MICROCADD TECHNOLOGIES - Master Reseller of Research Engineers, Inc. for STAAD.Pro - Best Performing Autodesk Authorized Training Center ASEAN 1999 awarded by AUTODESK in Maui, Hawaii - ASEAN ATC (Authorized Autodesk Training Center) Highest Rating Award for the year 2000, awarded by AUTODESK in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia - Recipient of “Best Instructor Award” for the year 2000 by AUTODESK in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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MICROCADD TECHNOLOGIES
- Master Reseller of Research Engineers, Inc. forSTAAD.Pro
- Best Performing Autodesk Authorized TrainingCenter ASEAN 1999 awarded byAUTODESK in Maui, Hawaii
- ASEAN ATC (Authorized Autodesk TrainingCenter) Highest Rating Award for theyear 2000, awarded by AUTODESK inKuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Recipient of “Best Instructor Award” for theyear 2000 by AUTODESK in Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia
ESR
Acknowledgment
To all engineers, architects
To all students who participated in
our workshops
To all companies who entrusted
their staff to us for training
To Research Engineers Inc., who developedthe program
Above all,To God Almighty.
We dedicate this manual.
Ground Floor, Carpark Plaza,SM City North EDSA, Quezon City
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GIII-B Ground Floor, The Gallery BuildingAmorsolo St., Legaspi Village, Makati City
894-2580 • 843-6519
Suite 504 Doña Consolacion Bldg.62 Gen. Santos Ave., Cubao, Quezon City
Different Modes of Opertions ................................................................. 5
Page/Sub-page menus in Modelling Mode .......................................... 6
Different Type of Structures .................................................................... 7
Unit System .............................................................................................. 8
Coordinate System ................................................................................. 8Global Coordinate System ......................................................... 9Cylindrical Coordinate System .................................................. 9Reverse Cylindrical Coodinate System .................................... 10Local Coodinate System ............................................................ 10
Creating Geometry Using Liabrary ....................................................... 26
Importing Geometry from CAD software .............................................. 31
Editing of Model GeometryErase ............................................................................................ 32Copy ............................................................................................. 32Mirror ............................................................................................ 34Break All ...................................................................................... 35Renumber .................................................................................... 35
Display OptionsZoom ............................................................................................ 36Pan ............................................................................................... 37View Selected Members only .................................................... 37To View Tables ............................................................................ 38To View Whole Structure ............................................................ 39Orientation ................................................................................... 39Configuration of display .............................................................. 41
Group Command .................................................................................... 49
Element Incidence Specification ...................................... .................... 52
In STAAD.Pro, the focus is on productivity. STAAD.Pro addresses the entire pro-cess of Structural Engineering. From model development to analysis to designdrafting to detailing - and even component design - STAAD/Pro is designed towork the way the Structural Design Office woks.
The STAAD engine provides general-purpose structural analysis and integratedSTEEL/CONCRETE/TIMBER design.
The FEMKIT environment offers graphically oriented Finite Element modeling andverification facilities - complete with 2D/3D meshing technologies and powerfulmodel verification tools.
The Visual Draw CAD engine allows generation of Plans, Elevations, Sections anddetail drawings. Fully integrated in the STAAD/Pro environment, Visual DRAWprovides drawings generation, editing and plotting capabilities.
The STARDYNE engine provides advanced analysis facilities. Built around a comprehensive finite element library, the STARDYNE engine provides powerful Dynamic,Seismic,Non-linear, Thermal, Buckling and other advanced analysis capabilities.
The STAAD.etc is the "engineer's structural toolkit" containing various componentanalysis and design module groups including foundations, masonry, timber, steel,concrete and general analysis . As a standalone product, STAAD.etc can be usedto design small portal frames, continuous beams, footings, retaining walls, one-wayslab, connections, shear walls and much more. STAAD.etc allows the engineer tocomplete the design cycle on the primary structure by analyzing and designingseveral structural components or accessories within the STAAD.Pro environmentusing STAAD.Pro's results database.
Ground Floor, Carpark Plaza,SM City North EDSA, Quezon City
926-3297 • 926-3298 • 926-3286
GIII-B Ground Floor, The Gallery BuildingAmorsolo St., Legaspi Village, Makati City
894-2580 • 843-6519
Suite 504 Doña Consolacion Bldg.62 Gen. Santos Ave., Cubao, Quezon City
The following requirements are suggested minimums. Systems with increasedcapacity provide enhanced performance.· PC with Intel-Pentium / AMD processor.· Graphics card and monitor with 1024x768 resolution, 256 color display (16
bit high color recommended).· 64 MB RAM or higher.· Windows 95/ NT 4.0 or higher operating system. The software is capable of
running in Windows NT 3.51, but, due to system limitations, some of thefeatures, such as Animation, may be disabled.
· Sufficient free space on the hard disk to hold the program and data files. Thedisk space requirement will vary depending on the modules you are installing. A typical minimum is 200MB to 300MB free space.
· A multi-media ready system with sound card and speakers is needed to runthe tutorial movies and slide shows.
Note: Additional RAM, disk space, and video memory will enhance the performanceof STAAD.Pro.
Starting with STAAD.Pro Version 2001, the size of structures that the program canhandle has been increased significantly. As a result of this, the minimum amount of physical +virtual memory required by the program also has increased to over 200MB. Users may needto ensure that adequate amounts of virtual memory are available, and in Windows NT and2000 systems, parameters such as paging file sizes should be large enough or span overmultiple drives if the free space on any one drive runs low.
Another issue to keep in mind is the location of the “TEMP” parameter as in the “SETTEMP” environment variable in Windows NT and 2000 systems. While performing calcula-tions, depending on the structure size, the program may create gigantic scratch files whichare placed in the folder location associated with the “TEMP” parameter. Users may wish topoint the “SET TEMP” variable to a folder on a drive that has disk space sufficiently large toaccommodate the requirements for large size structures.
Note: The user must have a basic familiarity with Microsoft Windows 95/NT systemsin order to use the STAAD.Pro software.
Ground Floor, Carpark Plaza,SM City North EDSA, Quezon City
926-3297 • 926-3298 • 926-3286
GIII-B Ground Floor, The Gallery BuildingAmorsolo St., Legaspi Village, Makati City
894-2580 • 843-6519
Suite 504 Doña Consolacion Bldg.62 Gen. Santos Ave., Cubao, Quezon City
Menu barLocated at the top of the screen, the Menu bar gives access to all the facilities of STAAD/Pro.
ToolbarThe dockable Toolbar gives access to the most frequently used commands. You may also createyour own customized toolbar.
Main WindowThis is the largest area at the center of the screen, where the model and the results are displayed.
Page Control
The Page Control is a set of tabs that appear to the left of the Main Window. There are two rows oftabs for accessing Pages and Subpages. Each Pag allows access to certain Subpages. Each Subpageallows you to perform specific tasks. The organization of the Pages, from top to bottom, representthe logical sequence of the operations, for example, definition of beams, specification of memberproperties, loading, and so on.
Each "Page" tab has a name and an icon for easy identification. The name on the tabs may or maynot appear depending on your screen resolution and the size of the STAAD/Pro window. However,the icons on the Page Control tabs always appear.
The Pages in the Page Control area depend on the Mode of operation. The Mode of operation may besent from the Mode menu from the Menu bar.
Page Control
Sub-page Control
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Data AreaThe right part of the screen is called Data Area, where different dialog boxes, tables, list boxes,etc
appear depending on the type of operation you are performing. For example, when you select theGeometry|Beam Page, the Data Area contains the Node-Coordinate table and the Member- Incidence table.When you are in the General | Load Page, the contents of the Data Area changes to display the currentlyassigned Load cases and the Load Specification dialog box.
Notes:1. Note that the tables and other dialog boxes in the Data Area are physically seperate windows. In other
words, you may move the Beam table or the Node table from their usual right corner position. If you need to seemore of the Main Window, simply maximize it. You may still access the data tables by using the Window menu fromthe Menu bar.
2. The icons in the toolbar as well as in the Page Control area offer Tooltip help. If you are not sure what aparticular icon represents, simply move your mouse on top of icon and wait a moment. A floating Tooltip help willidentify the icon.
3. The STAAD/Pro menu items are not "Page"-dependent. This means that you may access any menu item atany point in time. For example, in the Geometry | Beam Page, you may select menu command sequence Commands|Material Constants | Material Table... to edit a material table. Similarly, the toolbar items are also independentof the Page.
The "Mode" of OperationSTAAD/Pro offers you several "Modes" of operation. These modes may be accessed through the Mode
menu from the Menu bar. The tabbed items in the Page Control area change depending on the current Mode.A check mark beside the menu item indicates that the specific menu item is selected.
ModelingIn the Modeling(Pre-processing) mode, you generate your model geometry, specify loads, supports,and so on. By default, when the program starts or a structure is opened, you always in the Modelingmode.
Post ProcessingThe Post Processing mode allows you to perform post-analysis result verification, query, reportgeneration, so on.
PipingThe Piping mode allows ADLPIPE geometry to be viewed along with structure geometry in theSTAAD/Pro Graphical Environment.
The Modeling ModeThe Modeling Mode offers graphical facilities for building the model, specifying Memberproperties, Supports, Loads, etc. This is the default Mode in STAAD/Pro.
Ground Floor, Carpark Plaza,SM City North EDSA, Quezon City
926-3297 • 926-3298 • 926-3286
GIII-B Ground Floor, The Gallery BuildingAmorsolo St., Legaspi Village, Makati City
894-2580 • 843-6519
Suite 504 Doña Consolacion Bldg.62 Gen. Santos Ave., Cubao, Quezon City
Setup Job Specify job-related information such as jobname, client name, revision details, etc.
Geometry Beam Specify Frame members along withNodes.Use grids to generate members graphically.Use tables to specify Node Coordinates,Member incidences, Member orientation(Beta Angle) etc.
PlateSpecify Plate elements along with nodes.Use grids to generate elements graphically.Use tables to specify Node Coordinates andElement incidences.
SolidSpecify solid elements. Use grids togenerate elements graphically. Use tablesto specify Node Coordinates and Elementincidences.
General PropertySpecify Member Properties, such assections, materials, etc. Properties areidentified by Property Numbers, which arereferred to in the Beam Plate, and Solidtables in the respective pages.
Spec Advanced member related specifications,such as Member Releases, Tension-onlymembers, etc.
Support Create and assign Supports with re-strained DOF's.
Load Specify Loads on Structure.
Pre-print Defines items to be included in the Outputfile before analysisAnalysis/
PrintAnalysis Specifies the type of STAAD/Pro analysis
to be performed.
Post-Print Specifies items to be included in theOutput file after analysis
SteelConcreteTimberAluminumFooting
Specifies Design related parameters forcorresponding type of design.
Design
Sub-Page
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TYPE OF STRUCTURESA Structure is defined as an assemblage of components or elements. Almost any type ofstructure can be analyzed consisting of both frame and plate/shell elements.
SPACE - is a three dimensional framed structure with loads applied in any plane.
PLANE - is a structure bound by a global X-Y coordinate system with loads in the same plane.
FLOOR - is a two or three dimensional structure having no horizontal (global X and Z) appliedloads or any load which may cause any horizontal movement of the structure. The floor framing(in global X-Z plane) of a building is an ideal example of FLOOR structure. Columns can also bemodeled with the floor in FLOOR structure as long as the structure has no horizontal loading. Ifthere is any horizontal load, it must be analyzed as a SPACE structure.
TRUSS (2D or 3D)- is a structure consists of truss members which can have only axial memberforces and no bending in the members.
Note:Specification of the correct structure type reduces the number of equations to be solved
during analysis. The results is a faster and more economic solution for the user. The degree offreedom associated with frame elements of different types of structures below.
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894-2580 • 843-6519
Suite 504 Doña Consolacion Bldg.62 Gen. Santos Ave., Cubao, Quezon City
The user is allowed to input data and request output in almost all commonly usedengineering unit systems including MKS, SI and FPS. In input file, the user may changeunits as many times as required. Mix and match between length and force units fromdifferent unit systems is also allowed. The input-unit for angles (or rotations) is de-grees. However, in JOINT DISPLACEMENT output, the rotations are provided in radi-ans. For all output, the units are clearly specified by the program.
STRUCTURE GEOMETRY AND COORDINATE SYSTEM
A structure is an assembly of individual components such as beams, columns, slabs,plates etc.. In STAAD, frame elements and plate elements may be used to model thestructural components. Typically, modeling of the structure geometry consists of twosteps:
A. Identification and description of joints or nodes.
B. Modeling of members or elements through specification of connectivity (inci-dences) between joints
In general, the term MEMBER will be used to refer to frame elements and termELEMENT will be used to refer to plate/shell and solid elements. Connectivity forMEMBERs may be provided through the ELEMENT INCIDENCE command.
STAAD uses two types of coordinate systems to define the structure geometry andloading patterns. The GLOBAL coordinate system is an arbitrary coordinate system inspace which utilized to specify the overall geometry & loading pattern of the structure.A LOCAL coordinate system is associated with each member ( or element) and isutilized in MEMBER END FORCE output or local load specification.
Ground Floor, Carpark Plaza,SM City North EDSA, Quezon City
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GIII-B Ground Floor, The Gallery BuildingAmorsolo St., Legaspi Village, Makati City
894-2580 • 843-6519
Suite 504 Doña Consolacion Bldg.62 Gen. Santos Ave., Cubao, Quezon City
Conventional Cartesian Coordinate SystemThis coordinate system is a rectangular coordinate system ( X, Y , Z ) which followsthe orthogonal right hand rule. This coordinate system may be used to define thejoint locations and loading directions. The translational degrees of freedom aredenoted by u1, u2, u3 and the rotational degrees of freedom are denoted by u4,u5& u6.
Cylindrical Coordinate SystemIn this coordinate system, the X and Y coordinates of the conventional cartesiansystem are replaced by R (radius) and 0 (angle in degrees). The Z coordinate isidentical to the Z coordinate of the cartesian system and its positive direction isdetermined by the right hand rule.
Global Coordinate System
The Right hand rule
X
ZY
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894-2580 • 843-6519
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Reverse Cylindrical Coordinate SystemThis is a cylindrical type coordinate system where the R-O plane corresponds to theX-Z plane of the cartesian system. The right hand rule is followed to determine thepositive direction of the Y-axis.
Local Coordinate SystemA local coordinate system is associated with each member. Each axis of the localorthogonal coordinate system is also based on the right hand rule.The right handrule may be applied to obtain the positive directions of the local y and z axes. Thelocal y and z-axes coincide with the axes of the two principal moments of inertia.Note that the local coordinate system is always rectangular.
Local axis for different cross-sections
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894-2580 • 843-6519
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Relationship Between Global & Local CoordinatesSince the input for member loads can be provided in the local and global coordinatesystem and the output for member-end-forces is printed in the local coordinatesystem, it is important to know the relationship between the local and global coordi-nate systems. This relationship is defined by an angle measured in the followingspecified way. This angle will be defined as the beta (βββββ) angle.
Beta AngleWhen the local x-axis is parallel to the global Y-axis, as in the case of a column in astructure, the beta angle is the angle through which the local z-axis has been rotatedabout the local x-axis from a position of being parallel and in the same positive direc-tion of the global Z-axis.
When the local x-axis is not parallel to the global Y-axis, the beta angle is the anglethrough which the local coordinate system has been rotated about the local x-axisfrom a position of having the local z-axis parallel to the global X-Z plane and the localy-axis in the same positive direction as the global Y-axis. Figure below details theposition for beta angles 0 degrees or 90 degrees. When providing member loads inthe local member axis, it is helpful to refer to this figure for a quick determination ofthe local axis system.
