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Masculine – usually ends with –o exceptions: -ema (problema) -ama (programa) Feminine – usually ends with –a exceptions: -ción (información) -sión (ilusión) -tud (actitud) -tad (amistad) -dad (realidad) -umbre (costumbre)
Gender Number refers to singular or plural. To make nouns plural: If the noun ends with a vowel, add –s ej: carro carros If the noun ends with a consonant, add –es ej: cereal cereales If the noun ends with a z, change it to –ces ej: lápiz lápices If there’s an accent on the last syllable, drop it. ej: definición definiciones
Number
-ar, -er, -ir verbs (Present)
basura basura basura basura
singular plural
1st -o -amos
2nd -as -áis
3rd -a -an
-ar verbs singular plural
1st -o -amos
2nd -es -éis
3rd -e -en
-er verbs singular plural
1st -o -imos
2nd -es -ís
3rd -e -en
-ir verbs
abrir – to open asistir – to attend escribir – to write subir – to climb, go up vivir – to live
common –ir verbs beber – to drink comer – to eat comprender – to understand correr – to run leer – to read
common –er verbs ayudar – to help cantar – to sing escuchar – to listen hablar – to talk nadar – to swim tocar – to play, touch tomar – to drink. take
common –ar verbs
Prepositions
basura basura basura basura
Prepositions of Location detrás de - behind delante de – in front of enfrente de – in front of cerca de – close to, near lejos de – far from debajo de - below encima de – above, on top of dentro de - inside afuera de - outside al lado de – next to, beside a la izquierda de – to the left a la derecha de – to the right en – in, on
Other Prepositions de – of, from a – to con – with *conmigo – with me *contigo – with you
Possessive Words
basura basura basura basura
singular plural
1st mi(s) nuestro(s) nuestra(s)
2nd tu(s) vuestro(s) vuestra(s)
3rd su(s) su(s)
Possessive Adjectives {Short Form}
singular plural
1st mío(s) mía(s)
nuestro(s) nuestra(a)
2nd tuyo(s) tuya(s)
vuestro(s) vuestra(s)
3rd suyo(s) suya(s)
suyo(s) suya(s)
Possessive Adjectives {Long Form} singular plural
1st
el mío la mía
los míos las mías
el nuestro la nuestra
los nuestros las nuestras
2nd
el tuyo la tuya
los tuyos las tuyas
el vuestro la vuestra
los vuestros las vuestras
3rd
el suyo la suya
los suyos las suyas
el suyo la suya
los suyos las suyas
Possessive Pronouns
the short form of the adjective precedes the noun ej: mi carro (my car)
the long form of the adjective follows the noun ej: el carro mío (my car)
possessive pronouns replace the noun ej: el mío (mine)
Interrogatives & Negatives
basura basura basura basura
Interrogatives ¿Qué? – What? ¿Quién? – Who? ¿Cuándo? - When ¿Cuánto/a? – How much? ¿Cuántos/as? – How many? ¿Cuál? – Which? ¿Cómo? – How?, What? ¿Por qué? – Why? ¿Dónde? – When? ¿A dónde? – To where? ¿De dónde? – From where?
Negatives {and related words} nadie – no one alguién - someone todos – everyone nada - nothing algo - something todo – everything ninguno - none alguno – some tampoco – neither, not either también – also, as well nunca - never a veces - sometimes siempre - always
Object Pronouns
basura basura basura basura
singular plural
1st me nos
2nd te os
3rd lo, la los, las
Direct Object Pronouns * The direct object is what receives the
action of the verb * ask “Verb-ing what?”/“¿Qué verb?” * Pronoun goes:
* before the conjugated verb/negative command
* attached to the infinitive/positive command
singular plural
1st me nos
2nd te os
3rd le les
Indirect Object Pronouns * The indirect object is what is affected
indirectly by the action * ask “To whom?” or “For whom?”/
”¿Para quién?” * same placement rules as d.o.p.
Double Object Pronouns * When you have a d.o.p. and an i.o.p. in the same sentence, the indirect
object pronoun always comes first! * If “le” or “les” is followed by “lo”, “la”, “los”, or “las”, then you must
change the indirect object pronoun (le/les) to se * ej: Les lo traigo Se lo traigo
Stem-Changing Verbs
basura basura basura basura
singular plural
1st duermo dormimos
2nd duermes dormís
3rd duerme duermen
oue
singular plural
1st quiero queremos
2nd quieres queréis
3rd quiere quieren
eie
singular plural
1st pido pedimos
2nd pides pedís
3rd pide piden
ei common ei verbs
common eie verbs
common oue verbs
almorzar – to eat lunch contar – to count, tell costar – to cost dormir – to sleep encontrar – to find
llover – to rain morir – to die poder – to be able to, can recordar – to remember volver – to return
cerrar – to close comenzar – to begin empezar – to begin entender – to understand
merendar – to snack perder – to lose preferir – to prefer querer – to want
competir – to compete corregir – to correct decir – to say, tell medir – to measure pedir – to order, ask for
reñir – to fight, squabble repetir – to repeat seguir – to follow servir – to serve
Tú Commands
basura basura basura
basura basura basura basura
positive tú commands negative tú commands * use 3rd person singular form of
* exceptions: * Ven DiSal Haz Ten VePonSé * ven – come (venir) * di – say (decir) * sal – leave (salir) * haz – do (hacer) * ten – have (tener) * ve – go (ir) * pon – put (poner) * sé – be (ser)
* Pronouns: * attach to the end of the
command * starting with the first
pronoun, count backwards two syllables and add the accent. ej:
* prepáralo * hazlo (no accent)
To make a negative tú command: 1. Start with the yo form
* no vayas – don’t go (ir) * no veas – don’t see (ver) * no seas – don’t be (ser) * no estés – don’t be (estar) * no sepas – don’t know (saber) * no des – don’t give (dar)
{ }
Ser vs Estar
basura basura basura
ser estar
used for inherent characteristics
Description (usually physical)
Occupation (job, role in life)
Characteristic (usually non-visible)
Time (also date, location of an event)
Origin (where someone/something is from)
Relationship (romantic, family, friendship, ownership) Ejemplos: * Yo soy bonita. * Tú eres médico. * Él es cómico * La fiesta es el viernes. * Nosotros somos de Puerto Rico. * María es mi madre. * El libro es de Julio.
singular plural
1st soy somos
2nd eres sois
3rd es son
used for state of being
Feelings
Location (where someone or something is located)
Ing (ends with –ando or -iendo)
Condition (vacío/lleno {empty/full}, vivo/muerto {living/dead}, enfermo/sano {sick/healthy}, limpio/sucio {clean/dirty}) Ejemplos: * Yo estoy triste. * La mochila está encima de la
mesa. * Nosotros estamos corriendo. * El plato está sucio.