Stream Monitoring Toolbox Begin here This tool is designed to help watershed councils, concerned citizen groups, students and instructors within the Lower Grand River watershed, make decisions about monitoring their stream. This tool will lead you step by step through a decision-making process by following these instructions: For each slide, select the best option by clicking your mouse on the arrow beside your choice. At any point, you can return to the previously viewed slide by using the arrow in the top left corner of each slide. However, the system will not allow you to return to a succession of previously viewed slides, only to the previous slide viewed. At any point, you can return to the beginning of the decision-making process by using the ‘return to start’ arrow at the top right corner of each slide. At various points, there are highlighted terms with which you may be unfamiliar. By clicking your mouse on the term, you can read an explanation of each term. If you have questions or comments, contact West Michigan Environmental Action Council: [email protected]
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Stream Monitoring Toolbox Begin here This tool is designed to help watershed councils, concerned citizen groups, students and instructors within the Lower.
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Stream Monitoring Toolbox
Begin here
This tool is designed to help watershed councils, concerned citizen groups, students and instructors within the Lower Grand River watershed, make decisions about monitoring their stream.
This tool will lead you step by step through a decision-making process by following these instructions:
For each slide, select the best option by clicking your mouse on the arrow beside your choice.
At any point, you can return to the previously viewed slide by using the arrow in the top left corner of each slide. However, the system will not allow you to return to a succession of previously viewed slides, only to the previous slide viewed.
At any point, you can return to the beginning of the decision-making process by using the ‘return to start’ arrow at the top right corner of each slide.
At various points, there are highlighted terms with which you may be unfamiliar. By clicking your mouse on the term, you can read an explanation of each term.
A watershed-scale spatial assessment will allow you to
determine how conditions vary throughout the watershed. This may be helpful in determining the source
of problem areas by comparing locations of extreme conditions, or
detecting spatial patterns.
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A temporal trend assessment will allow you to determine how
conditions vary over time (eg. from year to year). This may be helpful in determining whether conditions are worsening or improving, or whether there are new impacts or loadings
being introduced to the stream.
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What is the scope of your monitoring objective?
Watershed-scale spatial assessment.
BMP Effectiveness.
Temporal trend assessment.
Education.
Stream segment assessment.
Problem identification.
?
?
Phosphorus
?
?
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Sampling Strategy for Watershed-scale Phosphorus Monitoring
Methods Site SelectionSampling
FrequencyData
Interpretation
Professional vs.
Volunteer
Other Considerations
For data that will be useful to decision makers, use a method that measures Total Phosphorus (P) with a detection limit of 0.01 mg/L (eg. standard lab analysis (EPA 365.2 or equivalent).
Consider measuring Dissolved P in addition to Total P to determine possible sources.
Sample at downstream
ends of major tributaries & suspected
problem areas.
Sample during dry weather
only; at least 8-10 samples per
year
Concentrations > 0.03 mg/L indicate a problem
Chemical analyses need to be done in a
laboratory. Phosphorus test
kits are not recommended
for surface waters; their
detection limits are too high.
Volunteers can fill sample bottles and
have a certified laboratory do the analyses.
If the Total P is mostly Dissolved
P, P sources could include
synthetic fertilizers or septic; if not, sources could include eroded
Sampling Strategy for Stream Segment-scale Phosphorus Monitoring
MethodsSampling
FrequencyData
Interpretation
Professional vs.
Volunteer
Other Considerations
For data that will be useful to decision makers, use a method that measures Total Phosphorus (P) with a detection limit of 0.01 mg/L (eg. standard lab analysis (EPA 365.2 or equivalent).
Consider measuring Dissolved P in addition to Total P to determine possible sources.
Sample upstream & downstream from problem
areas and suspected
problem sites.
During dry weather; take at least 8-10 grab
samples per year (taken at same location each
time). During wet
weather, sample multiple storms throughout the year, collecting
multiple samples across the
hydrograph. A rain gage and
automated samplers are
recommended.
Concentrations > 0.03 mg/L indicate a problem.
Chemical analyses need to be done in
a laboratory. Phosphorus test
kits are not recommended for surface waters; their detection
limits are too high. Volunteers can fill sample bottles and
Sampling Strategy for Temporal Trend Phosphorus Monitoring
Methods Site SelectionSampling
FrequencyData
Interpretation
Professional vs.