Ground Floor, Carpark Plaza,SM City North EDSA, Quezon City
926-3297 • 926-3298 • 926-3286
GIII-B Ground Floor, The Gallery BuildingAmorsolo St., Legaspi Village, Makati City
894-2580 • 843-6519
Suite 504 Doña Consolacion Bldg.62 Gen. Santos Ave., Cubao, Quezon City
All input to STAAD Pro is in free-format style. Input data items should be separated by blank spacesor commas from the other input data items. Quotation marks are never needed to separate anyalphabetic words such as data commands or titles.
B. Commenting InputFor documentation of a STAAD Pro data file, the facility to provide comments is available. Commentscan be included by providing an asterisk (*) mark as the first non-blank character in any line. Theline with the comment is "echoed" in the output file but not processed by the program.
Example:JOINT COORDINATES * coordinate of each node ( this is only a comment line)1 0 0 0etc.
C. Meaning of Underlining in the ManualMany words in the commands and data may be abbreviated. The full word intended is given in thecommand description with the portion actually required (the abbreviation ) underlined.For example, if the word MEMBER is used in a command, only the portion MEMB need be input. It isclearer for others reading the output if the entire word is used, but an experience user may desireto use the abbreviations.
D. Meaning of Braces and ParenthesisIn some command formats, braces enclose a number of choices, which are arranged vertically. Oneand only one of the choices can be selected. However, several of the listed choices may be selectedif an asterisk(*) mark is located outside the braces.
Example:
{XYXYXYXYXYYZYZYZYZYZXZXZXZXZXZ }
In the above example, the user must make a choice of XY or YZ or XZ.
{FXFXFXFXFXFYFYFYFYFYFZFZFZFZFZ }
*****Example:
Here the user can choose one or all of the listing (FX, FY, FZ) in any order. Parentheses, ( ) ,enclosing a portion of a command indicate that the enclosed portion is optional. The presence orabsence of this portion affects the meaning of the command, as is explained in the description of theparticular command.
E. Multiple Data SeparatorMultiple data can be provided on a single line, if they are separated by a semicolon (;) character.One restriction is that consecutive commands can not be separated by a semicolon. They mustappear on separate lines.
Example:MEMBER INCIDENCES1 1 2; 2 2 3; 3 3 4etc.
INCORRECTPRINT FORCES; PRINT STRESSES
In the above case, only the PRINT FORCES comand is processed and the PRINT STRESSES is ignored
F. Listing DataIn some STAAD command descriptions, the word "list" is used to identify a list of joints, members/elements or loading cases. The format of a list can be defined as follows
list = *{iiiii1,i,i,i,i,i2,i,i,i,i,i3,...,...,...,...,...
iiiii1 TO TO TO TO TO i i i i i
2 (BY i (BY i (BY i (BY i (BY i
3)))))
XXXXX or Y or Z }TO means all integers from the list (i1) to the second (i2) inclusive. BY means that the numbers areincremented by an amount equal to the third data item (i3). If BY i3 is omitted, the increment willbe set to one. Sometimes the list may be too long to fit on one line, in which case the list may becontinued to the next line by providing a hyphen preceded by a blank. Also note that only a list maybe continued and not only other type of data.Only lists may be continued to the next line by ending the line with a blank and hyphen with fewexceptions: Multilinear spring supports, Supports, Master/Slave. Others have special types ofcontinuations.
Instead of a numerical list, the specification X (or Y or Z) may be used. This specification willinclude all MEMBERs parallel to the global direction specified. Note that this is not applicable toJOINTs or ELEMENTs. Do not use "ALL" unless the documentation for a command specifially mentionsALL.
EXAMPLE:2 4 7 TO 13 BY 2 19 TO 22-28 31 TO 33 FX 10.0This list of items is the same as:
DescriptionAny STAAD input has to start with the word STAAD. Following type specifications areavailable:
PLANE = Plane frame structureSPACE = Space frame structureTRUSS = Plane or space truss structureFLOOR = Floor structure
a1= Any title for the problem. This title will appear on the top of every output page. To includeadditional information in the page header, use a comment line containing the pertinent informationas the second line of input
Limits1) Joint numbers: 1 to 9999992) Number of Joints 100000*3) Membe/Element numbers: 1 to 9999994) Number of Members & Elements: 100000*5) Load Case numbers: 1 to 999996) Number of primary
& combination cases 500
* Some STAAD copies are available with much smaller limits, please check what limits you have purchased.
Unit SpecificationPurpose
This command allows the user to specify or change length and force units for input andoutput.
General format:
{length-unit
force-unitUNIUNIUNIUNIUNITTTTT }*
length-unit= INCINCINCINCINCHESHESHESHESHESFEEFEEFEEFEEFEET or T or T or T or T or FTFTFTFTFTC MC MC MC MC MMETMETMETMETMETERERERERERM M SM M SM M SM M SM M SD M ED M ED M ED M ED M EK MK MK MK MK M
{ }force-unit= KIPKIPKIPKIPKIP
POUPOUPOUPOUPOU NDNDNDNDNDK GK GK GK GK GM T O NM T O NM T O NM T O NM T O NN E WN E WN E WN E WN E W T O NT O NT O NT O NT O NKNSKNSKNSKNSKNSM N SM N SM N SM N SM N SDNSDNSDNSDNSDNS
{ }Note:
DME denotes Decimeters. MNS denotes mega Newtons (1000 Newtons)and DNS denotes DecaNewtons (10 newtons). MTON denotes Metric Ton (1000 kilograms)
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These commands may be used to specify the width(s) of the lines of output file(s).General format:
{INPINPINPINPINPUTUTUTUTUT
OUTOUTOUTOUTOUTPUTPUTPUTPUTPUT}WIDTH i1
For OUTPUT WIDTH,i1 = 72 or 118 depending on narrow or wide output.
DescriptionThe user may specify the required input/output width, as required, using this command. For INPUTwidth, 79 is always used. The program can create output using two different output widths - 72(default) and 118. The 72-character width may be used for display on most CRT's and for printingon 8-1/2" wide paper. The 118-character width may be used for printing on 11" wide paper.
Joint Coordinates SpecificationPurpose
These commands allow the user to specify and generate the coordinates of the JOINTs ofthe structure. The JOINT COORDINATES command initiates the specification of the coordinates. The REPEAT and REPEAT ALL command allow easy generation of coordinates usingrepetitive patterns.
REPEAT ALL n,x1,y1,z1, (xi2,yi2,zi2,....,xin,yin,zin)
band-spec = (NOREDUCE BAND)NOCHECK = Do not perform check for multiple structures or orphan joints
The command JOINT COORDINATES specifies a Cartesian Coordinate System. Joints are defined usingthe global X, Y and Z coordinates. The command JOINT COORDINATES CYLINDRICAL specifies a Cylindri-cal Coordinate System. Joints are defined using r, θ and z coordinates. JOINT COORDINATES CYLINDRICALREVERSE specifies a Reverse Cylindrical Coordinate system. Joints are defined using r, θ and y coordinates.NOREDUCE BAND causes the program to execute without performing a bandwidth reduction. The REPEATcommand causes the previous line of input to be repeated 'n' number of times with specified coordinateincrements. The REPEAT ALL command functions similar to the REPEAT command except that it repeats allpreviously specified input back to the most recent REPEAT ALL command, or all joint data if no previousREPEAT ALL command has been given. (When using the REPEAT and REPEAT ALL commands, joint number-ing must be consecutive and should begin with 1).
Ground Floor, Carpark Plaza,SM City North EDSA, Quezon City
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* i1 = The joint number for which the coordinate are provided. Any integer number (fivedigit max.) is permitted.
x1, y1 and z1 = X, Y & Z ( R, θ & Z for cylindrical or R, Y & θ for cylindrical reverse) coordinates ofthe joint.
For PLANE analyses z1 is an optional data item when defining input for individual joints. z1 is alwaysrequired for joint generation. The following are used only if joints are to be generated.
* i2 = The second joint number to which the joint coordinates are generated.
x2, y2 and z2 = X, Y & Z ( R, θ & Z for cylindrical or R, Y & θ for cylindrical reverse) coordinates ofthe joint i2.
i3 = Joint number increment by which the generated joints will be incremented. Defaultsto 1 if left out.
n = Number of times repeat is to be carried out. Note that "n" cannot exceed 98 in anyone single REPEAT command
xik, yik and zik = X, Y & Z ( R, θ & Z [R, Y & θ ] ) coordinates increments of the k th repeat.
The X, Y and Z (R, θ & Z [R, Y & θ ] ) coordinates will be equally spaced between i1 and i2.
* Note that the REPEAT command uses the highest joint number entered so far plus one for the intermediategenerated joint numbers.
under Construction lineSpacing mX(Left =0 Right=10) 1.5Y(Left = 0 Right=5 ) 0.4
Snap Node Beam is pressed
4. You can now start defining the node by pressing the left button of your mouse. Start @ node #1 up to 11. Once you are at node 11 pick node #1. Click Undo to undo the last node. Click again node 1 then continue defining up to node #20.
Make sure that before you select again node 1, Snap to existingnodes too is selected.
5. Save your File(TRUSS).
Note: To display node number & node points. Press right click then select Labels...
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GIII-B Ground Floor, The Gallery BuildingAmorsolo St., Legaspi Village, Makati City
894-2580 • 843-6519
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Editing the Node GeometryYou can edit the coordinate of each node,
By displaying node coordinates.Step: Click Geometry under Page Control. On the right side of the screen, a window will
display for node coordinates. You can edit the coordinate of each node by selecting the nodenumber you want to edit. You can also use the window to verify the to where the node islocated by selecting the node no. on the node window and the program will highlight thenode on the graphical window.
Editing the node coodinates using Command Editor.
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PurposeThis set of commands is used to specify MEMBERs by defining connectivity betweenJOINTs. REPEAT and REPEAT ALL commands are available to facilitate generation of repeti-tive patterns.The member/element incidences must be defined such that the model developed representsone single structure only, not two or more separate structures. STAAD is capable of detect-ing multiple structures automatically.
General format:MEMBER INCIDENCESi1,i2, i3,(i4, i5,i6)REPEAT n, mi , jiREPEAT ALL n, mi , ji
Member Incidences Specification
DescriptionThe REPEAT command causes the previous line of input to be repeated 'n'
number of times with specified member and joint increments. The REPEAT ALL com-mand functions similar to the REPEAT command except that it repeats all previouslyspecified input back to the most recent REPEAT ALL command or to the beginning ofthe specification. (When using REPEAT and REPEAT ALL commands, member numbering must be consecutive)
i1 = Member number for which incidences are provided. Any integer number(maximum six digits ) is permitted
i2 = Start joint number.i3 = End joint number.
The following data are used for member generation only.
i4 = Second member number to which members will be generatedi5 = Member number increment for generationi6 = Joint number increment which will be added to the incident joints. (i5 and i6
will default to 1 if left out)n = Number of times repeat is to be carried outmi = Member number incrementji = Joint number increment.
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STEP 1. Open your file with node coordinates(TRUSS)STEP 2. Click STAAD Editor icon.
STEP 3. Include the MEMBER INCIDENCES in the editor.STAAD TRUSS DESIGN OF TRUSSSTART JOB INFORMATIONENGINEER DATE ...END JOB INFORMATIONINPUT WIDTH 79UNIT METER KNJOINT COORDINATES.....MEMBER INCIDENCES1 1 22 2 33 3 44 4 5
STEP 5. Before you define the parameter, you may change the unit of input (i.e. meter). Click File (menu),then Select unit option. After parameter has been definedclick OK to tranfers the geometry to the STAAD Pro.
1st bay along width2nd
3rd
width
length
height
Length = 15 No. of bays along length = 10Height = 2Width = 0 No. of bays along width = 0
note: unit (meter)
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Editing of Model GeometryERASE - to delete node or member
Steps:1. Select the member/node you want to delete.
1.1 Use node cursor to select the node.
1.2 Use geometry cursor to select the member.
Note: You can even select the member/node by applyingwindow selection.
2. After selecting node/member, you may press Delete key or clickCut icon.
COPYTranslational Repeat
-allows you to copy (or repeat) the entire structure or a portion ofthe structure in a linear direction. You may generate one or severalcopies of the selected structure.
Steps:1. Select the members you want to copy.
2. Click the Translational repeat or click Geometry(menu)
3. Specify the parameter in the dialog box then click ok.
a
b
Result:
B
A
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Global DirectionChoose any one of the three possible global directions along which the structureshould be copied.
No of StepsSpecify the number of copies you want.
Default Step SpacingType the default spacing between steps (or copies) in the edit box in current lengthunits.
Step Spacing tableThis table consists of two columns: Step and Spacing. You may change the spacingof any step in this table.
Link Steps/ Open BaseIf you want to automatically connect the Steps or copies by new members, along thespecified global directions, check the Link Steps check box. To avoid joining the base
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MIRROR- allows you to copy or move the entire structure or a portion of it by “mirroring”about any plane parallel to one of the three global Cartesian planes.
Example: Result:
Steps:1. Select the members you want to duplicate.2. Define the parameters in the dialog box.
Options:Mirror Plane Direction
Choose one of the three global planes to mirror the selected geometryabout.
Distance to OriginProvide the normal distance of the plane of reflection from the origin.
Generate ModeSelect either the Copy or Move radio button. The Copy option generatesnew geometry, and the Move option changes the coordinates of theselected geometry.
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Break All (Geometry -top menu)This option allows you to break intersecting members, creating a new node at theintersection.
Note:When you choose the Break All menu item after selecting part or all geometry,members are split and nodes are inserted where members cross. The original membersare split with automatic generation of node and member numbers, member propertiesand loads.
Step:1. Select the geometry.2. Click Geometry(top menu),
click Break All option.
A
B
node added afterBREAK ALL command
RENUMBER (top menu)The Renumber menu item allows you to renumber selected nodes, members orelements starting with a specified number.
* NodeGeometry | Renumber | Nodes… is used to renumber selected nodes, starting with aspecified node number.
* BeamGeometry | Renumber | Members… is used to renumber selected beams, starting witha speci fied beam number.
* PlatesGeometry | Renumber | Plates… is used to renumber selected plate elements, startingwith a specified plate element number.
* SolidsGeometry | Renumber | Solids… is used to renumber selected solid elements, startingwith a specified solid element number.
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The Zoom menu option offers a set of sub-menu options asshown below
Zoom WindowThe Zoom window option allows you to enlarge portion of thestructure, chosen by window selection. The selected portionnow fills the entire view window.
The basic difference between Zoom Window and Dynamic Zoom is thatthe latter portion creates a new view window, while the Zoom Windowoption displays the selected portion in the same window.
Zoom FactorThe Zoom Factor option allows you to magnify or reduce the current view by a factor, which is pro-vided in the Enter Factor spin box as shown below. Enter a factor greater than 1 to magnify, enter afraction less than 1 to reduce.
Zoom InThe Zoom In option magnifies or enlarges the structure view by a pre-defined factor.
Zoom OutThe Zoom Out option reduces or shrinks the structure view by a pre-defined factor.
Zoom AllThe Zoom All option displays the entire structure in the current view window.
Dynamic ZoomThe Dynamic Zoom allows you to enlarge a portion of the structure chosen by window selection. The selected portion appears in a new view window.
PreviousThe Previous option allows you to restore to the view associated with the previous zoom factor.
