static-content.springer.com10.1007... · Web viewSUPPORTING INFORMATION. Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article: Appendix S1. Examples

SUPPORTING INFORMATION

Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article:

Appendix S1. Examples of the two habitat types. A) Mango orchard with rows of Casuarina

windbreaks, B) adjacent bushveld habitat, with windbreaks in background and C) aerial view of

the two habitat types with mango orchards above and bushveld below.

Appendix S2. Bird species recorded and their respective qualitative traits as used in RQL

analysis.

Species Feeding Ecology Foraging Strategy

Alopochen aegyptiacus Herbivory Ground

Apalis flavida Insectivory Gleans

Apalis thoracica Insectivory Gleans

Batis molitor Insectivory Hawk-Gleans

Bostrychia hagedash Insectivory Ground

Bubulcus ibis Carnivory Ground

Bycanistes bucinator Frugivory Frugivory

Calamonastes stierlingi Insectivory Gleans

Chalcomitra senegalensis Nectivore/Insectivore Nectivore

Chlorophoneus sulfureopectus Insectivory Gleans

Cinnyris mariquensis Nectivore Nectivore

Cinnyris talatala Nectivore Nectivore

Cisticola chiniana Insectivory Ground

Colius striatus Frugivory Frugivory

Corythaixoides concolor Frugivory Frugivory

Cossypha heuglini Insectivory Ground

Cossypha humeralis Insectivory Ground

Crithagra mozambica Granivory Ground

Dendropicos fuscescens Insectivory Bark

Dendropicos namaquus Insectivory Bark

Dicrurus adsimilis Insectivory Hawks

Dryoscopus cubla Insectivory Gleans

Emberiza flaviventris Granivory/Insectivory Ground

Erythropygia leucophrys Insectivory Ground

Estrilda astrild Granivory Ground

Eurocephalus anguitimens Insectivory Perch and Swoop

Francolinus sephaena Granivory/Insectivory Ground

Halcyon albiventris Insectivory/Carnivory Ground

Hedydipna collaris Insectivory/Nectivore Gleans

Chlorophoneus sulfureopectus Insectivory Gleans

Cinnyris mariquensis Nectivore Nectivore

Cinnyris talatala Nectivore Nectivore

Cisticola chiniana Insectivory Ground

Colius striatus Frugivory Frugivory

Corythaixoides concolor Frugivory Frugivory

Cossypha heuglini Insectivory Ground

Cossypha humeralis Insectivory Ground

Crithagra mozambica Granivory Ground

Dendropicos fuscescens Insectivory Bark

Dendropicos namaquus Insectivory Bark

Dicrurus adsimilis Insectivory Hawks

Dryoscopus cubla Insectivory Gleans

Emberiza flaviventris Granivory/Insectivory Ground

Erythropygia leucophrys Insectivory Ground

Estrilda astrild Granivory Ground

Eurocephalus anguitimens Insectivory Perch and Swoop

Francolinus sephaena Granivory/Insectivory Ground

Halcyon albiventris Insectivory/Carnivory Ground

Hedydipna collaris Insectivory/Nectivore Gleans

Lagonosticta rhodopareia Granivory Ground

Lagonosticta rubricata Granivory Ground

Lagonosticta senegala Granivory Ground

Lamprotornis australis Insectivory Ground

Lamprotornis chalybaeus Granivory/Insectivory Ground

Laniarius ferrugineus Insectivory Hawks

Lybius torquatus Frugivory Frugivory

Malaconotus blanchoti Insectivory Perch and Swoop

Nilaus afer Insectivory Gleans

Numida meleagris Granivory Ground

Oriolus larvatus Insectivory Gleans

Parus niger Insectivory Bark

Phoeniculus purpureus Insectivory Bark/Glean

Phyllastrephus terrestris Insectivory Ground

Ploceus ocularis Insectivory Bark

Pogoniulus chrysoconus Frugivory Frugivory

Prinia subflava Insectivory Hawks

Pternistis natalensis Granivory/Frugivory Ground

Pternistis swainsonii Granivory/Frugivory Ground

Pycnonotus trilolor Frugivory Frugivory

Streptopelia capicola Granivory Ground

Streptopelia semitorquata Granivory Ground

Streptopelia senegalensis Granivory Ground

Sylvietta rufescens Insectivory Gleans

Tauraco corythaix Frugivory Frugivory

Tauraco porphyreolophus Frugivory Frugivory

Tchagra australis Insectivory Ground

Tchagra senegala Insectivory Ground

Telophorus viridis Insectivory Darting/Gleans

Tockus leucomelasInsectivory/

FruigivoreGround

Tockus rufirostris Insectivory Ground

Treron calvus Frugivory Frugivory

Tricholaema leucomelas Frugivory Frugivory

Turdoides jardineii Insectivory Gleans

Turdus libonyanus Insectivory Ground

Turdus olivaceus Insectivory Ground

Turtur chalcospilos Granivory Ground

Turtur tympanistria Granivory/Frugivory Ground

Upupa africana Insectivory Ground

Uraeginthus angolensis Granivory Ground

Urocolius indicus Frugivory Frugivory

Vanellus armatus Insectivory Ground

Vidua chalybeata Granivory Ground

Zosterops pallidus Frugivory/Insectivory Gleans

Appendix S3. Summary of habitat variables measured at each census point according to habitat

type.

