e-ISSN 2549-7715 | Volume 4 | Nomor 1 | Januari 2020 | Hal: 130-144 Terakreditasi Sinta 4 130 SOPHIE’S NEEDS IN ROOFTOPPERS NOVEL BY USING MASLOW’S THEORY OF HIERARCHY OF HUMAN NEEDS Akbar Yunadi, Singgih Daru Kuncara, Nita Maya Valiantien English Department, Faculty of Cultural Sciences Mulawarman University Email: [email protected]ABSTRACT This research aimed to analyze Sophie’s needs based on the theory of Hierarchy of Human Needs by Abraham Harold Maslow. The purposes of this research were to find out the needs of the main character from the Rooftoppers novel and also finding how she fulfills all her needs. This research used descriptive qualitative research because the data were shown in words. There were two discussions taken in this research. First, is the identification of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs in the novel through the main character. The second is the identification of how the main character fulfill her needs according to Maslow’s theory. Rooftoppers novel was used in this research as the data source. The data consisted of paragraphs, phrases, words, and dialogues through the novel that showed Sophie’s needs. The results of the research showed that Sophie managed to fulfill all of her needs both at home and on her way of finding her long lost mother in Paris. Starting from the basic needs of physiological needs, safety needs, love and belonging needs, esteem needs, and self- actualization need. Sophie managed to fulfill all of her needs through her actions, dialogs, habits, and thoughts. Keywords: Hierarchy of needs, Maslow’s theory, character ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bermaksud untuk menganalisa kebutuhan Sophie berdasarkan teori hirarki kebutuhan manusia oleh Abraham Harold Maslow. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah: mencari kebutuhan dari karakter utama dari novel Rooftoppers dan juga mencari bagaimana karakter tersebut memenuhi semua kebutuhannya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif karena data yang ditampilkan dalam bentuk kata. Terdapat dua diskusi dalam penelitiani ini. Diskusi pertama adalah mengidentifikasi hirarki kebutuhan manusia di novel melalui karakter sang karakter utama. Dan yang kedua adalah mencari bagaimana karakter utama memenuhi kebutuhannya menurut teori Maslow. Novel rooftoppers digunakan sebagai sumber data dalam penelitian ini. Data terdiri dari paragraf, frasa, kata, dan dialog dari novel
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ABSTRACT ThisresearchaimedtoanalyzeSophie’sneedsbasedonthetheoryofHierarchyofHumanNeedsbyAbrahamHaroldMaslow.ThepurposesofthisresearchweretofindouttheneedsofthemaincharacterfromtheRooftoppersnovelandalsofindinghowshe fulfillsallherneeds.Thisresearchuseddescriptivequalitativeresearchbecausethedatawereshowninwords.Thereweretwodiscussionstakeninthisresearch. First, is the identification of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs in the novelthrough the main character. The second is the identification of how the maincharacterfulfillherneedsaccordingtoMaslow’stheory.Rooftoppersnovelwasusedinthisresearchasthedatasource.Thedataconsistedofparagraphs,phrases,words,and dialogues through the novel that showed Sophie’s needs. The results of theresearchshowedthatSophiemanagedtofulfillallofherneedsbothathomeandonherwayof findingher longlostmother inParis.Startingfromthebasicneedsofphysiologicalneeds,safetyneeds,loveandbelongingneeds,esteemneeds,andself-actualizationneed.Sophiemanagedtofulfillallofherneedsthroughheractions,dialogs,habits,andthoughts.Keywords:Hierarchyofneeds,Maslow’stheory,character
ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini bermaksud untukmenganalisa kebutuhan Sophie berdasarkan teorihirarki kebutuhan manusia oleh Abraham Harold Maslow. Tujuan penelitian iniadalah:mencari kebutuhan dari karakter utama dari novel Rooftoppers dan jugamencaribagaimanakaraktertersebutmemenuhisemuakebutuhannya.Penelitianinimenggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif karena data yang ditampilkan dalambentuk kata. Terdapat dua diskusi dalam penelitiani ini. Diskusi pertama adalahmengidentifikasihirarkikebutuhanmanusiadinovelmelaluikaraktersangkarakterutama. Dan yang kedua adalah mencari bagaimana karakter utama memenuhikebutuhannyamenurutteoriMaslow.Novelrooftoppersdigunakansebagaisumberdatadalampenelitianini.Dataterdiridariparagraf,frasa,kata,dandialogdarinovel
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yang menunjukkan kebutuhan dari Sophie sebagai karakter utama. Hasil daripenelitianinimenunjukanbahwaSophieberhasiluntukmemenuhiseluruhkebutuhandirinyabaikdirumahdandidalamperjalanannyauntukmencariibunyayangtelahlamahilangdikotaParis.Mulaidarikebutuhandasarnyayaitukebutuhanfisiologis,keamanan,rasacintadanmemiliki,kebutuhanakanhargadiri,danaktualisasidiri.Sophie berhasil memenuhi semua kebutuhannya melalui tindakan, percakapan,kebiasaan,danpemikiran.Katakunci:hirarkikebutuhan,teoriMaslow,characterA. INTRODUCTION
Rooftoppers is a story about Sophie, the main character in the story, whosurvived a shipwreck as a baby, but her life really beganwhen an eccentric butlovingbachelorbroughtherhome.CharlesusestoastasabookmarkandwelcomesSophie’swritingonthewalls.However,whenchildprotectiveservicesthreatenstoremoveSophietoanorphanage,sheandCharlesfleetoParistosearchfortheonethingthatmightsaveherforlife,hermother.There,Sophiemetagroupofchildrenwho lived under the radar, atop the rooftops of Paris. Among the rooftops, herfairytalereachesmaturity.Loveandcourageturnedouttobethetwowordsforthesamething.Sophielearnstovalueandretainthestrangenessshewasbornwithand,inholdingontoherchild'sabilitytobelieveintheextraordinary,to"neverignoreapossible". Sophie learnt that if you never ignore a possible, sometimes theimpossiblefeasiblywillcometrue.
Warrenarguethatliteratureisafiction(qtd.inRobson4).Robsoninhisessayalsoargues that havingmaintained that the center of the art of literature lies in thetraditionalgenresoflyric,epicanddrama.Theyremarkthatinallofthesereferenceistoaworldoffiction,ofimagination(Robson4).
Literature isdivided into threemaingenres;prose fiction,poetryanddrama.Proseconsistsofwritingthatdoesnotadheretoanyparticularformalstructures(otherthansimplegrammar);“non-poeticwriting”.Thetermsometimesappearspejoratively,althoughprosaicwritingsimplysayssomethingwithoutnecessarilytryingtoexpressitinabeautifulway,orusingbeautifulwords.Incontrast,prosewritingcantakebeautifulway.Oneofthemaintypesofproseisnarrativefiction(narrativeprose). It favorsprose for thewriting of novels, short stories and thesimilardynamics.
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thestorywithwhattheydoandsaytodeliverthemessage.Insidethestoryitis“thecharactersthatcreatetheplot,liketheVillaincreatesaproblemthattheheromustovercome.”(Bortolussi133).Charactercanberepresentedinformsofnotonlyas“person or people but also can be represented as animals, or objects” (“LiteraryElementsCharacterization”1)presentedby thewriter.Characters inastorywilldefinitelydealwithaproblemsandtheywilllearnalessonorchangethebehaviorasaresultoftheevents. Herearesometypesofthecharacter:
a. Protagonist Protagonist is the good character in the story. It ismostly used by themain
and opposes the protagonist. An antagonistwill be “against the protagonist andcauses problems. . . “(“Literary Elements Characterization” 1). A character whoantagonizes other character and will do anything to achieve and harm othercharacters.
orcharacterareratherpermanent.It isalsocalledasadevelopingcharacterandmostlyasthemaincharacter.Thiskindofcharacterwillalso“undergoesachangein values, beliefs, orbehaviors as a result of experiencesorproblems.”(“LiteraryElementsCharacterization”3). f.Static
As theoppositeof thedynamic character, static character remains the samethroughout the story. It is also when a character remains” unchanged by theexperiences that they face in the story” (“LiteraryElementsCharacterization”3).Thus,thischaracterisreferredtoasastaticcharacter.