View | ZoomDISPLAY OPTIONS
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View | PanThis option allows you to pan (slide or shift) the structure in the current view window in any direction.Description:
When you select this menu option, a hand cursor appears. Click the left mouse button and dragthe structure to a new position in the view window. Release the mouse to finish. Click on this menuoption again to cancel the Pan mode.
View | View Selected Objects OnlyThe purpose of this optin is to view only the selected members and elements and hide the rest of thestructure.
Description:Before you select this menu option, select the members, plates and solids you want to view. You
may need t select the appropriate cursor using the Select menu for selecting the structural elements.Next Click on this menu item. Only the highlighted objects are now displayed in the view window.
1. Click Point A & B
B
A
2. Click View(menu)|ViewSelected objects
3. To restore the entrire view of the structure.click View(menu)|View Selected objectsagain.
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View | TablesThis option allows you to display and close different tables, such as Node coordinates, Beamincideneces, Node displacements, etc.Description:
When you select this menu option, the following dialog box appears:
TablesCheck the associated boxes for the tables you want to display. For the currently displayed tables, theboxes would automatically checked. To close a table, leave the associated box blank.
ListThese check boxes control which tables are displayed in the Tables list. To display the list of availableinput related tables, check Analysis Input box. To display the output related tables, check the AnalysisResults box.Example of Table(Node)
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This option allows you to create a new view window containing the entire structure.Description:
When you click on this option, the program opens a new view window showing the wholestructure. Multiple view windows of the same structure may be created for displaying different por-tions of the model or for verifying post-analysis results.
View | Orientation
The purpose of this option is to modify the view orientation of the structure, such as Plan view,Elevation view, Perspective viewDescription:
When you click on this option, the following dialog box appears.
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IsometricThis option allows you to display the structure in default isometric view (with 70 degree Elevation angleand 330 degree Rotation Angle).
Isometric (Side View) Isometric (Front View)
Isometric (Plan View)
PerspectivesThis option allows you to display the perspective view of the structure. The viewing distance and anglescan be changed by changing one of the three options - Distance to Structure, Elevation Angle, RotationAngle.
Isometric (3D View)
Distance to StructureThis value indicates the distance of the eye (or camera) from the structure in the perspective view.You may enter this value or use the spin control to increase or decrease the current value.
Elevation AngleThis value indicates the rotation angle of the eye about an axis, which is lying horizontal on thescreen and passing through the center of the screen. You may enter this value or use the spincontrol to increase or decrease the current value.s
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Rotation AngleThis value indicates the rotational angle of the eye about an axis, which is lying vertical on the screenand passing through the center of the screen. You may enter this value or use the spin control toincrease or decrease the current value.
Default Orientation ToThe orientation of the structure may be set to a view defined by one of these four options.
Apply ImmediatelyAny changes made through the Orientation dialog box may be immediately reflected in thecurrent view by checking this box.
RestoreUse this button for restoring the original view.
ApplyUse this button for applying the view orientation data in the current view.
View | Structure DiagramThis option allows you to customize the view of the structure by setting different view-related param-eters.
Description:When you click on this option, the following dialog box appears:
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StructureThe Structure tab page allows you to set up structural view parameters as explained below:
3D SectionsThe buttons in this group control how the members are displayed.
NoneDisplays the structure without considering the cross-sectional properties of the mem-
bers and elementsFull Sections
Displays the 3D cross-sections of members, depending on the member propertiesSections Outline
Displays only the outline of the cross-sections of membersView
The check box in this group allow additional view-related operations on the structure.Fill Plates/Solids
Fills up the plate and solid elements, if presentHide Plates/Solids
Hides all plate and solid elements from the viewHide Structure
Hides the entire structure from view. This option may be used to switch off the original structureview while displaying the deflected shape of the structure or the module shapes.
Show Center LinesDiplays the centerlines of the members
ShrinkDisplays the individual structural elements detached from each other and helps to view their
connec tivity. The individual members are not drawn to full length or full width butshrunk by a percentage provided in the associated edit box.Perspective
Change current view to perspectiveMargin around Structure
Represents the blank margin around the structure in percentage of the total view window. Thisoption has the same effect as Zoom-in or Zoom-out
Loads and ResultsThe Loads and Results tab, allows you to select the Load Case and the associated analysis results
for viewing.
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Load CaseAllows you to select the load casenumber for which the results wouldbe displayed.
LoadsAllows you to display and change thecolor of applied loads (Direct or Moment) onthe structure for the selected Load Case.
Beam ForcesAllows you to display different endforces on the structure for the selectedLoad Case. Also offers control of the color ofthese force diagrams.
DeflectionAllows you to display and change thecolor of the displacement diagram.
Mode ShapeAllows you to display and change thecolor of the mode shape diagram andselect Mode Shape number.
ScalesThe Scales tab, allows you to specifythe scales for plotting the different dia-grams as shown below. Note: a largerscale number causes the diagram toshrink and a smaller scale number en-larges the diagram.
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LabelsThe Labels tab, allows you to select various displaylabels for different components of the structure.
NodesThe Node Numbers option displays the node
numbers on screen.The Node Points option identifies the nodes
with a small circle.The Supports option displays the support
icons at the nodes.The Dimension option displays the member
lengths in current unitsProperties
The References option displays the PropertyTag number of the member/element properties.Sections displays the section name (such as
W12x26).None removes the display of property information.
GeneralIf loads are displayed in the view window (see
Results tab in the same dialog box),Load Values displays the values of the loads
on screen.The Axes option displays the axis icon at the
left bottom corner of the view window.The Material option displays the name of any
material assigned using the General |Material page
BeamThe Beam Numbers option displays the
member numbers on the frame members.Beam Orientation displays an icon showing
the local axis of the members. The arrowindicates the positive direction of the localx-axis. The local y-axis is in the direction ofthe thicker flange. Please note that the Isymbol is used regardless of the actualsection type.
The Beam Spec option displays beam specifi-cations which have been assigned, such astruss and tension only members.
The Releases option displays the memberreleases.
PlatesThe Plate Numbers option displays the plate
element numbers.The Plate Orientation option displays the local
axis system for plates.Solids
Solid Numbers option displays the solidelement numbers.
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Force LimitsThe Force Limits tab, allows you to identify
the members having the force values lying insideor outside the specified ranges.
Load CaseSelect the Load Case for which you want to
display the diagram.ForcesSelect the force type from the list of available
options, such as Axial, Shear YY, BendingZZ, etc. Provide the range in the associatededit box under Minimum and Maximum.
View LimitsThe buttons under this group determine which
members are going to be highlighted. The Exceed Either option highlights any member
whose forces exceed either the Maximum orthe Minimum values.
Exceed Maximum option highlights only themembers whose forces exceed the Maximumvalues.
Exceed Minimum option highlights only themembers whose forces exceed the Minimumvalues.
Color Within LimitAllows you to change the color and width of
the force diagram when the forces fallwithin the view limits.
Color Outside LimitAllows you to change the color and width of
the force diagram when the forces falloutside the view limits.
Design ResultsThe Design Results tab, allows you to display
code check and steel design information onthe structure.
Click the Active check box to display steeldesign and code check diagram on thestructure. Type Ratio values in the editboxes to define Safe, Failure and ExtremeFailure. Click the Show Values check box todisplay the failure ratios.
ColorAllows you to display and change the colorof represented by Not Designed, Safe, Failand Extreme Fail on the structure diagram.
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Plate Stress ContourThe Plate Stress Contour tab, appears only if Plates
are present. This tab allows you to display stresscontours for plates for different types of stresses.
Load CaseSelect the Load Case for which the stress is to
be displayed.Stress TypeSelect the Stress Type from the drop down list.
Once you select these, the Maximum andthe Minimum values of that stress under theselected load case are displayed.
Contour TypeThe Normal and Enhanced buttons indicate
how the Stress Contour is drawn. The Normal contour option uses the stress
points at each corner of the plate along withthe center stress to calculate the contour.
The Enhanced contour option uses thesame points as the Normal contour plus theinterpolated stress at the mid-point of theedges. The second option takes more timeto generate but is more accurate.
The No. of values option determines howmay increments would be used to plot thestress contour.
OptionsThe Absolute Values option causes the stress
values to be compared based on the absolutevalues, rather than algebraic values. If this optionis checked, the stress values of +10 units and -10units will be in the same range.
The View Stress Index option displays the legendsof the colors with stress values at the side of thescreen.
Directions for Global Stress UpUsing this drop down list, the user may select the
global axis that is normal to the plane of theplates. The ‘+ve’ and ‘-ve’ are meant to specify thesurface of the plate which is on the ‘+ve’ or ‘-ve’side of the global plane. For example, ‘Y +ve’indicates that the user wishes to obtain the moment for those plates whose surface is parallel toand along the positive side of the global X-Z plane.Hence, if a plate has its local Z axis along thenegative global Y direction, choosing ‘Y +ve’ willfetch the moment on the local bottom surface ofthe element.
Result DirThis is the global axis about which the local axis
moments MX, MY and MXY must be transformedinto. So, if one sets the ‘Result Dir’ to ‘Z’ and‘Up’ to ‘X +ve’, the program does the following:a) Selects plates, which are parallel to
the global Y-Z plane.b) For each plate, selects the surface,
which is on the +ve side of the globalY-Z plane.
c) For each plate, selects the local axismoments MX and MY and MXY on thesurface described in (b)
d) Transforms the moments described in(c) into a value along the global Z axisand plots it.
Changing the ‘Up’ value between ‘+ve’ and ‘-ve’X will show the global Z moment on either sideof the plates.
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Solid Stress ContourThe Solid Stress Contour tab, appears only if
Solids are present. This tab allows you to displaystress contours for solids for different types ofstresses. For explanation of the items, please referto the Plate Stress Contour item explained above.
AnimationThe Animation tab, allows you to display an
animated view of the structure. To stop viewing ananimation, choose No Animation in the DiagramType, or press the Escape on the keyboard.
Diagram TypeSelect the animation of Deflection, SectionDisplacement, Mode or Stress.
Animation SetupFull Screen displays the animation in thefull monitor screen rather than in awindow. This option may use less memorythan displaying the animation in a largewindow.
Extra FramesSelect the number of Extra Frames abovethe minimum needed to enhance theanimation if it appears choppy.
Target FPSChoose the Target FPS (frames persecond) to control the animation speed. Tospeed up an animation, show more framesper second. To slow down an animation,show fewer frames per second.
Use Metafiles for offscreen dataClick the Use Metafiles for offscreen data to
save the animated screens as WindowsMetafiles.Speed may be slower if this option is used.
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GIII-B Ground Floor, The Gallery BuildingAmorsolo St., Legaspi Village, Makati City
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Design ResultThe Design Results tab, allows you to
display code check and steel design information onthe structure.
DiagramClick the Active check box to display steeldesign and code check diagram on thestructure. Type Ratio values in the editboxes to define Safe, Failure and ExtremeFailure. Click the Show Values check boxto display the failure ratios.
ColorAllows you to display and change the colorof represented by Not Designed, Safe, Failand Extreme Fail on the structure dia-
gram.
View | Set Colors
The purpose of this menu option is to specifycolors of different items.
View | RefreshChoose View | Refresh to update the structurediagram to reflect changes such as mergedmembers, split members. etc.
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Listing of Members by Specification of GROUPSThis command allows the user to specify a group of members/joints and save the informa-
tion using a 'group-name'. The 'group-name' may be subsequently used in the input file insteadof a member/joint list to specify other attributes. This extremely useful feature allows avoidingof multiple specifications of the same member/joint list.
General Format:
START GROUP DEFINITION(GEOMETRY) (group-name) member/element/solid-list
........ (default)
ORJOINT
_(group-name) joint-list ........MEMBER
_(group-name) member-list ........ELEMENT
_(group-name) element-list ........SOLID
_(group-name) solid element-list ........
END GROUP DEFINITIONwhere,
group-name = an alphanumeric name specified by the user to identify thegroup. The group-name must start with the '_'(underscore) characterand is limited to eight characters.
member-list/ joint list = the list of member/joints belonging to the group.
NOTES1. The GROUP definition must start with the START GROUP DEFINITION command and end with the END command.2. More than one GROUP name may be specified within the same definition specifica tion.3. The words, JOINT, MEMBER, ELEMENT and SOLID may be provided if the user wishes to identify the group name lists with those specific items. However, if the group name and list is merely a means of grouping together more than one type of structural component under a single heading, the word GEOMETRY may be pro- vided. In the absence of any those five words (GEOMETRY, JOINT, MEMBER, ELEMENT or SOLID), the list is assumed to be that for GEOMETRY.
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This set of commands is used to specify ELEMENTs by defining the connectivity betweenJOINTs. REPEAT and REPEAT ALL commands are available to facilitate generation of repetitivepatterns.
The element incidences must be defined such that the model developed represents onesingle structure only, not two or more separate structures. STAAD is capable of detectingmultiple structures automatically.
General Format
ELEMENT INCIDENCES (SHELL)
i1, i2, i3, i4 (i5) (TO i6, i7, i8)
REPEAT n, ei,jiREPEAT ALL n, ei,ji
Description
ELEMENT INCIDENCES SHELL must be provided immediately after MEMBER INCIDENCES(if any) are specified. The REPEAT command causes the previous line of input to be repeated 'n'number of times with specified element and joint increments. The REPEAT ALL commandfunctions similar to the REPEAT command, except that it repeats all previously specified inputback to the most recent REPEAT ALL command; or to the beginning of the specified if noprevious REPEAT ALL command had been issued.
i1 = Element number (any number up to six digits). If MEMBER INCIDENCE is provided, this number must not coincide with any MEMBER number.
i2...i5 = Clockwise or counterclockwise joint numbers which represent the element connec tivity. Note that i5 is not needed for triangular (3 noded) elements.
The following data is needed if elements are to be generated:i6 = Last element number to which elements are generatedi7 = Element number increment by which elements are generated. Defaults to 1 if omittedi8 = Joint number increment which will be added to incident joins. Defaults to 1 if omitted.
The following data is needed if REPEAT or REPEAT ALL command are used to generateelements
n = Number of times repeat is to be carried out.ei = Element number increment.ji = Joint number increment.
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Notes:The PRINT ELEMENT INFO command may be used to verify the element incidencesprovided or generated by REPEAT and REPEAT ALL commands.
ELEMENT NUMBERING During the generation of element stiffness matrix, the program verifies whether the
element is same as the previous one or not. If it is same, repetitive calculations are notperformed. The sequence in which the element stiffness matrix is generated is thesame as the sequence in which elements are input in element incedences.
Therefore, to save some computing time, similar elements should be numbered sequen-tially. However, the user has to decide between adopting a numbering system whichreduces the computation time versus a numbering system which increases the ease ofdefining the structure geometry.
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
1 3 5 7
2 4 6 8
Efficient Elementnumbering
Inefficient Elementnumbering
Incorrect numbering
j k
i l
l k
i jclockwise counter-clockwise
k l
i j
j l
i k
(3 noded plate) or
i
j
k
Steps:
1. Click the icon (4 noded plate) or
2. Click the nodes of the plate you want tocreate.
Correct numbering
(4 noded cursor) (3 noded cursor)
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STAAD contains a broad set of facilities for designing structural members as individualcomponents of an analyzed structure. The member design facilities provide the user with theability to carry out a number of different design operations. These facilities may be used selec-tively in accordance with the requirements of the design problem. The operations to perform adesign are:
Specify the members and the load cases to be considered in the design.Specify whether to perform code checking or member selection.Specify design parameter values, if different from the default values.