Bushveld Mango

Mean SD Range Mean SD Range

Grass height (≤0.25m) 0.12 0.100.05-

0.250.17 0.05

0.05-

0.25

Grass height (>0.25m) 0.69 0.29 0.3-2.5 0.56 0.22 0.1-1.8

Herbaceous plant

height (m)0.48 0.34 0.03-4.5 0.38 0.23 0.05-2.1

Scrub (Woody plants)

height (m)1.92 0.83 0.25-6 1.07 0.61 0.05-2.5

Tree height (m) 4.16 2.70 1.5-16 4.88 4.71 1.1-25

Max. height (m) 4.23 2.45 0.2-16 4.88 4.71 1.1-25

Bare Ground 20% 22% 0-100% 51% 27% 0-100%

Grass cover (≤0.25m) 10% 13% 0-80% 25% 21% 0-95%

Grass cover (>0.25m) 33% 22% 0-95% 14% 15% 0-70%

Herbaceous cover

(≤0.50m )7% 8% 0-60% 6% 7% 0-45%

Herbaceous cover

(>0.50m )7% 11% 0-100% 3% 8% 0-80%

Scrub cover (Woody

plants 0–2m)23% 18% 0-75% 1% 7% 0-95%

Scrub cover (Woody 13% 21% 0-80% 0% 5% 0-95%

plants 3–4m)

Scrub cover (Woody

plants 5–6m)1% 5% 0-60% 0% 3% 0-45%

Tree cover (2–5m) 27% 23% 0-90% 31% 15% 0-85%

Tree cover (6–10m) 13% 21% 0-95% 4% 10% 0-65%

Tree cover (11-5m) 2% 9% 0-70% 4% 10% 0-70%

Tree cover (16-20m) 0% 5% 0-65% 3% 8% 0-60%

Tree cover (>25m) 0% 0% 0-1% 0% 2% 0-25%

Foliage Height

Diversity1.36 0.41 0-2.10 1.15 0.33 0-2.20

Appendix S4. Bird species found across the 8 sampling sites.

