SOLReview$Day2$ Scientific Revolutionryarbrough.weebly.com/uploads/5/2/8/1/52819339/day_2.pdf · The"foundation"of"the"English"rights"includes"the"jury"trial,"the"MagnaCarta,"and

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Name:__________________________                                              World  History  II                                                                                                                                block:_______  

SOL  Review  Day  2  Scientific Revolution Summary:  With  its  emphasis  on  reasoned  observation  and  systematic  measurements,  the  scientific  revolution  changed  the  way  people  view  the  world  and  their  place  in  it.    The  importance  of  the  scientific  revolution:                People  of  the  scientific  revolution:  Match  the  person  with  the  correct  discovery/  theory    Nicolaus  Copernicus  

       Johannes  Kepler  

 Galileo  Galilei  

 Isaac  Newton  

 William  Harvey    

 Heliocentric  theory:  Earth  revolves  around  the  sun    

 Planetary  Motion    

 Used  a  telescope  to  support  the  heliocentric  theory    

 Law  of  gravity    

 Circulation  of  the  blood  

WHII  6  a  

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Age of Absolutism Summary:  The  age  of  absolutism  takes  its  name  from  a  series  of  European  Monarchs  who  increased  the  power  of  their  central  governments.    Divine  Rights:  _____________________________________________________________________________________  Characteristics:  

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     Russia                                    France:                                                                                                                                                    Example              Example:                            

WHII  6  b  

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English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution Summary:  Political  democracy  rests  on  the  principle  that  government  derives  power  from  the  consent  of  the  governed.  The  foundation  of  the  English  rights  includes  the  jury  trial,  the  Magna  Carta,  and  common  law.  The  English  Civil  War  and  the  Glorious  Revolution  prompted  further  development  of  the  right  of  Englishman.      Dates   Events     Explanations  1642-­‐1649   English  Civil  War   Royalists  v.  Puritan  Parliament  1949   Charles  I  was  executed  during  the  English  Civil  War   Never  before  had  a  monarch  faced  a  

public  trial  and  executed    1653-­‐1658   Oliver  Cromwell  became  the  Puritan  military  dictator  of  England   Cromwell  established  a  

commonwealth  but  eventually  became  a  military  dictator    

1660   The  “restoration”  of  Charles  II  to  the  throne  after  Cromwell  died   People  unhappy  with  the  military  rule  and  voted  to  ask  Charles  I  to  rule    

1688   Glorious  Revolution  occurred  when  William  and  Mary  were  asked  to  be  the  new  King  and  Queen    

Peaceful  transfer  of  power  from  one  family  to  another    

1689   The  English  Bill  of  Rights  of  1689  guaranteed  religious  tolerance  and  fueled  democratic  revolutions  around  the  world    

Limited  royal  powers    Increase  of  parliamentary  power  and  decrease  of  royal  power?  

What  is  the  significance  of  the  English  civil  war  and  the  Glorious  Revolution?      

Enlightenment Summary:  Enlightenment  thinkers  believed  that  human  progress  was  possible  through  the  application  of  scientific  knowledge  and  reason  to  issue  of  law  and  government.  Enlightenment  ideas  influenced  the  leaders  of  the  American  Revolution  and  the  writing  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence.      Writer   What  they  wrote   Explanation    Thomas  Hobbes  

  Human  exist  in  a  primitive  “State  of  nature”  and  content  government  for  self-­‐protection      

John  Locke   Two  Treatises  on  Government      

Montesquieu     The  best  form  of  government  includes  a  separation  of  powers.    

Jean-­‐Jacques  Rousseau  

The  Social  Contract      

Voltaire   Candide   Religious  toleration  should  triumph  over  religious  fanaticism;  separation  of  church  and  state.    

Main  ideas  from  the  Enlightenment               Influence  of  the  Enlightenment          

WHII  6  c  

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The French Revolution Summary:  The  ideas  of  the  Enlightenment  and  French  participation  influenced  the  French  people  to  view  their  government  in  new  ways.  They  overthrew  the  absolute  monarchy  and  established  a  new  government      

   How  did  the  ideas  of  the  Enlightenment  contribute  to  causing  the  French  Revolution?  

