milton
Keynes: Open University Press
Gupta, M. & Lata, P. (2014) Absenteeism in Schools: A Chronic Problem in the Present
Time. Educationia Confab 3 ( 1)
Jackson, A. (2011) High Stakes Girls Education in Afghanistan, Joint briefing paper, Kabul.
Karlsson, P. & Mansory, A. (2007). An Afghan dilemma: Education, gender and
globalization in an Islamic context(Studies in International and Comparative Education
#72). Stockholm, Sweden: Institute of International Education, Department of
Education, Stockholm University.
Kearney, C. A. (2007) School Absenteeism and School Refusal Behavior in youth: A
Kibria, M. (2013) The Magnitude of Cultural Factors That Affect School Enrolment and
Retention in Afghanistan: An Analysis Through Hofstede’s Model. Canadian
Social Science 9(6), 161-168
Kruse, D.S. & Seashore Louis, K. (2009) Building Strong School Cultures. A Guide to
Leading Change. Thousand Oaks. California: Corwin Press
Mansory, A. (2007). Drop Out Study in Basic Education Level of Schools in Afghanistan.
Kabul: Swedish Committee for Afghanistan.
Ministry of Education (2008) Education Law, Kabul. Ministry of Education
Ministry of Education (2010) National Strategic Plan for Education in Afghanistan 2010-
2014. Kabul. Ministry of Education.
Ministry of Education (2012) مسوده تعلیمات اساسی و ثانوی(Policy of Basic and Secondary
Education), Kabul.
Ministry of Education (2013). Absence of students is a National Challenge. The Education
Quality Improvement program. Kabul
Peterson, S.(2009). Barriers to Accessing Primary Education in Conflicted Affected Fragile
States(Final Report). London: International Save the Children Alliance.
Romero, M. & Lee, Y. (2007), National Portrait of Chronic Absenteeism in the Early Grades,
National Center for Children in Poverty, Columbia University, Columbia.
Samady, S. R. (2007) Education and Scientific Training for Sustainable Development of
Afghanistan. Kingston.
Shahzada, G., Ghazi, S.R, Nawaz, H. & Khan, A. (2011) Causes of Absenteeism from the
Schools at Secondary Level. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 2 (2), 291-298
Simons, E., Hwang, S.A., Fitzgerald, E.F., Kielb, C. & Lin, S.(2010) The impact of School
Building conditions on Students Absenteeism in Upstate New York. American Journal of
Public Health 100 (9), 1679-1685
Spradlin, T., Cierniak, K., Shi, D. & Chen, M.(2012) Attendance and Chronic Absenteeism in
Indiana: The Impact on Student Achievement. Education Policy Brief 10 (3)
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2014), War's Human Costs: UNHCR
Global Trends 2013, Geneva, UNHCR Headquarters Office.
Wadesango, N. & Severino, M. (2014) Causes and Structural Effects of Student Absenteeism:
A Case Study of Three South African Universities, Walter Sisulu University, Butterworth.
Wimmer, M. (2008) School Refusal :Understanding the reasons that students avoid school is
the first step in getting them to return. Student Services, 10-14
24
Annex 1. Parents' questionnaire
Assalam u Alaikum, my name is Jannat Gul and I am the student of Master in Education Program. This questionnaire is designed to be answered by 100 parents of the students in 10 schools of
Kabul city center, Afghanistan. This questionnaire is for to explore various causes of
absenteeism and the strategies adopted to tackle absenteeism. The questionnaire is not for
your evaluation, it has academic purpose only. The data will be collected through this
questionnaire will be used only for statistical purpose in thesis. Your accurate information
will help me completing quality research work.
Please note that you need to give your general opinion over questions number 4, 8, 11, 12, 13,
18 and 19 in relation to your community while in all the rest of questions you need to
respond in relation to your own children.
Age: …………………… years
Male Female
Education: (Please select one option based on your highest level of education)
6. Whom of the following is responsible - for bullying your children in the school? Please
select the most appropriate option.
1. Peers
2. Older students
3. Teacher
4. Support staff members in School (i.e. Driver, Gate keeper, gardener etc)
5. None
7. Which of the following major health problems keep your children absent from school?
Please select the most appropriate option.
