Soc sci

SOC SCI 20 - Philippine History, Roots and Development

Course No: Soc Sci 20Course Title: Philippine History Roots and DevelopmentCourse Credit: 3 units

Course Description:

This course provides the students a comprehensive solid background of the national history in thinking constructively about the importance of historical events within the context of present events. This is divided into three parts: Part 1 - Philippines: Its Beginning discusses the theories related to the origin of the Philippine archipelago; its setting, pre-historic culture, introduction and spread of Islam, early Filipinos, and Spanish Colonization. Part 2 - Development & Growth of Filipino Nationalism discusses the development of nationalism, reform movement, the Katipunan and Philippine Revolution, and American period. Part 3 - Period of Philippine Republic contains the challenges to independence and the Philippines under the Martial Law until the restoration of democracy, and the contemporary period.

Grading System:

Major Exam 50%Quizzes 20%Assignments 10%Projects 10%Oral Recitation 10% 100%

Course SyllabusJESUS REIGNS CHRISTIAN COLLEGE811 J. Nakpil St., Malate, ManilaCOURSE CODE : HIST 1COURSE TITLE : PHILIPPINE HISTORYCOURSE CREDIT : 3 UNITSCOURSE DESCRIPTION:The course introduces the students to the development of the Philippines as a nation from Pre-Colonialism to the formation of its government as a Republic. It will have a general survey of the significant events that shaped the Filipino nation while at the same time traces our national and cultural heritage. Thus, it will be presented in sequential and chronological order. The course is also a study of the significant historical stages that formed the economic, political, social and cultural development of the country through an analysis of the relationship of past events with the present condition of the nation.COURSE OBJECTIVES:At the end of the semester, the students will be able to:1. Analyze and conceptualize the history and formation of the cultural heritage of the Filipino people.2. Critically understand the significance of the different stages of our history.3. Intelligently explain the relationship of past events to our present condition.4. Appreciate the accomplishments and sacrifices of our fellow Filipinos for the welfare of the nation.5. Develop a deep sense of pride and identity as a Filipino through patriotism which will lead to action in making a significant contribution in nation building.COURSE OUTLINE:Time tableTopic

Week 1Syllabus and class orientation

Week 1The Philippines as a unique nation

Week 2The Philippine territory and its people

Week 3Pre-Colonial Philippines

Week 4 5The Spanish Era

Week 6 7Revolts and struggles for freedom

Week 8Mid-Term

Week 9Film Showing

Week 10 11The Philippine Revolution

Week 12The birth of a Nation

Week 13The American Rule

Week 14The Japanese occupation

Week 15 16The Republic of the Philippines

Week 17Finals

COURSE METHODOLOGY:Descriptive and analytical approaches thru:1. Quizzes 3. Reporting (Individual)2. Discussion, lectures and recitations 4. Film showing with reviews and reactionsCOURSE REQUIREMENTS:1. 1.Quizzes (10%) There will be a short quiz at the beginning of each class based on the previous lesson/s.1. 2.Report (20%) Specific topic will be given to each student for their individual report. Prepare your report. No one is allowed to read his/her report in the class directly from the book.1. 3.Research Paper (15%) Choose and identify a particular event in our history. Explain its significance and relate its effects and contribution to our present condition as a nation. 4 pages minimum. Beware of plagiarism. Make a reflection paper using your own words. Dont copy and paste from anyone. 5 points deduction per day of late. Due on finals.1. 4.Exams (40%) Two major exams (Mid-Term and Finals) will be given to assess what the students have learned.1. 5.Class Participation and Attendance (15%) Students are expected to participate during class discussions or submit assigned tasks as the case may require it. 4 absences (automatic failure according to CHED rules), 15 minutes late (1 tardy), 3 tardies equals one absence and 45 minutes late is considered absent.Grading System:Quizzes 10%Class Participation 15%Report 20%Research Paper 15%Exams 40%Total 100%=============REFERENCES:Halili, Maria Christine N.Philippine History. Rex Book Store, 2004.Zaide, Sonia M.The Philippines: A Unique nation, History of the Republic of the Philippines,Cubao, Quezon City, 2000.Agoncillo, T. History of the Filipino People.Quezon City: Garotech Publishing, 1990.About the instructor:Rev. Manuel A. Ocampo Jr. is the Senior Pastor of the Yeshua Emmanuel Christian Church, a Pentecostal-Charismatic independent church. He holds a Bachelor of Science in Commerce major in Accounting degree in Far Eastern University (1990), Manila andMasters of Divinity (cum laude) at the Asian Seminary of Christian Ministries in Makati (2013). He serves as a pastor since 1993 and handled different ministries from a very young age. He is married to Gen V. Ocampo and has a son named Josiah. He is part of the JRCC faculty since 2009.