These operations may be repeated by the user any number of times depending upon thedesign requirements.
Steel Design may be performed based on the following codes: AISC-ASD, AISC-LRFD andASSHTO.
Built-in Steel Section Library
AISC Steel TableAlmost all AISC steel shapes are available for input. Following are the description of all
types of section available
Wide Flange (W shapes)All wide flange sections as listed in AISC/LFRD-89 are availble the way they are written,e.g. W10X49, W21X50, etc.
Example:
20 TO 30 TA ST W10X4933 36 TA ST W18X86
C, MC, S, M, HP ShapesThe above shapes are available as listed in AISC (9th Edition) without decimal points. For
example, C8X11.5 will be input as C8X11 and S15X42.9 will be input as S15X42, omitting thedecimal weights. (Exception MC6X151 for MC6X15.1 and MC6X153 for MC6X15.3)
Example:
10 TO 20 BY 2 TA ST C15X401 2 TA ST MC8X20
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Double ChannelsBack to back double channels, with or without spacing between them, are available. The
letter D is front of the section name will specify a double channel.
Example:
21 22 24 TA D MC9X2555 TO 60 TA D C8X18
AnglesAngle specifications in STAAD are different from those in AISC manual. The following
example illustrates angle specifications.
Example:
L 40 35 6 = L 4 x 3-1/2 x 3/8
Thickness is 1/16th inch
10 times length ofother leg in inch
Angle symbol
10 times lengthof one leg in inch
Similarly, L505010 = L 5 x 5 x 5/8 and L904016 = L 9 x 4 x 1
At present, there are two ways to define the local y and z-axes for an angle section. Tomake the transition from the AISC Manual to the program data easy, the standard section foran angle is specified:
51 52 53 TA ST L40356
This specification has the local z-axis (i.e., the minor axis) corresponding to the Z-Z axis specified inthe steel tables. Many engineer are familiar with a convention used by some other programs in whichthe local y-axis is the minor axis. STAAD provides for this convention by accepting the command:
54 55 56 TA RA L40356 (RA denotes reverse angle)
Double AnglesShort leg back to back or long leg back to back double angles can be specified by inputting
the word SD or LD, respectively, in front of the angle size. In case of an equal angle either LDor SD will serve the purpose.
Example:
14 TO 20 TA LD L35304 SP 0.5 (Long leg back to back L 3-1/2 x 3 x 1/4 with .5 space)
23 27 TA SD L904012 (Short leg back to back L 9 x 4 x 3/4)
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}AMERICAN, BRITISH, EUROPEAN (etc.) option will instruct the program to pick up
properties from the appropriate steel table. The default depends on the country of distri-bution.
This command initiates the specification of MEMBER PROPERTY. Following are thevarious options availble:
a.) Specification from built-in steel tableb.) Specification of prismatic propertiesc.) Specification of tapered membersd.) Specification from user provided tablee.) Specification by ASSIGNing a profile
Welded Plate GirdersWelded plate girders from the AISC manual may be specified as follows.
B 61 20 10
Built-up section symbol
Nominal flange width (inches)
Thickness of flange in inches X 10(Only use portion before decimal point)
Nominal Depth in inches
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The following commands are used for specifying section properties from built-in steeltable(s)
General Format:
type-spec table-name additional-spec
type-spec = {STRADLDSDTCMTCBC
}ST specifies single section from the standard built-in tables
RA specifies single angle with reverse Y-Z axes
D specifies double channel
LD specifies long leg, back to back, double angle
SD specifies short leg, back to back, double angle
T specifies tee section cut from I shaped beams
CM specifies composite section, available with I shaped beams
TC specifies beams with top cover plate
BC specifies beams with bottom cover plate
TB specifies beams with top and bottom cover plate
table-name = Table section name like W8X18, C15X33 etc. The documentation on steeldesign per individual country codes contains information regarding theirsteel section specification also.
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}SP f1 = This set describes the spacing (f1) between angles or channels if double
angles or double channels are used. f1 defaults to 0.0 if not givenWP f2 = Width (f2) of the cover plate if a cover plate is used with I-shaped sectionsTH f3 = Thickness (f3) of plates or tubesWT f4 = Width (f4) of tubes, where TUBE is the table-nameDT f5 = Depth (f5) of tubesOD f6 = Outside diameter(f6) of pipes, where PIPE is the table-name.ID f7 = Inside diameter (f7) of pipesCT f8 = Concrete thickness (f8) for composite sections.FC f9 = Compressive strength (f9) of the concrete for composite sections
Note:
All values f1-9 must be supplied in current units.
Some important points to note in the case of the composite section are:
1) The width of the concrete slab is assumed to be the width of the top flange of the steel section+16 times the thickness of the slab.
2.) In order to calculate the section properties of the cross-section, the modular ratio is calculated assuming that:
Es = Modulus of elasticity of steel = 29000 Ksi.Ec = Modulus of elasticity of concrete = 1802.5 FC Ksi
where FC (in Ksi) defined earlier.
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START d1 = Depth of section at start of member.END d2 = Depth of section at end of member.THICK t = Thickness of section (constant throughout the member length).
Example:UNIT INCHESMEMBER PROPERTIES1 PRIS ROUND STA 10 END 8 THI 0.3752 PRIS HDC STA 15 END 10 THI 0.3753 PRIS DOD STA 12 END 12 THI 0.375
Tapered Member SpecificationPurpose
The following commands are used to specify section properties for tapered I-shapes.
General Format:
argument-list = f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 (f6 f7)
where,f1 = Depth of section at start node.f2 = Thickness of web.f3 = Depth of section at end node.f4 = Width of top flange.f5 = Thickness of top flangef6 = Width of bottom flange. Defaults to f4 if left out.f7 = Thickness of bottom flange. Defaults to f5 left out.
This set of commands may be used to specify properties of plate finite elements.Unlike members and plate/shell elements, no properties are required for solidelements. However, constants such as modulus of elasticity and Poisson's ratioare to be specified.
General Format
ELEMENT PROPERTY
element-list THICKNESS f1 (f2, f3, f4 )
Description
Elements of uniform or linearly varying thickness may be modeled using this command.Note that the value of the thickness must be provided in the current units.
Example
UNIT INCHELEMENT PROPERTY1 TO 8 14 16 TH 0.25
STEPS:1. You may click property page icon or click General / Property on Page Control
2. The Property window will appear as shown below. Click
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- This command may be used to calculate and apply the SELFWEIGHT of the structure foranalysis.
General Format
SELFWEIGHT{XYZ}
This command is used if the selfweight of the structure is to be considered. The selfweightof every active member is calculated and applied as a uniformly distributed member load.
f1
X , Y & Z - represent the global direction in which the selfweight acts.f1 - factor to be used to multiply the selfweight
This command may also be used without any direction and factor specification. Thus, ifspecified as "SELFWEIGHT", loads will be applied in the negative global Y direction with afactor of unity.
Note: Density must be provided for calculation of the selfweight.
1. Click General tab (page control) then click Load (sub-page control) or use Pull-down menu.
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JOINT LOAD- This set of commands may be used to specify JOINT loads on the structure.
General Format
JOINT LOAD
joint-list = {FX f1FY f2FZ f3MX f4MY f5MZ f6
}FX , FY & FZ - specify a force in the corresponding global directionMX , MY & MZ - specify a moment in the corresponding global direction.f1 , f2... f6 - are the values of the loads.
Note:Joint numbers may be repeated where loads are meant to be additive in the joint.
UNIT command may be on lines in between joint-list lines.
MEMBER LOAD- This set of commands may be used to specify MEMBER loads on frame members.
UNIFORM (UNI or UMCOM)- specifies a uniformly distributed load or moment with a value of f1, at a distance of f2from the start of the member to the start of the load, and a distance of f3 from thestart of the member to the end of the load. The load is assumed to cover the fullmember length if f2 and f3 are omitted.
f1
Illustration: if f2 and f3 are omitted
f4 - Perpendicular distance from the member shear center to the plane ofloading. The value is positive in the general direction of the parallel (or closeto parallel) local axis.
f2
member length
f3
f1
member length
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LINEARLY VARYING LOAD (UNI or UMCOM)- specifies a linearly decreasing or increasing, or a triangular load. If the load is linearlyincreasing or decreasing then f7 is the value at the start of the member and f8 is thevalue at the end. If the load is triangular, then f7 and f8 are input as zero and f9 is thevalue of the load in the middle of the member.
Illustration:if f7 & f8 is equal to zero
Note: Load is acting on entire member
f7
f8
member length member length
half of memberlength
f9
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TRAPEZOIDAL LOAD (TRAP)- specifies a trapezoidal linearly varying load which that act over the full or partial
length of the member and in a local, global or projected direction. The startingload value is given by f10 , and the ending load value f11. The loading locationis given by f12, the loading starting point and f13, the stopping point. Both are mea-sured from the start of the member. If f12 and f13 are not given, the load isassumed to cover the full mem ber length.
Illustration:
f10
f11
f12
f13
member length
f10
f11
member length
if f10 & f11 is equal to zero
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AREA LOAD / FLOOR LOADThese commands may be used to specify AREA LOAD or FLOOR LOADs on a structureThe AREA LOAD may be used for modeling one-way distribution and the FLOOR LOADmay be used for modeling two-way distribution.
General Format for AREA LOAD
AREA LOAD
member-list ALOAD f1
f1 - The value of the area load (unit weight over square length unit). This loadalways acts along the positive local y-axis. For the members of a FLOORanalysis, this direction will coincide with global vertical axis in most cases.
NOTE:Area load should not be specified on members declared as MEMBERCABLE, MEMBER TRUSS or MEMBER TENSION.
EXAMPLE:AREA LOAD2 4 TO 8 ALOAD -.25012 16 ALOAD -.500
General Format for FLOOR LOAD
FLOOR LOAD
YRANGE f1 f2 FLOAD f3 ( XRANGE f4 f5
ZRANGE f6 f7 )
f1 f2 - Global vertical coodinate values to specify vertical range. The floor load will becalculated for all members lying in the global horizontal plane within the speci-fied global vertical range.
f3 - The value of the floor load (unit weight over square length unit). This loadalways acts parallel to the global vertical axis. A positive value signifies that theload is acting the positive global Y-direction. A negative value indicates a load inthe negative global Y direction.
f4- f7 - Global X and Z coordinate values to define the corner points of the area on w/cthe specified floor load (f3) acts. If not specified, the floor load will be calculatedfor all members in all floors w/in the specified global vertical range.
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1) The structure has to be modeled in such away that the global vertical axisremains perpendicular to the floor plane(s).
2) For the FLOOR LOAD specification, a two-way distribution of the load isconsid ered. For the AREA LOAD specification, a one-way action is considered.
3) FLOOR LOAD from a slab is distributed on the adjoining members as trapezoidaland triangular loads depending on the length of the sides as shown in the dia-gram. Internally, these loads are converted to multiple point loads.
4) The load per unit area may not vary for a particular panel and it is assumed tobe continuous and without holes.
5) The FLOOR LOAD facility is not available if the SET Z UP command is used.
6) If the floor has a shape consisting of a mixture of convex and concave edges,then break up the floor load command into several parts, each for a certainregion of the floor. This will force the program to localize the search for panelsand the solution will be better.
The load distribution pattern depends upon the shape of the panel. If the panel isRectangular, the distribution will be Trapezoidal and triangular as explained in thefollowing diagram.
X
Z
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For a panel that is not rectangular, the distribu-tion is described in following diagram
First, the CG of the polygon is calculated. Then,each corner is connected to the CG to formtriangles as shown. For each triangle, avertical line is drawn from the CG to theopposite side. If the point of intersection ofthe vertical line and the side falls outside thetriangle, the area of that triangle will becalculated and an equivalent uniform distrib-uted load will be applied on that side. Other-wise a triangular load will be applied on theside.
1
2
3
4
5
Triangu-lar
Triangu-lar
Triangu-lar
Triangu-lar
U DL
EXAMPLE
11' 10'
6'
10'
1 2 3
4 5
876
X
Z
1 2
7 8
3
9 10
54
6
memberno.
jointno. Let us consider the following
floor plan at y =12'.
If the entire floor has a loadof 0.25 (force/unit area),then the input will be asfollows:
...LOAD 2FLOOR LOADYRA 12.0 12.0 FLOAD -0.25
A C
B
If in the above example, panel A has a load of 0.25 and panel B and C have a load0.5, then the input will be as follows:
The program internally identifies the panels (shown as A, B & C in the fig.). Thefloor loads are distributed as trapezoidal and triangular loads as shown by dottedlines in the figure. The negative sign for the load signifies that it is applied in thedownward global Y direction.
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d. MEMBER PROPERTIESTop chord = 2 1/2" X 2" X 3/16" 2L = LD 25203Bottom chord= 2 1/2" X 2 1/2" X 3/16" 2L = LD 25253Web Member = 2" X 2 X 3/16" 2L = LD 25203Spacing (gusset plate) = 3/16" = 0.188"
Computation:
(0.10 + 0.10) x 6 = 1.2 KN/m (top chord)
0.40 x 6 =2.4 KN/m (bottom chord)
Computation:
L.L. = 1.0 x 6.0 = 6.0 KN/m
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Step 4. Select the type of loading. Input the value of load, direction and distancesthen click Add button.
Step 5.a Select the load to be applied from the Load specification list then select themember(s). Click Assign To Selected Beam from assignment method.
5.a.15.a.2
5.a.3
selected members
RESULT:
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LOAD COMBINATIONThis command may be used to combine the results of the analysis. The combinationmay be algebraic. SRSS and a combination of both.
i = Load combination number(any integer smaller than 100000 that is not the same asany previously defined primary load case number.)
a1 = Any title for the load combinationi1 , i2... represents the load case numbers which are to be combinedf1, f2 ... represents corresponding factors to be applied to loadings.fSRSS = optional factor to be applied as a multiplying factor on the combined result of
the SRSS result of the SRSS load combination.
If the last character on a line is a hyphen, then the command is continued on the nextline. A limit of 100 prior cases may be factored in one command.
General Format
LOAD COMBINATIONi1, f1, i2, f2 ..(fsrss)
SRSSABS{ } i a1
NOTE:
1) In the LOAD COMBINATION SRSS option, if the minus sign precedes any load case no.,then that load case will be combined algebraically with the SRSS combination of therest.
2) The total number of primary and combination load cases combined cannot exceed 500.3) A zero factor terminates the list.
Description
LOAD COMBINATIONResults from anlysis will be combined algebraically.
LOAD COMBINATION SRSSResults from analyses may be combined both algebraically and using the SRSS (Square
Root of Summation of Squares) method. The combination scheme may be mixed if required.For example, in the same load combination case, results from load cases may be combined inthe SRSS manner and then combined algebraically with other load cases.
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DescriptionPINNED support is a support that has translational, but no rotational restraints. Inother words, the support has no moment carrying capacity. A FIXED support hasboth translational and rotational restraints. A FIXED support can be released in theglobal directions as described in release-spec (FX for force-X through MZ for moment-Z). Also, a fixed support can have spring constants as described in spring-spec(translational spring in global X-axis as KFX through rotational spring in global Z-axisas KMZ).Corresponding spring constants are f1 through f6. Note that the rotational springconstants are always per degree of rotation. All six releases may be provided as maybe required when using the CHANGE command. If both release specifications andspring specifications are to be supplied for the same support joint, release specifica-tion must come first.