Volunteer
Other Considerations
For data that will be useful to decision makers, use a method that measures Total Phosphorus (P) with a detection limit of 0.01 mg/L (eg. standard lab analysis (EPA 365.2 or equivalent).
Consider measuring Dissolved P in addition to Total P to determine possible sources.
Site selection is watershed
specific; sample at potential
problem sites, or sites where changes are
expected over time.
Temporal change over
time.
Chemical analyses need to be done in
a laboratory. Phosphorus test
kits are not recommended for surface waters; their detection
limits are too high. Volunteers can fill sample bottles and
have a certified laboratory
do the analyses.
If the Total P is mostly Dissolved
P, P sources could include
synthetic fertilizers or septics; if not,
sources could include eroded
soil or other runoff.
Phosphorus
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During dry weather; take at least 8-10 grab
samples per year (taken at same location each
time). During wet
weather, sample multiple storms throughout the year, collecting
Sampling Strategy for Monitoring Phosphorus to determine BMP Effectiveness
MethodsSampling
FrequencyData
Interpretation
Professional vs.
Volunteer
Other Considerations
For data that will be useful to decision makers, use a method that measures Total Phosphorus (P) with a detection limit of 0.01 mg/L (eg. standard lab analysis (EPA 365.2 or equivalent).
Consider measuring Dissolved P in addition to Total P to determine possible sources.
Sample upstream & downstream
from BMP sites; pre & post BMP.
Paired watersheds if
possible.
Monitor temporal
change over time.
Chemical analyses need to be done in
a laboratory. Phosphorus test
kits are not recommended for surface waters; their detection
limits are too high. Volunteers can fill sample bottles and
have a certified laboratory
do the analyses.
If the Total P is mostly Dissolved
P, P sources could include
synthetic fertilizers or septics; if not,
sources could include eroded
soil or other runoff.
Phosphorus
Site Selection
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During dry weather; take at least 8-10 grab
samples per year (taken at same location each
time). During wet
weather, sample multiple storms throughout the year, collecting
Sampling Strategy for Phosphorus Monitoring for Educational Purposes
MethodsSampling
FrequencyData
Interpretation
Professional vs.
Volunteer
Other Considerations
Phosphate test kits adequate for demonstration to primary & secondary students; standard lab analyses for environmental science students (where detection limit = 0.01 mg/L, EPA 365.2 or equivalent).
Consider measuring Dissolved P in addition to Total P.
Site selection is dependent on
location convenience or study objective. Safety issues
need to be primary
consideration.
As school schedule permits.
Concentrations > 0.03 mg/L indicate a problem
n/a If the Total P is mostly Dissolved
P, P sources could include
synthetic fertilizers or septics; if not,
sources could include eroded
soil or other runoff.
Phosphorus
Site Selection
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Sampling Strategy for Identifying Problems associated with Algal Growth and/or Possible Phosphorus Loadings
MethodsSampling
FrequencyData
Interpretation
Professional vs.
Volunteer
Other Considerations
For data that will be useful to decision makers, use a method that measures Total Phosphorus (P) with a detection limit of 0.01 mg/L (eg. standard lab analysis (EPA 365.2 or equivalent). Consider measuring Dissolved P in addition to Total P to determine possible sources.
Sample upstream & downstream from problem
areas and suspected
problem sites.
Note varying P concentrations
between problem areas and changes
associated with wet weather
sampling.
Chemical analyses need to be done in a
laboratory. Phosphorus test
kits are not recommended
for surface waters; their
detection limits are too high.
Volunteers can fill sample bottles and
have a certified laboratory do the analyses.
If the Total P is mostly Dissolved
P, P sources could include
synthetic fertilizers or septics; if not,
sources could include eroded
soil or other runoff.
Phosphorus
Site Selection
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During dry weather; take at least 8-10 grab
samples per year (taken at same location each
time). During wet
weather, sample multiple storms throughout the year, collecting
Also: Evaluate temporal trend in geometric mean over time.
Sampling Strategy for Watershed-scale Pathogens/Bacterial Monitoring
1) Test for pathogens using E. coli as an indicator. For results that are useful for decision-makers, analyses must be done by a certified laboratory using standard methods. Water samples can be collected by trained volunteers using sterilecontainers and stored on ice until analyzed. Samples shouldnot be held longer than 6 h prior to analysis, and analysesshould be completed within 8 h after collection of thesamples.
