Start of Industrial Revolution

A change in the way work was done. A change from making goods by hand, to using machines.

•Large unfenced fields that was divided into narrow strips of land used by multiple

farmers•Farmers had some good land and some

poor land•Used 3-crop rotation which left one field

fallow (empty)•Animals grazed on common land

•Villagers got wood from the forest•Fields lacked proper drainage

Result: Farmers only produced enough to feed their family – Subsistence Farming

• Charles Townshend – Learned that crop rotation led to longer lasting fertile soil- Now, could use all the land

• Use of chemical fertilizers

It began with an Agricultural Revolution in the 1700s. New ways of planting and growing crops were introduced.

Old way of planting seeds

The Seed Drill

Mechanization•Jethro Tull – Invented a Seed Drill– a cart with a dropper that would plant seeds more efficiently.•New Iron Ploughs and Threshing machine

Selective Breeding•Farmers only allowed the strongest and best animals breed •Increased the size of cattle from average 168Kg in 1710 to 363 Kg in 1795!

This led to:

1. ______________________________

2. __________ ___________________

3. _____________________________

4. ______________________________

Enclosure Movement: Rich landowners bought land of village farmers and enclosed it with fences.

Discovery of more productive farm methods to increase production

Larger profits for wealthy farmers

Small farmers now unemployed – move to the cities to find work

Cities grew - Urbanization

Before Enclosure

After Enclosure

Farmer Mark

Farmer Ken and AmandaFarmer Dana

Farmer Andrew

Yeah… I’ll work for you!

How will my family of 8 children survive?

Through the Enclosure Act of Parliament, I am now the owner

of all of this land! Farmer Andrew, Will you work for me?

They’re taking our farm…

what are we going to do?

The Future is Wool! Andrew, you will be my new Sheep

herder… the rest of you can take a hike!

Without my farm,

where will I work?

Entrepreneur Peter

Welcome to the city!This is my factory. You

will earn 4 pounds a week!Where will we live?

I have to work in there?

You can live in my tenement building… you can have a room for 10 pounds a week!

But we only make 4 pounds per

week!

We’ll just have to get the children to work!

I have to live in there?

“England… has been fortunate in possessing the natural conditions

necessary for success… we recognize that England is rich in these

advantages, that she has coal and iron lying close together, that her sheep give

the best wool, that her harbors are plentiful, that she is not ill-off for rivers, and that no part of the country is farther than 70 miles from the city.”

- George Warner

A. England had resources - ________, _______, _______, ________ and _______________.

B. England had a wealthy upper class and middle class that used their capital to build mines and factories and buy machines and large farms for profit.

C. England’s economy was strong because it had colonies that supplied resources.

D. England’s naval superiority was an advantage because it protected trade routes.

harborsa good climate

workerscoal

iron

Why did the Industrial Revolution start in England?

Food surplus

Increased population

Improved diets

Better health

Lower death rate

Growing cities

From Agricultural Revolution to Industrial Revolution

•Britain’s textile industry would be the first to be transformed. •Traditionally, __________ and _________ labor were used to do work.

1733 – John Kay – “Flying Shuttle”

A shuttle sped back and forth on wheels. The flying shuttle, a boat-shaped piece of wood to which yarn was attached, doubled the work a

weaver could do in a day.

1764 – James Hargreaves – “Spinning Jenny”

A spinning wheel used to weave yarn. It allowed a spinner to work 8 threads at a

time.

human animal

1769 – Richard Arkwright – “Water Frame”

Used water-power from rapid streams to drive spinning wheels.

Richard Arkwright:“Father of the Factory

System”

Film Clip: Mills6:09-8:50

1779 – Samuel Crompton – “Spinning Mule”

Combined the features of the spinning jenny and the water frame to make thread that was

stronger and finer.

1787 – Edmund Cartwright - “Power Loom”

Run by water-power. Sped up weaving.

•___________ and ___________ had been used to move wheels that would then move machine parts in mills.

Wind water

Cloth merchants could boost profits by speeding up production Needed to be run by __________ - Had to be near a river. The machines were large and expensive. This took the work of spinning and weaving out of the house and into the _____________. Progress in the textile industry spurred other technological inventions.

waterpower

Factory

•1765 –________________ – “Steam Engine” - Development of a cheap, convenient source of power• _________ was discovered to burn hotter and longer than wood and was used to create steam that would be compressed in engines in order to move parts of machinery such as rotors or levers.

James Watt

Coal

Road Transportation John McAdam – Paved Roads – Early 1800s

Equipped roadbeds with a layer of large stones for drainage. On top, he placed a smoothed layer of crushed rock. Previously, rain and mud often made roads impassable and men were known to

drown in potholes.

Steam Locomotives George Stephenson – “The

Rocket” - 1829

Railroads spurred industrial growth by giving manufacturers a cheap way to transport material and finished products.

Railroad boom created hundreds of thousands of new jobs for both railroad workers

and miners.

The railroads boosted England’s agricultural and fishing industries, which could transport their products to distant cities.

By making travel easier, railroads encouraged people to take distant city jobs.

steel

New inventions

Better metals

Growth of factories and mines

Development of steam powered engines