Standards, Regulations and Liability Philip Cordeiro Adjunct Researcher– ECE Department ECE 2799 December 8, 2008.

Standards, Regulations and Liability

Standards, Regulations and Liability

Philip CordeiroAdjunct Researcher– ECE Department

ECE 2799December 8, 2008

Worcester Polytechnic Institute

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OverviewOverview Introduction Classes of Standards Anatomy of a Standard Standards Development Standards Bodies Standards Compliance Standards Evolution


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IntroductionIntroduction What is a standard? Merriam-Webster’s Online Dictionary:

something set up and established by authority as a rule for the measure of quantity, weight, extent, value, or quality


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IntroductionIntroduction

Why do we need standards? Interoperability Safety Innovation Consumer confidence


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Classes of StandardsClasses of Standards Three Classes of Standards

– Voluntary– Interoperability

• Open• Closed

– Safety


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Classes of StandardsClasses of Standards Voluntary

– Not required by law– Public– Often a marketing tool– Examples

• ISO 9001 • ASTM D4236• NHTSA Crash Ratings


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Classes of StandardsClasses of Standards Open Interoperability

– May be required by law, mandatory– Public– Help to prevent interference, or provide

immunity, between products– Examples

• FCC Part 68• W3C SOAP• FCC Part 15• IEEE 802.11n


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Classes of StandardsClasses of Standards Closed Interoperability

– Not required by law– Private, proprietary– Often a marketing tool– Examples

• Super-G• J-Rex PM


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Classes of StandardsClasses of Standards Safety

– Usually required by law, mandatory– Public– Intended to provide safe products– Examples

• CPSC Part 1205• IEC/CLC TR 62102• ITU-T K.20


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Anatomy of a StandardAnatomy of a Standard Purpose Scope References Definitions and Abbreviations Specifications and Requirements Testing Methodology and Compliance

Criteria


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Anatomy of a StandardAnatomy of a Standard Purpose

The purpose of this standard is to reduce danger of injury and loss of life by providing, on a national basis, standard methods of testing and rating the flammability of textiles and textile products for clothing use, thereby discouraging the use of any dangerously flammable clothing textiles.


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Anatomy of a StandardAnatomy of a Standard Scope

The standard provides methods of testing the flammability of clothing and textiles intended to be used for clothing, \1\,a,b establishes three classes of flammability, sets forth the requirements which textiles shall meet to be so classified, and warns against the use of those textiles which have burning characteristics unsuitable for clothing.


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Anatomy of a StandardAnatomy of a Standard References

The methods of test and classifications outlined herein agree with all essential requirements of the Standard Test Method for Flammability of Clothing Textiles, of the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists.


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Anatomy of a StandardAnatomy of a Standard Definitions and Abbreviations

As used in this part, unless the context otherwise specifically requires:

(a) The term act means the ``Flammable Fabrics Act'' (approved June 30, 1953, Pub. Law 88, 83d Congress, 1st sess., 15 U.S.C. 1191; 67 Stat. 111) as amended, 68 Stat. 770, August 23, 1954.

(b) The terms rule, rules, regulations, and rules and regulations, mean the rules and regulations prescribed by the Commission pursuant to section 5(c) of the act.

(c) The term United States means, the several States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and the Territories, and Possessions of the United States.


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Anatomy of a StandardAnatomy of a Standard Specifications and Requirements

(a) No article of wearing apparel or fabric subject to the act and regulations shall be marketed or handled if such article or fabric, when tested according to the procedures prescribed in section 4(a) of the act, is so highly flammable as to be dangerous when worn by individuals.


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Anatomy of a StandardAnatomy of a Standard Testing Methodology and Compliance

Criteria

(a)(1) Number and size of specimens required. Five specimens, each measuring 2 by 6 inches, are required for each test.

(4) If the specimens in the preliminary test, when tested as described in paragraph (g) of this section, do not ignite or are very slow burning, or should have a fire-retarding finish, a swatch large enough to provide the specimens required for the test, with allowance for shrinkage in dry cleaning and washing, is subjected to the dry cleaning and washing procedures described in paragraphs (d) and (e) of this section. The specimens for the flammability test are then taken from it.


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Anatomy of a StandardAnatomy of a Standard Testing Methodology and Compliance

Criteria


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Standards DevelopmentStandards Development Two Standards Development Processes

– Singular– Consensus

Membership– Individuals– Company– Government Agency

Accessibility– Free– Fee


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Standards DevelopmentStandards Development Singular

– Individuals or Company• Developed due to a business need• May be public or private• Widespread acceptance

– de facto standard– Submission to a standards body

– Government Agency• Public• Often mandatory, regulatory


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Standards DevelopmentStandards Development Consensus

– Standards Bodies• Many different formats

– Majority rules– Most technical work performed in

committees (working groups, task groups)– Generally have annual or semi-annual

meetings between committees


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Standards DevelopmentStandards Development Consensus

– Secretariat • Administers day-to-day operations• Publishes standards• Collects fees

– Open participation• Free• Fee


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Standards BodiesStandards Bodies United Nations (U.N.)

– ITU Government Agencies

– FCC– FDA– NIST– CPSC– OSHA


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Standards BodiesStandards Bodies National Standards Organizations

– ANSI International Standards Organizations

– ISO– IEC

Professional Associations– IEEE


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Standards BodiesStandards Bodies Industry Trade Groups

– 1394 Trade Association– USB Implementers Forum– ETSI– IETF

Special Interest Group (SIG)– PCI-SIG– ACM-SIGBED– Bluetooth


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Standards BodiesStandards Bodies Notified Body

– TÜV Military

– MIL-SPEC


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Standards ComplianceStandards Compliance

Accredited Test Laboratory Self Certification


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Certification Marks


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Standards ComplianceStandards Compliance Certification Marks


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Logos

Standards EvolutionStandards Evolution

Clarify Omissions or Inconsistencies Technological Improvements Market Demand


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Standards, Regulations and Liability Philip Cordeiro Adjunct Researcher– ECE Department ECE 2799 December 8, 2008.

Documents

classes of flammability

flammability of textiles

clothing use

flammable clothing textiles

standard methods of

standardscopethe standard

standard test method

marketing toolexamplesiso