Steel final

STEEL & STAINLESS STEEL

PRESENTED BY:ABU TAHSIN AKHTERAMIR QURESHIANIQA SAUDMD ARIF RAZA BHARATISHAFQUAT AIYUBZIA ANWER

INTRODUCTIONMETAL ALLOYS

FERROUS NON- FERROUS

CARBON STEEL

ALLOY STEEL TOOL STEEL STAINLESS

STEEL

STEEL

Steel Pipes

Stainless Steel Pipes

STEEL An alloy of iron and carbon, often with an admixture of other

elements. Other admixtures are manganese, chromium, vanadium and

tungsten. Carbon content is between 0.2% and 2.1%

APPLICATIONS Widely used in the construction of roads, railways, other

infrastructure, appliances, and buildings, transport, Used in a variety of other construction materials, such as

bolts, nails, and screws.

Screwss Nails Bolts

Light in weight, but offers great strength.

It is durable & malleable.

It is ductile, can be moulded easily to form any desired shape.

It starts to corrode, on being exposed to moisture and water.

It is a good conductor of electricity.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

CARBON STEELS•0.3 – 0.6% carbon containing steel is used for sheeting and structural forms because of its amenability to welding and tooling. •more than 0.6% carbon containing steel is serviceable for dies and cutting tools because of its great hardness and brittleness.

ALLOY STEELS•Now most widely used, contain one or more other elements to give them specific qualities. •Aluminium steel is smooth and has a high tensile strength.• Chromium steel finds wide use in automobile and airplane parts on account of its hardness, strength, and elasticity.

Fig 1 .carbon steel sheets and dies

Nickel steel is the most widely used of the alloys; it is nonmagnetic and has the tensile properties of high-carbon steel without the brittleness. • tungsten, molybdenum, and high-manganese steel are other alloys.

Fig 2.Alloy Steel motor and power generators

Tool Steels: Tool steels contain tungsten, molybdenum, cobalt and vanadium in varying quantities to increase heat resistance and durability, making them ideal for cutting and drilling equipment.

Fig 3.Tool steel drilling equipment

Operations: Steel Manufacturing

Iron ore Fluxes Coal

LD 2

Sinter Plant Coke Plant

Blast Furnace

LD 1

Continuous Billet CasterSlab Caster

Billets

Wire Mills Merchant Mill

Slabs

Wire RodsReinforced bars

Cold Roll Mill Hot Strip Mill

Cold Rolled Coils

Hot RolledCoils

STEEL STAINLESS STEELVery Less resistance to corrosion High corrosion resistance . Less resistive nature to fire & heat It is resistant to fire and heat Un hygienic in nature Hygienic, non-porous surface coupled

with the easy cleaning ability

No aesthetic appearance Aesthetic appearanceIts not completely recyclable It is 100% recyclableHigh maintenance is required low maintenance and familiar lustre.

Less expensive Highly expensive

Easy to fabricate & weld Difficult to fabricate & weld

Used in railways, roads, subways, bridges, other huge buildings and modern skyscrapers, ship building, cars, armoured vehicles, and bulldozers

Used in facade treatment, surgical instruments, cutlery, home appliances, cookware, storage tanks, food processing plants, etc

STAINLESS STEEL Stainless steels are family of ferrous alloys of iron containing a minimum of 10.5%

chromium and usually at least 50% iron. Upon exposure to air or water, a thin, stable, chromium-rich oxide film forms on

the surface of these metals. The layer is too thin to be visible, so the metal stays shiny. It is, however,

impervious to water and air, protecting the metal beneath If it is damaged by abrasion, reforms rapidly Generally, corrosion resistance increases with the chromium content of stainless

steels Application: in construction, cookware, household hardware, surgical

instruments, major appliances, sugar refineries , bridges, sculptures , facade treatment, Storage tanks food processing plants, etc

Chromium: Forms a protective layer

Nickel: content beyond 8-9% further improves both corrosion resistance (especially in acid environments) and workability

Molybdenum: is added to improve high temperature strength.

Nitrogen: increases strength and enhances resistance to localised corrosion.

Copper: increases general corrosion resistance to acids

Carbon: enhances hardenablity

Silicon: improves resistance to oxidation and is also used in special stainless steels

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

It is ductile , malleable & durable. Excellent resistance to corrosion Excellent fire resistance with critical temperature above

1500OC. Easy to clean and suitable for hygienic uses. Totally recyclable. High tensile strength. Retention of strength at elevated temperature.

DIFFERENT FORMS OF STAINLESS STEELS

Plate, sheet, strip, pipe and tube

Bar, rod, wire and special wire sections.

Fasteners, fixings and fittings.