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helpfultorevealthecharacter’svalues,feelings,goals,andsoontothereaders.Asthestorytold,theauthorwilluseavarietyoftechniquestohelpreadersknowaboutthecharactersinsidethestory.KarenBernardoarguesthatcharacterizationallowsustoempathizewithcharacters.Sothatwhatishappeningtothesepeopleinthestoryisalsohappeningtousorthesemblanceoflivingreality.Animportantpartofcharacterization isdialogue, both spokenand inwarddialogue that affordus theopportunity to see into the characters' hearts and examine their motivations.(Bernardoetal.)Therearetwomajorwayofcharacterizationtechniques, thesearenamelythe
“Direct Characterization and Indirect Characterization” (“Literary ElementsCharacterization”1). a. DirectCharacterizationDirectcharacterizationiswhen“thewritersharesinformationaboutcharacter
by telling the information directly to the reader.”(“Literary ElementsCharacterization”1). Thisisdonethroughnarrationwhentheauthorcomesrightoutandtellsthereaderthingsaboutthecharacter.Forexample,thewritermighttellus“Sandywasthesmartestinthefamily.”OrthatSandywastallforherageandhadanathleticbuild.”InthisinstancereadershavethecertainknowledgeofSarah’sintellectinrelationtotherestofthefamilyandofherbuildorappearance.Thistypeofcharacterizationmakesiteasyforreaderstoderiveorgainclearunderstandingsaboutthecharacter. b. IndirectCharacterizationIndirectcharacterizationoccurswhentheauthorshowsthecharacterinactions,
and lets the reader interpretwhat these actions reveal about the character. Forexample like theauthormaywrite, “At report card timeSandywas theonewhobrought home all “A”s.” Reader must then rely on their own knowledge andexperiencetointerpretthatSandymustbecleverandprobablythesmartestinthefamily. Therearetoolsincludethefollowingsthattheresearchersandreaderscoulduse
So,ifthecharacterisafrycookinadiner,wewillmakedifferentassumptionsaboutthe character than theywould if the character is a doctor. In the once case, thecharactermaybeinterpretedasuneducated,poor,orunambitious. Inothercase,thecharactermightbeassumedtobequite intelligent, financiallysuccessful,andambitious.
4. Character’sHomeTheenvironment inwhich character livesmay cause readers to formcertain
7. Character’sthoughtsWhat a character has thought to himself may also reveal the character’s
personality in a similar way that of dialog could. A character’s thoughts sharesimilaritieswiththeinnerdialog.
Itisimportanttofindthecharacterizationofacharactersothatitispossibletoarrive with clear understandings of what and how the characters in stories aredefined.Thisisalsoagoodwayfortheresearcherstofindouthowthecharacterisportrayed in the story beforemoving on analyzing themain character with themotivation theory by Abraham Maslow later on. Greater understanding at thecharacterizationcouldunfoldthecharacter’spersonality.MarissaBortolussiarguesandcorrectlystillappliedtillnowthat,”Bothcharacterandcharacterizationhavebeenandstillaproductiveareaofscholarship.”(5)
Physiologicalneedsarethefirstandtheverybasiclevelofthehierarchyofneedsaccording to Maslow. This is the starting point for motivation theory (372).Physiologicalneedscontainverybasicneedsthatisneededbythehumanbeingsuchasneedforwater,air,foodandsleepandsex.Atthisstage,physiologicalneedsarethemostprepotentof all needs. For example if thehumanbeingwho ismissingeverythinginlifeinanextremefashion,itismostlikelythatthemajormotivationwouldbetheseneeds(373). Griffinalsostatedthatinphysiologicalneeds,thebodyiscravingforfood,liquid,