WHII  6  e  

Causes:  

Major  Events:  

Outcomes  of  the  French  Revolution:  

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         Age of Reason Summary:  the  sixteenth,  seventeenth  and  eighteenth  centuries  brought  many  changes  in  the  arts,  literature  and  political  philosophy.  The  Age  of  Reason  witnessed  inventions  and  innovation  in  technology  that  stimulated  trade  and  transportation.        Composers,  artists,  philosophers,  and  writers:                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    New  School  of  art  and  forms  of  literature    New  art  forms  depicted:______________________________________________________________________________  

New  forms  of  literature:___________________________________________  Example:  Carventes’  Don  Quixote    

 What  improved  technologies  and  institutions  were  important  to  European  economies?  

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             Quiz  time!  

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WHII  6  f  

Johann  Sebastian  Bach:  Baroque  composer    

Wolfgang  Amadeus  Mozart:    Classical  Composter  

Voltaire:    Philosopher  

Eugene  Delacroix:  Painter    

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Latin America and Revolutions Summary:  Latin  American  revolutions  of  the  nineteenth  century  were  influenced  by  the  class  of  European  cultures  in  the  development  of  governments  and  ruling  powers.  Spanish  conquests  in  Latin  America  saw  the  rapid  decline  of  native  populations  and  introduction  of  slaves  from  Africa.  Conquistadors  were  given  governmental  authority  by  the  crown,  becoming  known  as  viceroys.                          What  were  the  characteristics  of  the  colonial  system  in  Latin  America  in  the  nineteenth  century?          

                                                                                               Major  cities  in  that  were  established  as  outposts  of  colonial  authority    

• Havana  • Mexico  City  

• Lima  • Sao  Pablo  

• Buenos  Aires  

 WHII  7a-­‐d  

Rigid  Class  Structure                                

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Summary  part  two:  The  American  and  French  Revolutions  took  place  in  the  late  1700’s.  Within  twenty  years,  the  ideas  and  examples  of  these  revolutions  influenced  the  people  of  Latin  America  to  establish  independent  nations,  most  notably  in  Haiti  and  Mexico                                        What  were  the  contributions  of  Simon  Bolivar  to  revolutions  in  Latin  America?                                                    Summary  part  three:  After  the  American  revolution  the  United  States  wished  to  prevent  foreign  interference  in  America.  The  Monroe  Doctrine  was  issued  in  1823,  alerting  European  powers  that  the  American  continents  should  not  be  considered  for  any  future  colonization.    Define:  Monroe  Doctrine:___________________________________________________  Impact  of  the  Monroe  Doctrine  on  Latin  America:            Quiz  Time:  

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Haiti  Type  of  Rebellion:              Lead  by:  Toussaint  L’Ouverture    

Mexico:  Started  by:  

Countries  that  lost  colonies   Countries  that  gained  independence:    

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Political and Philosophical Developments in Europe Summary:    The  French  Revolution  left  a  powerful  legacy  for  world  history:  secular  society,  nationalism  and  democratic  ideas.  Napoleon’s  attempt  to  unify  Europe  under  French  domination  was  unsuccessful.  The  Congress  of  Vienna  attempted  to  restore  Europe  as  it  had  been  before  the  French  Revolution  and  Napoleonic  conquests.                                                                      Legacy  of  Napoleon      

Napoleonic  code:      __________________________________________________________________________________________________    Congress  of  Vienna    

Revolutions  and  Rise  of  Nationalism    Nationalism:  _______________________________________________________________________________________  