ExampleSUPPORTS1 TO 4 7 PINNED5 6 FIXED BUT FX MZ8 9 FIXED BUT MZ KFX 50.0 KFY 75.18 21 FIXED27 FIXED BUT KFY 125.0
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In this example, joints 1 to 4 and joint 7 are pinned. No moments are carried bythose supports. Joints 5 and 6 are fixed for all DOF except in force-X and moment-Z.Joints 8 & 9 are fixed for all DOF except moment-Z and have spring in the global Xand Y directions with corresponding spring constants of 50 and 75 units respectively.Joints 18 & 21 are fixed for all translational and rotational degrees of freedom. Atjoint 27, all DOF are fixed except the FY DOF where it has spring with of 125 unitsspring constant.
Notes1) Users are urged to refer to Section 5.38(STAAD Tech. manual) for information
on specification of SUPPORTS along with the CHANGE command specifications.2) Spring constants must be provided in the current units.3) All spring DOF must be entered after the last non-spring DOF is specified, if both
are on the same line.4) If there are two entries for the same joint, then:
a) any direction that is pinned/fixed on either will be fixed in thatdirection.
b) any direction released on one and is a spring on the other will usethe spring.
c) Any direction that is pinned/fixed on one and a spring on the otherwill use pinned/fixed.
Description of EnforcedEnforced Support defines which translational and rotational directions, at a joint, mayhave a support displacement imposed. If no support displacement is entered, thenzero displacement will be imposed, as if that direction was FIXED. The enforceddisplacement directions will be fixed for dynamic load cases.If there are two entries for the same joint, then any direction that is enforced oneither will be enforced in that direction, overriding any other support specification forthat joint-direction.
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Analysis SpecificationSTAAD analysis options include linear static analysis, P-Delta (or second order analy-sis), Nonlinear analysis, and several types of Dynamic Analysis.
This command is used to specify the analysis request. In addition, this command maybe used to request various analysis related data like load info, statics check info,mode shapes etc.General Format
Without one of these analysis commands, no analysis will be performed. TheseANALYSIS commands can be repeated if multiple analyses are needed at differentphases.
If the PRINT LOAD DATA command is specified, the program will print an interpre-tation of all the load data.
PRINT STATICS CHECK will provide a summation of the applied loads and supportreactions as well as a summation of moments of the loads and reactions takenaround the origin.
PRINT STATICS LOAD prints everything that PRINT STATICS CHECK does, plus itprints a summation of all internal and external forces at each joint (generates volumi-nous output). PRINT STATICS LOAD should be used for members only, no results aregiven for plates or solids.
PRINT MODE SHAPES prints mode shape values at the joints for all calculatedmode shapes.
PRINT BOTH is equivalent to PRINT LOAD DATA plus PRINT STATICS CHECK.
PRINT ALL is equivalent to PRINT DATA plus PRINT STATICS LOAD.
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LOAD LISTThis command allows specification of a set of active load cases. All load cases madeactive by this command remain active until a new load list is specified.
General Format
LOAD LIST load-listALL{ }
DescriptionThis command is used to activate the load cases listed in this command and, in asense, deactivate all other load cases not listed in this command. In other words, theloads listed are used for printing output and in design for performing the specifiedcalculations. Note that, when PERFORM ANALYSIS command is used, the programinternally uses all load cases, regardless of LOAD LIST command, except afterCHANGE or RESTORE command. In these two cases, the LOAD LIST commandallows the program to perform analysis only those loads in the list. If the LOAD LISTcommand is never used, the program will assume all load cases to be active.
Step 1. Click Command(top menu) / Loading / Load List
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PARAMETER SPECIFICATIONSThis set of commands may be used to specify the parameters required for steeldesign.
General Format
PARAMETER
CODEAASHTO / AISC / AUSTRALIAN /BRITISH /
CANADIAN / FRENCH / GERMAN /INDIA /JAPAN / LRFD / NORWAY
{ }parameter-name f1
PROFILE a1,(a2,a3)
MEMBER memb-list
ALL{ } { }
DescriptionParameter-name refers to the "PARAMETER NAME" (s) listed in the parameter tablecontained in the Steel Design section.
f1 = Value of the parameter
The user can control the design through specification of proper parameter.
The PROFILE parameter is available for AISC ASD code only. The user can specify upto three profiles (a1, a2 and a3). The PROFILE parameter-name is used only formember selection where members are selected from each of those profile names.The PROFILE for T-section is a W-shape. Also, the shape specified initially underMEMBER PROPERTIES. Note that the PROFILE command can only be used for theAMERICAN steel table. CODE parameter lets you choose the type of steel code to bechecked for design. The default steel code depends on the country of distribution.
Example:PARAMETERSCODE AISCKY 1.5 MEMB 3 7 TO 11NSF 0.75 ALLPROFILE W12 W14 MEMB 1 2 23RATIO 0.9 ALL
Notes1) All unit sensitive values should be in the current unit system.
2) For default values of the parameters, refer to the appropriate table.
3) PROFILE command is available with American AISC ASD code only. It is notavailable with the LRFD or AASHTO codes.
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SELECT OPTIMIZEDThis command performs member selection using an optimized technique based on multipleanalysis/design iterations.
General FormatSELECT OPTIMIZED
DescriptionThe program selects all members based on a state-of-the-art optimization technique. Thismethod requires multiple analyses as well as iteration of sizes until an overall structure leastweight is obtained. This command should be used with caution since it wil require longerprocessing time.
Notes1) The output of this command may be controlled using the TRACK parameter.
Three levels of details are available. Refer to the appropriate Steel Design sectionfor more information on the TRACK parameter.
2) This command may require multiple iterations involving analysis/design cylesand therefore may be time consuming.
CODE CHECKINGThis command performs code checking operation on specified members based on the Ameri-can Institute of Timber Construction (AITC) codes.
General Format
CHECK CODEMEMBER member-list
ALL{ }
DescriptionThis command checks the specified against the requirements of the American Institute ofTimber Construction (AITC) codes. The results of the code checking are summarized in atabular format.
NotesThe output of this command may be controlled by the TRACK parameter. Two levels of detailare available.
STEP 5. Select the Code Check from the Steel Design window, then select the mem-ber where the command is to be applied and click Assign to Selected Beam fromAssignment Method then Click Assign Button.
STEEL TAKE OFFThis command may be used to obtain a summary of all steel sections being used along withtheir lengths and weights.
General Format
STEEL (MEMBER) TAKE ( OFF )Description
This command provides a complete listing of all different steel table sections used in thestructure. The tabulated listing will include total length of each section name and its totalweight. This can be helpful in estimating steel quantities.The MEMBER option list each member length and weight by number, profile-type, length andweight.
NotesThis facility may be very effectively utilized to obtain a quick estimate of the structural steelquantity.
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PRINT SPECIFICATIONThis command is used to direct the program to print various mdeling information andanalysis results. STAAD offers a number of versatile print commands that can be
used to customize the output.
General format for data related print commands:
PRINT
JOIN COORDINATESMEMBER INFORMATIONELEMENT INFORMATION SOLIDMEMBER PROPERTIESMATERIAL PROPERTICESSUPPORT INFORMATION orALL
DescriptionNote that the list of items is not applicable for PRINT ANALYSIS RESULTS, PRINT SUPPORTREACTIONS, and PRINT MODE SHAPES command.
The PRINT JOINT COORDINATES command prints all interpreted coordinates of joints.
The PRINT MEMBER INFORMATION command prints all member information, includingmember length, member incidences, beta angles, whether or not a member is a truss mem-ber and the member release conditions at start and end of the member(1=released, 0 =notreleased).
The PRINT ELEMENT INFORMATION command prints all incident joints, element thick-nesses, and Poisson ratios for Plate/Shell elements. The PRINT ELEMENT INFORMATIONSOLID command prints similar information for Solid elements.
The PRINT MEMBER PROPERTIES command prints all member properties including crosssectional area, moments of inertia, and section moduli in both axes. Units for the propertiesare always INCH or CM (depending on FPS or METRIC) regardless of the unit specified inUNIT command.The following designation is used for member property names:
AX - Cross section areaAY - Area used to compute shear deformation in local Y-axisAZ - Area used to compute shear deformation in local Z-axisIZ - Moment of Inertia about the local Z-axisIY - Moment of Inertia about the local Y-axisIX - Torsional constantSY - Smallest section modulus about the local Y-axisSZ - Smallest section modulus about the local Z-axis
The PRINT MATERIAL PROPERTIES command prints all material properties for the mem-bers, including E (modulus of elasticity), G (shear modulus), weight density and coefficient ofthermal expansion (alpha) for frame members. This command is available for members only.
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GIII-B Ground Floor, The Gallery BuildingAmorsolo St., Legaspi Village, Makati City
894-2580 • 843-6519
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The PRINT SUPPORT INFORMATION command prints all support information regardingtheir fixity, releases and spring constant values, if any. The LIST option is not available forthis command.
The PRINT ALL command is equivalent to last five print commands combined. This commandprints joint coordinates, member information, member properties, material properties andsupport information, in that order.
The PRINT CG command print out the coordinates of the center of gravity of the structure.Only the selfweight of the structure is used to calculate the C.G. User defined joint loads,member loads etc. are not calculated in the calculation of CG.
The PRINT (JOINT) DISPLACEMENTS command prints joint displacements in a tabulatedform. The displacements for all six directions will be printed for all specified load cases. Thelength unit for the displacements is always INCH or CM (depending on FPS or METRIC unit)regardless of the unit specified in UNIT command.
The PRINT (MEMBER) FORCES command prints member forces (i.e. Axial force (AXIAL),Shear force in Y and Z axes (SHEAR-Y and SHEAR-Z), Torsional Moment (TORSION), Mo-ments about local Y and Z axes (MOM-Y and MOM-Z) in a tabulated form for the listedmembers, for all specified load cases.
The PRINT ANALYIS RESUTS command is equivalent to the last t hree commands combined.With this command, the joint displacements, support reactions and member forces in thatorder printed.
The PRINT (MEMBER) SECTION FORCES command prints member forces at the intermedi-ate sections specified with a previously input SECTION command. The printing is done in atabulated form, by member, for all specified laod cases.
The PRINT (MEMBER) STRESSES command tabulates member stresses at the start joint,end joint and all specified intermediate sections. These stresses include axial ( i.e. axial forceover the area), bending-y(i.e. moment-y over section modulus in local y-axis), bending-z(i.e.moment-z over section modulus in local z-axis), shear stresses in both local y and z direc-tions (FY/AY and FZ/AZ) and combined (absolute combination of axial, bending-y and bend-ing-z) stresses.
For PRISMATIC sections, if AY and/or AZ is not provided, the full cross-sectional area (AX)will be considered in shear stress calculations.For TAPERED sections, the values of AY and AZ are those for the location where the stress isprinted. Hence if the stress is printed at the location 0.0, the AY at AZ are based on thedimension of the member at the start mode.
AY = Total depth * Thickness of webAZ = 2/3 area of both flanges put together.
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GIII-B Ground Floor, The Gallery BuildingAmorsolo St., Legaspi Village, Makati City
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The PRINT ELEMENT STRESSES command must be used to print plate stresses (SX, SY, SXY,SQX, SQY), moments per unit width (MX, MY, MXY) and principal stresses (SMAX, SMIN,TMAX) for plate/shell elements. Typically, the stresses and moments per unit width at thecentroid will be printed. The Von Mises stresses (VONT, VONB) as well as the angle (ANGLE)defining the orientation of the principal planes are also printed.
SQX - Shear stress on the local X-face in the Z directionSQY - Shear stress on the local Y-face in the Z directionMX - Moment per unit width about the local X faceMY - Moment per unit width about the local Y faceMXY - Torsional Moment per unit width in the local X-Y planeSX - Axial stress in the local X directionSY - Axial stress in the local Y directionSXY - Shear stress in the local XY planeVONT- Von Mises stress on the top surface of the elementVONB -Von Mises stress on the bottom surface of the elementSMAX -Maximum in-plane Principal stressSMIN - Minimum in-plane Principal stressTMAX -Maximum in-plane Shear stressANGLE - Angle which determines direction of maximum principal stress with
respect to local X-axis
If the JOINT option is used, forces and moments at the nodal points are also printed out inaddition to the centroid of the element.
The AT option may be used to print element forces at any specified point within the element.The AT option must be accompanied by f1 and f2. Note f1 and f2 are local X and Ycoodinates(in current units) of the point where the stresses and moments are required.
The PRINT ELEMENT FORCES command enables printing of plate "corner forces" [ F = Kel .Del ].
The PRINT ELEMENT (JOINT) STRESS SOLID command enables printing of stresses at thecenter of the SOLID elements. The variables that appear in the output are the following.
Normal Stresses : SXX, SYY and SZZShear Stresses : SXY, SYZ and SZXPrincipal Stresses : S1, S2 and S3Von Mises Stresses : SEDirection cosines : 6 direction cosines are printed following the expression
DC, corresponding to the first two principal stress direc- tion.
The JOINT option will print out the stresses at the nodes of the solid elements.
Ground Floor, Carpark Plaza,SM City North EDSA, Quezon City
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GIII-B Ground Floor, The Gallery BuildingAmorsolo St., Legaspi Village, Makati City
894-2580 • 843-6519
Suite 504 Doña Consolacion Bldg.62 Gen. Santos Ave., Cubao, Quezon City
The PRINT MODE SHAPES command prints joint displacements for all calculated modes.
The PRINT SUPPORT REACTIONS command prints support reactions in a tabulated form, bysupport, for all specified load cases. The LIST option is not available for this command.
The PRINT ENTIRE TABLE command may be used to obtain a print-out of the contents of thesteel table from which member properties are being used. This command must be providedfollowing the specification of all member properties.
The PRINT STORY DRIFT command may be used to obtain a print-out of the average lateraldisplacement of all joint at each vertical level of the structure.
STEP 1. Using Page-control menu. Click Pre-Print tab for data related print commands.
STEP 2. Click Define Commands button.
STEP 3. Select the command and define parameter if any then clickAdd.
PROCEDURE FOR PRINT COMMANDS
Ground Floor, Carpark Plaza,SM City North EDSA, Quezon City
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GIII-B Ground Floor, The Gallery BuildingAmorsolo St., Legaspi Village, Makati City
894-2580 • 843-6519
Suite 504 Doña Consolacion Bldg.62 Gen. Santos Ave., Cubao, Quezon City
DRAW SPECIFICATIONSThis set of commands may be used to generate printer plots of structure geom-
etry and results as part of the output.
DescriptionBesides interactive graphics, STAAD has features to provide commands to plot structuralgeometry, analysis results etc. as part of the STAAD output file.
Note that these output files (.ANL files) should be printed only through the PRINT OUTPUToption of the main menu of STAAD. Plots can also be displayed by the VIEW OUTPUT optionof the main menu of STAAD.Plots are of high-resolution and most of the 8/9/24 pin dot matrix and laser printer aresupported.
