SOCIALISM SOCIALISM SOCIALISM From Utopia to Reality
Dec 25, 2015
SOCIALISSOCIALISMM
SOCIALISM
From Utopiato Reality
SOCIALISSOCIALISMM
Definition
•Advocating public ownership of means of production, with work and products shared
SOCIALISSOCIALISMM
Ideology•Wealth was concentrated in few hands
•Working class was deprived of what was rightfully theirs
•Social mechanism had to be developed to justly distribute society's wealth
SOCIALISSOCIALISMM
UTOPIAN SOCIALISM
Robert OwenCount de Saint-
SimonCharles Fourier
Louis Blanc
SOCIALISSOCIALISMM
Antediluvian Socialism
•Before the flood of revolutions of 1848
•1815 to 1848
SOCIALISSOCIALISMM
Ideology•Endorsed productive capacity of industrialism
•Denounced its mismanagement
•Organized society as community, not competing individuals–End ruthless, capitalist individualism
SOCIALISSOCIALISMM
Ideology
•Society regarded its ideas as too idealistic with little practical application–Little political or social support
•Failure of 1848-49 revolutions discredited Utopian Socialists
SOCIALISSOCIALISMM
Robert Owen
•1771-1858•England/Scotland•One of the first socialists
and one of the first cotton lords
•Became crusader for social reform
SOCIALISSOCIALISMM
Robert Owen•Created model community for employees-New Lanark, Scot.–Paid high wages–Reduced working hours–Built schools, housing, & stores
•Established New Harmony in Indiana (1825-1830)
SOCIALISSOCIALISMM
Count de Saint-Simon
•1760-1825•France•Social hierarchy based on productivity
•Among first exponents of planned society
SOCIALISSOCIALISMM
Count de Saint-Simon
•Advocated public ownership of industrial equipment & other capital–Captains of industry would be in control–Captains plan and coordinate labor and resources of society
SOCIALISSOCIALISMM
Charles Fourier
•1772-1837•France•Dreamer (Schemer??)•Proposed that society be organized in small units (phalansteries)
SOCIALISSOCIALISMM
Charles Fourier•Determined there were 810 distinct personality types
•Phalanstery would contain 1,620 people (1 male/1 female each)
•Each person would do the work suited to his/her natural inclination so crime would end
SOCIALISSOCIALISMM
Louis Blanc
•1811-1882•France•Journalist•Organization of Work (1830) one of the most constructive of early socialist writings
SOCIALISSOCIALISMM
Louis Blanc•Proposed system of “social
workshops” (state-supported manufacturing centers)–Workers work for themselves–No intervention of capitalists
•Believed government should guarantee workers a job
SOCIALISSOCIALISMM
CHRISTIAN SOCIALISM
Charles Kingsley
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Short-lived
•1848-1890s •England
SOCIALISSOCIALISMM
Ideology
•Industrial evils could be ended by following Christian principles
•Tried to bridge gap between anti- religious drift of socialism and need for Christian social justice
SOCIALISSOCIALISMM
Charles Kingsley
•1814-1875•Best-known proponent•His writings exposed social evils of industrialism
SOCIALISSOCIALISMM
SCIENTIFIC SOCIALISM
Karl Marx
SOCIALISSOCIALISMM
Ideology•Created by Marx as primary ideology of protest & revolution
•Communist philosophic system–Founded on inherent goodness of man
–Rousseau-influenced position
SOCIALISSOCIALISMM
Ideology
•Men are corrupted by artificial institutions (states, churches, etc.)
