Siti Rosikho182135841EA22
Historic house where " confinement " Soekarno- Hatta by youths
in Rengasdengklok
Japan declared unconditional surrender to the Allies on August
14, 1945 . News of the defeat of Japan is still kept secret by the
Japanese . However pergeraakan leaders and youth in Indonesia
through overseas broadcasts have known at the date of August 15,
1945 . To the young men soon met Bung Karno and Bung Hatta in
Jakarta 56 East Pegangsaan and request that would proclaimed
Indonesian independence free from the influence of Japan . Bung
Karno and Bung Hatta do not agree with the reason that the
proclamation should be discussed in the meeting PPKI ( Committee
for Indonesian Independence ) . So that on the night of August 15,
1945 held a meeting in a room at the Microbiology Laboratory East
Pegangsaan attended by Soekarni , Joseph Kunto , Syodanco Singgih ,
and Chaerul Saleh as its leader . The result of the meeting was
delivered by Dervish and Wikana are urged Soekarno- Hatta decide
ties with Japan . Appearing tense atmosphere because Soekarno -
Hatta did not approve . But the young group still urged that the
date August 16, 1945 declaration of independence . The principle is
still the need to emphasize the old group held a meeting PPKI
.Later in the morning on August 16, 1945 , a young group held a
meeting in Dormitory Baperpi , Jalan Cikini 71 Jakarta with the
decision to bring the Bung Karno and Bung Hatta out of town to
avoid being hit Japanese influence . In the early hours of 16
August 1945 , Soekarno - Hatta were kidnapped by Soekarni , Joseph
Kunto , and Syodanco Singgih to Rangasdengklok . In the afternoon ,
Ahmad Soebarjo guarantee that tomorrow lambantnya later dated
August 17, 1945 will Soekarno-Hatta proclaimed Indonesian
independence , then Cudanco Subeno ( MAP army company commander in
Rengasdengklok ) allows the Soekarno -Hatta returned to Jakarta
.
Formulation Proclamation TextFor the services of Ahmad Soebarjo
meeting was held at the home of Rear Admiral Maeda at Jalan Imam
Bonjol No.1 Jakarta to discuss the implementation of the
proclamation . Towards the morning of August 17, 1945 proclamation
formulated by Ir . Sukarno , Drs . Moh . Hatta , dam Ahmad Soebarjo
witnessed by Sayuti Melik , Sukarni , BM Diah , and Sudiro .
Tanggan written copy of the proclamation by Sukarno read before the
meeting participants . After this approval and who signed the text
typed by Sayuti Melik later with some changes that were signed by
the Soekarno - Hatta on behalf of the Indonesian nation . Also
agreed that the proclamation was held at the home of Sukarno in
Jakarta Pegangsaan Road 56 East .
Proclamation of handwritten text Ir. Sukarno
Text Proklamasiketikan Sayuti MelikReading of the text of the
Proclamation
On Friday August 17, 1945 at 10:00 am in the right Pegangsaan
No. East . 56 Jakarta Indonesia Independence Proclamation was read
text by Ir . Sukarno , accompanied by Drs . Moh . Hatta and
continued with the red and white flag by S. Latif Suhud and Cudanco
Hendradiningrat and accompanied by the singing of national anthem
Indonesia Raya and forwarded by Mayor Suwiryo and Dr welcome .
Mawardi . After the ceremony each leave . The proclamation takes
place in a simple , but solemn and was attended by about 1,000
people, consisting of the nation's leaders , youth group fighters
and people who know the event .Proclamation statement has
particular significance for Indonesia . Proclamation is the
culmination of the struggle for independence movement , free from
the shackles of foreign rule and other Unitary Republic of
Indonesia . With the proclamation , the Indonesian people can
determine their own lives in accordance with the dignity , as well
as the joints of Indonesian life . Thus proclamation brought great
changes in the life of the Indonesian nation .
Reaction Top Rakyat Indonesia Indonesian Independence1 . At the
Central LevelAfter successfully formulate proclamation Sukarno
advised the leaders who work in the press and news agencies ,
especially BM Diah to reproduce the text of the proclamation and
broadcast it to the world . All existing communication tools used
to disseminate news of the proclamation of independence . News
proclamation that has spread throughout the city , immediately
disseminated throughout the world . On August 17, 1945 proclamation
has reached the hands of the Head of the Office of Radio Waidan .
For that F. Wuz ( a wireless operator ) to broadcast news of the
proclamation in a row every half hour until 16.00 during the
broadcast stopped although forbidden by the Japanese . While the
helm of the Japanese army in Java proclamation ordered to rectify
the news and expressed as a mistake . On August 20, 1945 , sealed
by a Japanese radio transmitter and employees are prohibited from
entering . But youth is not lost my mind by creating a new
transmitter with the help of a few people who were taken from a
radio technician News Domei . Menteng 31, the youth managed to
assemble a new transmitter by dialing code DJK I. This is where the
news of the Declaration of Independence continues to broadcast . In
addition, through the press and pamphlets . Almost all of the daily
publication date in Java in August 20, 1945 and carries news of the
proclamation of the Republic of Indonesia Constitution . So welcome
the efforts of the public and young people in the center of the
proclamation spread the word to all corners of the country .