2) If E. coli is present and funds sufficient, may consider bacterial fingerprinting analyses to determine source.
3) Test kits that detect E. coli presence or absence are available from LaMotte and Hach but results should only be used as a screening to determine further testing.
Sample at downstream
ends of major tributaries & suspected
problem areas (septics,
agricultural sites, CSOs,
etc.).
Sample from May 1 – Oct. 31; preferably weekly for 16
weeks.
Volunteers can fill sample bottles and have them
analyzed by a certified laboratory
.
Pathogens/Bacteria
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MethodsSampling
FrequencyData
Interpretation
Professional vs.
Volunteer
Other Considerations
Site Selection
Use precautions to protect against contamination: wear gloves and protect skin, decontaminate equipment and gear that has been exposed to potentially contaminated water.
Also: Evaluate temporal trend in geometric mean over time.
Sampling Strategy for Stream Segment Assessment of Pathogens/Bacterial Monitoring
Site selection is stream specific; take water samples upstream and downstream from potential problem sites (eg. septics, agricultural sites, CAFOs, CSOs, etc.)., or sites where changes are expected over time.
Sample from May 1 – Oct. 31; preferably weekly for 16
weeks.
Volunteers can fill sample
bottles and have them
analyzed by a certified laboratory
.
Pathogens/Bacteria
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1) Test for pathogens using E. coli as an indicator. For results that are useful for decision-makers, analyses must be done by a certified laboratory using standard methods. Water samples can be collected by trained volunteers using sterilecontainers and stored on ice until analyzed. Samples shouldnot be held longer than 6 h prior to analysis, and analysesshould be completed within 8 h after collection of thesamples.
2) If E. coli is present and funds sufficient, may consider bacterial fingerprinting analyses to determine source.
3) Test kits that detect E. coli presence or absence are available from LaMotte and Hach but results should only be used as a screening to determine further testing.
MethodsSampling
FrequencyData
Interpretation
Professional vs.
Volunteer
Other Considerations
Site Selection
Use precautions to protect against contamination: wear gloves and protect skin, decontaminate equipment and gear that has been exposed to potentially contaminated water.
1) Test for pathogens using E. coli as an indicator. For results that are useful for decision-makers, analyses must be done by a certified laboratory using standard methods. Water samples can be collected by trained volunteers using sterilecontainers and stored on ice until analyzed. Samples shouldnot be held longer than 6 h prior to analysis, and analysesshould be completed within 8 h after collection of thesamples.
2) If E. coli is present and funds sufficient, may consider bacterial fingerprinting analyses to determine source.
3) Test kits that detect E. coli presence or absence are available from LaMotte and Hach but results should only be used as a screening to determine further testing.
MethodsSampling
FrequencyData
Interpretation
Professional vs.
Volunteer
Other Considerations
Site Selection
Use precautions to protect against contamination: wear gloves and protect skin, decontaminate equipment and gear that has been exposed to potentially contaminated water.
See Appendix A.
Also: Evaluate temporal trend in geometric mean over time.
Sampling Strategy for Monitoring Pathogens/Bacteria to determine BMP Effectiveness
Take samples:
1) Upstream & downstream of BMP sites, and
2) Pre & post BMP.
3) Sample paired watersheds if possible.
Pathogens/Bacteria
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1) Test for pathogens using E. coli as an indicator. For results that are useful for decision-makers, analyses must be done by a certified laboratory using standard methods. Water samples can be collected by trained volunteers using sterilecontainers and stored on ice until analyzed. Samples shouldnot be held longer than 6 h prior to analysis, and analysesshould be completed within 8 h after collection of thesamples.
2) If E. coli is present and funds sufficient, may consider bacterial fingerprinting analyses to determine source.
3) Test kits that detect E. coli presence or absence are available from LaMotte and Hach but results should only be used as a screening to determine further testing.
MethodsSampling
FrequencyData
Interpretation
Professional vs.
Volunteer
Other Considerations
Site Selection
Volunteers can fill sample
bottles and have them
analyzed by a certified laboratory
.
Use precautions to protect against contamination: wear gloves and protect skin, decontaminate equipment and gear that has been exposed to potentially contaminated water.
See Appendix A.