Safety needs emerge if the physiological needs above are well gratified. Theexamplesofthesafetyneedsincludeadesireforsteadyemployment,healthcare,safeneighborhood,andshelterfromtheenvironment.Atthislevel,everythinglooksconsiderablylessimportantthansafety.Ifitisextremeenoughorchronicenough,amanmaybecharacterizedaslivingalmostforsafetyalone(376).Maslowinhisessays said that it is easy to understand of his safety needsmore efficiently byobservation of infants and children. He argues, One reason for the clearerappearanceofthethreatordangerreactionininfantsisthattheydonotinhibitthisreactionatall,whereasadultsinoursocietyhavebeentaughttoinhibitatallcost.Thus,evenwhenadultsdofeeltheirsafetytobethreatenedwemaynotbeabletosee this on the surface. Infants will react in a total fashion and as if they wereendangered, if they are disturbed or dropped suddenly, started by loud noises,flashinglight,orotherunusualsensorystimulation,byroughhandling,bygenerallossofsupportinmother’sarms,orbyinadequatesupport. . . .Anotherindicationofthechild'sneedforsafetyishispreferenceforsomekindofundisruptedroutineorrhythm.Heseemstowantapredictable,orderlyworld.Forinstance,injustice,unfairness,inconsistencyintheparentsseemstomakeachildfeelanxiousandunsafe....(376–377)
“Lookingitnegatively,youbecomeconcerned,notwithneedslikehungerandthirst,butwithyourfearsandanxieties”(Boeree4).Everyhumanhasfearsinhis/herlife.In this safety needs, someone must to be free from the threat or physical andemotionalharm,suchasaplacethatcanprotectpeoplefromrainorstorm.Even
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asdisaster,criminalassault,war,wildanimal,financialconditionalwhichhappenindailylife(Tao&Gao157).Mostpeoplehavedifferentreactionwhentheyconfrontadangersituation.Sometimesthisreactionhappensunconsciouslyorasthehumaninstinct.Forexampleadultandchild.Childrenareeasilyforbeingscared.Theyaremoreneedprotectionanditwillhelpthemformoredevelopashumanbeing.Therearemanythreatsthathappenaroundchildren. Maslow agreed that adult in our culture with healthy, normal, and fortunate
Rightafterbothphysiologicalandsafetyneedsarefulfilled,hereemergetheloveandaffectionandbelongingnessneeds.Maslowarguesthatatthislevelofneeds,theperson would feel the need to be with friends, or a sweetheart, or a wife, or achildren.Hewillhungerforaffectionaterelationswithpeopleingeneral,namelyforaplaceinhisgroup,andhewillstrivewithgreatintensitytoachievethisgoalandliterallysneeredat love (381).Without thepersonor the things that thispersonwantmost,theywouldnotsuccessonfulfillingthisneedandfailedtomovetonextstepsorstagesinhierarchyofneeds. Griffin(128)statedthat“givingloveismorethanthematernalinstinctimplanted
by nature and receiving love is away of staving off the pangs of loneliness andrejection”. Giving love to someone can be meant as the form of happiness andreceivinglovecanavoidsomeonefromsufferingwhenhe/sheisfeelingdown.Thispersonalitycanhelpsomeonetobuildhisorhercharacter.This love and belongingness needs are shown in communities, work places,
society, friendship, schoolmates, and so on. According to Baumeister and Leary,“socialexclusionwellbethemostcommonandimportantcauseofanxiety”(qtd.inTao&Gao158).Sometimes,someoneismoreafraidifsheorhefeelslonely,becauseheorshecannotdependonanyone. d. EsteemNeeds
Esteemneedsistheneedswhereallpeopleinthesocietyhaveaneedordesirefor a stable, firmlybased, high evaluationof themselves, for self-respect, or self-esteemand for the esteemof others (381).Maslowproposes that there are twosubsidiarysetsintheneeds.Heargues:First,thedesireforstrength,forachievement,foradequacy,forconfidenceinthe
