THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
WHY BRITAIN?WHY BRITAIN?
Good labour supply. Better farming technology. Middle class passed laws
to increase business. Surplus of capital. Science improved technology. Transportation networks. Raw materials.
Iron & coal. Colonies.
Good labour supply. Better farming technology. Middle class passed laws
to increase business. Surplus of capital. Science improved technology. Transportation networks. Raw materials.
Iron & coal. Colonies.
THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTIONTHE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTIONENCLOSURE - Poor farmers were kicked off land as land became more valuable for sheep and larger farms.
aka ‘Clearances’
COMMONS LAND - became private and farmers had nowhere to graze livestock.
FARMING became a business & NOT a way of life.
NEW BREEDS - produced more meat, thicker wool, hardier.
Gloucester Old Spot Pig
Enclosure produced labourers
Commons Lands
THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTIONNEW CROPS & TECHNOLOGIES
THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTIONNEW CROPS & TECHNOLOGIES
=>JETHRO TULL’SSeed Drill - faster,less waste, plowed, fewer workers, planted in rows.Broadcasting
MEDIEVALTHREE FIELD
SYSTEM(fallow crop)
=>IND. REVOLUTION
FOUR FIELDSYSTEM(no fallow)
=>Turnip => BarleyGrasses wheat
=>
RESULT - As farming improved population increased and diets improved. This provided the necessary labour force needed for the Industrial Revolution to occur.- France and other nations remained “backward.”
ECONOMIC REVOLUTIONECONOMIC REVOLUTION Entrepreneurs.
A person who takes risks to runs a business.
Middle Class - earned $ Only the wealthy could sit in gov’t.
Franchise. The right to vote. Only the wealthy & no women.
Two political parties. Tories - rich landowners. Whigs - middle class businessmen.
Entrepreneurs. A person who takes risks to runs a
business. Middle Class - earned $ Only the wealthy could sit in gov’t.
Franchise. The right to vote. Only the wealthy & no women.
Two political parties. Tories - rich landowners. Whigs - middle class businessmen.
LAISSEZ-FAIRE - Economic policy that discouraged gov’t regulation. “Let it Be.” - Often hurt the common labourer => wages, conditions, living conditions, etc.
The Entrepreneur
The Workers
THE TEXTILE INDUSTRYTHE TEXTILE INDUSTRY
SPINNING JENNYSpun the yarn needed for the Flying Shuttle
FLYING SHUTTLE Used for weaving cloth.
John Kay
James Hargreaves
New inventions made inventors a fortune and would completelychange society.
Everything once done by hand was now being
completed mechanically.
OTHER INVENTIONSOTHER INVENTIONS
WATER FRAMEWay to spin yarn
With rollers. Faster than The Spinning Jenny
Richard Arkwright
THE MULECombined the Water Frame
And the Spinning Jenny
STEAM MACHINEOriginally used to take water
out of the mines.
Samuel Compton
James Watt
IRON AND COALIRON AND COALAbraham Darby - invented a process to create cast iron. - Coke is used to create iron. - Coke comes from coal => coal
mining boomed.
Coal was also used to heat homes.
- working conditions were harsh.- wages were low- many died from Black Lung.
TRANSPORTATIONTRANSPORTATION ROADS
Had to find a way to improve on the old medieval ‘mud tracks’. Turnpike system
built roads and charged tolls. James Macadam -
3 layers of graded stone. Still used today.
CANALS By 1800, 4000km of canals had been built.
RAILWAYS 1829 George & Robert Stevenson used a steam engine to build ‘The Rocket”
Train = 39 km / hr. Train became most important means of transportation.
ROADS Had to find a way to improve on the old medieval ‘mud tracks’. Turnpike system
built roads and charged tolls. James Macadam -
3 layers of graded stone. Still used today.
CANALS By 1800, 4000km of canals had been built.
RAILWAYS 1829 George & Robert Stevenson used a steam engine to build ‘The Rocket”
Train = 39 km / hr. Train became most important means of transportation.
THE FACTORY SYSTEMTHE FACTORY SYSTEM
THE DOMESTIC SYSTEM- rural & family oriented.- quality varied.- income supplemented
lifestyle.- poorly paid.- many weavers lowered prices => supply &
demand.
=>
THE FACTORY SYSTEM- urban- faster & cheaper- consistent quality- living conditions ???- poor working conditions- required large spaces and power sources.- poor wages.- child labour
Factories would give rise to ‘The Factory Acts’ & Unions.
SOCIETY AND CULTURESOCIETY AND CULTURE The Class System
Upper-class Middle-class/Working-Class
Dr., Engineer, Lawyer, etc. Lower Middle Class
Stores, Teachers, Offices, etc. Working Class
Skilled, Unskilled, Casual Labourers.
The Class System Upper-class Middle-class/Working-Class
Dr., Engineer, Lawyer, etc. Lower Middle Class
Stores, Teachers, Offices, etc. Working Class
Skilled, Unskilled, Casual Labourers.