Also: Evaluate temporal trend in geometric mean over time.
Sample from May 1 – Oct. 31; preferably weekly for 16
Also: Evaluate temporal trend in geometric mean over time.
Sampling Strategy for Educational Assessment of Pathogens/Bacterial Monitoring
MethodsSampling
FrequencyData
Interpretation
Professional vs.
Volunteer
Other Considerations
Site selection is specific to educational objectives.
Consider taking water samples upstream and downstream of potential problem sources (eg. septics, ag, CAFOs, CSOs, etc.).
Sample from May 1 – Oct. 31; preferably weekly for 16
weeks.
Volunteers can fill sample
bottles and have them
analyzed by a certified laboratory
.
Use precautions to protect against contamination: wear gloves and protect skin, decontaminate equipment and gear that has been exposed to potentially contaminated water.
Pathogens/Bacteria
Site Selection
previous slide
back to start
1) Test for pathogens using E. coli as an indicator. For results that are useful for decision-makers, analyses must be done by a certified laboratory using standard methods. Water samples can be collected by trained volunteers using sterilecontainers and stored on ice until analyzed. Samples shouldnot be held longer than 6 h prior to analysis, and analysesshould be completed within 8 h after collection of thesamples.
2) If E. coli is present and funds sufficient, may consider bacterial fingerprinting analyses to determine source.
3) Can use test kits (eg. Coliscan EasyGel, 3M Petrifil, IDEXX Colisure) for demonstration purposes. Test kits that detect E. coli presence or absence are available from LaMotte and Hach but results should only be used as a screening to determine further testing.
Sampling Strategy for Problem Identification of Pathogens/Bacterial Monitoring
Site selection is watershed specific. Take water samples upstream and downstream from potential problem sources (eg. septics, ag, CAFOs, CSOs, etc.).
Sample from May 1 – Oct. 31; preferably weekly for 16
weeks.
See Appendix A.
Volunteers can fill sample bottles and have them
analyzed by a certified laboratory
.
Pathogens/Bacteria
previous slide
back to start
1) Test for pathogens using E. coli as an indicator. For results that are useful for decision-makers, analyses must be done by a certified laboratory using standard methods. Water samples can be collected by trained volunteers using sterilecontainers and stored on ice until analyzed. Samples shouldnot be held longer than 6 h prior to analysis, and analysesshould be completed within 8 h after collection of thesamples.
2) If E. coli is present and funds sufficient, may consider bacterial fingerprinting analyses to determine source.
3) Test kits that detect E. coli presence or absence are available from LaMotte and Hach but results should only be used as a screening to determine further testing.
Sampling Frequency
Data Interpretation
Professional vs.
Volunteer
Other Considerations
Site Selection
Use precautions to protect against contamination: wear gloves and protect skin, decontaminate equipment and gear that has been exposed to potentially contaminated water.
A stream segment is a limited stretch of stream within the entire stream or river system. An assessment that is
limited to just a stream segment might be preferable when an environmental
problem seems to be localized, for educational purposes, to establish
baseline conditions in order to detect problems in the future, or when trying to assess the effectiveness of a BMP.
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Best Management Practices (BMPs) are techniques used to control stormwater runoff, agricultural runoff, sediment control, and soil stabilization, as well as management decisions to prevent or reduce nonpoint source pollution.
The EPA defines a BMP as a "technique, measure or structural control that is used for a given set of conditions to manage the quantity and improve the quality of stormwater runoff in the most cost-effective manner."
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The Bank Erosion Hazard Index (BEHI) is a method for assessing
stream bank erosionpotential. It assigns point values to
several aspects of bank condition and provides an
overall score that can be used to inventory stream bank condition over
large areas andprioritize restoration efforts.
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The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program allows the MDNRE to issue permits to
discharge pollutants as long as it is done in compliance with standards
set by the Clean Water Act. These federal permits are required
when an activity by a facility or individual might result in discharges of
pollutants into water bodies. The permit holders must obtain
certification from the State explaining where the discharge will originate and that the discharge meets the state’s
standards.
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Riffle embeddedness refers to the extent to which gravel, cobble, or
boulders within riffles are surrounded or covered by fine material (such as silt or sand). The more the substrate
is embedded, the less its surface area is exposed to the water and available for the colonization by invertebrates.