1. Fever
2. Typhoid
3. Tuberculosis
4. Digestive system problems
5. Respiratory system problems
6. Mental Problem
7. Other please specify .......................
26
8. What are the cultural barriers that keep girls absent from school in your community?
Please select the most appropriate option.
1. Early marriage
2. Forced marriages
3. Reluctance to exposure of girl to outside world
4. Negative perception about girls' education
5. None
9. What are the major financial factors that keep your children absent from school.?
Please select the most appropriate option.
1. Parents' unemployment
2. School costs (school uniform and stationary)
3. Family low income
4. Children involvement in earning family livelihood
5. None
10. What are the major house related factors that keep your children absent from schools?
Please select the most appropriate option.
1. Participate in community events
2. Serve guests
3. Engage with mother in house errands
4. Engage with father in profession/business
5. Looking after younger children
6. None
11 Absenteeism leads to lower academic performance amongst students.
1. Strongly agree
2. Agree
3. I do not know
4. Disagree
5. Strongly disagree
12. Absent students get addicted to substance use
1. Strongly agree
2. Agree
3. I do not know
4. Disagree
5. Strongly disagree
13. Absenteeism cause drop out among students
1. Strongly agree
2. Agree
3. I do not know
4. Disagree
5. Strongly disagree
27
14. Do you motivate your children to attend their classes?
1. yes
2. No
15. If yes, how do you motivate your children to keep attendance? Please select the most
appropriate option.
1. Reward for attendance
2. Praise for attendance
3. Discuss about school events and studies
4. Set high expectation for children
5. Bring for excursion
16. How a mother help in sending child to school? (For mothers only) Please select the most
appropriate option.
1. Accompany child to school
2. Help child dress properly and be prepared
3. Help child with completing home work for school
4. Ensure children eat before they go to school
5. Do not engage child in housework during school hours
6. Any other way please specify, .....................................
17. How a father helps in sending child to school? (For fathers only) Please select the most
appropriate option.
1. Arrange transport for School
2. Provide education materials
3. Accompany the child to school
4. Help child with completing home work for school
5. Do not engage child in housework during school hours
6. Any other way please specify, .....................................
18. Who have been providing security to school in your community? Please select the most
appropriate option.
1. Government
2. School Shura
3. Community
4. Other please specify ..........................
5. No one
19. Who have been involved in eliminating cultural barriers to education in your community?
Please select the most appropriate option.
1. School Shura
2. Education Radio Television
3. Ministry of Education
4. NGOs
28
5. Religious Ullemas
6. No one
Annex. 2. Teachers’ Questionnaire
Assalam u Alaikum, my name is Jannat Gul and I am the student of Master in Education Program. This questionnaire is designed to be answered by 100 teachers in 10 schools of Kabul city
center, Afghanistan. This questionnaire is for to explore various causes of absenteeism and
the strategies adopted to tackle absenteeism in schools. The questionnaire is not for your
evaluation, it has academic purpose only. Since you have a teaching experience and
knowledge of various factors that affect your students' attendance and the strategies that have
been adopted at your school level to tackle those problems, thus please respond questions
focusing on the school and community you teach in. The data collected through this
questionnaire will be used only for statistical purpose in thesis. Your accurate information
will help me completing quality research work.
Sex: Male Female
Age: …………………… years
Ethnicity : Pashto Speaker Dari Speaker
Education: (Please select one option based on your highest level of education)
Grade 12 Teacher Training Institute Bachelor Master
Islamic education
Teaching Experience……………. years
Teaching Subject:
Social Science Language the Holy Quran Drawing Writing
Math and Geometry Dinyat (Islamic) Others ..............