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ItisalsoarguedbyMaslowthatthesatisfactionontheseneedsleadstofeelingsof self-confidence, worth, strength, capability, and adequacy of being useful andnecessaryintheworld(382).Feelingsinferiority,ofweaknessandofhelplessnessaretheresultsofthwartingtheseneedsofself–esteem(382). e. Self-Actualization
Self-actualizationisthehighestlevelofMaslow’shierarchyofneeds.Theseneedsareself–aware,concerningwithpersonalgrowthandlessconcerningwithothersopinionsandinterestedinfulfillingthecharacterspotential.Maslowbelievedthattounderstandthislevelofneed,thecharactermustnotonlyachievethepreviousneeds,butalsotheyhavetomasterthemandfluentonfulfillthembythemselves.Itislikedoingwhattheindividualisfittedfor.Forexampleisthatamusicianmustmakemusic,anartistmustpaint,apoetmustwrite,ifheistobeultimatelyhappy.Whatamancanbe,hemustbe(382).Itislikethegoal,themainpointofhowandwhatsomeoneisgoodatandwhattheyarelookingforisfinallyachievedandfound.Theclearemergenceoftheseneedsrestuponpriorsatisfactionofthephysiological,safety,loveandesteemneeds. Maslow explained that ‘the desire to becomemore andmorewhat one is, to
becomeeverythingthatone iscapableofbecoming”(qtd. inGriffin130).Humanbeings will do what they can do to get what they want. They tried to be morepotential to make something that can change world or people around them.Therefore,theyshouldfulfillallofthestageuntiltheyreachthehighlevelofself-actualization.
C. RESEARCHMETHODDescriptivequalitativeresearchmethodusedtoobtaindetailedinformationin
Researchersusedthe“Rooftoppers”novelbyKatherineRundellastheprimarydata of the research. Dialogues, narration, and acts that performed by themaincharacterastheprimarysourceoftheresearch.Asaresult,thewholedatawouldbepresentedinwords,phrases,sentences,andparagraphs.
Datacollectionprocesses involved therequisition to readnovel carefullyandtakenotesforimportantandcertaindatadependableuponitssignificance.Otherwouldcome fromother researcharticles,bothonlineor softcopyandprintedorhardcopy,journals,bookswhichbroughtforwardtheoreticalapproachofAbrahamMaslow’sHierarchyofNeedsandphysiologicalandmotivationalaspects.
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Thedataanalysisarecarriedout inaccordance to the following fourstepsofanalysis;AccordingtoMilesandHubermanonQualitativeanalysis,itisdividedintofour steps. They are data collection, data display, data reduction, and drawingconclusions.Thisresearchistakingthesameleadtoconductthestudy.Thefirststepis collecting all the data from the novel “Rooftoppers” by Katherine Rundell byreadingitmorethanonceandtakingnotestoensureaccuracyindataisachievedwhichareobtainablefromparagraphs,phrases,words,anddialoguesthroughthenovel.Then,researcherswouldidentifywhichrepresentsSophie’sdevelopmentbyfindinghermotivationandherwayto fulfillMaslow’shierarchyofneedsanddosomereductionondatathatarenotneeded.Later,thedatawillbecategorizedforwhichdataissupportivefortheresearchandreducethedatawhicharenotrelatedto the research. After that, the researchers would be displaying the data andmapping them to make the correct order. At the end, the final step is drawingconclusions based on the relevant data that the researchers gets. Then, theresearcherswoulddrawtheconclusionwhetherSophieissucceededtofulfillherneedsaccordingMaslow’stheoryandwhatkindofmotivationthatdriveshertofindhermother.
