• SSCG1 The student will demonstrate knowledge of the political philosophies that shaped the development of United States constitutional government. • a. Analyze key ideas of limited government and the rule of law as seen in the Magna Carta, the Petition of Rights, and the English Bill of Rights. • b. Analyze the writings of Hobbes (Leviathan), Locke (Second Treatise on Government), and Montesquieu (The Spirit of Laws) as they affect our concept of government.
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SSCG1 The student will demonstrate knowledge of the political philosophies that shaped the development of United States constitutional government. SSCG1.
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• SSCG1 The student will demonstrate knowledge of the political philosophies that shaped the development of United States constitutional government.
• a. Analyze key ideas of limited government and the rule of law as seen in the Magna Carta, the Petition of Rights, and the English Bill of Rights.
• b. Analyze the writings of Hobbes (Leviathan), Locke (Second Treatise on Government), and Montesquieu (The Spirit of Laws) as they affect our concept of government.
Essential Features of a State1. Population - people2. Territory - established boundaries3. Sovereignty - absolute authority
within its boundaries (threatened by globalization today)
4. Government - institution through which the state maintains social order, provides public services, and enforces decisions that are binding on all people living within the state
Purposes of Government1. Maintain social order
Laws, courts, police2. Provide public services
Roads, schools, programs3. Provide national security
Military4. Make economic decisions
What, how much, for whom
3 Values Pursued by Government
1. Freedom•Freedom of : absence of constraints on behavior
•Freedom from: Fight against exploitation and oppression; equality
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Values Pursued by Government
2. Order•Preserving life and protecting property
•Preserving social order–Police power –authority to safeguard residents’ safety, health, welfare, and morals
3. Equality• Political equality: one person, one vote• Social equality: wealth, education, and
status• Equality of opportunity: each person
has the same chance to succeed• Equality of outcome: society must
ensure people are equal socially and economically–Government-supported rights
Values Pursued by Government
• Models of Democratic Government–Majoritarian Democracy
• Type of democracy interpreted as government by the majority of the people.
–Pluralist Democracy • Type of democracy interpreted as
government by the people operating through competing interest groups.
Liberals and Conservatives: The Narrow Middle
• Liberals–Favor more government spending,
programs and regulation• Conservatives
–Favor less government spending, programs and regulation
American Political Ideologies1. Liberals
– Favor freedom and equality over order
2. Conservatives– Favor freedom and order over equality
3. Libertarians– Favor freedom over order or equality
4. Communitarians– Favor order and equality over freedom
• b. Analyze the writings of Hobbes (Leviathan), Locke (Second Treatise on Government), and Montesquieu (The Spirit of Laws) as they affect our concept of government.
Thomas Hobbes• Thomas Hobbes - one of the first to
theorize on the social contract.• Social contract - people gave up to
the state the power needed to maintain order and state agreed to protect the citizens.
• He wrote the book Leviathan, Hobbes set out his doctrine of social contract theories.
John Locke• John Locke took social contract a
step further. • People were born with natural
rights: life, liberty, and property. • People give power to a governing
authority. When government failed to preserve the rights of the people, the people had the right to break the contract.
• He influenced the American Declaration of Independence.
John Locke
• People need government to keep social order because they have not figured out a way to live in groups without conflict.
• The Second Treatise outlines a theory of political or civil society based on natural rights and contract theory.
Baron de Montesquieu• The Spirit of Laws was
published anonymously by Montesquieu.
• Montesquieu stressed the separation of powers, three branches of gov’t, and the rule of law.
• Many of his ideas are in our Constitution.
• SSCG19 The student will compare and contrast governments that are unitary, confederal, and federal; autocratic, oligarchic and democratic; and presidential and parliamentary.
3 Government Systems1. Unitary system – all key powers
given to national gov’t2. Federal system – powers shared
between state and national gov’t3. Confederacy – loose union of
independent states
Major Types of Government (Aristotle)
1. Autocracy Power to rule in the hands of a
single individual Two forms of autocracy:
Dictatorship monarchy
2. Oligarchy Gov’t in which a small group
holds power Power comes from wealth, military
power, social position, or religion China has this
3. Democracy Rule by the people
Two forms direct democracy – people rule
themselves by voting on issues individually
representative democracy – people elect representatives to make laws and run gov’t
USA has this
• Two Types of Democracy–Parliamentary
»Legislative and executive powers both belong to an elected legislature
»Legislature chooses the cabinet and head executive