2 . At Local LevelPeople welcomed news of the proclamation with
a high fighting spirit , evidenced by the Japanese army disarmament
, taking power , burning passion to continue to fight for and
defend freedom.In addition to the radio broadcasts , pamphlets,
news proclamation officially also brought by the messenger who
happens to attend the trial and witnessed events PPKI proclamation
of Indonesian independence on August 17, 1945 in Jakarta , namely
:Teuku Muhammad Hassan ( appointed Governor of Sumatra )Sam
Ratulangi ( appointed Governor of Sulawesi )Ketut Pujo ( appointed
Governor of Nusa Tenggara )P. Mohammad Noor ( appointed Governor of
Borneo )The arrival of the delegates in each area were greeted with
joy and festive ceremonies followed .3 . Contributions Areas In
Indonesia Maintain IndependenceOn August 24, 1945 , between the
Government of the United Kingdom and the Kingdom of the Netherlands
reached an agreement known as the Civil Affairs Agreement . Under
the agreement stated that the commander of the British occupation
forces in Indonesia will hold the power on behalf of the Dutch
government . In carrying out matters pertaining to civil government
, its implementation organized by NICA is under the command of
English . Power later in life will be returned to the Netherlands
.Allied forces ( British troops ) landed in Jakarta on September 15
, 1945. Joint British soldiers were also Dutch soldiers and civil
servants Netherlands ( NICA ) , led by Van der Pals . The task is
to disarm the allied forces and the Japanese army kemabali
repatriate the prisoners to their country . To carry out these
tasks , the Allies formed a special command called Aliied Forses
Netherland EastIndies ( AFNEI ) . Since September 29 , 1945, a
large group AFNEI started coming to Indonesia . Netherlands and the
allies who landed in Surabaya hotel wants Yamato used as the
headquarters of the Dutch Navy . Flag at the Hotel Yamato derived
by the Dutch and replaced with the flag of the Netherlands . Red -
White - Blue . This of course raises ire rakayat Surabaya . They
trooped stormed the hotel to drop Dutch flag . The Dutch flag after
bawagh till , torn blue warana then flown back as the Red and White
Flag . The incident is known as the flag incident that occurred on
September 19 , 1945. To commemorate the event , now in front of the
monument built Yamato struggles .Ally after seeing various
perlawananan in Indonesia was not mamapu perform tasks without the
help of the Indonesian government . Therefore , on October 1, 1945
, General Christison recognized de facto Indonesian republic state
and willing to negotiate . With the advent of foreign powers
simultaneously trying to maintain the independence of Indonesia .
The role of each region in maintaining the independence of
Indonesia looks like the following :Fighting in London ( March 23,
1946 )Allied forces permission of the government of Indonesia on
October 12, 1945 entered London by train. GOI allow Allied forces
entered London aims to take care of the prisoners of war II ( Japan
) . On 23 November 1945 the Allied leaders in North Bandung Bandung
mengultimatum order soon discharged from the armed youth . However
, the youth refused to hand over the weapon so fierce fighting in
the city . The first battle took place on December 1, 1945 .
Therefore the government of Indonesia Jakarta, Bandung youths asked
to stop the fighting and had to vacate the city of Bandung . With a
heavy heart , the young man left the city of Bandung . In order for
a building - bangunann peting in the city can not be used Allied
retreat while they burn . This incident occurred on March 23, 1946
. Entire city was engulfed by flames Bandung . This event is famous
Bandung Ocean of Fire event . The figures were involved in the
battle of London , among others, Muhammad Toha from South London (
Autumn ) , Kol . A.H Nasution , and Colonel Hidayat . As the
driving force morale , it gives birth to the song '' '' Halo - halo
Bandung creation Ismail Marzuki . This song depicts the struggle of
the people who do not resolve outages possible to reclaim the city
of Bandung .Fighting in Sumatra ( Medan Area , December 10, 1945
)Dated August 27, 1945 people heard the news of the proclamation of
the new field brought by Mr . Teuku Mohammad Hassan as Governor of
Sumatra . Mengggapi news of the proclamation of the youth under the
leadership of Ahmad born form the Indonesia Youth ranks . Allied
landing in Medan occurred on October 9, 1945 under the leadership
of TED Kelly . The landing of the allied forces ( Britain ) is
followed by troops and NICA yangdipersiapkan to take over the
government . The arrival of allied forces and Nica turns memacing
various iniden . On October 13, 1945 and TKR youth fighting against
the Allies and NICA in an effort to seize and take over government
buildings of the hands of the Japanese . Britain issued an
ultimatum to the Indonesian people to hand weapons to the Allies .
This ultimatum is never ignored . At the date . On December 15, 194
% of Allied put up signs that tertulis.kan " Fixed Field Area
Boundaries " ( the legal limit field region ) in various suburban
terrain . Allied action was a challenge for the youth . On 10
December 1945, the Allies and NICA launch a massive attack against
the city of Medan . This attack raises many koraban on both sides .
In April 1946, the Allies succeeded in occupying the city of Medan
. Central struggle of the people of Medan and then transferred to
Pemantangsiantar . To continue the struggle in the field in August
1946 formed the People 's Army Commando Regiment Field Area .
Commander initerus conduct attacks against Allied field region .
Almost in all regions of Sumatra occurred rakayat resistance
against the Japanese , the Allies , and the Netherlands . The
battle took place , between lian in Perspective , a high hill and
Aceh .Battle of SurabayaOn November 10, 1945 a battle between the
people of Surabaya and the Allies . The incident diawalai incident
Mallabay killing Brigadier General ( Commander of the British Army
) on October 30, 1945 . Due tersenut incident on 31Oktober 1945
British issued an ultimatum ordering the fighters to surrender . If
the ultimatum is not heeded the UK will exert all his strength by
land , sea or air . On 9 November 1945 General Mansergh issued an
ultimatum to return to Surabaya youth to surrender all weapons .
