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JERE,Volume10,No.1(63‐70),SpecialIssueonBioprocess&BiosystemEngineeringandtheirDownstreamProcessing
StatisticalAssessmentonUtilizationofPaddyStrawforOysterMushroomProduction
MaisaraA.M.Akhir1andNazirahM.Waseem2
1,2SchoolofBioprocessEngineering,UniversitiMalaysiaPerlis,02600Arau,Perlis,Malaysia.
ABSTRACT
In this article, authors studied about the utilization of
thewaste paddy straw for
oystermushroomproductionincorporatedwithaneffectivemicroorganism(EM)andAgriculturallime.ItwasfoundthatPaddystrawmixedwith4mlEMshowedthebestresultsforhigherbiologicalefficiencywhich
is4.7%.Whiletheshortestgrowingdayswasshowedbysampleconsisting2mlofEMplus15glimewhichis31days.BiologicalefficiencywasincreasedwiththeincrementoftheEMvolume,whilethegrowingdaysofoystermushroomdecreasewhenthe
number of EM increases. Furthermore, the lime sample also showed a
quite
higherbiologicalefficiency,whichis4%.Effectivemicroorganismsgivethemostsignificanteffectonthebiologicalefficiencyandgrowingdaysofoystermushroomby
increasingthebiologicalefficiencywhilereducingthegrowingdays.Keywords:OysterMushroom,PaddyStraw,BiologicalEfficiency,Lime,StatisticalDesignofExperiment.
1. INTRODUCTION
Growingmushroomcanhelpinreducingpovertyandbuilduplivelihoodsthroughthegenerationsof
a fastyieldingandnutritious sourceof foodanda reliable sourceof
income.Since
itdoesnotrequireaccesstotheland,growingmushroomisapplicableforruralfarmers.Organicwastessuchas,waste
frompaddy field and fromPalm oilmill can be reused to gain the
profit and also canprevent the environmental pollutions. The used
substrate can then be composted and
applieddirectlybacktothesoil.Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus)
has the ability to bioconvert various lignocellulosesmaterials.
This is due to the presence of its lignocellulolytic enzymes, also
named
fibrolyticenzymes,includinglaccase,xylanase,andcellulasewhichhelpittoconvertcelluloseandligninintouseful
carbohydrates such as glucose for energy [1‐2]. The plantwaste,
such as sawdust, paddystraw, palm oil bunches, can be used for
oyster mushroom production without requiring anexpensive processing
method and enrichment materials. Any agricultural waste that
containscelluloseandligninisapossiblesubstrateforgrowingthisfungus[3‐4].Formushroomcultivationusingpaddystraw,thepresenceofeffectivemicroorganisms(EM)andlimeareimportantforthenutrientenrichmentmediafrompaddystrawforthemushroomtogrow.However,determinationoftheoptimumquantitiesofEMandlimeforthesubstratepreparationisnot
yet discussed. Thus, it is crucial to study the optimum amount of
EM and lime in order
toproduceahighyieldofmushroomandalsotoinvestigate,howthesecatalystortreatmentsaffectthemushroomgrowth.
*CorrespondingAuthor:[email protected]
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2. MATERIALANDMETHODSFor preparation of mushroom substrates, the
method was adopted from Sahana (2014)
andJosephine(2015),1kgofpaddystrawwassoakedfor24hoursin6litrewaterwith0,4mland2mlofEMand0,30gand15gof
lime,where0amountof limeandEMactascontrol [5‐6].Thisprocess is to
allow the paddy straw to absorb asmuch nutrient from each sample
composition.After soaking process, the paddy strawwas drained for
about 6 hours. This is tomake sure thepaddystraw ismoist
formushroomgrowth.Then, thepaddystrawwasplaced inside
theplasticbagwith a dimension of 31cm x 46 cm. The Figure 1(a) and
(b) show the soaking and
drainingprocessofthepaddystraw,respectively.Afterthat,themushroomspawnswereplacedinsidetheplasticbaglayerbylayer.Thefirstlayerofthe
substrate consists of the moist paddy straw, which will act as the
growing media for themushroom.After that, the spawnswere sowed
inside theplasticbag.These stepswere
repeateduntil4layersofdriedpaddystrawand3layersofmushroomspawnwereprepared.Afterthe7thlayershadbeenprepared,severalholesweremadearoundtheplasticbagwherethespawnswereplaced.Thepurposeofthisholesisachannelfortheoystermushroomtogrowandfacilitate
primordial initiation [5]. Figure 1(c) shows the packaging of the
substrate. All of
thesampleswereplacedinadarkroombecausemycelialgrows3‐4timesfasterthanunderlight[7].The
factors such as temperature, light, humidity and sterility of the
environment need to bemonitored so that the growth of the mushroom
will occur. Nayak et al. (2015) stated that thetemperature of 25°C
was found the optimum for mushroom growth due to the decrease
inenzymaticactivityofthefungus[5].Thus,thetemperatureofthedarkroomwascontrolledat25to27°Candtherelativehumiditywasat80%‐90%.Mushroomswereharvestedwhenthemushroomcap
surface was flat to slightly up‐rolled at the cap margins. After
harvesting process, themushrooms producedwereweighed for the
biological efficiency response and the total
growingdaysofthemushroomwasrecorded.