Sheet, strip and plate are commonly used for structural and

cladding components.

SHEET

COIL WIRE BAR

TUBESSCREW & BOLTS

RODS FITTINGS

TYPES

FERRITICMARTENSITIC AUSTENTIC DUPLEX

Contains very little carbon chromium (typically 12.5% to 17%) and iron. are essentially nickel-free.exhibit s superior corrosion resistance to martensitic stainless steels They are magnetic

consist of carbon (0.2-1.0%), chromium (10.5-12%) and iron.

their corrosion performance is poorer than others

They are magnetic

consists of chromium (17-18%), nickel (8-11%) and iron. exhibits superior corrosion resistance to both ferritic and martensitic stainless steels.Better toughness at all temperatures.They are non-magnetic

chromium(22-23%) nickel (4-7%), molybdenum (0.4%), nitrogen and iron. has generally better corrosion resistance than the standard austenitic stainless steelsTheir thermal expansion lies between that of austentic and ferritic stainless steelsThey are magnetic

GRADES

300 SERIESAUSTENTIC chromium

NICKEL ALLOYS

200 SERIESAUSTENTIC chromium

NICKEL ALLOYS

400 SERIESFERRITIC & MARSTENSTIC chromium ALLOYS

600 SERIESMARSTENSTIC PRECIPITION HARDENING

ALLOYS

500 SERIESHEAT

RESISTING chromium

ALLOYS

GRADE: 301

Metro Springs Conveyor belt Air crafts

ductile and hardens rapidly during mechanical working.

Application: Trains, aircraft, conveyors belts, vehicles, bolt, springs

Type 304- the most common; the classic 18/8 (18% chromium & 8%nickel) stainless steel.

It has good corrosion resistance, thermal resistance, low temperature strength and usable temperature range 196 C to 800 C

Application: sink, water tank, interior piping, hot water machine, bathtub, boiler, automobile parts, building materials, textile industry, dairy industry, and vessel parts.

Pipes Sink Rods Cladding

Type 316- the second most common

Application: for food and surgical stainless steel uses;Also known as "marine grade" stainless steel due to its increased ability to resist saltwater corrosion SS 316 is often used for building nuclear reprocessing plants.

Surgical instruments

Type 408- (11% chromium, 8% nickel) heat-resistant; poor corrosion resistance

Type 409-cheapest type; used for automobile exhausts

Type 420- "Cutlery Grade"

Type 430- decorative

Type 440- a higher grade of cutlery steel, with more carbon in it

500 Series-heat resisting chromium alloys

cutlery Car Exhaust

The first major architectural application of stainless steel was probably the cladding on the top of the Chrysler building in New York in 1929

SS claddingGrade used 316

FRONT FACADE

• Grade : 304• Good visual appearance• Can be used over longer length

& complex geometry• minimal maintenance cost and

virtually unlimited durability• Form: profiled sheeting, panels,

or curtain walling, • minimise the weight with

subsequent beneficial effect on structural steelwork and foundation costs

Reflection of surrounding give good visual appearance

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY ,LILLE

• Stainless steel cladding panels 900x500mm.• thickness 1.5mm• Fixed to galvanised steel channel sections

HORST CORBER SPORTS COMPLEX ,BERLIN ,GERMANY.

1.5 mm electrolytically coloured stainless steel sheets.Colour tone changes according to the incidence of light

Museum of technology ,saint dennis france

Stainless steel convex sheeting on the facade

LA GEODE, PARIS, FRANCE

The cladding is a mosaic of 6433 doubly-curved triangular plates ingrade 1.4401 (316) stainless steel. The plates are 1.5 mm thick and1.2 m along their edges.

Cross-section through roofconstruction

Triangles created by theprimary tubular steel frame

View showing aluminium frame

Erection of stainless steelskin

MESH CLADDING

Grade: 316 (1.4401)

Why?•Aesthetics•Resistance to harsh weather•Maintainance –free

Can be used in parking garage

GLASS FACADE ‘SPIDERS’ Roof Glazing suspended by Sstainless

steel casting• Grade 1.4401 (316) stainless steel machined

conical collar• Why ?• Good mechanical property• Low maintainance• aesthetic

• Grade 1.4401 (316)

stainless steel machined conical collar

SUN SHADE & LOUVERS

• sun screen

grade 1.4401 (316) pressedstainless steel louvres

DOOR HANDLE

Grade:304 (1.4301)

Why ?•Aesthetic •Smooth touch•Feeling of sturdiness

GUARDRAIL CABLES

Grade:316 (1.4401) and 302 (1.4310 ).