The DRAW command is used to create the plots in the output. The following is the format ofthe DRAW command.
f1 = Zoom factor by which structure is to be reduced or enlarged. A value less than 1.0 is for reduction and greater than 1.0 is to enlarge.
f2 = Shrink factor by which member/elements be shrunk. Value varies from 0.1 to 0.9
f3 = Scale factor by which deflected shapes to be multiplied. Normally all scales are automatically computed. However, the user may change this by this command.
x, y = x and y shift values based on structure coordinates.ln = Load number to be considered.sn = Mode-shapes number to be displayed.xa, ya, za = X, Y, and Z angles by which the structure is to be rotatedr1, r2 = Maximum and minimum values defining the range in the direction
perpendicular to the specified section plane.Notes
1) Following commands may be used anywhere in the input.ISOMETRIC - Draw isometric viewROTATE - Rotates as specified in rotate-specSECTION - Draw section as specified in section-specZOOM - Draw with zoom factor of value f1SHIFT - Shift structure to the specified x, y valuesJOINT - Display joint numbers.MEMBER - Display member numbers.SUPPORT - Display support icons.PROPERTY - Display property names.SHAPE - Display the shape of the member property with proper BETA angle
orientation.HIDE - Remove hidden lines when elements are present.SHRINK - Shrink all member/elements by the factor of f2LOAD - Display load icons. Obviously, this command can be used only after the
loadings are provided.
Ground Floor, Carpark Plaza,SM City North EDSA, Quezon City
926-3297 • 926-3298 • 926-3286
GIII-B Ground Floor, The Gallery BuildingAmorsolo St., Legaspi Village, Makati City
894-2580 • 843-6519
Suite 504 Doña Consolacion Bldg.62 Gen. Santos Ave., Cubao, Quezon City
1) Following commands are related to results and should be used only after the PERFORMANALYSIS command.
DFSDRAW - Draw deflected shape.MODRAW - Draw mode shape.SCDRAW - Draw section displacement.MSDRAW - Display force/moment diagram on the entire structure for specified ln
(load number).BMDRAW - Display force/moment diagram for independent members as listed in
LIST. No more than 2 member lists are allowed. Use multiple DRAW commands to display force/moment diagrams for independent members.
ENVELOP - Same as MSDRAW except worst of all active load cases.SCALE - Scale factor by which deflected shapes to be multiplied.VALUE - Display values of Force/Moments, displacements.STRESS-CONTOUR - Draw stress-contour for finite elements. Only the contour for the
Absolute maximum principal stress can be plotted.
Ground Floor, Carpark Plaza,SM City North EDSA, Quezon City
926-3297 • 926-3298 • 926-3286
GIII-B Ground Floor, The Gallery BuildingAmorsolo St., Legaspi Village, Makati City
894-2580 • 843-6519
Suite 504 Doña Consolacion Bldg.62 Gen. Santos Ave., Cubao, Quezon City
Tabulated Results of Steel DesignFor code checking or member selection, the program produces the results in a tabu-lated fashion. The items in the output tables are explained as follows:
a) MEMBER refers to the member number for which the design is performed.
b) TABLE refers to the AISC steel section name which has been checkedagainst the steel code or has been selected.
c) RESULT prints whether the member has PASSed or FAILed. If the RESULTis FAIL, there will be an asterisk (*) mark in front of the member number.
d) CRITICAL COND refers to the section of the AISC code which governed thedesign.
e) RATIO prints the ratio of actual stresses to allowable stresses for the criticalcondition. Normally a value of 1.0 or less will mean member has passed.
f) LOADING provides the load case number which governed the design.
g) FX, MY and MZ provide the axial force, moment in local y-axis and momentin local z-axis respectively. Although STAAD does not consider all the mem-ber forces and moments to perform design, only FX MY and MZ are printedsince they are the ones which are of interest, in most cases.
h) LOCATION specifies the actual distance from the start of the member to thesection where design forces govern.
i) If the parameter TRACK is set to 1.0, the program will block out part of thetable and will print the allowable bending stresses in compression (FCY &FCZ) and tension (FTY & FTZ), allowable axial stress in compression (FA),and allowable shear stress (FV), all in kips per square inch. In addition,member length, area, section moduli, governing KL/r ration and CB arealso printed.
j) In the output for TRACK 2.0, the items Fey and Fez are as follows:
Fey =12 π2 E
23(KYLY/ry)2
Fez =23(KzLz/rz)
2
12 π2 E
Ground Floor, Carpark Plaza,SM City North EDSA, Quezon City
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GIII-B Ground Floor, The Gallery BuildingAmorsolo St., Legaspi Village, Makati City
894-2580 • 843-6519
Suite 504 Doña Consolacion Bldg.62 Gen. Santos Ave., Cubao, Quezon City
UBC 1997 LOAD DEFINITIONThis feature enables one to generate seismic loads per the UBC 97 specifications using astatic equivalent approach.
DescriptionThe seismic load generator can be used to generate lateral loads in the X and Z directionsonly. Y is the direction of gravity loads. This facility has not been developed for cases wherethe Z axis is set to be the vertical direction using the "SET Z UP" command.
There are 2 stages of command specifications for generating lateral loads. This is the firststage and is activated through the DEFINE UBC LOAD command.
f1 = Seismic zone coefficientf2 = Importance factorf3 = Numerical coefficient R for lateral load in X directionf4 = Numerical coefficient R for lateral load in Z directionf5 = Soil Profile typef6 = Near source factor Naf7 = Near source factor Nvf8 = Optional CT value to calculate time period based on
Method Af9 = Optional Period of structure (in sec.) in X-direction to
be used in Method Bf10 = Optional Period of structure (in sec.) in Z-direction to
be used in Method B
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GIII-B Ground Floor, The Gallery BuildingAmorsolo St., Legaspi Village, Makati City
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f1 = is the value of the parameter. Note that this value is always input in current units. TheUNIT command is also accepted during any phase of concrete design.
Parameter Name
Default Value
Description
FYMAIN *60,000 psi Yield strength for main reinforcement steel.
FYSEC *60,000 psi Yield strength for secondary steel.
CLT *1.5 inch Clear cover for top reinforcement.
CLB *1.5 inch Clear cover for bottom reinforcement.
FC *4,000 psi Compressive Strength of Concrete
CLS *1.5 inch Clear cover for side reinforcement.
MINMAIN** Number 4 bar Min. main reinforcement bar size(No. 4 -18)
MINSEC** Number 4 bar Min. secondary reinforcement bar size
MAXMAIN** Number 18 bar Max. main reinforcement bar size
SFACE *0.0 Face of support location at start of beam. Ifspecified, the shear force at start iscomputed at a distance of SFACE+d fromthe start joint of the member.
EFACE *0.0 Face of support location at end of beam.(Note: Both SFACE & EFACE are input aspositive numbers) If specified, the shearforce at end is computed at a distance ofEFACE+d from the end joint of the member.
REINF 0.0 Tied column. A value of 1 will mean spiral.
MMAG 1.0(for column only)
A factor by which the column designmoments will be magnified.
WIDTH *ZD Width of concrete member. This valuedefaults to ZD as provided under MEMBERPROPERTIES
DEPTH *YD Depth of concrete member. This valuedefaults to YD as provided under MEMBERPROPERTIES
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GIII-B Ground Floor, The Gallery BuildingAmorsolo St., Legaspi Village, Makati City
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NSECTION 12 Number of equally-spaced sections to beconsidered in finding critical moments forbeam design
TRACK 0.0 BEAM DESIGN:With TRACK set 0.0. Critical Moment will notbe printed out with beam design report. Avalue of 1.0 will mean a print out. A value of2.0 will print out required steel areas for allintermediate sections specified byNSECTION.
COLUMN DESIGN:TRACK 0.0 prints out detailed design results.TRACK 1.0 prints out column interactionanalysis results in addition to TRACK 0.0output. TRACK 2.0 prints out a schematicinteraction diagram and intermediateinteraction values in addition to all of above.
* These values must be provided in the current unit system being used.** When using metric units for ACI design, provide values for these parameters
in actual 'mm' units instead of the bar number. The following metric bar sizesare available: 6 mm, 8 mm, 10 mm, 12 mm, 16 mm, 20 mm, 25 mm 32 mm,40 mm, 50 mm, and 60 mm.
Ground Floor, Carpark Plaza,SM City North EDSA, Quezon City
926-3297 • 926-3298 • 926-3286
GIII-B Ground Floor, The Gallery BuildingAmorsolo St., Legaspi Village, Makati City
894-2580 • 843-6519
Suite 504 Doña Consolacion Bldg.62 Gen. Santos Ave., Cubao, Quezon City
This command may be used to specify the type of design required. Members may bedesigned as BEAM, COLUMN or ELEMENT.
General Format
DESIGNBEAMCOLUMNELEMENTSLAB
memb-list
(ALL)
DescriptionMembers to be designed must be specified as BEAM, COLUMN or ELEMENT. Note that members,once designed as beam, cannot be redesigned as a column again, or vice versa.
This set of commands may be used to specify footing design requirements.
DescriptionThis facility may be used to design isolate footins for user specified support joints. Once
the support is specified , the program automatically identifies the support reaction(s) associ-ated with the joint. All active load cases are checked and design is performed for the supportreaction(s) that rquires the maximum footing size. Parameters are available to control thedesign. Dowel bars and development lengths are also calculated and included in the designoutput.
Design Considerations
The STAAD isolated footing design is based on the following considerations.
1) The design reaction load may include concentrated load and biaxial moments.2) The vertical reaction load is increased by 10% to account for the selfweight
of the footing.3) Footing slab size is rectangular. The user through a parameter may control
the ratio between the length and the width of the slab.4) Optional pedestal design is available.5) Footing cannot be designed at supports where the reaction causes uplift on
the footings.6) This facility is currently available for the American code only.
The following sequential design procedure is followed:
1) Footing size is calculated on the basis of the load directly available from theanalysis results (support reactions) and user specified Allowable Soil
Pressure. No factor is used on the support reactions.2) The footing size obtained from 1) and the FACTORED LOAD is utilized to
calculate soil reactions
FACTORED LOAD = ACTUAL REACTION X Parameter FFAC
Note that the user may provide a desired value for parameter FFAC3) Footing depth and reinforcement details are based on soil reactions calculated
per 2) above.4) Dowel bar requirements and development lenght are calculated and reported
in the output.
Design Considerations
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GIII-B Ground Floor, The Gallery BuildingAmorsolo St., Legaspi Village, Makati City
894-2580 • 843-6519
Suite 504 Doña Consolacion Bldg.62 Gen. Santos Ave., Cubao, Quezon City
Following parameters are available for footing design.
Parameter Name
Default Value
Description
FY 60,000 psi Yield strength for reinforcement steel.
FC 3,000 psi
REINF Number 9 bar Main reinforcement bar size for slab design
FFAC 1.0 Load factor for concrete design
CLEAR 3.0 inch Clear cover for slab reinforcement
BC 3000 psf Soil bearing capacity
RATIO 1.0 Ration between slab sides
TRACK 1.0 1.0 = only numerical output is provided2.0 = numerical output and sketch provided
DEPTH Calculated by theprogram
The min. depth of the footing base slab.Program changes this value if required fordesign.
S1, S2 Calculated by theprogram
Size of the footing base slab - S1 and S2correspond to column sides YD and ZDrespectively. Either S1 and S2 or both can bespecified. If one is provided, the other willbe calculated based on RATIO. If both areprovided, RATIO will be ignored
EMBEDMENT 0.0 The depth of the footing base from thesupport point of the column.
PEDESTAL 0.0 0.0 = no pedestal design1.0 = pedestal design with programcalculating pedestal dimensionsX1 X2 - pedestal desigh with user providedpedestal dimensions. X1 and X2 are pedestaldimensions corresponding to slab sides S1and S2 respectively.
Design Parameters
Compressive Strength of Concrete
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GIII-B Ground Floor, The Gallery BuildingAmorsolo St., Legaspi Village, Makati City
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Descriptionf1 is the value of the parameter. Note that this value should be in the current units. The UNIT command is also accepted during any phase of footing design.
NotesNo footing design specification will be processed without this command.
Ground Floor, Carpark Plaza,SM City North EDSA, Quezon City
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GIII-B Ground Floor, The Gallery BuildingAmorsolo St., Legaspi Village, Makati City
894-2580 • 843-6519
Suite 504 Doña Consolacion Bldg.62 Gen. Santos Ave., Cubao, Quezon City
This command must be used to execute the footing design.
General Format
DESIGN FOOTINGjoint-list
(ALL)Description
This command may be used to specify the joints for which the footing designsare required.
NotesThe output of this command may be controlled by the TRACK parameter. If
TRACK is set to the default value of 1.0, only numerical output will be provided. IfTRACK is set to 2.0, graphical output will be provided in addition.
Footing Design TerminatorPurpose
This command must be used to terminate the footing design.
General Format
END FOOTING DESIGN
DescriptionThis command terminates the footing design.
NotesIf the footing desing is not terminated, no further STAAD command will be rec-
ognized.
Ground Floor, Carpark Plaza,SM City North EDSA, Quezon City
926-3297 • 926-3298 • 926-3286
GIII-B Ground Floor, The Gallery BuildingAmorsolo St., Legaspi Village, Makati City
894-2580 • 843-6519
Suite 504 Doña Consolacion Bldg.62 Gen. Santos Ave., Cubao, Quezon City
MEMBER PROPERTY AMERICAN_B-1 PRI YD .3 ZD .15_B-2 PRI YD .5 ZD .25_B-3 PRI YD .4 ZD .2_B-4 PRI YD .4 ZD .2_B-5 PRI YD .4 ZD .2_B-6 PRI YD .55 ZD .3_B-7 PRI YD .55 ZD .3_B-8 PRI YD .55 ZD .3_B-9 PRI YD .55 ZD .3_B-10 PRI YD .55 ZD .3_B-11 PRI YD .55 ZD .3_B-12 PRI YD .55 ZD .3_B-13 PRI YD .55 ZD .3_B-14 PRI YD .55 ZD .3_B-15 PRI YD .5 ZD .25_B-16 PRI YD .5 ZD .25_B-17 PRI YD .5 ZD .25_B-18 PRI YD .5 ZD .25_B-19 PRI YD .5 ZD .25_B-20 PRI YD .5 ZD .25_CB-1 PRI YD .5 ZD .25_CB-2 PRI YD .5 ZD .25_CB-3 PRI YD .5 ZD .25_RB-1 PRI YD .4 ZD .2_RB-2 PRI YD .4 ZD .2_RB-3 PRI YD .4 ZD .2_RB-4 PRI YD .55 ZD .3_RB-5 PRI YD .55 ZD .3_RB-6 PRI YD .55 ZD .3_RB-7 PRI YD .55 ZD .3_RB-8 PRI YD .55 ZD .3_RB-9 PRI YD .55 ZD .3_RB-10 PRI YD .55 ZD .3_RB-11 PRI YD .55 ZD .3_RB-12 PRI YD .55 ZD .3_RB-13 PRI YD .5 ZD .25_RB-14 PRI YD .5 ZD .25_RB-15 PRI YD .5 ZD .25_RB-16 PRI YD .5 ZD .25_RCB1 PRI YD .5 ZD .25_RCB2 PRI YD .5 ZD .2544 TO 61 121 TO 138 198 TO 215 275 TO 292 PRI YD .45 ZD .45ELEMENT PROPERTY62 TO 77 139 TO 154 216 TO 231 293 TO 307 THICKNESS .15CONSTANTE CONCRETE ALLDENSITY CONCRETE ALLPOISSON CONCRETE ALLSUPPORT29 TO 46 FIXEDDEFINE UBC ACCIDENTAL LOADZONE .4 I 1.25 RWX 10. RWZ 10. S 1.5SELFWEIGHTMEMBER WEIGHT78 TO 82 116 155 TO 159 193 UNI 10.383 TO 87 118 160 TO 164 195 UNI 15.388 TO 92 165 TO 169 UNI 7.598 99 113 114 175 176 190 191 UNI 11.101 102 104 105 107 108 110 111 117 178 179 181 182 184 185 187 188 -194 UNI 16.7100 103 106 109 112 115 177 180 183 186 189 192 UNI 5.3232 233 235 236 310 UNI 8.237 238 240 241 309 UNI 11.7242 TO 246 UNI 7.2247 TO 251 UNI 5.6252 253 267 268 UNI 8.6255 256 259 261 262 264 265 308 UNI 12.9254 269 UNI 3.2257 260 263 266 UNI 2.11 TO 5 39 UNI 11.36 TO 10 41 UNI 16.311 TO 15 UNI 7.5
Ground Floor, Carpark Plaza,SM City North EDSA, Quezon City
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GIII-B Ground Floor, The Gallery BuildingAmorsolo St., Legaspi Village, Makati City
894-2580 • 843-6519
Suite 504 Doña Consolacion Bldg.62 Gen. Santos Ave., Cubao, Quezon City
PERFORM ANALYSISLOAD LIST 5 TO 9START CONCRETE DESIGNCODE ACIFYMAIN 2.76E5 ALLFYSEC 2.76E5 MEMB 1 TO 61 78 TO 138 155 TO 215 232 233 235 TO 238 -240 TO 257 259 TO 269 275 TO 292 308 TO 310FC 27600. ALLMINMAIN 25. MEMB 1 TO 61 78 TO 138 155 TO 215 232 233 235 TO 238 -240 TO 257 259 TO 269 275 TO 292 308 TO 310MAXMAIN 25. MEMB 1 TO 61 78 TO 138 155 TO 215 232 233 235 TO 238 -240 TO 257 259 TO 269 275 TO 292 308 TO 310DESIGN BEAM 1 TO 43 78 TO 120 155 TO 197 232 233 235 TO 238 -240 TO 257 259 TO 269 308 TO 310DESIGN COLUMN 21 TO 38 40 44 TO 61 98 TO 115 117 121 TO 138 -175 TO 192 194 198 TO 215 252 TO 257 259 TO 269 275 TO 292 308DESIGN ELEMENT 62 TO 77 139 TO 154 216 TO 231 293 TO 307CONCRETE TAKE OFFEND CONCRETE DESIGNPRINT SUPPORT REACTIONSFINISH
Ground Floor, Carpark Plaza,SM City North EDSA, Quezon City
926-3297 • 926-3298 • 926-3286
GIII-B Ground Floor, The Gallery BuildingAmorsolo St., Legaspi Village, Makati City
894-2580 • 843-6519
Suite 504 Doña Consolacion Bldg.62 Gen. Santos Ave., Cubao, Quezon City
1) LEVEL Serial number of bar level which may contain one or more bargroup
2) HEIGHT Height of bar level from the bottom of the beam.