COURSESYLLABUS1stSemester, A.Y. 2011-2012

Course Code: SS101

Course Title:PHILIPPINE HISTORY WITH POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE/PHILIPPINE HISTORY WITH GOVERNMENT AND CONSTITUTIONCourse Credits: 3 unitsClassScheduleand Room: Thursday, 10:00AM-1:00PM (C5), Room 102Friday, 4:00PM-7:00PM (Main), Room 305Course Instructor: Marlon B. RaquelMaster of Arts in Demography (continuing), UP DilimanBachelor of Arts in Social Sciences (Political Science), UP Tacloban

Consultation Hours: WTh, 4:00PM-6:00PM/Sat, 7:00AM-3:00PM at the Faculty RoomOr byappointment, email me [email protected]

Contact Numbers: 553-9187 (C5); 839-1903 (Main)

Class Website:http://tfvc2010.blogspot.com

COURSE DESCRIPTION:

This course covers a comprehensive study of Philippine history pre-colonial, colonial, and post-colonial periods, andthe development, organization, and operation of the Philippine political system with emphasis on the present.

COURSE OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the semester, you should be able to:1. Recognize and appreciate the importance of study of Philippine history;2. Understand the fundamental concepts, theories and issues in Philippine politics and governance and the systematic frameworks and tools of political analysis;3. Acquire knowledge and understanding on the history of Philippine government, politics, and society as a key to unraveling the presentstructureand dynamics of Philippine political system; and4. Develop an interest in the political system equipped with knowledge on his/her rights, duties, and responsibilities as a member of the Philippine society.

COURSE OUTLINE:

One (1) semester is equivalent to eighteen (18) weeks, or its equivalent of normally six (6) school days a week, or one hundred (100) days (CHED Memorandum Order No. 40, Series of 2008).

Session #1INTRODUCTIONCourse Orientation and Discussion ofSyllabusIntroduction to the termsHistory,Politics,Government, and GovernanceHistory as a Social Science and Its Relation to Other Fields of DisciplineUnderstanding History and Sources of Historical DataImportance of Studying Philippine HistoryThePhilippinesin the 21stCentury: Facts and FiguresSession #2FOUNDATIONS OF PHILIPPINE HISTORY, POLITICS AND GOVERNANCEPolitical and Economic History and GeographyThe Present Social and Economic SituationPopulation, Religion, Culture, and IdeologyThe Philippine Constitution

Short Quiz #1: Session 1 Topics and Course Syllabus

Session #3THE PRE-COLONIALPHILIPPINESHow the Earth Was FormedTheories on the Origin of thePhilippinesand the FilipinosThe Setting Geographical Features of thePhilippinesPre-Colonial Culture, Customs, and Practices of Traditional Communities

Session #4THE SPANISH PERIODThe Age of Discovery and Exploration of New LandsHow thePhilippineswas Rediscovered by MagellanThe Spanish ExpeditionsThe Hispanization of the Native FilipinosPolitical, Economic, Religious, and Socio-Cultural Aspects of Spanish Colonization

Short Quiz #2: Sessions 2 and 3 Topics

Session #5PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONSession #6FILIPINO NATIONALISM AND THE BIRTH OF A NATIONStruggle for Rights and Freedom: Revolts, Causes, and EffectsThe Philippine Revolution of 1896The Malolos ConstitutionTheFirstRepublic: Proclamation of PhilippineIndependencein Kawit,CaviteThe Administration of Emilio AguinaldoThe Spanish-American and the Filipino-American Wars