6. Which of the following group stands for causing bullying in the school? Please select one
appropriate answer
1. Peers
2. older students
3. Teacher
4. School support staff members
5. None
7. Which of the following major health problems keep your students absent from school?
Please select one appropriate answer
1. Fever
2. Typhoid
3. Tuberculosis
4. Digestive system problems
5. Respiratory system problems
6. Mental Problem
7. Other please specify ....................................
30
8. What are the cultural barriers that keep students absent from your school?
Please select one appropriate answer
1. Early marriage
2. Forced marriages
3. Reluctance to exposure of girl to outside world
4. Negative perception about girls' education
5. None
9. What are the major financial factors that keep students absent from your schools? Please
select one appropriate answer
1. Parents' unemployment
2. School costs (school uniform and stationary)
3. Family low income
4. Students involvement in earning family livelihood
5. -None
10. Absenteeism leads to lower academic performance amongst students
1. Strongly agree
2. Agree
3. I do not know
4. Disagree
5. Strongly disagree
11. Absent students get addicted to substance use
1. Strongly agree
2. Agree
3. I do not know
4. Disagree
5. Strongly disagree
12. Absenteeism cause drop out among students
1. Strongly agree
2. Agree
3. I do not know
4. Disagree
5. Strongly disagree
13. Do you work for improving your students' attendance?
1. Yes
2. No
14. If yes, how do you do?
1. Motivation
2. Individually support the absent student
3. Contact parents of absent students
4. Punishment for absenteeism
15. Do you involve families in their children education activities?
31
1. Yes
2. No
16. If ye, how do you involve families in their children education activities? Please select one
appropriate answer
1. Calling parents for meeting in school
2. Sending letters to families
3. Visiting the parents
4. Meet with parents through school Shura
5. Contact by phone
17. Which of the following facilities are available in your school?
Please select one appropriate answer
1. Convenient school building
2. Libraries and sufficient learning materials
3. Relevant and interested curriculum
4. Child centred teaching methods
5. Health services
6. Play and Recreation activities
7. Distribution of food stuffs
8. Bullying free environment
9. Clear attendance policies
10. None
18. Who have been providing security to school that you teach in? Please circle the right
answer.
1. Government
2. School Shura
3. Community
4. No one
19. Who have been involved in eliminating cultural barriers to education in your community?
Please circle the right answer.
1. School Shura
2. Education Radio Television
3. Ministry of Education
4. NGOs
5. Religious Ullemas
6. None
32
Annex 3
Students attendance record through education year 1392 for ______________________School
District_______________
1 2 3 4 5 6 9 8 9
Grade
# of
students
from 1
up to 15
days in
a school
through
the year
# of
students
from 16
up to 30
days in
a school
through
the year
# of
students
from 31
up to 46
days in
a school
through
the year
#
Mahroom
students
in a
school
through
the year
# Drop out
of students
from school
due to
absenteeism
Remarks
Grade 10
Total # of
students in all
classes in a