Figure1.(a)Soaking,(b)drainingprocessofPaddystrawand(c)packagingofthesubstrate.
(a) (b)
(c)
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The data were analysed using two factorial design (2k) using
Design of Expert software with
2replications.TheDOEiscommontobeusedtofind‘optimumvalues’forthefactorsinexperiments[8].
The datawas collected and analysed to study how different
treatments of paddy straw
canaffectthegrowthprocess(Biologicalefficiencyandgrowingdays)ofmushroom.Inaddition,thesedata
alsowas used to compare and select the appropriate compositions of
EM and lime for thegrowth of the oyster mushroom. The biological
efficiency was calculated to determine
yieldpotentialofmushroomsfromthedifferentsampleusingequation(1)[9].Biologicalefficiency(%)=
x100 (1)3. RESULTSANDDISCUSSIONThe results of the factorial design
for biological efficiency and growing days responses of
themushroomproductionusingpaddystrawareshown
inTable1.Thestatisticaleffectofvariableswas calculated within 95%
confidence interval. The highest percentage of biological
efficiencyobtained(4.7%)whenEMwasatitshighestlevels.ThestandarddeviationandtheR‐squaredfortheresponseare
listedinTable2.TheR‐squaredvaluesrepresenttheamountofvariationinthedata.Whentheobjectiveoftheexperimentistooptimize,higherR‐squaredvaluesareimportant,implying
that the polynomialmodel is a very good predictor of the response.
The higher theR‐squared values are, the better the polynomial is at
either describing the system or makingpredictions about the system.
For this response, theR‐squared value of approximately 98%
forbiologicalefficiencyresponseand95%forgrowingdayresponseasshowninTable2,indicatethatthispolynomial
is a verygooddescriptionof the relationshipbetween these two
factorsand
theresponses.Biologicalefficiency(%)andgrowingday(Day)canbeexpressbyequation(2)and(3)whereAisthevolumeofEM(ml),andBistheweightoflime(g).BiologicalEfficiency(%)=+2.21‐0.41*A+0.046*B‐1.85*A*B(2)Growingdays(Days)=+36.50‐11.50*A‐12.50*B‐12.50*A*B(3)
Table1Experimentalresultsof2kfullfactorialdesignwithtworeplications
Factor1 Factor2 Response1 Response2Run A:EM B:Lime
BiologicalEfficiency GrowingDay
(ml) (g) (%) (Days)1 0 0 0.8 492 0 0 0.66 493 4 0 4.33 464 4 0
4.7 465 0 30 4.0 606 0 30 3.2 507 4 30 0 08 4 30 0 09 2 15 3 3110 2
15 2.6 35
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Table2Statisticalparametersoftheresponses
Figure2showsthepredictedvaluesofbiologicalefficiencyandgrowingdaygeneratedbytheDOEversusactualvaluesgraphandtheperturbationplot.FromFigure2(a)and(c),itcanbesaidthattheexperimentaldataareinagoodagreementwiththemodelpredictionbyDOEsoftwaresinceallpoints
distributed closely to the predicted linear line. On the other
hand, the perturbation
plot(Figure2band2c)givesinformationonwhichfactorsthathavethemostinfluenceonthebiologicalefficiencyandgrowingdaybasedonthegradienceofthelinearline.Thehighestgradiencevalueofthefactorimpliesthemostsignificanteffectonthestudiedresponse.Referring
toFigure2(b), themost influencedparameter to
thebiologicalefficiencyofmushroomproductionisB,themassoflime,followedbyA,thevolumeofEM.Furthermore,thisplotimpliesthat
the positive gradient of all variables indicated that the
proportional linear
relationshipbetweenthesevariableswiththebiologicalefficiencyofmushroom.Ontheotherhand,fromFigure2(d),
thevolumeofEMgive significant effectongrowingday
formushroomcultivationwith thepositive linear relationship.However,
parameterBwhich is amass of limehas a negative
linearrelationshipwhichmeans increasingamountof limewill reduce
thegrowingday formushroom.This isbecauseEMisacrucialmaterial
tobreakdownthecomplexstructureof
thepaddystrawwhilelimejustneededinasmallamounttobalancethepHofthepaddystraw[10‐11].
