“Marshall Plan” Joyce Costa
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“Marshall Plan”Joyce Costa
Speaker: George C. Marshall
• Born Dec. 31, 1880, Uniontown, PA
• Died Oct. 16, 1959, Washington D.C.
• American soldier
• Chief of staff 1939-45
• General of army 1944
• Secretary of state 1947-49
• Secretary of defense 1951
• Nobel Peace Prize 1953
Author
Father owned coal businessBegan Philippines 1902; trained soldiers in Europe WWI; served in China interwar years, foremost soldier WWIINamed by Pres. RooseveltAppt. by Pres. Truman, when he came up with Marshall PlanDuring Korean War before retiring when he was 70
Background:• Post-WWII in Europe
• US = only major power without significant damage
• UN also provided humanitarian assistance
• Early Cold War
Author
Millions affected directly by total war, destroyed economy, famineAlready providing direct financial aidNewly formedEuropean countries = susceptible to communism
Audience:• Worldwide audience
• Crowd at Harvard University
• US Congress
• US citizens
• Citizens of European countries
• USSR leaders
Author
Where Marshall was giving his commencement speechWho would reject/approve his planTaxesCountered their expansionist policies
Subject/Purpose• June 5, 1947
• European Recovery Program
• Rebuild Western Europe
• Americanized European economy
• Stimulate US economy
• Soviet bloc exclusion
• Contain communism in Europe
Author
USSR refused to participate bc they viewed it as an attempt of the US to interfere w/ internal affairs
Tone:
• Concerned
• Understanding
• Sympathetic
• Informative
http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/marshall-plan/speeches/marshall-plan-announced
Rhetorical Devices• Ethos: unhealthy world economy leads
to political instability & threat to peace
• Pathos: “Long-suffering peoples”
• Logos: spoke as Secretary of State
• Anaphora: “Any assistance that this Government may render in the future should provide a cure rather than a mere palliative. Any government that is willing to assist in the task of recovery will find full co-operation I am sure, on the part of the United States Government. Any government which maneuvers to block the recovery of other countries cannot expect help from us.”
“And yet the whole world of the future hangs on a proper judgment. It hangs, I think, to a large
extent on the realization of the American people, of just what are the various dominant factors.
What are the reactions of the people? What are the justifications of those reactions? What are the sufferings? What is needed? What can best be
done? What must be done? Thank you very much.”
Conclusion
• Commencement speech used to propose Marshall Plan
• Marshall Plan enacted 1948
• Benefit to US & Europe
• GNP raised from 15-25%
• $13 billion economic aid
Author
Approved by Congress & signed into law by Pres. Truman
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