Short Quiz #3: Session 4 Topics

Session #7THE AMERICAN PERIODReligious SchismThePhilippinesunder US ImperialismThe Campaign forIndependenceFilipinization of the LegislatureThe Commonwealth Government in Preparation for Self-GovernanceThe 1935 ConstitutionThe Administration of Manuel QuezonThe Administration of Sergio OsmenaThe American Legacy

Short Quiz #4: Session 6 Topics

Session #8THE JAPANESE PERIODThe American-Japanese WarThePhilippinesunder the Japanese Military GovernmentTheSecondRepublicunder the 1943 Japanese-sponsored ConstitutionThe Administration of Jose LaurelResistance and Liberation of thePhilippines

Session #9THETHIRDREPUBLICThe Administration of Manuel A. RoxasThe Administration of Elpidio QuirinoThe Administration of Ramon MagsaysayThe Administration of Carlos P. GarciaThe Administration of Diosdado Macapagal

Short Quiz #5: Sessions 7 and 8 Topics

Session #10MIDTERM EXAMINATION

Session #11THEFOURTHREPUBLIC PART IThe Administration of Ferdinand E. MarcosThe Martial Law PeriodThe 1973 ConstitutionThe Parliamentary Form of GovernmentThe 1986 People Power (EDSA 1)The Administration of Corazon CoryAquinoThe Provisional Government and the Provisional Constitution

Short Quiz #6: Session 9 Topics

Session #12THEFOURTHREPUBLIC PART IIThe 1987 ConstitutionThe Administration of Fidel V. RamosThe Administration of Joseph Erap EstradaThe 2001 People Power (EDSA 2)The Impeachment of ErapThe Administration of Gloria Macapagal-ArroyoThe People Power 3 (EDSA 3)Legitimacy of Arroyo Government in QuestionHello Garci?, NBN-ZTE Deal, and Other Government ScandalsThe Impeachment Attempts Against the President

Session #13THEFOURTHREPUBLIC PART IIIThe Administration of Benigno Simeon Noynoy Aquino

Short Quiz #7: Sessions 11, 12 and 13 Topics

Session#14PRE-FINAL EXAMINATION

Session #15THE STRUCTURE OF THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENTThe Three Branches of GovernmentThree Constitutional CommissionsMilitary, Bureaucracy and the Local Government

Session #16PHILIPPINE STATE AND SOCIETYThe Citizens and the PublicInterest Groups, Social Movements, and Civil SocietyPolitical Parties and Elections

Session #17ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN THE 21STCENTURYThe Reproductive Health (RH) BillCharter Change: From Presidential to Parliamentary/Unitary to FederalismDivorce in thePhilippinesIndigenous Communities, Women, and EnvironmentGays in the Military and in the GovernmentCPP-NPA-NDFMILF-MNLFThe Spratly Islands andSabahPhilippine Foreign Policy

Short Quiz #8: Sessions 15, 16 and 17 Topics

Session #18FINAL EXAMINATION

COURSE REQUIREMENTS:

Note:Submissions of academic papers and assignments beyond the deadlines will not be entertained/accepted/approved!

Major Exams Four (4) major exams are usually given in a semester prelim, midterm, pre-final and final exams. However, in this classno prelim and pre-final testswill be given; only midterm and final exams will be administered to you. There are other requirements you need to submit in lieu of the prelim and pre-final exams which will be discussed below.

Noprelim examwill be given. However, you are required to submittwo (2) article reviews.Two articles dealing with Philippine History will be given to you on the second class meeting. You have three weeks to read the articles, re-read them, synthesize the writers points of view, and make your own analysis. Reviews must beHANDWRITTENin yellow papers. Deadlines of submission:For Thursday classes:July 14, 2011 until 6:00PMFor Friday class: July 15, 2011 until 7:00PM

For themidterm exam (2-3 pages), a combination of different types of tests will be given such as multiple-choice questions, enumeration, true-or-false questions, essays, etc.This will be a 100-point test. Themidterm exam will be administered on:For Thursday classes: August 18, 2011 (Thursday)For Friday class: August 19, 2011 (Friday)

Each student will participate indebateson certain historical issues in the country, e.g., Should the government reclaim Sabah fromMalaysia? The class will be divided into several groups and each group needs to do research on assigned topics. Each team then prepares speeches which will be delivered onSeptember 15, 2011 (Thursday) for Thursday classes and on September 16, 2011 (Friday) for Friday class.The mechanics of the debate will be discussed in the class. The British Parliamentary Style will be used. This debate is equivalent to yourpre-final exam.