Figure2.(a)Predictedvaluesand(b)Pertubationplotsforbiologicalefficiency;(c)Predictedvaluesand(d)Pertubationplotsforgrowingday.
Parameters Standarddeviation R‐SquaredBiologicalEfficiency 0.31
0.98GrowingDay 3.41 0.95
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
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Thesamples1and2whichonlyconsistpaddystrawwithoutEMand limeshows
longer time
tocompletecolonizingwhichis49days.Thisisbecausethereisnocatalysttospeed‐uptheprocessofthe
decomposition of the paddy straw, while in other samples the time
taken for the
oystermushroomwillbeshorterbutvariedaccordingtothecompositionofEMandlimeinthesample.EMplaysavitalroleinproducingoystermushroombecauseitacceleratesthedecompositionofthepaddystraw.Forthesampleof2mlEMwith15glimeitalsoshowedthepositiveresultbecausethebiologicalefficiencyisquitehigherwhichis3%andthegrowingdaysisshorter(31days).ButifthevolumeoftheEMisincreasedto4mlofEMthebiologicalefficiencywillbehigher(4.7%).Basedontheresultsobtained,itshowsthatoystermushroomunabletogrowin4mlofEMand30goflime.Thismightbeduetounsuitablegrowthconditionformushroomcultivationusingpaddystraw.
But, it can be seen that oyster mushroom can grow in either lime
and EM treatment.Althoughthebiologicalefficiencyfor30g
limeisalmost4%closeto4mlofEMsamplewhich is4.7%, but it took a
longer time (60 days) to grow mushroom than 4 ml of EM (46 days).
It
isconcludedthatoystermushroomwillgivemoreyieldandahigherbiologicalefficiency(4.7%)onpaddy
straw waste containing a high amount of 4 ml of EM. Besides giving
higher
biologicalefficiencythiscompositionwillalsoproducehealthy,thicker,andfreshmushrooms.ThisisbecauseEMactasacatalysttospeed‐upthereactiontogrowthemushroomfasterandalsoitencouragesthequickbreakdownoforganicsubstancesandsuppressharmfulmicro‐organisms[1].WhilelimegivesminoreffectonthegrowingdaysofoystermushroombecauseitsfunctionistocontrolthepHof
thecultivationmedia,so that themedia isnot tooacidicnor tooalkaline
for
themushroomtogrow[7,12].Figure3showsthemushroomproductionwith4mlofEM.
Figure3.Mushroomproductionwith4mlofEMwithoutthepresenceoflime.Figure
4 shows the 3D response surface plot for oyster mushrooms
biological efficiency.
ThehighestweightofmushroomcanbeobtainedwhenthevalueofEMisatthehighestlevel(4ml).Ontheotherhand,
the lowestbiologicalefficiencyofmushroomwasobtainedwhen there
ishighestEM (4 ml) and lime (30 g). This is because EM helps in
improvement of the average yield
ofmushroomsaswellasthenumberofcroppingseasonandincreasestherateofthedecompositionof
the substrate while lime is required to make sure that pH level is
optimum for the oystermushroom[1].That isshownin
theFigurebelowalthoughthe lime is in thesmalleramount
themushroomstillcangrowwiththehelpofEM.
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MaisaraA.M.AkhirandNazirahM.Waseem/StatisticalAssessmentonUtilizationofPaddyStraw…
68
Figure4.3DResponseSurfaceforOystermushroomsBiologicalEfficiency.4.
CONCLUSIONDifferentlevelsoflimeandEMwerestudiedinsubstratepreparationfortheeffectivecultivationofOystermushroom(Pleurotusspp.).Fromthisresearchresults,itcanbeseenthatEMandlimegivesapositiveeffecton
theoystermushroomgrowingonpaddy
straw.Themushroomproducedarehealthyandgrowinashortperiodoftime(31days).Theresultsobtainedfromthisstudyshowedthatthetreatmentwith4mlofEMand2mlofEMplus15glimeshowedthebestcompositionthantheotherssample.4mlofEMsamplesshowthehigherbiologicalefficiencywhichis4.7%andforlessgrowingdays2mlofEMplus15glimesampleproducemushroomonlyin31days.Effectivemicroorganisms
give themost significant effect on the biological efficiency and
growing days ofoystermushroom by increasing the biological
efficiencywhile reducing the growing days.
Thus,limegiveseffectonlyinincreasingthebiologicalefficiencyofoystermushroom.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSTheauthorisgratefultoSchoolofBioprocessEngineering,UniversityMalaysiaPerlisforprovidingthe
facilities to carry out the research. The research is funded by
Short Term GrantSTG/2016/9001‐00553.REFERENCES[1]
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