3) BAR INFO Reinforcement bar information specifying number of bars and barsize
4) FROM Distance from the start of the beam to the start of the reinforcement bar
5) TO Distance from the start of the beam to th end of the reinforcementbar
6) ANCHORStates whether anchorage either a hook or continuation, is neededat start (STA) or at the end.
7) ROW Actually required flexural reinforcement (As/bd) where b=width ofcross section (ZD for rectangular and square section) andd=effective depth of cross section (YD - distance from extremetension fiber to the c.g. of main reinforcement)
8) ROWMN Mininum required flexural reinforcement (Amin/bd)9) ROWMX Maximum allowable flexural reinforcement (Amax/bd)10) SPACING Distance between centers of adjacent hars for main reinforcement11) Vu Factored shear force at section12) Vc Nominal shear strength provided by concrete13) Vs Nominal shear strength provided by shear reinforcement14) Tu Factored torsional moment at section15) Tc Nominal torsional moment strength provided by concrete16) Ts Nominal torsional moment strength provided by torsion reinforce-
ment
(STA/END)
Ground Floor, Carpark Plaza,SM City North EDSA, Quezon City
926-3297 • 926-3298 • 926-3286
GIII-B Ground Floor, The Gallery BuildingAmorsolo St., Legaspi Village, Makati City
894-2580 • 843-6519
Suite 504 Doña Consolacion Bldg.62 Gen. Santos Ave., Cubao, Quezon City
Description of Output for Column DesignThe column interaction values may be obtained by using the design parameter TRACK 1.0 or TRACK2.0 for the column member. If a value of 2.0 is used for TRACK parameter, 12 different Pn-Mn pairs,each representing a different point on the Pn-Mn curve are printed. Each of these points representsone of the several Pn-Mn combinations that this column is capable of carrying about the given axis, forthe actual reinforcement that the column has been design for. In case the circular columnsm, thevalues are for any of the radial axes. The values printed for the TRACK 1.0 output are:
1) PO Maximum purely axial load carrying capacity of the column(zeromoment)
2) Pnmax Maximum allowable axial load on the column
3) P-bal Axial load capacity at balanced strain condition
4) M-bal Uniaxial moment capacity at balanced strain condition
6) P-tens Maximum permissible tensile load on the column
7) Des.Pn Pu /PHI where PHI is the Strength Reduction Factor and Pu is theaxial load for the critical load case.
8) Des.Mn Mu*MMAG/PHI where PHI is the Strength Reduction Factor and Muis the bending moment for the appropriate axis for the critical loadcase. For circular columns,
Mu = e M2uy + M2
uz
9) e/h (Mn/Pn)/h where h is the length of the column
Ground Floor, Carpark Plaza,SM City North EDSA, Quezon City
926-3297 • 926-3298 • 926-3286
GIII-B Ground Floor, The Gallery BuildingAmorsolo St., Legaspi Village, Makati City
894-2580 • 843-6519
Suite 504 Doña Consolacion Bldg.62 Gen. Santos Ave., Cubao, Quezon City
A. Systems UnitA box shape part of computer containing the computer’s CPU (CentralProcessing Unit), motherboard, interface cards, simm rams, data storagedevice & drives. The most popular models is Pentium III. The PC AT'swere obsolete models and were popular day the 80's.
Electronic Data Processing (EDP)
Hardware - refers to the computer itself and peripheralsSoftware - refers to program and dataPeopleware - refers to the user / operator
Development of IBM-PC / compatible computers
I. 80286 model - a clone of IBM's AT which was based on Inte 80286 microprocessorand can address 16 MB of memory, but it was always operated with PC or MSDOS (obsolete).
II.80386 Model - a computer built around a 80386 microprocessor. It uses the samebus (internal communications system) as an 80286 machine. An 80386 CPU, dueto hardware design, limits physical memory to 16 MB.
a. 80386-Sxb. 80386-Dx
III. 80486 model - a computer built around an 80486 microprocessor. Data transfer was 32 bits per cycle, ithad a built-in math-coprocessor and can accomodate 8MB cache. An 80486 can address 64 MB ofphysical memory (obsolete).
a 80486 Dlc no math-cob. 80486-Sx no math-coc. 80486-Dx built-in math-cod. 80486-Dx2 built-in math-co
IV Pentium 450 MHZ to 1 GHz, latest PIIIhas 512k 2 level cache. It has an Intel speedstep technology. which allows faster internetcommunication & amazing 3D display &animation.The PIII -1GHz is equipped withan advance 0.18 micron processor.
CPU clock Expansion slotsfor I/O devices
Main processor
Memory Cache
SIMM RAMS
EDP
Ground Floor, Carpark Plaza,SM City North EDSA, Quezon City
926-3297 • 926-3298 • 926-3286
GIII-B Ground Floor, The Gallery BuildingAmorsolo St., Legaspi Village, Makati City
894-2580 • 843-6519
Suite 504 Doña Consolacion Bldg.62 Gen. Santos Ave., Cubao, Quezon City
Stylus penCursor (puck) Digitizer with stylus penand cursor (puck)
4. JOYSTICK - Popular for playing computer games. It can be moved in several directions.
5. TOUCH SCREENS - Works by merely pointing your finger at something on the screen. They workwell for pictorial images, but not for text.
6. LIGHTPENS- Pen shaped devices used to point objects & menus on screen. Used in CAD systems.
7. TOUCHPADS - Most common device in a laptop PC computers. It can be also seen in commercialuses like in automatic banking machines, appliances, and as key replacementfor traditional cash register keys.
8. BARCODE SCANNERS - used to scan UPC codes to enter andautomatically print out item names & prices. They can also be usedfor inventory tracking systems and for education.
9. SCANNERS - Digitize image(photograph) into a bitmap file. Forconverting drawings into raster file. Scanners come in different sizes,from a hand scanner to an E-size equipment. Raster file from scanned manually drafted drawings mustconverted into a vector file (using software like Draftsman) to be accepted within a CAD program.
10. VOICE INPUT -Works for a single user systems, and for applications with a limited vocabulary.
B. Input Devices
1. KEYBOARD - It is a primary input device for every computer. Used for entering commands and texts,although this medium of data entry is limiting to a non typist user.
2. MICE - small square devices with a cord connecting to the computer which use the table top to pointto various objects and menus on the screen. They are functional for computer-aided design, free-formdrawing, setting margins and tabs in word processing.
3. DIGITIZER- Tablets used in combination w/ a puck, lightpen or stylus. Great for computer-aided design and engineering.
full bed scanner
EDP
Ground Floor, Carpark Plaza,SM City North EDSA, Quezon City
926-3297 • 926-3298 • 926-3286
GIII-B Ground Floor, The Gallery BuildingAmorsolo St., Legaspi Village, Makati City
894-2580 • 843-6519
Suite 504 Doña Consolacion Bldg.62 Gen. Santos Ave., Cubao, Quezon City
1. MONITORS9" to 21" size, considerations when buying a monitor are resolution, dotpitch, plug & play capability & manufacrurer.
Development of Display Adapters:
-MDA, Monochrome Display Adapter - introduced in 1981, IBM’s original display standard offering 720 x 348 at 18.1 KHz with one color. It was a text based video stan-dard and not designed to generate graphics. (obsolete)
-CGA, Color Graphics Adapter - Also introduced in 1981, it was the simplest and first color video standardavailable. It offered a resolution of 640 x 200 (monochrome) and 320 x 240 (color graphics) at 15.75KHz. (obsolete)
-Hercules Graphics Adapter - monochrome video standard, similar to IBM’s MDA; however, it was de-signed to display graphics at a resolution of 720 x 348 with a horizontal scan rate of 18.43. It wasintroduced in 1982. (obsolete)
-PGA, Professional Graphics Adapter - first attempt of high resolution graphics. It offered 840 x 350resolution at 32.5 KHz and a display of 256 simultaneous colors.(obsolete)
-EGA, Enchanced Graphics Adapter - 640 x 350 resolution at 21.85 KHz. introduced in 1984, itoffered 16 colors from a pallete of 64. (obsolete)
-MCGA, Multi Color Graphics Array - the low-end product for PS/2 family,1987. It offered 320 x 200 resolution with 256 colors or 640 x 480 resolution with two colors. (obsolete)
-VGA, Video Graphics Array - introduced in 1987, and formed as an integralpart of PS/2 line. It offered a high resolution up to 640 x 480 at 31.50KHzand can display uo to 256 colors (obsolete).
-SVGA, Super VGA - an extended implementation of VGA. It offers 800 x 600 resolution and up to1600 x 1280 res. in either 16, 256, 16bit, 24 bit and up to true colors at 50 to 90KHz and 0.28 Dot pitch.
EDP
Ground Floor, Carpark Plaza,SM City North EDSA, Quezon City
926-3297 • 926-3298 • 926-3286
GIII-B Ground Floor, The Gallery BuildingAmorsolo St., Legaspi Village, Makati City
894-2580 • 843-6519
Suite 504 Doña Consolacion Bldg.62 Gen. Santos Ave., Cubao, Quezon City
1. Dot Matrix Printers - form letters out of a combination of dots. They are fasterand less expensive than other type of printers. Uses ribbons for ink-source
2. Laser Printers - offers a superb print quality, equalto typesetting, and a wide variety of font types & sizes.Laser printer are fast but quite expensive.Uses powder toner for ink-source.
3. Inkjet - Good print quality, cheaper thanlaser printers. Uses liquid toner for ink-source
3. PlottersSizes ranges from A to E dimensions. Prints using different papermedia, pen types and colors. They are essential for CAD. Typesof plotters are:
-Large Format Inkjet Plotters - It is the cheapest and widely usedLarge Format Plotter for CAD & poster output. It uses CMYKliquid toner, dye-based (for indoor) or pigmented (for outdoor -6 months maximum.)
-Large Format Laser Printers - up to E-size output, and may produce hi-resolution color/mono prints.
Pen Plotters -either Drum type (roller beds) or XY type (flatbed).Pen plotters had to 20 or more pens (ink pen/lead pen), thoughmost software restricted the number to eight. Sizes rangesfrom A to E (obsolete).
-Thermal Plotters - no pens, no toners, and no noise. Thermalsranges from A to E; With resolutions up to 400 dpi andplots 10x faster than pen plotters. Thermal plotters use aspecial media.
-Electrostatic Plotter - process begins as the plotter electricallycharges a special media, attaches toner to that charge,removesexcess toner, then dries the plot. Vector images (line) areconverted first into raster (dot) image before processingbegins. Resolutions range from 200 dpi to 400 dpi, and mostare D-E sizes (for outdoor display).
Flatbed pen plotter
HP Laser printer
Inkjet plotter
Flatbed pen plotter
EDP
Ground Floor, Carpark Plaza,SM City North EDSA, Quezon City
926-3297 • 926-3298 • 926-3286
GIII-B Ground Floor, The Gallery BuildingAmorsolo St., Legaspi Village, Makati City
894-2580 • 843-6519
Suite 504 Doña Consolacion Bldg.62 Gen. Santos Ave., Cubao, Quezon City
1. RAM (Random Access Memory) - is a primary storage media, a chips where installed in your PCboard SIMM RAM (Single In-line Memory Module) measured in bytes. All data are temporary stored inthis media and transfer later on a secondary storage media like floppy disk, hard disk or any mediumwhere you can store and can be retrieve your data.
2. Floppy Disk - Floppy disks come in two sizes. 5-1/4"(360K & 1.2 Mbobsolete.) and 3-1/2" (720K & 1.44 Mb.) Floppy disks are made of polyure-thane or Mylar and are covered with iron oxide. Floppy disk is housed with aprotective flexible plastic jacket. It has a center hole (main shaft), a small hole(index), a head slot (read/write) and a small square notch (write-protect notch).It spins at a rate of 300 rpm inside a disk drive. The magnetic polarity of thedisk recording surface allows binary-encoded data (1's & 0's) to be stored. Diskdrive read/write heads read data stored on the disk (floppy or hard) by determining the polarity of themagnetic fields at each point on the disk. Read/write heads store data on the disk by emitting magneticpulses that change the polarity of magnetic fields. 360KB drives cannot format, read from, or write to a1.2Mb floppy disk. However, high capacity disk drives can be used to format a 360 KB disk.
3.Hard Disk - A fixed disk drive installed inside your CPU or remov-able type. It offers a capacity of 4.3 - 8.4 (common size) to 21 gb. Itstores and retrieves data much faster than floppy disk drive. The ATHard Disk perform twice faster than XT’s Hard Disk. Hard Disk isideal for applications involving large amount of data and softwares.Hard disk consists of aluminum platters that are coated with iron ox-ide. It rotates at 3600 rpm, to be stored on the disk’s surface.
4.3 GB Hard Disk
Multi-IO card/ Hard disk controller
4.Magnetic Tape - good as back-up storage of large data. It comeswith a special drive, and access to data is usually sequential.