Record the appropriate level of embeddedness observed in riffles.
This is measured as the percentage of an individual substrate piece, such as a rock, that is covered on average.
Observations of embeddedness should be taken in the upstream and central portions of riffles and cobble
substrate areas.
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Sedimentation (the result of excessive input of sediment into streams) is one of the primary causes of degraded fish
communities, macroinvertebrates and other biologic communities living in streams. Excess sediment enters our streams through
erosion. This erosion comes from stream bank collapse and overland sediment input that is usually associated with land uses
that remove vegetation for land development, forestry, mining, poor construction practices, stream dredging and agiculture. Excessive
sediment loads cause changes to the stream channel and alter important physical characteristics such as depth, width and flow
velocity.
In addition to physical degradation to streams, excessive sedimentation has a negative impact biologically. It can be abrasive
to fish gills, scour benthic invertebrate habitat and physically smother habitats.
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A sonde or continuous sampling device is a water monitoring device that is designed to monitor water conditions. Equipped with battery power, a sonde can be left unattended for weeks at a time,
while water quality conditions are sampled at pre-programmed intervals and data is stored in the unit’s internal memory. Sondes will often have multiple sensors capable of recording a range of
water quality data, including dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature and conductivity.
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The Michigan Environmental Protection Act identifies eight* designated uses for all waterbodies throughout the state of Michigan.
1) Agriculture2) Navigation3) Industrial water supply4) Public water supply at the point of water intake5) Warmwater fishery6) Habitat for other indigenous aquatic life and wildlife7) Partial body contact recreation8) Total body contact recreation from May 1 through October 31
* Other bodies of water may have a designated use as a coldwater fishery
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A digital temperature data logger is a continuously recording temperature sensor that is simple to deploy, relatively
inexpensive (less than $200) and capable of collecting a lot of information on the variability of a stream’s temperature pattern.
Odor producing substances can interfere with designated uses of the water body. Some common conditions include: septic odors
indicating untreated wastewater or leaking septic systems, chorine odors indicating overly chlorinated sewage treatment or
swimming pool discharge, fishy odors associated with algal growth, and rotten egg odors indicating sewage or methane
from anerobic (low oxygen) conditions.
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Water clarity is often affected by an increase in runoff during storm events from land-based activities, including: construction,
agricultural practices, logging activity, and discharges. It can also be caused by eroding stream banks or excessive algal
growth.
A decrease in water clarity can affect water temperature since suspended particles in the water can absorb heat. It can also reduce the concentration of dissolved oxygen because warm
water holds less dissolved oxygen than cold water. A decrease in water clarity can also reduce photosynthesis, further
decreasing the production of oxygen.
To improve water clarity, it is important to determine the source of the problem and then working to eliminate or remediate the
problem.
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EPT stands for Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera – the orders of insects commonly known as Mayflies, Stoneflies, and
Caddisflies, respectively. Because these taxa of stream insects are particularly sensitive to adverse water quality
conditions, their presence is significant.
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Lower Grand River Watershed Contacts
Kristi Klomp, Water Quality Programs Manager – West Michigan Environmental Action Council, [email protected]
Sampling Strategy for Monitoring Stream Flow for Problem Identification
MethodsSampling
FrequencyData
Interpretation
Professional vs.
Volunteer
Other Considerations
Follow EPA guidelines for flow
measurement.
Make qualitative channel stabiity
observations and/or perform the BEHI
protocol;
consider inspecting the MDEQ stream flashiness index.
Where available, access data from a USGS gage station.
The stream stretch chosen
for the measurement of discharge (flow)
should be straight (no
bends), at least 6 inches deep, and should not contain an area of slow water
such as a pool. Unobstructed riffles or runs
are ideal.
Sample annually for qualitative
channel stability indicators or
BEHI; MDNRE updates
flashiness data every 5 years,
although sometimes
more frequently.
Calculate BEHI scores; see the MDNRE reports for interpreting
stream flashiness or
qualitative indicators.
Stream Flow
Site Selection
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Trained volunteers can
collect flow data, in addition to doing BEHI
surveys or making
qualitative stream stability observations.
However, volunteer monitoring
cannot be used in enforcement
cases.
Is there untreated
CSO or untreated sewage?
Start
Are there two or more
results > 1,000 E. coli/100
mL?
Is E. Coli sampled?