•History of humanity is history of class struggle (economics)
SOCIALISSOCIALISMM
Ideology•The age of bourgeois domination of working class (proletariat) –Most severe and oppressive
phase of struggle–Would lead to its own
destruction
SOCIALISSOCIALISMM
Ideology•The proletariat:–Needed to be educated–Would lead violent revolution & destroy institutions that perpetuate struggle & suppression of majority
–Dictatorship of the proletariat would then occur
SOCIALISSOCIALISMM
Ideology•Theory of Surplus Labor–True value of product was labor–Worker received small amount–Capitalist "stole" surplus labor (difference in price and workers’ pay)
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Ideology•Dialectic Materialism–Hegel's dialectic was idea–Marxian dialectic was action–Driven by dynamics of materialism with classless
society as synthesis
SOCIALISSOCIALISMM
Karl Marx
•1818-1883•German philosopher •Lived most of his adult life in London
•Born to Jewish lawyer who had converted to Christianity
SOCIALISSOCIALISMM
Karl Marx•Atheistic Marx studied philosophy at Univ. of Berlin before turning to journalism & economics–Read widely in French socialist thought–Shared many of Fourier’s views on marriage
SOCIALISSOCIALISMM
Karl Marx•Wrote:–The Communist Manifesto
(1848)–Critique of Political Economy (1859)–Das Kapital (1863-1864)
SOCIALISSOCIALISMM
Karl Marx
•His arguments–Put forth in scientific form–From extensive, accumulated data–Developed in persuasive
rhetorical style
SOCIALISSOCIALISMM
ANARCHISM
William GodwinAuguste BlanquiPierre ProudhonMichael Bakunin
SOCIALISSOCIALISMM
Definition•Situation where there would be no property or authority
•Attained through enlightened individualism
•Emerged in early 19th century as consequence of Ind. Rev.
SOCIALISSOCIALISMM
William Godwin
•1756-1836•England•Married to Mary Wollstonecraft
•Although once a minister, he became an atheist
SOCIALISSOCIALISMM
William Godwin
•Wrote The Enquiry Concerning Political Justice (1793)–Best-known work–Expounded his theories of philosophical anarchism
SOCIALISSOCIALISMM
William Godwin•Convinced of –The individual perfection of human beings
–Human being’s ability to reason
•Found all forms of control from without unreasonable
SOCIALISSOCIALISMM
Auguste Blanqui
•1805-1881•France•Advocated terrorism to end
capitalism and the state•Revolution achieved only
with small cell of men leading it
SOCIALISSOCIALISMM
Pierre Proudhon
•1809-1865•France•Attacked principle of private property because it denied justice to common people
SOCIALISSOCIALISMM
Pierre Proudhon
•Wrote What is Property? (1840)
•Stated that:–Change achieved through
education–No violence necessary
SOCIALISSOCIALISMM
Michael Bakunin
•1814-1876•Russia•Violent, terrorist actions were necessary to move people to revolt against their oppressors
SOCIALISSOCIALISMM
SYNDICALISM
Georges Sorel
SOCIALISSOCIALISMM
Ideology•Variation of anarchism–Anarcho-syndicalism
•Direct economic actions to control industries
•Strike & industrial sabotage frequently used by syndicalists
SOCIALISSOCIALISMM
Georges Sorel
•1847-1922•France•Supported Alfred Dreyfus–Accused of anarchism and
convicted of treason
•Influenced young Mussolini
SOCIALISSOCIALISMM
REVISIONIST SOCIALISM
Sidney & Beatrice WebbGeorge Bernard Shaw
Edward BernsteinJean Jaures
SOCIALISSOCIALISMM
Ideology•Reconsideration of Marxism began before Marx’s death
•Revolutions not inevitable in bringing about socialist society
•Democratic societies had mechanisms to gradually evolve socialism
SOCIALISSOCIALISMM
Ideology
•World revolution was not imminent and directable
•Historical processes endured, difficult to redirect and reform
SOCIALISSOCIALISMM
Fabians
•British leftists–Said they were Marxists–But they differed from Marx
•People–Sidney and Beatrice Webb
(1859-1947) (1858-1943)–George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950)
SOCIALISSOCIALISMM
Social Democratic Party (SPD)
•Germany•Established as orthodox Marxism
•Leader-Edward Bernstein (1850-1932)
– Influenced by Fabians– In the 1890’s redirected SPD
toward revisionism
SOCIALISSOCIALISMM
French Section of the Working-Class International
•France•Leader--Jean Jaures (1859-
1914)•SFIO moderation led to
developing acceptance of its ideas during tumultuous years of Dreyfus Affair
SOCIALISSOCIALISMM
End of Orthodox Marxism
•Orthodox Marxists denounced revisionist movement
•By 1914 majority of socialists were revisionists willing to use democratic process to bring about their goals
SOCIALISSOCIALISMM
SOCIALISM
From Utopiato Reality