Tape drive
CD ROM
5. Compact Disk (CDROM)
CD ROM with CD ROM drive
Data Storage Anything where electronic data can be stored.
EDP
Ground Floor, Carpark Plaza,SM City North EDSA, Quezon City
926-3297 • 926-3298 • 926-3286
GIII-B Ground Floor, The Gallery BuildingAmorsolo St., Legaspi Village, Makati City
894-2580 • 843-6519
Suite 504 Doña Consolacion Bldg.62 Gen. Santos Ave., Cubao, Quezon City
Softwares used to solve some need of the user. They can either be purchased or custom written in program-ming languages (see programming languages for det.).
The following are main types of purchased softwares available in the market today
1. WORD PROCESSING
Designed to replace function ordinarily performed on a type writer or manually; MS Word is an exampleof a popular word processing software today.
2. SPREADSHEET / ACCOUNTING SOFTWARE
Used for applications otherwise performed with a pencil, calculator and accounting worksheet; Useful forbudgeting, accounts payable/receivables, cash flow analysis. Microsoft Excel is a popular spreadsheetpackage today.
3. COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN AND DRAFTING
Used for design and drafting program of architectural, and engineering drawing. Popular software areAutoCAD, Intergraph, Draw Base, etc.
4. DATABASEUsed for organizing and presenting data in several manners, depending in purpose. Database management software packages includes Microsoft Access, dBASE & FoxPRO.
5. PAINT PROGRAM
Used to print/retouch photograph images; unlike CAD, most paint programs are for freehand Drawings;lesser in dimensional accuracy. Popular softwares are Corel Photo Paint, Adobe Photoshop, Fractal De-igns and PC Paintbrush
6. DESKTOP PUBLISHING SOFTWARE
Unlike a wordprocessor software, it provides a variety of fonts and is designed for page layouting. Desktop software are efficient alternative to manual typesetting in several cases. Popular softwares includePageMaker, CorelDraw & Microsoft Publisher.
EDP
Ground Floor, Carpark Plaza,SM City North EDSA, Quezon City
926-3297 • 926-3298 • 926-3286
GIII-B Ground Floor, The Gallery BuildingAmorsolo St., Legaspi Village, Makati City
894-2580 • 843-6519
Suite 504 Doña Consolacion Bldg.62 Gen. Santos Ave., Cubao, Quezon City
A group of softwares performing several functions such as as word processing, spreadsheet calculation,presentation database management, graphics and data communication. Popular software includes MSOffice.
8. EDUCATIONAL SOFTWARE
Used in schools and Institution to enhance teaching of basic skills to students such as reading, math,spelling, geography, biology and history.
B. Operating System Programs
Translate commands typed in by user into computer understable terms (bits & bytes). The 3 main PC systemprograms are CP/M (Control Program for Microprocessor), MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System),Microsft Windows 98 / 99 / NT & PC-DOS (Personal Computer Disk Operating System).
C. Network Software
Network Software and Hardware allow user to conduct and interchange information from PC to another PCcomputers. A Typical consists of a PC computers (Pentuim or Higher processor type) as a host computer withup to 72 PC’S attached. Cost advantages to a network include shared software and printers, and less expen-sive terminals than a stand alone system. Popular software are Windows NT, Novell and 3-Com.
D. Communication Software
Used to share information between PC and a Mainframe or Minicomputer and Access “Public Bulletin Board”and “World Wide Web” for information such as stock reports, reservation, etc. Popular software includesRelay, smartcon, Crosstalk and Gateway.
E. Programming Languages
Used for communication directions to the computer. A programmer does not normal write program in ma-chine language but instead write them in a source language which will translated into a machine language forexecution on the computer upon loading. Popular programming languages include Assembler, BASIC, C/C++, dBASE and Pascal.
EDP
Ground Floor, Carpark Plaza,SM City North EDSA, Quezon City
926-3297 • 926-3298 • 926-3286
GIII-B Ground Floor, The Gallery BuildingAmorsolo St., Legaspi Village, Makati City
894-2580 • 843-6519
Suite 504 Doña Consolacion Bldg.62 Gen. Santos Ave., Cubao, Quezon City
Processor Type - IBM PC / Compatible 80486, Pentium (recommended)Memory - 8MB or greaterHard Drive - 150MB or greaterCD ROM Drive - optionalVideo Display - Super VGAPointing Device - Mouse
Windows 95 is an operating system run on most IBM PC or compatible. Windows 95 is much easier andfaster than previous operating systems used by an IBM PC (DOS).
Microsoft Windows 95 Screen (Desktop)Here is a typical look of a Windows 95 desktop screen everytime you start Windows 95 or depend-ing on how your computer was set up.
Start Button- To start installed programs, open document, changesystem settings, find files, and exploring windows 95.
Windows
Ground Floor, Carpark Plaza,SM City North EDSA, Quezon City
926-3297 • 926-3298 • 926-3286
GIII-B Ground Floor, The Gallery BuildingAmorsolo St., Legaspi Village, Makati City
894-2580 • 843-6519
Suite 504 Doña Consolacion Bldg.62 Gen. Santos Ave., Cubao, Quezon City
Navigating Windows 95 using a mouse(Pointing Device)
As you move your mouse on a flat surface, your pointer moves on your screen. On the principles that first youplace your mouse pointer on (point to) something on your screen, and then click with a mouse button toperform action on that item.
Right Click : Press and release the right buttononce to show shortcut menu.
Double Click : Quickly press and release the leftmouse button twice
Click : Press and release the left mouse once
To point, move the mouse until the tip of the pointer is overthe item or are you want to point to. then you can do thefollowing:
Windows
Ground Floor, Carpark Plaza,SM City North EDSA, Quezon City
926-3297 • 926-3298 • 926-3286
GIII-B Ground Floor, The Gallery BuildingAmorsolo St., Legaspi Village, Makati City
894-2580 • 843-6519
Suite 504 Doña Consolacion Bldg.62 Gen. Santos Ave., Cubao, Quezon City
You can use My Computer to quickly and easily seeeverything on your computer. Double-click the My Com-puter icon on the desktop to browse through your filesand folders.
To prepare a new disk to a readable media.note : entire contents of this disk may lost
To copy / duplicate the entire contents to another media ordisk
To find specific files or folder
To list all files and folders to all local drives
To list Contents of a disk
Exploring Local Drives:
To get available amount and remaining disk space.
Windows
Ground Floor, Carpark Plaza,SM City North EDSA, Quezon City
926-3297 • 926-3298 • 926-3286
GIII-B Ground Floor, The Gallery BuildingAmorsolo St., Legaspi Village, Makati City
894-2580 • 843-6519
Suite 504 Doña Consolacion Bldg.62 Gen. Santos Ave., Cubao, Quezon City
Files :A file is a collection of related data items. It is the basic unit of data storage
Exploring Files and Folders / Sub-Directories : -
In Windows Explorer, you can see both the hierarchy of folders on your computer and all the files and foldersin each selected folder. This is especially useful for copying and moving files. You can open the folder thatcontains the file you want to move or copy, and then drag it to the folder you want to put it in.
Windows
Ground Floor, Carpark Plaza,SM City North EDSA, Quezon City
926-3297 • 926-3298 • 926-3286
GIII-B Ground Floor, The Gallery BuildingAmorsolo St., Legaspi Village, Makati City
894-2580 • 843-6519
Suite 504 Doña Consolacion Bldg.62 Gen. Santos Ave., Cubao, Quezon City
Your documents and programs are stored in folders, which you can see in My Computer and WindowsExplorer. In previous versions of Windows and DOS, folders were called directories.
opening a folder or a file can be performed by double clicking.
Opening a file or folder
- point and click on a specific folder, then use right button of a mouse. Then select open on selectionmenu.
Windows
Ground Floor, Carpark Plaza,SM City North EDSA, Quezon City
926-3297 • 926-3298 • 926-3286
GIII-B Ground Floor, The Gallery BuildingAmorsolo St., Legaspi Village, Makati City
894-2580 • 843-6519
Suite 504 Doña Consolacion Bldg.62 Gen. Santos Ave., Cubao, Quezon City
Disk Capacity - Specifies how muchdata disk can hold. To select capacity,click down arrow, and then click anoption on list
Format type :
Quick - Removes all files from thedisk but doesn't scan for bad sectors.The quick format option will only workon disks that have previously beenformated.
Full - prepare a disk that can store in-formation (data) Formatting will re-move all files and it will scanned forbad sectors after it is formatted.
System - Copies system files that youcan use in your startup drive (A: or C:on common computer). You can startyour computer by using that Disk
Windows
Ground Floor, Carpark Plaza,SM City North EDSA, Quezon City
926-3297 • 926-3298 • 926-3286
GIII-B Ground Floor, The Gallery BuildingAmorsolo St., Legaspi Village, Makati City
894-2580 • 843-6519
Suite 504 Doña Consolacion Bldg.62 Gen. Santos Ave., Cubao, Quezon City
When you want to view or change in-formation about any item, such as adocument, program, folder, diskdrive, or printer, you can look at itsproperties. Use the right mouse but-ton to click the item, and then clickProperties on the menu.
Disk / Files Utilities
Windows
Ground Floor, Carpark Plaza,SM City North EDSA, Quezon City
926-3297 • 926-3298 • 926-3286
GIII-B Ground Floor, The Gallery BuildingAmorsolo St., Legaspi Village, Makati City
894-2580 • 843-6519
Suite 504 Doña Consolacion Bldg.62 Gen. Santos Ave., Cubao, Quezon City
It will allow you to define the number of pallete, where you can selectfrom 16, 256, 16 bit or even up to 32bit (true colors). Settings mayvary depending on hardware installed on your computer(Video Adapterand Video display type).
Used to change the appearance of many screen elements. Thescreen elements in each scheme are diffrent colors, sizes, andformats.
A screen saver displays moving images, which prevent damageto your screen. The screen saver starts automatically if com-puter is idle for a specified amount of time.
A bitmap image(*.BMP) is required with this option, to allowsyou to change desktop background(Wall paper).
Changing video display :
Windows
Ground Floor, Carpark Plaza,SM City North EDSA, Quezon City
926-3297 • 926-3298 • 926-3286
GIII-B Ground Floor, The Gallery BuildingAmorsolo St., Legaspi Village, Makati City
894-2580 • 843-6519
Suite 504 Doña Consolacion Bldg.62 Gen. Santos Ave., Cubao, Quezon City
Shut down the computer -This prepares your computer to be turned off, andsaves any Windows setting that had been changed and writes any informationthat is currently stored in memory to your hard disk.
Restart the computer - Saves any Windows setting that had been changed andwrites any information that is currently stored in memory to your hard disk,then restart your computer.
Restart the computer inMS-DOS MODE - Starts your computer in typical MS-DOS mode to runprograms, such as MS-DOS games, that will not run under Windows. Whenyou are finished using MS-DOS mode type exit or win to return to Windows.
Ground Floor, Carpark Plaza,SM City North EDSA, Quezon City
926-3297 • 926-3298 • 926-3286
GIII-B Ground Floor, The Gallery BuildingAmorsolo St., Legaspi Village, Makati City
894-2580 • 843-6519
Suite 504 Doña Consolacion Bldg.62 Gen. Santos Ave., Cubao, Quezon City
Name of Teacher : ________________ Date Started : ________________No. of students : ________________ Date to End : ________________Branch/Room : ________________ Folder name : ________________
DAY 1 Date: __________________EDP / Windows / Overview of STAAD / Menu OrganizationCommand Formats / Type of Structures / Unit SystemsStructure Geometry & Coordinate System / Joint CoordinatesMember IncidencesExercise : Modeling of Howe truss
DAY 2 Date: __________________Editing of Structure Geometry / Group Definitions / Member PropertiesConstants / Supports / Loadings / Design Parameters & CommandsAnalysis / Interpretation of Result (Steel)
DAY 3 Date: __________________Modeling of 4-storey bldg. /Group Definitions/ Member Properties Element Thickness /Constants / Member Specification Support Specification
DAY 4 Date: __________________Con’t 4-storey - Loadings / UBC / Analysis / Design ParametersDesign commands (beams, columns, & footings) / Run AnalysisInterpretation of Results
Checklist for STAAD.ProSaturday 1:00 - 7:00 pm
Name of Teacher : ________________ Date Started : ________________No. of students : ________________ Date to End : ________________Branch/Room : ________________ Folder name : ________________
DAY 1 Date: __________________EDP / Windows / Overview of STAAD / Menu OrganizationCommand Formats / Type of Structures / Unit SystemsStructure Geometry & Coordinate System / Joint CoordinatesMember IncidencesExercise : Modeling of Howe truss
DAY 2 Date: __________________Con’t Structure Modeling / Editing of Structure GeometryGroup Definitions / Member Properties/Constants / Supports / LoadingsDesign Parameters & Commands / Analysis
DAY 3 Date: __________________Interpretation of Result (Steel)Modeling of 4-storey bldg. / Member Properties
DAY 4 Date: __________________Group Definition / Element Thickness / Constants / Member SpecificationSupport Specification / Loadings
DAY 6 Date: __________________Run AnalysisInterpretation of Results
Checklist for STAAD.ProT - Th 1:00 - 5:00 pm
Name of Teacher : ________________ Date Started : ________________No. of students : ________________ Date to End : ________________Branch/Room : ________________ Folder name : ________________
DAY 1 Date: __________________EDP / Windows / Overview of STAAD / Menu OrganizationCommand Formats / Type of Structures / Unit SystemsStructure Geometry & Coordinate System / Joint CoordinatesMember IncidencesExercise : Modeling of Howe truss(introduction)
DAY 2 Date: __________________Con’t Structure Modeling / Editing of Structure GeometryGroup Definitions / Member Properties/Constants / Supports
DAY 4 Date: __________________Modeling of 4-storey bldg / Member Properties / Group DefinitionElement Thickness / Constants
Sunday 8:30 - 12:30 pm
DAY 5 Date: __________________Member Specification / Support Specification / Loadings
DAY 6 Date: __________________UBC / Analysis Design Parameters
DAY 8 Date: __________________Run AnalysisInterpretation of Results
DAY 7 Date: __________________Design commands (beams, columns, & footings)
DAY 3 Date: __________________Loadings /Design Parameters & Commands / AnalysisInterpretation of Result (Steel)
Checklist for STAAD.ProT - Th 6:00 - 9:00 pm
Name of Teacher : ________________ Date Started : ________________No. of students : ________________ Date to End : ________________Branch/Room : ________________ Folder name : ________________
DAY 1 Date: __________________EDP / Windows
DAY 4 Date: __________________Editing of Structure GeometryGroup Definitions / Member Properties
DAY 9 Date: __________________Support Specification / Loadings
DAY 6 Date: __________________Loadings /Design Parameters & Commands / AnalysisInterpretation of Result (Steel)
DAY 2 Date: __________________Overview of STAAD / Menu OrganizationCommand Formats / Type of Structures / Unit SystemsStructure Geometry & Coordinate System / Joint CoordinatesMember Incidences
DAY 3 Date: __________________Modeling of Howe truss
DAY 5 Date: __________________Constants / Supports / Loadings
DAY 7 Date: __________________Modeling of 4-storey bldg / Member Properties /Group Definition
DAY 8 Date: __________________Element Thickness / Constants / Member Specification
DAY 10 Date: __________________UBC / Analysis Design Parameters
DAY 11 Date: __________________Design commands (beams, columns, & footings) / Run AnalysisInterpretation of Results