Supporting Information for: Characteristics of Ammonia Gas and Fine Particulate Ammonium from Two Distinct Urban Areas: Osaka, Japan and Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Duong Huu Huy a,b *, Le Tu Thanh b , To Thi Hien b , Kazushi Noro a and Norimichi Takenaka a a Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1–1 Gakuen– cho, Naka–ku, Sakai–shi, Osaka 599–8531, Japan b Faculty of Environmental Science, University of Science, Vietnam National University–Ho Chi Minh City, 227 Nguyen Van Cu Street, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam *Corresponding author: Tel.: (+81) (0) 72 254 9322, email: [email protected]
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Supporting Information for:
Characteristics of Ammonia Gas and Fine Particulate Ammonium from Two Distinct Urban Areas: Osaka, Japan
and Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Duong Huu Huya,b*, Le Tu Thanhb, To Thi Hienb, Kazushi Noroa and Norimichi Takenakaa
a Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1–1 Gakuen–cho, Naka–ku, Sakai–shi, Osaka 599–8531,
Japan
b Faculty of Environmental Science, University of Science, Vietnam National University–Ho Chi Minh City, 227 Nguyen Van Cu Street, District 5, Ho Chi Minh
Table S1 Review of the gaseous NH3 and particulate NH4+ in PM2.5 concentrations measurements in the urban atmosphere in Japan, Vietnam and other countries
No.
Locations Period Season NH3 (ppb) PM2.5 NH4+
(µg m-3)Method References
1 Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
May 21 – Jun 8, 2015 8.34±2.47 0.74±0.30 NHx on-line analyzer
This study
2 Osaka, Japan Feb 11 – Mar 12, 2015 Winter 1.98±0.93 1.45±1.18Jul 1 – Sep 14, 2015 Summer 4.21±2.30 0.93±0.61
3 Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
2002 Whole 19ᵃ Not measure Passive (Lan et al., 2004)
4 Osaka, Japan 2005 Winter (Feb-Mar) 1.7 Not measure Passive (Nishikawa and Kannari, 2011)Summer (Jul-Aug-Sep) 3.2
Gulfport, MS, US 0.56 ± 0.33 1.10 ± 0.93Pensacola, FL, US 0.75 ± 0.45 1.07 ± 0.72
13 Atlanta, GA, US Jul – Dec, 2007 1.35 ± 1.19 1.71 (Saylor et al., 2010)14 Houston, TX, US Feb 12 – Mar 1, 2010 Winter 2.42 ± 1.16 Not measure EC-QCL- based (Gong et al., 2011)
sensorᶢAug 5 – Sep 25, 2010 Summer 3.07 ± 2.87
Notes: ᵃ Estimation from the reported result; ᵇ WS-CRDS, Wavelength Scanned-Cavity Ring Down Spectroscopy; ᶜ Calculation from original data with unit of
µg m-3; ᵈ NH3 measured by NOx-NH3 analyzer and NH4+ in PM2.5 collected on Teflon filter and analyzed by ion chromatography; ᵉ DOAS, Differential optical
12/2 0.30 Y = 0.22 X + 0.99 0.6414/2 0.86 Y = 0.61 X + 0.75 0.5215/2 0.55 Y = 0.53 X + 1.41 0.4616/2-1 0.077 Y = 0.07 X + 0.58 0.8716/2-2 0.78 Y = 0.96 X – 0.55 0.8924/2 0.057 Y = 0.038 X + 2.2 0.6525/2-1 0.36 Y = 0.25 X + 2.5 0.4525/2-2 0.24 Y = 0.22 X + 1.5 0.9226/2 0.1 Y = 0.12 X + 2.7 0.55Average 0.37 ± 0.30
Fig. S1 Sampling locations in Osaka, Japan (left) and Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (right). Sampling points
Fig. S2 Time series concentrations of NH3 gas (top panel) and PM2.5NH4+ (bottom panel) measured at the urban
Osaka site over the periods February and March 2015 (green line) and July, August and September 2015 (red line)
Fig. S3 Time series concentrations of NH3 gas (top panel) and PM2.5NH4+ (bottom panel) measured at the urban
HCMC site over the period 21 May – 8 June 2015
Fig. S4 Correlation between PM2.5NH4+ and PM2.5 mass concentrations measured at the urban Osaka site (left panel),
and at the urban HCMC site (right panel)
Fig. S5 Diurnal variations of SO2, NO, traffic intensity, relative humidity (RH), temperature (Temp.), Ozone, Solar radiation (SR), wind speed (WS) and Planetary boundary layer height (PBL) measured at the urban Osaka site over the periods February and March 2015 (left panels) and July, August and September 2015 (right panels). Solid symbols represent the average concentrations. Top and bottom whiskers show one standard deviation (± SD) calculated from the average concentrations. Note that the planetary boundary layer heights with 3h resolution were achieved from the United State National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Real-time Environmental Application and Display System (READY)
Fig. S6 Diurnal variations of NOx, Solar radiation (SR), O3, Planetary boundary layer height (PBL), Wind speed
(WS), Relative humidity (RH) and Temperature measured at the urban HCMC site over the period 21 May – 8 June
2015. Solid symbols represent the average concentrations. Top and bottom whiskers show one standard deviation (±
SD) calculated from the average concentrations. Note that the planetary boundary layer heights with 3h resolution
were achieved from the United State National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Real-time
Environmental Application and Display System (READY)
(a)
(b)
Fig. S7 Impacts of temperature and relative humidity on the ammonium particle fractions measured at the urban
Osaka site (a) and at the urban HCMC site (b)
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