For thefinal exam (2-3 pages), questions will be composed of multiple-choice and essay questions. Coverage includes but not limited to the questions on short quizzes and the midterm exam. Date of the final examination is onOctober 13 (Thursday), 2011 for Thursday classes and for Friday class, October 14, 2011 (Friday).

Short QuizzesThere will be eight (8) short quizzes to be given for the entire semester. All questions are objective type. Questions could be enumeration, multiple choice, or true-or-false. No essay or definition of terms will be given. Each quiz consists of not less than 10 items but not more than 20 items. They will be given right after the lecture-discussion but the topics covered are those that have been discussed two weeks before. This type of test will measure your memory. Please be aware of the dates of the short quizzes.

Online Assignments Four assignments will be given to you throughout the duration of the course. Assignments will be availabletwo weeks before the deadlineon our class website athttp://tfvc2010.blogspot.com. Look for the link with the headingASSIGNMENT, i.e, Assignment No. 1, Assignment No. 2, Assignment No. 3 and Assignment No. 4then clickPhilippine History.Deadlines of submission are indicated below for both classes.

Assignment 19 July 2011, 11:59PMAssignment 213 August 2011, 11:59PMAssignment 310 September 2011, 11:59PMAssignment 48 October 2011, 11:59PM

Class Participation Class participation will measure your involvement during discussions. This class is not designed for a one-way process; this is a two-way communication. Therefore, recitation is of vital importance. If there is something that is not clear to you, you better ask. You are free to disagree with me or your classmates even at the middle of my lecture. Exercise your freedom of expression. Just make sure you are able to defend and justify your position.

GRADING SYSTEM:

Midterm Grade:Final Period Grade:2 Reviews 30%Debate 30%Midterm Exam 30%Final Exam 30%2 Online Assignments 15%2 Online Assignments 15%4 Quizzes 15%4 Quizzes 15%Class Participation 10%Class Participation 10%

FINAL GRADE = Midterm Grade (40%) + Final Period Grade (60%)*** Final grades will be posted online. Check outhttp://tfvc2010.blogspot.comTWO WEEKS after the final examination period ***

CLASSROOM POLICIES:

The moment you enrolled in the college, you agree to submit yourself to the school policies.Academic institutions arenotsocial clubs; we have rules to follow.

Attendance It is your responsibility to come to class on our schedule and on time. I will be checking your attendance regularly. Inform me early if you will be late or if you will leave early. Any one who gets a perfect attendance will receive 0.25-point bonus on the FINAL GRADE. Perfect attendance means being present in all class sessions. Those with excused absences will not be given the bonus grade.

A student who has incurred 11 hours of absences in a 3-unit subject during the regular semester shall be dropped from the roll and given a failing grade (Article VIII, College Student Handbook: The Fisher Valley College). The 5thabsence will qualify you to receive a W/F (withdrawal failure) mark equivalent to a grade of 5.0. Necessary warnings will be given to you with excessive absences and names of students who have incurred 4 or more absences will be reported to the Associate College Director so that necessary notice can be given to the parents/guardian (No. 4, Policy Guidelines for Faculty).

Three (3) tardiness marks would mean one (1) day of absence. A student who leaves the classroom and stay out for the duration of the class period without the professors permission shall be marked absent (Article VIII, College Student Handbook: The Fisher Valley College). However, don't use this as an excuse for you to come to class late. This time allowance has been designed for working students and those who have children to take care of before going to school. Unavoidable circumstances like traffic are also given consideration.