Not Assessed
TBC & PBC
Not Supporting PBC & TBC
Are any E. coli samples (from entire dataset)
collected during May 1-Oct. 31?
Are there two or more results collected
during May 1-Oct. 31 > 1,000 E. coli/100
mL?
Not Supporting PBC & TBC
Not Supporting PBC, Not Assessed
TBC Are there weekly E. coli
samples collected over
16 weeks during May 1-
Oct. 31?
Is any rolling 30 day geometric mean > 130 E.
coli/100mL and/or 10% of samples >
300 E. coli /100mL?
Not Supporting PBC & TBC
Not Supporting PBC, BPJ- Insufficient Information or
Supporting or Not Supporting TBC
Supporting PBC, Supporting TBC
Any E. coli samples (from entire dataset)
collected during May 1 – Oct. 31?
Is any rolling 30 day geometric mean > 130 E. coli/100mL and/or 10% of samples >300
E. coli/100mL?
Are there E. coli samples collected
over 16 weeks during May 1 – Oct. 31?
Supporting PBC, Not Supporting
TBC
BPJ- Insufficient Information or Supporting PBC, Not Assessed TBC
BPJ- Insufficient Information or Supporting PBC, BPJ-
Insufficient Information or Supporting or Not Supporting
TBC
Supporting PBC & TBC
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
NoNo
NoNo
Yes Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
NoNo
No
Appendix A.
** It is possible to arrive at a decision of supporting for total body contact and not supporting for partial body contact if E. coli concentrations are low during the total body season (May 1 – October 31) and high during the nonrecreation season.
Determination of Partial Body Contact (PBC) and Whole Body Contact (WBC) Designated Use Support.
Pathogens/Bacteria
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Contact your District MDNRE biologist to discuss current conditions and existing
data.
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Appendix B. Interpretation of Water Temperature Data
Note: Maximum values vary with month and location in the state, as described in Public Act 451, Part 4, Rule 323.1057 and listed below:
(a) For warmwater rivers, streams, and impoundments north of a line between Bay City, Midland, Alma and North Muskegon:
(b) For warmwater rivers, streams, and impoundments south of a line between Bay City, Midland, Alma, and North Muskegon, except the St. Joseph river:
Jan = 38 oF July = 83 oF
Feb = 38 oF Aug = 81 oF
Mar = 41 oF Sep = 74 oF
Apr = 56 oF Oct = 64 oF
May = 70 oF Nov = 49 oF
Jun = 80 oF Dec = 39 oF
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Jan = 38 °F Jul = 83 °F
Feb = 38 °F Aug = 81 °F
Mar = 41 °F Sep = 74 °F
Apr = 56 °F Oct = 64 °F
May = 70 °F Nov = 49 °F
Jun = 80 °F Dec = 39 °F
Jan = 41 °F Jul = 85 °F
Feb = 40 °F Aug = 85 °F
Mar = 50 °F Sep = 79 °F
Apr = 63 °F Oct = 68 °F
May = 76 °F Nov = 55 °F
Jun = 84 °F Dec = 43 °F
Jan = 50 °F Jul = 85 °F
Feb = 50 °F Aug = 85 °F
Mar = 55 °F Sep = 85 °F
Apr = 65 °F Oct = 70 °F
May = 75 °F Nov = 60 °F
Jun = 85 °F Dec = 50 °F
Note: Maximum values vary with month and location in the state, as described in Public Act 451, Part 4, Rule 323.1057 and listed below:
Appendix B. Interpretation of Water Temperature Data
b) For warmwater rivers, streams, and impoundments south of a line between Bay City, Midland, Alma, and North Muskegon, except the St. Joseph River:
a) For warmwater rivers, streams, and impoundments north of a line between Bay City, Midland, Alma and North Muskegon:
c) For the St. Joseph River: b) For coldwater rivers, streams and impoundments anywhere in the state:
Jan = 38 °F Jul = 68 °F
Feb = 38 °F Aug = 68 °F
Mar = 43 °F Sep = 63 °F
Apr = 54 °F Oct = 56 °F
May = 65 °F Nov = 48 °F
Jun = 68 °F Dec = 40 °F
Note: the list of coldwater streams is created by the MDNRE and updated regularly – though due to its rule-making process MDNRE is currently working off the 1997 list of steams.