The youths did not reach the ultimatum . Surabaya people under the
leadership of Bung Tomo , Sungkono and Governor Suryo reject the
ultimatum and began bmenghadapi allied onslaught . As a result , on
November 10, 1945 , the British attacked Surabaya massively . The
youths greeted by force of arms . Allied weapon equipment
experience a very superior people do not tighten . Bung tomo
appointed as leader of Surabaya youth chanted cries of " Allah
Akbar " diradio government to evoke the spirit of the struggle . As
a result of the allied attack ( English ) blind for fifteen days ,
Surabaya be destroyed . The youths Surabaya eventually retreated to
some areas , such as the Mojokerto , Gresik , and Pasuruhan .
Battle of Surabaya led to thousands of people died . To remember
and commemorate the spirit of Surabaya people kepahlawananan , set
November 10 as the hero .battle AmbarawaIn November 1945 the allied
forces and NICA move from Semarang into Ambarawa to form a defense
. Fighting erupted mindless Allies unilaterally freed the Dutch
internment in Magelang and Ambarawa . In this battle Colonel
Isdiman fall . Furthermore , pimpinann war held by Colonel Sudirman
, the Commander Banyiumas division . On December 15, 1945 , the
Allies and NICA pushed and forced to retreat to Semarang . The
event is famous mnama Ambarawa Theater . To commemorate the event ,
the date of December 15 set as the infantry and established
monuments Ambarawa Ambarawa Theater .Battle of Red and White in
ManadoNews also broke the proclamation of Indonesian Independence
till to Manado . Rakayat Manado especially the youth greeted him
warmly . On the other hand , NICA troops to secure the immediate
arming kepentiangan former KNIL troops into tawananan Japan . They
were welcomed as the White Army barracks . In December 1945, Allied
forces handed over power to the NICA Manado city . Account after it
got the mandate , troops NICA immediate arrests of a number of
figures RI RI to secure his position . The former KNIL troops
supporting RI known as the Black Army barracks . The fighters
formed the Indonesian Youth Force ( PPI ) . PPI frequent secret
meetings to coordinate activities against NICA . However , these
activities are known NICA . As a result , some of the leaders were
arrested PPI . Weapons loyalties KNIL troops disarmed . However ,
these measures do not menyrutkan NICA determination Indonesian
fighters . On 14 February 1946, the PPI NICA dimarkas stormed
barracks in Teling White . With a makeshift weapon , the PPI is
able to release the prisoners and against the commanders and troops
NICA . Spontaneously fighters tore riru color on the Dutch flag at
the base and white flag waving . The fighters also seized the
headquarters of NICA in Tomohon and Tondano . The supporters formed
a civilian government immediately RI . B.W Lapian selected as
residennya . News enforcement Indonesian sovereignty in Manado
immediately sent to Yogyakarta .Red and White event in BiakNews
proclamation of Indonesian independence till too late, although in
Papua . Papuans there in different cities , such as Jayapura ,
Sorong , Biak Serui and provide a warm welcome and support the
Indonesian Independence Proclamation . The youth in various cities
holding rallies mendunkung independence . Allied with NICA trying
to ban political kegaiatn and the raising of the flag , but not
menhiraukan Papuan youth . In an effort to maintain the
independence of Indonesia , on March 14, 1948 Red and White event
took place in Biak . This event begins with the attack on the Dutch
military barracks Sorowako and Biak . Furthermore , the youth Biak
led by Joseph tried red and white flag around Biak . This effort
got perlawanandari Netherlands so have failed . Some perlawanann
leaders were arrested and sentenced to death .
Indonesian conflict NetherlandsStruggle through diplomacy or
negotiations between Indonesia and the Netherlands with British
intermediaries , among others :
a. negotiations Linggarjati
AFNEI entry of the ride with NICA to Indonesia because of Japan
set the status quo in Indonesia caused the conflict between
Indonesia and the Netherlands , for example, events such as the 10
November, in addition to the British government be responsible to
resolve the political and military conflict in Asia , therefore ,
Sir Archibald Clark Kerr , British diplomats , invited Indonesia
and the Netherlands to negotiate in Hooge Veluwe , but the talks
failed because requested the Dutch recognized Indonesian
sovereignty over Java , Sumatra and Madura , but the Dutch just
want to acknowledge Indonesia on Java and Madura onlyIn late August
1946 , the British government sends Lord Killearn to Indonesia to
complete the negotiations between Indonesia and the Netherlands .
On October 7, 1946 held at the British Consulate General in
Jakarta, Indonesia - opened negotiations with the Dutch led by Lord
Killearn . These negotiations resulted in a ceasefire agreement (
October 14 ) and pave the way towards negotiations on Linggarjati
which began on 11 November 1946 .Linggarjati is a small town that
is arriving around 21 miles west of Cirebon . Linggarjati
negotiations held on 10-15 November 1946 . Linggarjati negotiating
delegation led by Prime Minister of Indonesia Sutan Syahrir , while
the Dutch delegation was represented by prof . And Dr. S.