Cellphone and Other Electronic Gadgets Policy I strongly discourage you using your cellphones, laptops, and other similar gadgets while we are having class discussions. It does not only distract me; it is also annoying to your classmates who are listening to my lectures. You are expected to demonstrate respect to everyone and avoid disruptive behaviors.

Make-up Exams I do not give make-up exams EXCEPT for serious illness or death in the family. Do not make other commitments on the scheduled dates of examinations. If you have your examination permit signed by the authorized school authorities and you fail to take the exam, you will get a grade of 60% or 5.0 on that particular exam. Failure to take the final examination because of unpaid tuition fee, on the other hand, would mean an INC grade. There isNO EXEMPTION.

Academic IntegrityYou are expected to maintain academic integrity at all times. Avoid cheating during quizzes and examinations. When you cheat, you are making a contribution to the degradation of the quality of your college education. Plagiarism will not be tolerated as well. In every academic paper you submit, make sure that you cite properly the authors/institutions of your references. Claiming something as your own when you actually copied it from someone is a clear violation. Hiring someone to do your assignments, research papers, or other related works is also an offense to academic integrity. Any violation committed will have a corresponding disciplinary action as outlined in the College Student Handbook.

Index Cards- You are required to submit an index card no later than the 3rdclass meeting containing the following information:

Front:1. Last Name, Given Name, Middle Name2. Student Number, Course, and Section3. Address (Provincial and MetroManila)4. Contact Numbers (Landline, Cellular Phone, Email Address, Personal Website)5. Include a 1 x 1 recent photo PASTED (NOT STAPLED) on the upper right corner of the index card.Back:a.All exams, quizzes, and assignmentsb.Attendance record

If you follow all these policies, you will surely survive in all of my subjects.

TEXTBOOK:

Agoncillo, Teodoro A. (1990).History of the Filipino People (Reprinted 2007).Quezon City: Garotech Publishing

REFERENCES:

Corpuz, Onofre D. (2006).The Roots of the Filipino Nation, Vols. 1 & 2.Quezon City: The University of thePhilippinesPress

De Leon, Hector S. (2005).Textbook on the Philippine Constitution (2005 edition). Reprinted September 2007.Quezon City: Rex Book Store, Inc.

Halili, Ma. Christine N. (2004)Philippine History. Reprinted February 2005.Quezon City: Rex Book Store, Inc.

Zaide, Sonia M. (2000).ThePhilippines: A Unique Nation, History of the Republic of thePhilippines.Quezon City: All-Nations Publishing, Inc.