Latin Name Common Name

Alcedo cristata Malachite kingfisher

Alopochen aegyptiacus Egyptian goose

Amaurornis flavirostra Black crake

Amblyospiza albifrons Thick-billed weaver

Anaplectes rubriceps Red-headed weaver

Andropadus importunus Sombre greenbul

Anhinga rufa African darter

Anthoscopus minutus Grey penduline-tit

Anthus caffer Bushveld pipit

Apalis flavida Yellow-breasted apalis

Apalis thoracica Bar-throated apalis

Ardea cinerea Grey heron

Ardea goliath Goliath heron

Ardea melanocephala Black-headed heron

Ardea purpurea Purple heron

Batis capensis Cape batis

Batis molitor Chinspot batis

Bostrychia hagedash Hadeda ibis

Bradornis pallidus Pale flycatcher

Bubalornis niger Red-billed buffalo-weaver

Bubulcus ibis Cattle egret

Buphagus erythrorhynchus Red-billed oxpecker

Butorides striata Striated heron

Bycanistes bucinator Trumpeter hornbill

Calamonastes stierlingi Stierling's wren-warbler

Cameroptera brachyura Green-backed cameroptera

Campephaga flava Black cuckooshrike

Campethera abingoni Golden-tailed woodpecker

Centropus burchelli Burchell's coucal

Ceryle rudis Pied kingfisher

Chalcometra amethystina Amethyst sunbird

Chalcomitra senegalensis Scarlet-chested sunbird

Charadrius tricollaris Three-banded plover

Chlorocichla flaviventris Yellow-bellied greenbul

Chlorophoneus sulfureopectus Orange-breasted bushshrike

Chrysococcyx capriu Diederick's cuckoo

Cinnyricinclus leucogaster Violet-backed starling

Cinnyris mariquensis Marico sunbird

Cinnyris talatala White-bellied sunbird

Cisticola chiniana Rattling cisticola

Cisticola erythrops Red-faced cisticola

Cisticola juncidis Zitting cisticola

Clamator levaillantii Levaillant's cuckoo

Colius striatus Speckled mousebird

Coracias caudatus Lilac-breasted roller

Corvinella melanoleuca Magpie shrike

Corvus albus Pied crow

Corythaixoides concolor Grey go-away-bird

Cossypha heuglini White-browed robin-chat

Cossypha humeralis White-throated robin-chat

Crithagra gularis Streaky-headed seedeater

Crithagra mozambica Yellow-fronted canary

Dendrocygna viduata White-faced whistling-duck

Dendropicos fuscescens Cardinal woodpecker

Dendropicos namaquus Bearded woodpecker

Dicrurus adsimilis Fork-tailed drongo

Dryoscopus cubla Black-backed puffback

Emberiza flaviventris Golden-breasted bunting

Empidonax oberholseri Dusky flycatcher

Eremomela icteropygialis Yellow-bellied eromomella

Eremomela usticollis Burnt-necked eromomela

Erythropygia leucophrys White-browed scrub-robin

Erythropygia quadrivirgata Bearded scrub-robin

Estrilda astrild Common waxbill

Eurocephalus anguitimens Southern white-crowned shrike

Francolinus sephaena Crested francolin

Halcyon albiventris Brown-hooded kingfisher

Halcyon chelicuti Striped kingfisher

Halcyon senegalensis Woodland kingfisher

Hedydipna collaris Collared sunbird

Indicator indicator Greater honeyguide

Indicator minor Lesser honeyguide

Lagonosticta rhodopareia Jameson's firefinch

Lagonosticta rubricata African firefinch

Lagonosticta senegala Red-billed firefinch

Lamprotornis australis Burchell's starling

Lamprotornis chalybaeus Greater blue-eared starling

Lamprotornis nitens Cape glossy starling

Laniarius ferrugineus Southern boubou

Lanius collurio Red-backed shrike

Lanius minor Lesser grey shrike

Lissotis melanogaster Black-bellied bustard

Lonchura cucullata Bronze manikin

Lybius torquatus Black-collared barbet

Macronyx croceus Yellow-throated longclaw

Malaconotus blanchoti Grey-headed bushshrike

Megaceryle maxima Giant kingfisher

Melaenornis pammelaina Southern black flycatcher

Motacilla aguimp African pied wagtail

Muscicapa caerulescens Ashy flycatcher

Muscicapa striata Spotted flycatcher

Myioparus plumbeus Grey tit-flycatcher

Nilaus afer Brubru

Numida meleagris Helmeted guineafowl

Oriolus larvatus Black-headed oriole

Parus niger Southern black tit

Passer diffusus Southern grey-headed sparrow

Phalacrocorax africanus Reed cormorant

Phalacrocorax lucidus White-breasted cormorant

Phoeniculus purpureus Green wood-hoopoe

Phyllastrephus terrestris Terrestrial brownbul

Plectropterus gambensis Spur-winged goose

Ploceus cucullatus Village weaver

Ploceus intermedius Lesser masked weaver

Ploceus ocularis Spectacled weaver

Pogoniulus chrysoconus Yellow-fronted tinkerbird

Prinia subflava Tawny-flanked prinia

Prionops plumatus White-crested helmetshrike

Prionops plumatus Crested helmetshrike

Prionops retzii Retz's helmetshrike

Prodotiscus regulus Brown-backed honeybird

Psophocichla litsitsirupa Groundscraper thrush

Pternistis natalensis Natal spurfowl

Pternistis swainsonii Swainson's spurfowl

Pycnonotus trilolor Dark-capped bulbul

Pytilia melba Green-winged pytillia

Quelea quelea Red billed quelea

Rhinopomastus cyanomelas Common scimitarbill

Scopus umbretta Hamerkop

Sigelus silens Fiscal flycatcher

Streptopelia capicola Cape turtle-dove

Streptopelia semitorquata Red-eyed dove

Streptopelia senegalensis Laughing dove

Sylvietta rufescens Long-billed crombec

Tauraco corythaix Knysna turaco

Tauraco porphyreolophus Purple-crested turaco

Tchagra australis Brown-crowned tchagra

Tchagra senegala Black-crowned tchagra

Telophorus viridis Gorgeous bushshrike

Terpsiphone viridis African paradise-flycatcher

Tockus leucomelas Southern yellow-billed hornbill

Tockus nasutus Grey hornbill

Tockus rufirostris Southern red-billed hornbill

Trachyphonus vaillantii Crested barbet

Treron calvus African green pigeon

Tricholaema leucomelas Acacia-pied barbet

Turdoides jardineii Arrow-marked babbeler

Turdus libonyanus Kurrichane thrush

Turdus olivaceus Olive thrush

Turnix sylvatica Common buttonquail

Turtur chalcospilos Emerald-spotted wood-dove

Turtur tympanistria Tambourine dove

Upupa africana African hoopoe

Uraeginthus angolensis Blue waxbill

Urocolius indicus Red-faced mousebird

Vanellus armatus Blacksmith lapwing

Vanellus coronatus Crowned lapwing

Vanellus senegallus African wattled lapwing

Vidua chalybeata Village indigobird

Zosterops pallidus Cape white eye

Appendix S5. Species accumulation curves for both bushveld and mango habitats.

Appendix S6. Asymptotic species richness estimated by the Chao1 non-parametric richness

estimator for the species richness and Cole’s rarefaction values within bushveld and mango sites