Schemerhorn . H , J. Van . Mook . Mediator and leader of the
British negotiations , namely Lord Killeam . The results of the
negotiations were announced on 15 November 1946 and approval has
been arranged as a script consisting of 17 chapters , among others,
contains the following :The Netherlands recognizes the de facto
jurisdiction of the Republic of Indonesia with covering Sumatra ,
Java and Madura . Netherlands should leave the territory de facto
no later than January 1, 1949 .Republic of Indonesia and the
Netherlands will cooperate in forming a United States of Indonesia
, under the name of United States of Indonesia , which is one part
of the Republic of IndonesiaUnited States of Indonesia and the
Netherlands will form the Indonesian Union - Netherlands with Dutch
Queen as its chairman .The results of the negotiations Linggarjati
cause varying opinions on the pros and cons kalngan political party
in Indonesia . Negotiations Linggarjati harm Reopublik Indonesia
krena increasingly narrow region , which only covers Java , Madura
and Sumatra . This menyebababkan Novmber upheaval in Bali in 1946
under the leadership of Lieutenant Colonel Gusti Ngurah Rai , by
war bellows / all-out war ( bellows Margarana ) and Manado battle
led by Lieutenant Colonel Taulu assisted by Resident Lapian against
KNIL ( Dutch ) .b. Dutch Military Aggression I
Linggarjati negotiations for the Netherlands only used as a tool
to bring more troops from his country . To obtain the argument of
the Republic of Indonesia in order to attack their press charges as
follows :So that while the federal government dibetuk will prevail
all over the formation of the Republic of Indonesia Indonesian
samapai States. This means the Republic of Indonesia eliminated
.Gendermeri formation ( troops Keamanann ) together that will go to
the region of the Republic of Indonesia .Republic of Indonesia
rejected the proposal because the means to destroy himself .
Rejection was causing Dutch military aggression against the
territory of the Republic of Indonesia . Dutch attack began on July
21, 1947 with the target major cities in Java and Sumatra . Facing
the heavily armed Dutch military and causing modern Indonesian army
units pushed out of the city . Furthermore , the military and the
people lascar counterattacked and tactics of guerrilla warfare
.Existence of the Dutch military aggression I arouse sympathy and
strong reaction from the international community . Shape of the
international world sympathy addressed by the following actions
:Red Cross Malaya ( Malaysia ) and India sends relief drugs that
are transported by plane from Singapore Dakota . However , when the
plane will land in Yogyakarta was shot down by the Dutch army
.Australia and India reacted strongly to urge the UN Security
Council to immediately discuss the problem of Indonesia .On August
4, 1947 republic of Indonesia and the Dutch government announced a
cease-fire began berlakuknya . Since the announcement of the cease-
sebnjata tersebutlah , an official end to the Dutch military
aggression would I. However , in reality the Dutch still continue
to expand its territory till the line formed demakrasi that far
ahead ( Van Mook line ) . Indonesia refused , thus cease senata
called by the United Nations has not berlakuk effectively . Thanks
to the diplomatic struggle at the UN , many countries are
supporting the struggle of the Indonesian people and helping to
find a peaceful solution path . In efforts to resolve the dispute
between Indonesia and the Netherlands in a peaceful and supervise
the truce agreed upon with the UN Security Council established the
Commission on the Three Kingdoms ( KTN ) . State sitting in KTN is
the result show of the Republic of Indonesia , the Netherlands ,
and a neutral state again tersebuat state are :Australia (
Indonesian show ) , represented by Richard Kirby .Belgium ( Dutch
show ) , represented by Paul Van ZeelandUnited States ( show
Australia and Belgium ) , represented by Dr. . Frank Graham
c . Renville Agreement
Useful KTN on December 8, 1947 conducted negotiations between
Indonesia and Belanada Renville aboard anchored in Jakarta .
Indonesian delegation consisting of the prime minister Syarifudin
Amir Ali Sastroamijoyo , Dr . Tjoa Sik Len , Moh . Roem , Haji Agus
Salim , Narsun and Ir . Juanda . The Dutch delegation consists of
Abdulkadir Widjojoatmojo , Jhr . Van Vredeburgh , Dr . Soumukil ,
Pangran Kartanagara and Zulkarnain . It turns out that the
representatives of the Netherlands almost all of the Indonesian
nation itself berasala pro-Dutch . Thus the Dutch keep doing that
Indonesian politics pitting easily mastered . After completion of
debate on December 8, 1947 to January 17, 1948 with the obtained
results of the peace agreement called the Renville Agreement .