Newspapers, websites, movies, and articles/research papers

SYNOPSIS OF PHILIPPINE HISTORYPre-Spanish TimesThere are two theories on the origins of the first Filipinos, the inhabitants of what will later be called the Philippine Islands and eventuallythe Republicof the Philippines. See theEarly Inhabitants of the Philippine Islands.In the beginning of the 3rd century, the inhabitants ofLuzonisland were in contact andtradingwith East Asian sea-farers and merchants includingthe Chinese. In the 1400'sthe Japanesealso established atradingpost atAparriin NorthernLuzon.In 1380, Muslim Arabs arrived at theSuluArchipelago and established settlements which became mini-states ruled by a Datu. They introduced Islam in the southern parts of the archipelago including some parts of Luzon and were under the control of the Muslim sultans of Borneo. They had a significant influence over the region for a couple of hundreds years. The Malay Muslims remained dominant in these parts until the 16th century.Philippine History During the Spanish Colonial TimesIn 1521,Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese explorer who was serving the Spanish crown, landed in Samar Island on his voyage to circumvent the globe. He explored the islands and named it Archipelago of San Lazaro. Magellan was killed during a rebellion led by a Datu namedLapu Lapuin Mactan Island (adjacent to Cebu Island). Spain continued to send expeditions to the island for financial gain and on the fourth expedition, Commander Ruy Lopez de Villalobos, named the islands: Philippines, after Prince Philip (later King Philip II),heir to theSpanish throne.Spainruled the Philippines for 356 years.In 1565,King Philip IIappointedMiguel Lopez de Legazpias the first Governor-General of the Philippines. Legazpi chose Manila to be it's capital because of it's natural harbor. Spain's legacy was the conversion of the people to Catholicism and the creation of the privileged landed class. Because of abuses and suppression of the Spaniards, a Propaganda Movement emerged with the aims for equality between Filipinos and Spaniards. The arrest of propagandistDr. Jose Rizaland execution in 1896 gave fresh momentum to Filipino rebels to fight against Spain.The secret society of theKatipunan, founded by AndresBonifacioattacked the Spanish Garrison in San Juan with little success, while Katipuneros in Cavite Province headed byEmilio Aguinaldodefeated the Guardia Civil in Cavite. Aguinaldo'svictorieslead him to be elected as head of the Katipunan. The factions ofBonifacio& Aguinaldo fought and lead to the trial and execution ofBonifacioon Aguinaldo's orders. Aguinaldo later drafted a constitution and establishedthe RepublicofBiak-na-Batoin Bulacan province. In 1897, an impasse between the Spanish government and Aguinaldo arose. After negotiations between the two sides, Aguinaldo accepted an amnesty from the Spaniards and US$ 800,000.00 in exchange for his exile to Hong Kong with his government.Philippine History During the American EraTheSpanish-Americanwar which started in Cuba, changed the history of the Philippines. On May 1, 1898, the Americans led by U.S. Navy Admiral George Dewey, in participation of Emilio Aguinaldo, attacked the Spanish Navy in Manila Bay. Faced with defeat, the Philippines was ceded to theUnited Statesby Spain in 1898 after a payment of US$ 20 million to Spain in accordance with the "Treaty of Paris" ending the Spanish-American War. On June 12, 1898, Filipinos led by Emilio Aguinaldodeclared independence. This declaration was opposed by the U.S. who had plans of taking over the colony. And this led to a guerrilla war against the Americans. In 1901, Aguinaldo was captured and declared allegiance to the United States. On the same year,William Howard Taftwas appointed as the first U.S. governor of the Philippines. The U.S. passed theJones Lawin 1916 establishing an elected Filipino legislature with a House of representatives & Senate. In 1934, theTydings-McDuffie Actwas passed by the U.S. Congress, establishedthe Commonwealthof the Philippines and promised Philippine independence by 1946. The law also provided for the position of President ofthe Commonwealthof the Philippines. On the May 14, 1935 elections,Manuel L. Quezonwon the position of President of thePhilippine Commonwealth.In accordance with the Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934, The Philippines was given independence on July 4, 1946 andthe Republicof the Philippines was born.Philippine History During the Japanese OccupationOn December 8, 1941,the Japaneseinvades the Philippines hours after bombing Pear Harbor in Hawaii. While the forces ofGen. Douglas MacArthurretreated to Bataan,the Commonwealthgovernment of President Quezon moved to Corregidor Island. Manila was declared an open city to prevent further destruction. After the fall of Bataan on April 9, 1942 and Corregidor, In March 1942, MacArthur & Quezon fled the country and by invitation ofPresident Roosevelt,the Commonwealthgovernment went into exile to Washington D.C. American and Filipino forces surrendered in May 6, 1942. Soon a guerrilla war againstthe Japanesewas fought by the Philippine & American Armies while Filipinos were enduring the cruelty ofthe Japanesemilitary against civilians.Prior to Quezon's exile, he advised Dr. Jose P. Laurel to head and cooperate withthe Japanesecivilian government in the hope that the collaboration will lead to a less brutality ofthe Japanesetowards the Filipinos. Rightly or wrongly, President Laurel and his war time government was largely detested by the Filipinos.In October 1944, Gen. MacArthur with President Sergio Osmea (who assumed the presidency after Quezon died on August 1, 1944 in exile in Saranac Lake, New York) returned and liberated the Philippines fromthe Japanese.The Philippine Republic