Thisstudyusedthetriangulationmethodstomaketheresearchmorevalidtosupport the data analysis. According to Danzin, the triangulation of the data isdivided into four kinds. They are data triangulation, investigator triangulation,theoretical triangulationandmethodstriangulation(14-17).Thisresearchwouldusethedatatriangulationandtheoretical triangulation. Indatatriangulation, theresearchersusedthreestudiesthatcontainaboutthetheoryofAbrahamMaslowwhichwasappliedintothecharacter.Intheoreticaltriangulation,theresearchersusedorstudiedothersperspectiveorideasthatexplainedaboutMaslow’stheoryoftheHierarchyofHumanNeeds.Consideringtheresearchersasthekeyinstrumentwhoconductedthisresearch.Theresearcherswouldfindandcollectedthedataortheoryfromotherormorethanonesourcewhichrelatedofthisresearch.Itwouldmakethedatatobemorevalid. D. FINDINGANDDISCUSSION
From the data number one above, Sophie is describing on how shemanagesfulfillherneedsoffoodinherdailylife.Shedescribesthatshelikestohavefishandtinsforfood.Hamisalsodescribedbyhertobeavailablewhensheneedsit.Sheisalso telling that she is a regular consumer to apples, cheese, and milk for herbreakfast.SophieisevengladlyadmittedthatthefoodisgoodandevenbetterthanthefoodinthehouseofSophie’sfriends.Foodsinherhousebringherjoy.Thus,herneedsoffoodsinherhouseisfulfilled.ShewouldhardlytobestarvingaslongasshelivedwithCharlesinthehouse.ItisnotonlybySophie’sactionandhereatinghabitsSophieisusingtofulfillthephysiologicalneedsherebutalsobythehelpofCharlesforprovidingSophiewithgoodfoods.
All in all, Sophie succeeded to fulfill her basic needs of foods and sleep inPhysiologicalhierarchy.Ashungerandtheotherphysiologicalneedsaremet,theneedforsecuritykicksin.
b.SafetyNeeds
Safetyneedsemergeifthephysiologicalneedsabovearewellgratified.Sophiehas successfully managed to fulfill her Physiological needs as seen above. Theexamplesofthesafetyneedsincludeadesireforsteadyemployment,healthcare,safeneighborhood,andshelterfromtheenvironment.Atthislevel,everythinglookslessimportantthansafety.
Growingup,CharlesbecomesSophie’sguardian.HehasbeenlikeaparentforSophie. Charles provided Sophie with sheltered from the environment. Charles’houseislocatedinLondonandSophiealwaysfeelscomfortablelivinginside.Indata
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Sophie loved the house at first sight. The bricks were painted thebrightestwhiteinLondon,andshoneeveninthedark.Thebasementwasused to store the overflow of books and paintings and several brands ofspiders,andtheroofbelongedtothebirds.(4)
Thus,itisnowSophiehassucceededherneedsofsafety.Herneedsrightafterthephysiologicalneedsarefulfilled.Althoughwithhertraumakeepskicking,Sophiecanstill surviveandable toredeemherself.Whetherathomeandabroad inherjourney to find her long lost mother, Sophie is in her full safety ring. Bothphysiologicalandsafetyneedsareabletobefulfilled.Loveandbelongingneedsisstartingtoemerge.
c.LoveandBelongingNeeds
Rightafterbothphysiologicalandsafetyneedsarefulfilled,hereemergetheloveandaffectionandbelongingnessneeds.Maslowarguesthatatthislevelofneeds,theperson would feel the need to be with friends, or a sweetheart, or a wife, or achildren.Hewillhungerforaffectionaterelationswithpeopleingeneral,namelyforaplaceinhisgroup,andhewillstrivewithgreatintensitytoachievethisgoalandliterallysneeredatlove(381).
Sophieaswesee fromthebeginning isgrowingupwithCharles.She losthermotherwhenshewas justan infant.Asguardian,Charles is theonlyonearoundSophietonurtureandgiveherlovethatcommonchildrenneed.
Data16isshowingherloveforherguardian,Charles.Hehasraisedhersinceshewasaninfant.Thus,theaffectionisbothmutualbetweenCharlesandSophie.Sophieloves Charles as her guardian Charles has been a good guardian for Sophie.Fortunately,sheisstillrememberaboutherlonglostmother.Eventhoughshehasbeen separated from hermother for long, she still have that believe feelings inherself.