• National  pride,  economic  competition  and  democratic  ideals  stimulated  the  growth  of  nationalism.  • Widespread  demands  for  political  rights  led  to  revolutions  and  legislative  actions  in  Europe.    • The  Terms  of  the  Congress  of  Vienna  led  to  widespread  discontent  in  Europe,  especially  in  Italy  and  the  German  

states.  Unsuccessful  revolutions  of  1848  increased  nationalistic  tensions.  • In  Contrast  to  continental  Europe,  the  United  Kingdom  expanded  political  rights  through  legislative  means  (the  

branch  which  has  the  power  to  create  and  pass  laws)  and  made  slavery  illegal  in  the  British  Empire.    Unification  of  Italy  and  Germany  Summary:  Italy  and  Germany  became  nation-­‐states  long  after  the  rest  of  Europe            

 WHII  8a-­‐d  

Creating  an  empire  

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1. “Balance  of  power”  Doctrine:  That  hoped  to  ensure  that  no  single  nation  would  ever  again  dominate  Europe  

2.    Restoration  of  Monarchies:  That  had  existed  before  Napoleon’s  conquests    Legitimacy  monarchies  Congress  of  Vienna  believed  that  the  return  of  former  monarchs  would  stabilize  political  relations  among  the  nations  

3.  New   4.  New  Political  philosophies:    

Liberalism:  believed  in  the  ideas  from  the  French  revolution.  Liberty,  equality  and  fraternity.    

Conservatism:  did  not  believe  in  the  ideas  that  had  emerged  during  the  French  revolution.  Liked  monarchies    

Unification  of  Italy    

• ___________________  unified  Northern  Italy    

• Giuseppe  Garibaldi  unified  Southern  Italy  then  joined  it  to  Northern  Italy    

• The  Papal  States  (including  Rome)  became  the  last  to  join  Italy    

Unification  of  Germany    • Otto  von  Bismarck  led  Prussia  in  the  

Unification  of  Germany  through  war  and  by  appealing  to  nationalist  feelings  

• Bismarck’s  actions  were  seen  as  an  example  of  Realpolitik-­‐  means  justifies  all  means  to  achieve  and  hold  power  

• The  Franco-­‐Prussian  War  led  to  the  creation  of  the  German  State      

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Industrial Revolution Summary:    The  Industrial  Revolution  began  in  England  and  spread  to  the  rest  of  Western  Europe  and  the  United  States.  With  the  industrial  Revolution  came  an  increase  demand  for  raw  materials  from  the  Americas,  Asia  and  Africa.  Advancements  in  technology  produced  the  Industrial  Revolution,  while  advancements  in  science  and  medicine  altered  the  lives  of  people  living  in  the  new  industrial  cities.  Cultural  changes  soon  followed.        Why  did  the  Industrial  Revolution  originate  in  England?                    • Later  Spreads  to  Western  Europe  and  the  United  States  • The  cotton  textile  industry  was  the  first  to  become  “industrialized”  • Advances  in  iron  and  steel  industries  led  to  the  development  of  other  industries  • Rise  of  the  Factory  system  (mass  production  of  goods  by  machine  in  factories)  

and  demise  of  cottage  industries  (production  of  goods  by  hand  by  farming  families  at  home)  

• The  spread  of  industrialism  to  Europe  and  the  United  States  accelerated  colonialism  and  imperialism.  • Rising  economic  powers  that  wanted  to  control  raw  materials  and  markets  throughout  the  world      Technological  advances  that  produced  the  Industrial  Revolution    James  Hargreaves   James  Watt   Eli  Whitney     Henry  Bessemer  Spinning  Jenny    

Steam  Engine  

Cotton  Gin    

Process  for  making  steel    

Advances  in  science  and  Medicine  Development  of  smallpox  vaccination:  _____________________________________  Discovery  of  bacteria:___________________________________________________    Impact  of  the  Industrial  Revolution  on  industrialized  countries    

• Population  increase  • Increased  of  standard  of  living  for  many  but  not  all  • Improved  transportation  • Urbanization  • Environmental  pollution  • Increased  Education  • Dissatisfaction  of  working  class  with  working  conditions  • Growth  of  the  middle  class  