Why?• Aesthetics• Good mechanical properties.Fabrication process:Wire rod is drawn into high strength wire, then twisted into cables.

Doors

FEATURES:• Simple installation• High tensile strength• Weather & rust

resistance

STAINLESS STEEL USED IN CANOPY

SCULPTURES

An art deco sculpture on the Niagara Mohawk Power building in Syracuse, New York

STAINLESS STEEL USED IN ROOFING

• Grade : 304• Surface finish : 2B

• Maximum life expectation

• Minimum Maintenance• Low weight• Lower cost of the

supporting structure

• Excellent heat reflecting properties

• Electric Conductivity - can eliminate the

need for extra lightning.

- electromagnetic shielding to house sensitive electronic equipment.

• Fire resistanceThe melting point of stainless steel is around 1500°C, which is much higher than for most other roofing materials, e.g. Al 660° C, Zn 419° C, Cu 1083° C.

GREEN ROOFS

ROOF DRAINAGE

•high durability•asthetic reason•Do not contaminate rain water, hence can be used for flowering ,gardening .•chromium -nickel –molybdenum stainless steel is used•grade 1.4436

FLOORPLATE AND OPEN GRID FLOORING

• Used where corrosion resistance, hygiene, durability and slip resistance are essential.

• This flooring is suitable for a wide variety of industries:including chemical, marine engineering,catering and pharmaceutical.

TUNNEL CLADDING ANCHORGrade : 316L (1.4404)

Why?Fire resistanceMaintain support function for 2 hr at 1000degree celcius

STAINLESS STEEL USED IN STRUCTURE

Tension System : available in carbon and stainless steel. The latter is recommendedfor applications demanding corrosionresistance, a maintenance-free life and wherea highly polished finish is required.

Roof trussesStainless steel structure can be erected safely and in less time

Stainless steel hanger and struts supporting the mezzanine

STAINLESS STEEL FASTENERS

Only stain less steel fasteners must be used on stainless steel panels to avoid galvanic corrosion

• Water tank• Grade : 304• stainless steel as a

strong, durable and hygienic material 

• very long lasting material and the tank has an expected service life of about 60 years

• Stainless Steel tanks do not bulge or stretch when full

APPLICATION OF STAINLESS STEEL

CARBON STEEL STAINLESS STEEL -Corrode when chloride ion -Do not corrode penetrates the concrete.- Corrosion products are expansionary -No expansion &crack and cause the concrete to crack repair then becomes necessary-Tolerate chloride levels of 0 – 0.4%. - Tolerate chloride levels up to 7 %

STAINLESS STEEL IN REINFORCEMENT

-Improves the durability of the structure, and reduces ongoing maintenance and repair costs-A reduction in depth of concrete cover to 30 mm.

-Carbon steel can be used for the nil corrosion risk elements.

-Elimination of concrete sealants such as Silane.

WHEN TO USE STAINLESS STEEL

• When structures are exposed to high chloride environments and/or corrosive industrial environments

• In roads and bridges where de-icing salts are applied

• When non-magnetic reinforcement is necessary or desirable

STAINLESS STEEL IN CONSTRUCTION

coastal structureshistoric buildings underpasses

highway bridges roadways Bridges piers

STAINLESS STEEL IN PIERS

CASE STUDY

•High energy-absorption at impact•A greater level of fire-resistance•Less likely than carbon steel to be weakened by corrosion.•To create railcars increases the sustainability lightweight yet durable profile of the rail industry

BENEFITS: IN METRO

Fig 4 .Delhi Metro

railcars of stainless steel

Poles

seats

Escalators & lifts

Fig 6. inside railcarFig 5. inside metro station

PEDESTIAL BRIDGES IN STAINLESS STEEL

Stainless steel tube grade 1.4401 (316)

Bridge frame ;High strength duplex steel grade 1.4462 (340)

COST ANALYSIS

STAINLESS STEEL COIL

Grade 202 Rs 111/kg (min) Rs 118/kg (max)Grade 304 Rs 185/kg (min) Rs 200/kg(max)

STEEL

Rs 335 per metre (2.77mm thick )Rs 54735 per metre (35.71mm thick)

BIBLIOGRAPHY Book:- Engineering materials by Rangwala

Internet sources: http://www.lenntech.com/stainless-steel.htm#ixzz2IK1uvqUD http://crimsafe.com.au/304-stainless-steel-vs-316-stainless-steel http://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=965 http://

www.falcon-metals.com/stainlessandalloys/stainlesssteel/meta-physical-properties-stainless-steel.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless_steel http://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-steel-and-stainle

ss-steel/

http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/compositions-steel-d_1494.html http://www.engineersedge.com/stainless_steel.htm