Asacharacter,Sophie isdeveloping in thisareaofneeds.She is feelinga let-downatthebeginningbutincreasinglyconfidenttowardstheendwhilelookingforhermother.Sophiehasstrongesteemneedsaftermanypeoplearoundherkeeptellingherthathermotherhasdead.
Data26“Almost impossiblemeans stillpossible.” Sophie tried to standupstraightandsoundadult;peoplebelievedyoumoreeasily if youwere taller. “Youalwayssay,’Neverignoreapossible.”(16)
Charlesasherguardianalsogiveshersupportofesteemfromothers.Inthiscase,respectforSophiefornotlettingawayherhope.Charlesisgivingherself-esteemasshown from sophie’s dialog in data 26. The esteem is from others according toMaslow.So,inthiscase,SophiejustgotheresteemneedsupfromCharles.
Thus, it isSophie’shighself-esteemfromwithinher-selfandalsofromothersarounditiswhatmakesthisself-esteemneedsismanagedtobefulfilled.Withsomanypeoplearesayingthatshecouldnotfindherlongmother,shekeepsthefaithandherloveofhermotherinfrontofeverything.Shedoesnotcareofanythingelse.Esteemneedsareprevailedandfulfilled.Sophiesomehowmanagestofulfillallofherneedswhateverherobstaclesare.Howeverharditis,sheisalwaysabletocoveritupbyherselfandbythehelpofCharlesandotherrooftoppersandalsopeoplearoundher.
e.Self-Actualization
Self-actualization is the highest level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Theseneedsareself–aware,concerningwithpersonalgrowthandlessconcerningwithothersopinionsandinterestedinfulfillingthecharacterspotential.
Data29 Sheneednothaveworried.Theyearsof livingwithCharlesmeantSophiestoodasuprightasaweathervaneandascourteousasacatasshewalkedtowardthebackofthecelloplayer. Sophiesaid,”Excuseme?”Theplayingstopped.Thewomanturnedround said,”Hello.” She swallowed. “I’m. . . I’m hunting. I ammother-hunting. IthinkyoumightbethethingI’vebeenlookingfor.”Themoonshonedownonthem.Thewoman’seyesandnoseandlipswereSophie’seyesandnoseandlips.Shesmelledofresin,androses.Shehadthesortofface,Sophiethought,thatlookedasifithadbeenaroundtheworldtwodozentimes.Hereyeswereacolorthatyoudonotexpecttoseeoutsideofdreams . . . thewomanswingSophie intoherarmsandspinroundand
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round until they looked less like two strangers andmore like one singlelaughingbody.Themusicmusthavestopped,Charlesknew,becausethecellowaslyingontherooftop,forgotten,butthereseemedtobemusicstillplaying,somewhere,faster,andfaster,doubletime.(277)
Sophiehasfinallyfoundherlonglostmothernow.ItprovestoMaslow’stheorythatself-actualizationislikethegoal,themainpointofhowandwhatsomeoneisgood at and what they are looking for is finally achieved and found. The clearemergenceoftheseneedsrestsuponpriorsatisfactionofthephysiological,safety,love and esteem needs. Sophie’s goal from the beginning is to find hermother.Sophiehasmanagedtofulfillallofherneedsnow.
2.Discussion
Maslow’stheoryabouthierarchyofhumanneedisdividedintofivestagessuchasphysiologicalneed,safetyneed,loveandbelongingnessneed,esteemneed,andself-actualization.Physiologicalneedisthefirststageinhumanneedandshouldbefulfilledbyhumantoachieveotherhigherneed.Itincludesfood,air,andwater.InRooftoppersnovel,Sophiesucceededtofulfillthefirstneedwhereshegotfoodandhersleep.SophieadmittedthatthefoodatCharles’houseasherguardianismuchbettercomparedtofoodsfromherotherfriends.AlongwayfromLondontoParis,itwasnotaveryhardtofindfoods.Sheboughtthefoodsatthefoodstallatthetrainstation and the foods are available at her hotel in Paris where she stayed withCharles.Sophie’sneedofsleepisalsofulfillednotonlywhenshewasatherhouseinLondonbutalsoalongherwayoffindingherlonglostmother.Shewasabletosleepanywherewhenevershefeltsleepy.
