Spatial Ability and Individual Differences in the Use of Perceptually Shaded Slope Maps Thomas J. Pingel 1 , Nicole D. LaDue 2 , and Sheldon P. Turner 2 1 Department of Geography, 2 Department of Geology Northern Illinois University 21-25 April 2015 2015 Annual Meeting of the Association of American Geographers Chicago, IL 1
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Spatial Ability and Individual Differences in the Use of Perceptually Shaded Slope Maps Thomas J. Pingel 1, Nicole D. LaDue 2, and Sheldon P. Turner 2.
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Spatial Ability and Individual Differences in the Use of
Perceptually Shaded Slope Maps
Thomas J. Pingel1, Nicole D. LaDue2, and Sheldon P. Turner2
1Department of Geography, 2Department of GeologyNorthern Illinois University
21-25 April 2015 2015 Annual Meeting of the Association of American Geographers
Chicago, IL
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Perceptually Shaded Slope Maps (PSSMs)
• Slope is exaggerated, then mapped to graytone
• Resulting appearance looks hand-drawn, which speaks to its efficacy as a visualization
• Offers a higher contrast image than hillshade, with better affordance for color overlay
• Most appropriate for mixed urban environments
PSSM of ancient Maya site at El Pilar
PSSMs are based on the idea of “cognitive slope.”
People exaggerate the vertical component of slope by a factor of 2.3x.
3(Pingel 2010, following Proffitt et al. 1995)
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A vertical exaggeration of 2.3x maps graytone to slope in a manner similar to previous work.
lum
inou
s in
tens
ity
slope (deg)
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Initial results (Pingel and Clarke, 2014) demonstrated overall efficacy of the PSSM compared to other
representations, but there were hints of significant individual differences.
Is the PSSM good for everyone?
How does visualization type interact with sex and spatial ability?
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“Spatial Ability”
From Hegarty et al. (2006), Wolbers and Hegarty (2010)
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• Gilmartin and Patton (1984)– Sex differences in thematic map reading are largest in young children– Men are better able to “visualize” spatial text– But the kind of map affects the degree to which females benefit from maps-
with-text (w/Gilmartin 1987)• Chang and Antes (1987)
– Men perform better on topographic map reading, but not tests involving road maps
– But culture mediates the relationship• Liben, Myers, and Kastens (2008)
– No difference in accuracy in plan vs oblique views on a mark-your-location test– Spatial tasks did predict performance, but the specific spatial skills that
predicted success differed– “… our data do not yet permit firm conclusions about the way that map
qualities interact with environmental and person qualities…”• Uttal et al. (2013)
– Many sex and spatial ability differences in map reading tasks can be remediated by training
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Methods (1)
• Previous work demonstrated potential of the technique– Pingel & Clarke (2014)– Compared to hillshade, orthophoto,
hypsometric tinting
• Goals– PSSM vs. Hillshade– Response time and accuracy on
representative map use tasks– Interactions of presentation type