On July 4, 1946, Manuel Roxas of the Nationalista Party was inaugurated as the firstPresident of the Republic of the Philippines. Roxas died in April 1948. He was succeeded byElpidio Quirino. Both Roxas & Quirino had to deal with the Hukbalahap, a large anti-Japanese guerrilla organization which became a militant group that discredited the ruling elite. The group was eventually put down by Pres. Quirino's Secretary of Defense, Ramon Magsaysay.Magsaysay defeated Quirino in the 1953 elections. He was a popular president and largely loved by the people. Magsaysay died in an airplane crash on March 17, 1957 and was succeeded by Carlos Garcia.Diosdado Macapagal won the 1961 presidential elections and soon after he changed history by declaring June 12 as independence day - the day Emilio Aguinaldodeclared independencein Cavite from Spain in 1898. Aguinaldo was the guest of honour during the fist Independence Day celebrations in 1962.Philippine History During the Martial Law RegimeFerdinand E. Marcoswon the presidency in 1965 and was the first president to be re-elected for a second term in office. Marcos He embarked on an ambitious public works program and maintained his popularity through his first term. His popularity started to decline after his re-election due toperceiveddishonesty in the 1969 campaign, the decline in economic growth, government corruption and the worsening peace & order. He declared Martial Law in 1972 near the end of his second & final term in office. Staunch oppositionist,Senator Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino(later went on self exile to the U.S.) & Senator Jose Diokno were one of the first to be arrested. During the Martial Law years, Marcos held an iron grip on the nation with the support of the military. Opposition leaders we imprisoned and the legislature was abolished. Marcos ruled by presidential decrees.Post Martial Law up to the Present TimeThe 21-year dictatorial rule of Marcos with wife Imelda ended in 1986 following a popular uprising that forced them to exile to Hawaii.Corazon "Cory" Aquino, the wife of exiled and murdered opposition leader Benigno Aquino who wasperceivedto have won a just concluded snap election was installed as president. Aquino restored civil liberties, initiated the formation of a new constitution and the restoration of Congress.On September 16, 1991, despite the lobbying of Aquino, the Senate rejected a new treaty that would allow a 10-yearextensionof the US military bases in the country.In the1992 elections, Pres. Aquino endorsed Secretary of DefenseFidel Ramosas her successor, which Ramos won with a slight margin over his rival, Miriam Defensor-Santiago. During the Ramos presidency, he advocated "National Reconciliation" and laid the ground work for the resolution of the secessionist Muslim rebels in the southern Philippine Island of Mindanao. The Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) led by Nur Misuari, signed a peace agreement with the government. However a splinter group, The Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) led by Hashim Salamat continued to fight for an Islamic state. Ramos worked for the economic stability of the country and the improvement of the infrastructure facilities like telecommunications, energy and transportation.Joseph Ejercito Estrada, a popular actor, succeeded Ramos in 1998 withGloria Macapagal-Arroyo(daughter of former President Diosdado Macapagal) as his Vice-President. Estrada's lack of economic & management skills plunged the economy deeper as unemployment increased and the budget deficit ballooned. In October 2000, Estrada's close friend Luis "Chavit" Singson accused Estrada of receiving millions of pesos from "Jueteng", an illegal numbers game. Soon after, Congress impeached Estrada on grounds of bribery, graft and corruption, betrayal of public trust and culpable violation of the constitution. His impeachment trial at the Senate was however blocked by his political allies in the Senate. Shortly after the evidence against Estrada was blocked at the Senate, thousands of people rallied up at the EDSA Shrine, site of the People Power Revolution which ousted Marcos in 1986.In January 2001, theSupreme Courtdeclared Joseph Estrada unable to rule in view of mass resignations from his government and declared Vice-President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo as his constitutional successor. To this date, Estrada remains detained facing graft charges before the Sandigan Bayan, the Anti-graft court.Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, completed the remaining term of Estrada and run for re-election against Fernando Poe, Jr., another popular actor and a friend of Estrada in May 2004. Arroyo with her running mate Noli de Castro was eventually proclaimed the winners of the Presidential & Vice-Presidential elections. She has been advocating a change from a Presidential form of government to a Parliamentary form of government.Arroyo's husband & son has been rumored to be receiving money from gambling lords and this has tainted her reputation. A tape recording of Arroyo talking with a commissioner on elections surfaced establishing impropriety by Arroyo and suggesting that she might have influenced the outcome of the last elections. Demonstrations followed in June 2005 calling for Arroyo to resign.On the eve of the anniversary of the "People Power Revolution" on February 24, 2006, the government took pre-emptive measures to quash alleged plots to unseat Arroyo through massive rallies and a coup. Arroyo declared a "State of Emergency" the next day mobilizing the police and the military averting any destabilization moves. Note: Arroyo is has been under hospital arrest since 2011 for charges of electoral sabotage and misuse of public funds. She is detained at the Veterans Memorial Hospital in Quezon City, Metro Manila.May 14, 2007 - National Elections for Senators, Congressmen, Governors, Mayors and local officials. Although there are instances of violence and allegations of cheating specially in Mindanao, this elections is considered by many as one of the most peaceful elections conducted in Philippines.September 12, 2007 - Former President Joseph Ejercito Estrada is convicted of plunder by theSandiganbayan, the anti-graft court and is sentenced to 40 years imprisonment. He is the first former president ever convicted of any crime in Philippine history. Six weeks later, on October 26, Estrada was pardoned by President Arroyo. Because of the pardon, Estrada was able to run for Mayor of Manila and won. He is presently the city mayor of Manila.Benigno Simeon Cojuangco Aquino III, affectionately called "Noynoy" and "Pnoy", a former senator is the son of former President Corazon C. Aquino and the late Senator Benigno Aquino. He won the May 10, 2010 presidential elections and was proclaimed president on June 30, 2010 at Rizal Park in Manila. Former President Gloria Arroyo, was elected congresswoman for the second district of Pampanga. This was the first computerized national elections in Philippine history. Aquino is generally perceived as honest with high public satisfaction ratings. Under his presidency, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Renato Corona was impeached in 2011 for non-declaration of assets and prominent politicians like Senators and Congressmen is being charged of corruption. Aquino continues his anti-corruption crusade. Under the present constitution, Aquino cannot run for a second term. The next presidential elections will be held in May 2016.