 WHII  9  a-­‐e  

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Capitalism  v.  Communism    Summary:  Capitalism  and  market  competition  fueled  the  Industrial  Revolution.  Wealth  increased  the  standard  of  living  for  some.  Social  dislocations  associated  with  capitalism  produced  a  range  of  economic  and  political  ideas,  including  socialism  and  communism.                                Summary:  Agricultural  economies  were  based  on  the  family  unit.  The  Industrial  Resolution  had  a  significant  impact  on  the  structure  and  function  of  the  family.  The  Industrial  Revolution  placed  new  demands  on  the  labor  of  men,  women  and  children.  Workers  organized  labor  unions  to  fight  for  improved  working  conditions  and  workers’  rights.                                          How  did  the  Industrial  Revolution  impact  the  lives  of  women  children  and    the  family?          Why  did  workers  organize  into  labor  unions?            

Capitalism    • Based  on  __________________________  

Wealth  of  nations  • Role  of  Market  competition  and  

entrepreneurial  abilities    • Capitalism  and  market  competition  fueled  

the  Industrial  revolution  • Increased  standard  of  living  for  some  • Growth  of  the  middle  class  • Led  to  dissatisfaction  with  poor  working  

conditions  and  the  unequal  distribution  of  wealth  society    

Communism    • Based  on  ______________________  

Communist  Manifesto  (written  with  Friedrich  Engels)  and  Des  Capital  

• Response  to  the  injustices  of  capitalism    

• Redistribution  of  wealth    • “From  each  according  to  his  ability,  to  

each  according  to  his  needs”  • Will  becomes  the  basis  of  revolution  

in  Russia,  China  and  other  nations  in  the  20th  century    

Nature  of  work  in  the  Factory  System  Family-­‐based  cottage  industries  displaced  by  the  factory  system  Harsh  working  conditions  with  men  competing  with  women  and  children  for  wages  Child  labor  that  kept  cost  of  production  low  and  profits  high  Owners  of  mines  and  factories  who  excised  considerable  control  over  the  lives  of  their  laborers    

Impact  on  Slavery  • Cotton  gin  increased  the  

demand  for  slaves  labor  in  American  plantations  

• The  United  States  and  Britain  outlawed  the  slave  trade  and  then  slavery    

Impact  on  Society    • Women  and  children  entering  

into  the  workplace  as  cheap  labor  

• Introduction  of  reforms  to  end  child  labor    

• Expansion  of  education  • Women’s  increased  demands  

for  suffrage    

Rise  of  Labor  Unions    

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Imperialism Summary:  Industrial  nations  in  Europe  needed  natural  resources  and  markets  to  expand  their  economies.  These  nations  competed  to  control  Africa  and  Asia  in  order  to  secure  their  own  economic  and  political  success.  Imperialism  spread  economic,  political  and  social  philosophes  of  Europe  throughout  the  world.  Resistance  to  imperialism  took  many  forms,  including  armed  conflict  and  intellectual  movements.      Causes  of  imperialism    

• Nationalism    • New  Markets  • Competition  among  European  powers    

                   Imperialism  in  Africa  and  Asia    

• European  domination  • European  conflicts  carried  to  the  colonies  • Christian  missionary  efforts  • Spheres  of  influence  in  China:    

o Who  limited  entry  into  China:__________________________________________  • Suez  Canal-­‐  

o  located  in  _______________________________  o Who  helped  built  it:_______________________________________________________  

• East  India  Company’s  domination  of  Indian  States  • America’s  opening  of  Japan  to  trade:  

o  by  commander  ____________________________________    Responses  of  Colonized  People:  Armed  Conflict    Examples:          Rise  of  Nationalism  Example:  First  Indian  nationalist  party  founded  in  the  mid  1800’s      

Forms  of  Imperialism    Colonies-­‐  areas  under  the  direct  control  of  the  mother  country    Protectorates-­‐areas  that  have  some  self-­‐governance  under  the  watchful  eye  of  the  mother  country  Spheres  of  influence-­‐areas  within  a  country  where  another  country  has  economic  or  political  control