Principal - poko contents Renville agreement , are as follows
:Netherlands remains sovereign over the entire territory of
Indonesia Indonesian sovereignty till handed over to the United
States of Indonesia immediately formed .United States of Indonesia
has a position that is parallel to the Dutch state in the union
between Indonesia and the Netherlands .Republic of Indonesia will
be the state of the RISBefore RIS is formed , the Dutch can submit
sebagain temporary power to the federal government .Indonesian
republic troops arriving at derah haruns bag is pulled to the
Republic of Indonesia . The enclave is an area that is behind the
Van Mook Line , the line connecting the two leading derah occupied
Netherlands .Renville Agreement signed by both parties on January
17, 1948 . While the losses suffered by Indonesia with the signing
of the Renville agreement are as follows :Indonesia was forced to
agree to the establishment of United States of Indonesia melalaui
transitional period .Indonesian territory lost in part because
grais Van Mook had to be recognized as the Dutch territories
.Indonesian republican party should withdraw all His people
arriving at derah Dutch power and pockets of guerrilla entrance to
the Indonesian republic .The signing of the Renville agreement
pemerinthan bad consequences for the republic of Indonesia , as
well as between the other as follows :Territory of the Republic of
Indonesia became more narrow and dikururung by the regions of the
Netherlands .Violent reactions among the leaders of the Indonesian
republic which caused Amir Syarifuddin cabinet because it is sold
to the Dutch state .The Indonesian economy is grammatical blockaded
by the DutchIndonesia was forced to withdraw its military units
from guerrilla areas and then move to the adjacent territory of the
Republic of Indonesia .In an effort to divide the State unitary
republic of Indonesia, Netherlands establish puppet states , such
as ; country western Borneo , Madura Country , State of East
Sumatra , and Java Timut State . The members of the puppet state of
the BFO ( Federal Bijeenkomstvoor overslag ) .d . Dutch Military
Aggression II
Seeing the chaotic situation of the Republic of Indonesia as a
result of the PKI rebellion in Madiun then on December 18, 1948 ,
the Netherlands unilaterally cancel the ceasefire agreement the
next day ( December 19, 1948 early morning ) Dutch army Airfield
direct stormed Maguwo , Yogyakarta . Dutch attack suddenly
succeeded brilliantly so that at 16:00 pm the entire Yogyajarta
already fallen in the hands of the Dutch . President and Vice
President decided to remain in the capital , although they will be
captured by the enemy . The reason , they are easily found by
supatya KTN of viable diplomacy Dutch troops managed to enter the
palace keprisidenanan and high state officials arrested, all of
them there are 150 people . The next morning the date of December
22, 1948 , President Sukarno , Haji Agus Salim and Sutan Syahrir
exiled to Berastagi , then moved to the lakeside Prapat Toba ,
North Sumatra . Moh.hatta , Mohammad Roem , Mr . AG Pringgodigdo ,
Mr.Assaat and Komandor S. Plump suyadayrman exiled to Bangka Island
. In late January , President Sukarno and Ahji Agus Salim moved to
Muntok so gathered with Moh . Hatta et al .To avoid attacks the
Netherlands and to always stay together with the TNI Commander
General Sudirman led the guerrilla war with the place moving .
General military offensive against the city of Yogyakarta on March
1, 1949 , led by Lieutenant Colonel Suharto , 10 Regional Brigade
Komado Wehrkereise III which oversees the area of Yogyakarta .
General attack on March 1, conducted simultaneously from various
city departments so that the Dutch army was shocked and unable to
master the situation . Starting at 6:00 pm until 12:00 pm , the
military seized Yogyakarta . TNI although only six hours of
occupying the city of Yogyakarta , any attacks has a very important
meaning , namely :Improve morale and military people who are
strugglingBreak the morale of the troops NetherlandsDemonstrate to
the world that the military has the power to attack and show that
there is still a top Indonesian exist .World condemns Dutch
aggression and support the struggle of the Indonesian nation .
State of East Indonesia and the Lakes Country Pasundan as Dutch
dolls also criticized the ongoing formation of the Dutch Military
Angresi II . On the initiative of Burma ( Myanmar ) and India then
terselenggaralah Asian Conference in New Delhi , India on 20-23
January 1949 . Conference attended by several countries in Asia ,
Africa and Ausralia produce resulusi the Indonesian problem that
was presented to the UN Security Council . Dutch Military
Aggression II also invited the United Nations as a reaction of the
Netherlands openly violate the Renville Agreement in front of the
Three Kingdoms ditugaskkan Commission by the United Nations . On
January 4, 1949 , the UN Security Council issued resulusi Republic
of Indonesia and the Netherlands in order to stop the hostilities .
Failure Netherlands in various battles and pressure from the
international community , especially the United States forced the
Netherlands back to the negotiating table .
e . Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia (
Emergency Government )
Historic house in Bukittinggi as both the State Palace during
the Emergency GovernmentAs a result of the second Dutch military
aggression , the President and the Vice President and several
high-ranking officials can be captured by the Dutch . However ,
when it was still in progress Dutch Military Aggression II, the
leaders of the republic had time to sit and produce three important
decisions are as follows :Granting full power to Syarifudin
Prawiranegara to form the Emergency Government of the Republic of
Indonesia ( Emergency Government )To Marimis , L.N Palar , and Dr.
. Sudarsono was arriving in India to establish the Indonesian
government in exile .President and Vice President memutuskkan not
evacuate , stay in town with kemungkinann captive and close to KTN
.The result of the meeting of the leaders of RI was immediately
sent to Syarifuddin Prawiranegara in Bukittinggi , West Sumatra,
which was signed by President Soekarno and Vice President Mohammad
Hatta . If the task fails so that the Indonesian government
immediately formed in exile by leaders of Indonesia in India ,
namely Marimis , LN Palar , and Dr. . Sudarsono . The news turned
out to have never till to Bukittingi because all calls made out of
Yogyakarta has been decided by the Dutch .Establishment of
Emergency Government itself on December 19, 1948 at 18.00 pm at the
initiative of Mr . Syarifudin and some government leaders in
Sumatra . The reason , they come meras responsible for the survival
of the republic of Indonesia and for the safety of the struggle .
With the formation of the Emergency Government , the struggle is
still implemented and coordinated melalaui peamncar conducted by
the Indonesian Air Force .
f . Roem - Royen negotiations
Dutch constantly under pressure from the international community
, especially the United States that are willing to negotiate with
Indonesia . Negotiations as between Indonesia and the Netherlands
supervised by the United Nations Commission for Indonesia or the
United Nations Commission fotr Indonesia ( UNCI ) . The talks will
be held in The Hague , Netherlands called Round Table Conference (
RTC )Prior to that , held preliminary talks held in Jakarta on 17
April till the May 7, 1948 . Talks led by Cochran Marle UNCI
representative in the United States . Indonesian delegation headed
by Moh . Roem with members Ali Sastro Amijoyo , Dr . Leimena , Ir .