Safetyneedsisthesecondpartinthehierarchy.Itemergesifthepreviousneedsis well gratified. Safety needs include the desire for steady life, health, safeneighborhood,andshelterfromtheenvironment.Sophie’sownexistencehasbeenchallenged. The shipwhich brought her to Englandwas vanished in the Englishchannel.Fortunatelybythehelp frompeoplearoundhim,especiallyCharles,shecanbesaved.Sophieisabletofulfillhersafetyneedsbothathomeandabroadwhilesearchingforherlonglostmother.Thereisonlyoneunfortunatethingforherthatsometimesdisruptinghereffortofachievingthisneed,hertraumaofthesea.Thus,shehadtoclimbtotallerobjectslikecupboardorchairsandevenrooftopsinordertoachievethisneed.
Love and belonging need comes as the third stage of the needs. It requiresaffectionofoneandanotherbeing.Sophiegotlovefrommany.Especiallytheoneandonlypersonheknowssinceshewasaninfant,Charles.CharleslovesSophiesodeeply.HethoughtthatSophieislikeherownchildren.HegivesSophiebirthdaysincedayone. Shealsometwithother rooftoppers inPariswhoshare the samepassionofstayingattherooftostayingcalmandlive.TheyprotectedSophiealongherjourney.Alsoheraffectionstowardsherlonglostmotheriswithoutadoubtisthestrongest.AlthoughsheisnotgrowingupwithhermotherSophiehasthiseffortoractionofdrawingandpicturinghermotherinpictureandinherdreams.Shealso
e-ISSN 2549-7715 | Volume 4 | Nomor 1 | Januari 2020 | Hal: 130-144
Esteemneed is the fourthstage.Self-respectandrespect fromothers ishere.Sophiehasstrongself-respectwithinher.Sheisconfidentandsmart.Shedoesnotevencareaboutwhatothersaresayingabouthermother.Shebelievesthatsheisaliveandwell.Thisconfidenceisoneofreasonsshekeepsonpushingtofindhermother.CharlesalsorespectedSophieasshewasjustherchild.Asguardianitisherdutytotakecareofher.
Conclusions are written down to answer the research question in the firstchapterofthisresearchandalsothefindingsanddiscussiononpreviouschapter.ThefirstquestionisaboutallSophie’sneedsaccordingtothetheoryofhumanneedsbyMaslowandthesecondoneisonhowsheisabletofulfillherneeds.Sophieisabletofulfillallofherneedsinthehierarchy.Sheisabletoachievethephysiologicalneed,safetyneed,loveandbelongingness,esteemneed,andtheself-actualizationneed.Unfortunatelyitiswithoneminornoteinsidethesafetyneeds.Hertraumaabout the sea since the tragedy of the sinking shipwhen shewas an infantwasbroughttillshewasfullgrownup.Thetraumawakeswhenherjourneyacrossthechannel begins again after she found the clue inside her cello. Fortunately, herstruggleandherwillingtofindhermothercouldguideandhelpherthroughthesailing.Sheisabletofulfillalltheneedsbyherselfandalsobythehelpofthepeoplearoundher.EspeciallyCharles,whosinceshewasaninfantmanagestosavedherfromthedisaster.
ThesecondquestionmentionedisonhowSophiemanagestofulfilltheneedsinthe hierarchy. The struggles and Sophie’s ways of fulfilling her needs based onMaslow’s theory of hierarchy of human needs are shown through the indirectcharacterization.MostlyfromSophie’shome,habitsandactions,dialog,andalsoherthoughts.
Hierarchy of HumanNeeds of AbrahamH.Maslow's Theory. States Islamic UniversitySyarifHidayatullahJakarta,2010.Print.
Miles,M.B.,&Huberman,A.M.(1994).AnExpandedSourcebookQualitativeDataAnalysis Second Edition. Sage Publications. n.p. Faber and Faber. n.d.Web.December15,2015