grade level
Total # of
students in a
class
Grade 11
Total # of
students in all
classes in a
grade level
Total # of
students in a
class
Grade 12
Total # of
students in all
classes in a
grade level
Total # of
students in a
class
Annex 4: Background data of teachers in 10 schools who participated in the
survey and responded to the questions
School
Grade 12
TTC
Graduate BA MA
Islamic
Education
Total #
of
teachers
answered
in each
school
# % # % # % # % # % #
A 0 0 5 50 2 20 2 20 1 10 10
B 3 30 4 40 2 20 0 0 1 10 10
C 1 10 5 50 4 40 0 0 0 0 10
D 0 0 5 50 4 40 1 10 0 0 10
E 2 29 4 43 2 29 0 0 0 0 8
F 1 10 3 30 6 60 0 0 0 0 10
G 2 22 4 44 3 33 0 0 0 0 9
H 2 22 3 33 4 44 0 0 0 0 9
33
I 1 11 1 11 6 67 1 11 0 0 9
J 1 10 1 10 7 70 0 0 1 10 10
Total number of teachers in 10 schools 95
Annex 5: Background data of parents who participated in the survey and
responded to the questions
School
Lower
Primary
Upper
Primary
Lower
Secondary
Upper
Secondary
Isamic
Educatio
n
Privat
e
Educat
ion
Total # of
Parents
answred in
each school
Average
monthly
family
income in
each school # % # % # % # % # % # % #
A 1 10% 1 10% 3 30% 5 50% 0 0% 0 0% 10 32000
B 5 50% 1 10% 0 0% 3 30% 1 10% 0 0% 10 16062
C 2 22% 1 11% 1 11% 5 56% 0 0% 0 0% 9 29150
D 0 0% 1 10% 3 30% 6 60% 0 0% 0 0% 10 20850
E 2 33% 1 17% 0 0% 2 33% 1 17% 0 0% 6 16000
F 1 13% 2 25% 3 38% 2 25% 0 0% 0 0% 8 18437
G 1 13% 2 25% 2 25% 3 38% 0 0% 0 0% 8 19000
H 2 22% 2 22% 3 33% 1 11% 1 11% 0 0% 9 19833
I 0 0% 0 0% 1 17% 4 66% 0 0% 1
17
% 6
23000
J 0 0% 1 14% 1 14% 2 29% 1 14% 2
29
% 7
17750
Total number of parents responded to the questions 83
سوالنامه برای والدین اولضمیمه
گردان ترتیب غیرحاضری شاجمع آوری معلومات برای. این سوال نامه تعلیم و تربیه محصل ماستری میباشمالسالم علیکم ! اسم من توتاخیل است و در بخش معلومات شما .رسش نامه جهت تکمیل تحقیق اینجانب ترتیب گردیده استپاین .گردیده است تا عوامل غیرحاضری شاگردان و راه های حل آن دریافت گردد
.شتر خواهد نمودبیمن کمک و دراین تحقیق با یباشدممحرم
های باقی مانده را به پرسشو نماییدنظریات عمومی خویش را تحریر ۱۹ ، ۱۸ ،۱۳، ۱۲، ۱۱، ۸ ،۴رسش های شماره پاوری است که لطفا شما به قابل یاد .در مورد اطفال خویش معلومات دهید
قوم ــــــــــــــــــــــ اناث ذکور جنس سن ــــــــــــــــــ سال
درجه تحصیل )لطفا از گزینه های داده شده یک آنرا انتخاب نمایید و تحصیل نهایی خویش را معلومات دهید(
نخیر بلی آیا شما اطفال خود را رفتن به مکتب تشویق مینمایید؟ .14
اگربلی به کدام طریق؟ .15
35
تشویق به رشته خاص بردن به سیر و تفریح قصه کردن درباره مکتب و درسها ن قدردانی از اطفال جایزه داد
نمایید( √شما میتوانید یک گزینه را انتخاب ،)صرف برای مادران چطور یک مادردر رفتن اطفال خویش به مکتب کمک مینمایند؟ .16
تیار نمودن اطفال به مکتب همکاری با اطفال در اجرا کردن کارخانگی تیار نمودن غذا برای اطفال بیش از رفتن به مکتب دیگرــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ دورنگهداشتن اطفال از کارهای خانه در وقت رفتن به مکتب همراهی اطفال تا مکتب
نمایید( √شما میتوانید یک گزینه را انتخاب ، درانپدردر رفتن اطفال خویش به مکتب کمک مینمایند؟)صرف برای پچطور یک .17
نمودن مواد درسی همراهی اطفال تا مکتب همکاری با اطفال در اجرا کردن کارخانگی ورت مهیاپتهیه نمودن ترانس
دورنگهداشتن اطفال از کارهای خانه در وقت رفتن به مکتب دیگرــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ
؟کی درمحل شما از مکتب محافظت مینمایند .18
دیگرـــــــــــ از ذکرشده حکومت شورای مکتب مردم محل هیچکدام
کی در محل شما از بین بردن موانع کلتوری درمورد تعلیم وتربیه همکاری مینمایند؟ .19