Juanda , Prof. . Supomo , and Latuharhary . Acting as adviser was
Sutan Syahrir , Ir.Laok , and Moh Natsir . The Dutch delegation
headed by Dr . J.H. Van Royen with members of Bloom , Jacob , dr .
Dr. Van Vede , Dr. . P.J Koets , Dr. Van Hoogstratendan Gieben .
Finally, on May 7, 1949 reached Roem Royen Statement . The
statement was read by the chairman of the Indonesian government
Indonesian delegation , Mohammad Roem which contains , among
others, as follows :The Government of the Republic of Indonesia
will issue a cessation order a guerilla warGOI participated in the
round table conference with the goal of accelerating the transfer
of sovereignty complete and unconditional union to the Republic of
Indonesia .The Dutch delegation Then read the statement that was
read by Dr. . JH Van Royen which contains , among others, as
follows :The Dutch government agreed that the government should be
free and freely Ri perform obligations in a region that includes
keprisidenanan YogyakartaThe Dutch government is not unconditional
freeing the leaders of Indonesia and other Tahananpolitik captive
since December 19, 1948 .The Dutch government agreed to the
Republic of Indonesia will be part of the United Republic of
IndonesiaRound table conference to be held in The Hague immediately
after the Republic of Indonesia in Yogyakarta returned .With
tercapinya agreement in principle Roem - Royen negotiations , the
government of the Republic of Indonesia in Sumatra Emergency lane
ordered to take over the reigns IX Yogyakrta of the Netherlands .
The TNI is still suspicious of Roem - Royen agreement results , but
warned the Great General Sodierman entire unity of command in order
not to think about the political issue .On June 22, 1949 , held
talks triangle between the Republic of Indonesia , BFO , and the
Netherlands . UN-supervised talks led by Chritchley produce three
decisions , namely :Returns Government of the Republic of Indonesia
to Yogyakrta which was held on June 24, 1949 .Government stop a
guerrilla war .KMB will diselenggarakn in The Hague .On July 1,
1949 the Indonesian government officially returned to Yogyakrta
followed by the arrival of the leaders of the Republic of Indonesia
of guerrilla terrain . Commander General Sudirman arrived back in
Yogyakrta dated July 10, 1949 . After the Indonesian government
returned to Yogyakrta , on July 13, 1949 hearing held the first
cabinet of the Republic of Indonesia . On that occasion Mr .
Syafrudin Prawiranegara restore its mandate to the vice president ,
Moh.Hatta . the cabinet session also decided to lift the lane IX
became Minister of Defense and concurrent Chairman of the Security
Coordinator . Follow-up Roem Royen Agreement is :The entire Dutch
troops should be immediately sworn in YogyakartaHaving emptied the
city of Yogyakarta by the Dutch army , on June 29, 1949 the
military began to enter the city . The exit and entry of military
Dutch troops supervised by UNCI . Panglima Sudirman Besatr along
with the other fighters only arrived in Yogyakarta on July 10, 1949
with a stretcher .After the city of Yogyakarta is fully controlled
by the TNI President and Vice President, accompanied by other
leaders on July 6, 1949 back to Yogyakarta from Bangka .Emergency
Government of the Republic of Indonesia ( Emergency Government ) in
Sumatra led by Syarifuddin Prawiranegara mandate handed back to the
central government in Yogyakarta . handover occurred on July 13,
1949 , during a cabinet meeting .g . Conference of Inter -
IndonesiaTo deal with the Round Table Conference ( RTC ) , the
Indonesian government needs to keep up the BFO ( Federal Voor
Bijenkomst overslag ) Inter Conference took place in Yogyakarta
Indonesia on 19-22 July 1949 , led by Vice President Drs . Mohammad
Hatta with the decision :Indonesian state -approved union with the
name of the Republic of Indonesia (RIS ) are based on those of
democracy and federalism .RIS will be led by a president who is
assisted by ministersRIS will receive sovereignty , both of the
Republic of Indonesia and the Kingdom of the Netherlands .Armed
Forces of RIS is the national armed forces , the President is the
Supreme Commander RIS RIS WarNational defense was the government's
right solely RIS , bu - negra part will not have its own army .The
second session of the Conference of Inter selenggrakan Indonesia in
Jakarta on July 30 with a decision :RIS flag is the Red and
WhiteNational anthem Indonesia RayaRIS official language is
Indonesian language supportIndonesian vice president selected RIS
and BFO . Charging members of the Assembly submitted to the policy
states that the number sixteen states . Both sides also agreed to
form a national preparatory committee tasked to prepare everything
related to the implementation of the Round Table Conference .h .
Round Table Conference ( RTC )
After Indonesia managed to solve their own problems in the
Conference of Inter - Indonesian , Indonesian nation as a whole has
now been prepared for the Round Table Conference ( RTC ) .
Meanwhile, in August 1949 , President Sukarno as the Supreme
Commander on the one hand and the High Representative of the
Netherlands Crown on the other hand , announced the dismissal of a
shootout . The order was effective from August 11, 1949 for Java
and August 15, 1949 for the area Sumatera.pada dated August 4, 1949
the Indonesian government delegation to attend the RTC construct
consisting of Drs Moh.Hatta ( Chairman ) , Mr . Moh.Roem , Prof. .
Dr. . Supomo , dr.J.Leimena , Mr . Ali Sastroamidjoyo , Mr . Suyono
Hadinoto , Dr . Sumitro Djojohadikusomo , Mr . Abdul Karim
Pringgodigdo .Diselenggrakan Round Table Conference in The Hague ,
the Netherlands on August 23 to November 2 , 1949. Indonesian
delegation led by Drs . Moh Hatta , BFO led by Sultan Hamid II of
Pontianak RTC and a delegation from the Netherlands led by Mr . Van
Marseveen . Of the United Nations led by Crittchlay .On 2 November
1949 the negotiations ended with the decision as follows :The
Netherlands recognizes the Republic of Indonesia (RIS ) as an
independent and sovereign stateCompletion of Irian question Bart
suspended till next yearRIS as erdaulat country full cooperation
with the Netherlands in a trust which is headed by the Queen of the
Netherlands on a voluntary basis with the same status and rights
.RIS Netherlands restore property rights , granting concessions ,
and new licenses for companies .All of the former Dutch East Indies
debt must be paid by the RIS .i . Formation of Republic of
IndonesiaOn October 29, 1949 can be signed Charter Agreement RIS
Constitution . Charter RIS conference agreement between the
Republic of Indonesia with BFO . The results of the RTC decision is
submitted to the Central Indonesian National Committee ( KNIP ) .
Furthermore KNIP convene from 6-14 December 1949 date to discuss
these results . Discussion of the results of the RTC by the KNIP
done by voting to accept the results of the RTC KNIP .One of the
RTC decision in The Hague Netherlands is Indonesia become a union
state with the name Republic of Indonesia union . To become the RIS
, KNIP and the House held a hearing in Jakarta . The trial failed
to agree on a constitution for RIS manuscript known as the
Constitution of RIS . On December 16, 1949 Presidential election
held hearings in the House Kepatihan RIS , Yogyakarta by
representatives of sixteen states . The trial was led by Muh . Roem
and children Agung Gede Agung . on the date of December 14, 1949
the representatives of the governments that are part of the RIS .
On December 14, 1949 Presidential election held RIS with a single
candidate Ir . Sukarno . Finally , Ir . Sukarno is elected
president , then inaugurated and sworn in on December 17, 1949 .
Date December 17, 1949 presidential inauguration ceremony held in
Ward RIS Sitinggil , Sultan Palace . Drs Moh . Hatta became prime
minister who would lead the cabinet RIS . Under the Constitution
RIS RIS Parliament consists of the House of Representatives and the
State Legislature called the Senate . Governmental power is held by
the prime minister . The President only has to certify the results
of the decision wewengang cabinet led by the prime minister .
recognition KedulatanOn December 23, 1949 RIS delegation chaired
by Drs . Moh Hatta with members of Sultan Hamid Algadrie , Suyono
Hadinoto , Dr . Suparmo , Dr . Kusumaatmaja and Prof Dr . Supomo go
to the Netherlands . On December 27th 1949 the Dutch government
transferred sovereignty over Indonesia to the United States of
Indonesia . In two places :NetherlandsQueen Juliana , Prime
Minister Willem Dress , and the Overseas Minister , AMJM Sassen
hands the sovereignty of the Indonesian delegation leader ( RIS ) ,
Drs . Moh . Hatta .JakartaHigh Representative of the Crown AHJ
Lovink cede sovereignty to a representative government RIS . , Lane
IX . Along with that , in Yogyakrta President Sukarno accepts the
transfer of sovereignty of the Republic of Indonesia to the Acting
President Assaat RIS . And dated December 28, 1949 the seat of
government was moved again to Jakarta RIS . A month later, on
January 29, 1950 , General Sudirman died at the age of 32 years .
Sudirman is a great hero for the TNI and the Indonesian people
.
The role of the UN ( United Nations )The UN helped weaponry and
attempt to resolve the dispute between Indonesia and the
Netherlands during the physical revolution ( 1945-1950 ) . On
January 24, 1949 the UN Security Council convened . In the trial,
the United States passed a resolution approved by all member states
, namely :Freeing the president and vice president as well as the
leaders of the Republic of Indonesia which was captured on December
19, 1948 .KTN ordered to give a full report on the situation in
Indonesia since December 19, 1948 .Another decision results
achieved by the United Nations are:Charter recognition of
Sovereignty ( December 27, 1949 )formation of RISFormation of
Indonesian - Dutch UnionThe KNIL formation and KL are integrated
into APRIS .Charter on citizenshipApproval of financial
economicsWest Irian issues will be discussed a year laterWith the
recognition of the sovereignty of the date of December 27, 1949 ,
it ended the armed revolution in Indonesia and the de jure the
Dutch recognized Indonesian independence in the form of the
Republic of Indonesia (RIS ) . But over the deal to the people of
Indonesia on August 17, 1950 , RIS was dissolved with the
establishment of the Republic of Indonesia ( Republic of Indonesia
) . Furthermore, on 28 September 1950 , Indonesia received a member
of the United Nations 60th . This means that Indonesia's
independence was officially recognized by the international
community .