رادیو و تلویزون تعلیم وتربیه موسسات غیر دولتی هیچکدام شورای مکتب
سوالنامه برای معلمین دومضمیمه
گردان ترتیب غیرحاضری شاجمع آوری معلومات براین سوال نامه . ایالسالم علیکم ! اسم من توتاخیل است و در بخش تعلیم و تربیه محصل ماستری میباشممعلومات شما .رسش نامه جهت تکمیل تحقیق اینجانب ترتیب گردیده استپاین .گردیده است تا عوامل غیرحاضری شاگردان و راه های حل آن دریافت گردد
.شتر خواهد نمودبیو دراین تحقیق با من کمک یباشدممحرم
قوم ــــــــــــــــــــــ اناث ذکور جنس ــــــــــــ سال سن ــــــ
درجه تحصیل )لطفا از گزینه های داده شده یک آنرا انتخاب نمایید و تحصیل نهایی خویش را معلومات دهید(
۱۲صنف دارالمعلمین لیسانس ماستری تعلیمات اسالمی
ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ تعداد شاگردان درصنف :ـــــــــــــــــــــــ : یمضمون تدریس سال ی تدریس ــــــــــتجربه کار
رسش ها:پ
؟عوامل بزرگ غیر حاضری شاگردان ذکوردر مکتب شما چی است .1
نخیر بلی راتیژی )راه حل( دارید؟ آیا شما برای بهبود حاضری شاگردان کدام ست .13
نمایید( √)شما میتوانید یک گزینه را انتخاب شما برای بهبود حاضری شاگردان چی انجام می دهید؟ ،اگربلی .14
ضر گردان غیر حاهمکاری بطورانفرادی به شا ردان گتشویق نمودن شا
تماس با والدین شاگردان غیرحاضر جزا دادن شاگردان
آیا شما اولیا شاگردان را در تعلیم دخیل میسازید؟ .15
نخیر بلی
نمایید( √تخاب به کدام نوع دخیل میسازید؟ )شما میتوانید یک گزینه را ان ،اگربلی .16
شاگردان در خانه هایشان ءدیدن اولیا ردانگفرستادن نامه به اولیاء شا ردان در مکتبگدایرنمودن جلسات با اولیاء شا از طریق تلیفون والدین در جلسات انجمن استاد ووالدین سهم میګرد
نمایید( √)شما میتوانید یک گزینه را انتخاب درمکتب شما کدام سهولت ها موجود است؟ .17
رد محوریگمیتود های درسی شاو مناسب پکتاب خانه نصاب دلچس ردان گمحیط دوستانه برای شا
هیچکدام محیط عاری از اذیت و آزار مقررات حاضری تقسیم مواد غذایی وسایل تفریحی خدمات صحی
نمایید( √کی درمحل شما از مکتب محافظت مینمایند؟ )شما میتوانید یک گزینه را انتخاب .18
دیگرـــــــــــ از ذکرشده ورای مکتب مردم محل هیچکدامحکومت ش
کی در محل شما از بین بردن موانع کلتوری درمورد تعلیم وتربیه همکاری مینمایند؟ .19
موسسات غیر دولتی هیچکدام شورای مکتب رادیو و تلویزون تعلیم وتربیه
37
۱۳۹۲ضوابط حاضری شاګردان در سال ضمیمه سوم:
فورمه احصایوی شاګردان دوره ثانوی لیسه ) ( حوزه ـــــــــ ۱۳۹۲تعلیمی سال
۹ ۸ ۷ ۶ ۵ ۴ ۳ ۲ ۱
اګر کدام مالحظات
داشته دباشی
تعداد شاګردان که از یک صنف احراج ګردیده
تعداد شاګردان که در یک صنف محروم شده اند
تعداد شاګردان
۳۱که از ۴۶الی
روز درطول
ی سال تعلیمدریک
صنف غیرحاضر بودند
تعداد شاګردان که
از ۳۰الی۱۶
روز درطول سال تعلیمی
دریک صنفغیر حاضر
بودند
تعداد شاګردان
۱که از ۱۵الی
روز درطول
ی سال تعلیمدریک
صنف غیرحاضر بودند
تعداد شاګردان در یک
صنف
جمله تعدادداخله
شاګردان درتمام شعبات
صنوف
صنف دهم
صنف یازدهم
صنف دوازدهم
و دوازدهم را معلومات میدهید و بعدا به کالمشما جمله تعداد شاګردان از تمام شعبات صنف دهم، یازدهم ۲نوت: در کالم شماره راه انتخاب نماید و درباره آن یک شعبه معلومات بدهید. ۱۲و ۱۱، ۱۰( شما یک شعبه صنف ۹تا ۳های با قیمانده )
ضمیمه چهارم: سویه تحصیالت معلمین در مکاتب سروی شده
تعدادا معلمین در مکاتب که
در سروس سهم ګرفته
تعلیمات المیاس
مکتب صنف دوازده درالمعلمین لیسانس ماستر
10 % # % # % # % # % # A
10 10 1 20 2 20 2 50 5 0 0 B
10 10 1 0 0 20 2 40 4 30 3 C
10 0 0 0 0 40 4 50 5 10 1 D
8 0 0 10 1 40 4 50 5 0 0 E
10 0 0 0 0 29 2 43 4 29 2 F
9 0 0 0 0 60 6 30 3 10 1 G
9 0 0 0 0 33 3 44 4 22 2 H
9 0 0 0 0 44 4 33 3 22 2 I
10 0 0 10 1 60 6 10 1 10 1 J
1 10 1 10 7 70 0 0 1 10 جمله 95
38
ضمیمه پنجم: معلومات درباره والدین که در سروی سهم ګرفته