Return to the Homeland ( State unitary Republic of Indonesia
)Hasi approval of the RTC ended on 2 November 1949 was the
formation of the federal state of Indonesia, the Republic of
Indonesia (RIS ) . RIS is composed of states including the Republic
of Indonesia , State of East Sumatra , South Sumatra Country ,
State Pasundan , State of East Java , Madura Country , Country
Indonesia East and 9 unit is a stand-alone statehood West
Kalimantan , East Kalimantan , Bangka , Belitung , Riau , Central
Java .However , in the Cabinet RIS only two people who support a
federal system in Indonesia ( ie Sultan Hamid II and Anak Agung
Gede Agung ) , the rest ( such as Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX ,
Arnold Manuhutu , etc. ) further supports the Homeland system . By
Demian , hence the desire to disperse and establish the Homeland
RIS strongerBasic formation of the federal state in Indonesia is
very weak and not supported by a strong ideological ties , with the
goal of a state that is not clear and without the support of many
people . Very existence depends on the strength of the Dutch
military consists of the Royal Leger ( KL ) or the Royal
Netherlands Army and the Royal Netherlands Indische Leger ( KNIL )
, or Royal Netherlands Indies Army .On May 19, 1950 , held between
RIS agreement with Indonesia to prepare for the establishment of a
unitary state procedures . PPerdana RIS parties represented by the
Minister Moh . Hatta and the RI was represented by dr . Abdul Halim
. According to the agreement , Negar Unitary Republic of Indonesia
( Republic of Indonesia ) will be established by the RIS together
with RI in Yogyakrta . Formed a joint committee for the
implementation of RIS and RI are in charge of designing the Unitary
State of Law , led by prof . Supomo and on July 20, 1950
successfully complete the task . Draft Law on State Unitary
councils submitted to the representatives of States for enhanced
section . Law of the Republic of Indonesia contains the elements of
the 1945 Constitution and the Constitution of the RIS . Finally, on
August 14, 1950 , the draft Constitution of the Republic of
Indonesia Negar well received by the senate and parliament RIS and
KNIP .On August 15, 1950 , President Sukarno signed the draft Basic
Law as a Law of the Provisional Republic of Indonesia then known as
the Provisional Constitution of 1950. Was on August 17, 1950 , the
RIS officially disbanded and formed the Republic of Indonesia with
the Provisional Constitution 1950 as its constitution .
Nevertheless , the majority of Indonesian people believe that the
Unitary Republic of Indonesia is a continuation of the Republic of
Indonesia which was proclaimed on August 17, 1945 .
Indonesian - Dutch conflict Kedulatan After ConfessionAlthough
the regions of Indonesia had made negra doll has been the return to
the Netherlands formed a unitary state recognition , but the region
RI is not fully intact as West Irian is still dominated by the
Dutch . Untu , the Indonesian government attempted to reclaim the
West Irian . Ways to go through:
1 . Struggle DiplomacyArticle 2 paragraph 1 of the Charter on
the Sovereignty submission Irian ( Niuew - Guinea ) in the status
quo . For a while while running within one year after the date of
the transfer of sovereignty to the RIS will be settled by way of
negotiation . However , the Dutch began to deny the RTC results in
particular problems of West Irian . Indonesian nation with
diplomatic and military power to seize territory that is controlled
by the Dutch West Irian .
Diplomatic efforts to restore Irian into the bosom of the
Republic of Indonesia , namely :Bilateral negotiations between
Indonesia and the Netherlands , but the venture failedSince 1954,
the Indonesian government to raise the question of West Irian to UN
General Assembly , Indonesia has repeatedly raise the issue , but
never got a positive response .In 1955 , Indonesia tried to raise
the issue in the Asian-African Conference in Bandung , but also
ignored the Netherlands2 . Confrontation EconomyIn order that the
liberation of West Irian in 1957 carried out the following actions
in Indonesia :On November 18 , 1957, a rally was held in Jakrta .
The rally was followed by a strike by workers who worked on the
Dutch -owned company in Indonesia . The strike dimuali held on
December 2, 1957 .Aircraft belonging to the Dutch airline ( KLM )
banned landed and flew over the Indonesian regionActions capital
takeover of Dutch companies in Indonesia , for example, Bank
Transfer Escompto taken by the Government of Indonesia on December
9, 1957 and Netherlandsch Handel Matchappij NV Also taken Rather (
the company changed its name to Bank Dagang Negara ) .Printing De
Unie was not immune from takeover efforts of Dutch companies in
Indonesia , which datur in Government Regulation No. 23 of 1958 .3
. Struggle ConfrontationDated December 19, 1961 , President Sukarno
issued a Tri- People ( TRIKORA ) which contains the following
:Abort the formation of a puppet state of Papua, made in colonial
Dutch .Hoist the Red and White in West Irian homeland of Indonesia
.Be prepared for a general mobilization maintain the unity of the
homeland 's independence from Indonesia .In order liberation of
West Irian command of military operations will be established which
was named West Irian Liberation Mandala Command on January 2, 1962
. Meyjen Suharto as his command was . Deputy Commander of the I
Marine Colonel Subono . , Deputy commander Komado II : Marine
Colonel and Chief of Staff Leo Wattimena Joint Colonel Ahmad Tahir
.Komado Mandala planned operations liberation of West Irian there
are three phases , namely :Phase Infiltration : till the end of
1962 trying to enter the 10 companies around specific goals to
create a de facto free area . These units should be able to develop
a mastery of the region , bringing with them the people of West
Irian in the physical struggle to liberate western Irian
.Exploitation phase : start early 1963. Operation is planned to
hold an open attack against a hostile military aircraft , occupying
all the important posts pertahanann enemies .Consolidation phase :
the beginning of 1964. Absolute RI enforcement plan in West Irian .
In the battle in the Arafura Sea , dated January 15, 1962 and
Captain Yos Sudarso Komondor Wiranto fall . Before the ship sank RI
leopard , melalaui radio , telephone Komondor Yos Sudarso still had
mengkomandokan Combat Messege ( waged spirit of Struggle )4 . The
ActReferensihttp://binhakim.blogspot.com/2011/07/kronologi-singkat-sejarah-indonesia.html