About the Philippines The North Flora Charts Mining Exploitations Lake Richs In Northern Illegals Marine The North Flora Charts Mining Exploitations Lake Richs In Northern Illegals Marine The North Flora Charts Mining Exploitations Lake RichsBodies of WaterThePhilippinesboast of many different kinds of natural water forms, such as bays, rivers,lakesfalls, gulfs, straits, and swamps. Because it is made up of islands, the country's coastline, if laid end-to-end, would measure around 17.5 thousandkilometers. The Philippines is blessed with excellent natural harbors for ports likeManila Bay. Other excellent harbors with port potentials are found in Ilocos, Pangasinan, Visayas, and Mindanao. The three largest riversin the countryare theCagayan Riverin NorthernLuzon, theRio Grande de Mindanao, and the Agusan River, also in Mindanao. Also noteworthy in terms of size are the Agno, Pasig, Angat Pampanga, and Bicol rivers in Luzon. Most popular among tourist is the famous underground river in Palawan. Aside from rivers, the country also abounds withlakes. Easily the most famous is the heart-shaped Laguna de Bay. Other famouslakesare Taal in Batangas, Sampaloc in Laguna, Buhi and Bulusan in Bicol, Naujan in Mindoro oriental, and Lanao and Mainit in Mindanao. Generating power for the Nations growth are the magnificent waterfalls that serve as tourist attractions, as well. The biggest is waterfalls is theMaria Cristina falls, it can be found inthe NorthWestern part of Lanao province in Mindanao, while the most popular is Pagsanjan falls in Laguna, where tourist came in droves.Natural ResourcesThe Philippines is rich in natural resources. It has fertile, arable lands, diversefloraand fauna, extensive coastlines, and rich mineral deposits. About 30% of the land area of the country was determined be geologically prospective by the Philippine Mines and Geo-Sciences Bureau. But Only 1.5% of country's land area is covered withminingpermits. Despite the rich natural resources of the Philippines, the government is restricting its exploitation. A logging ban is imposed on many areas of the country and only in select areas are "sustainable logging" allowed. However illegal logging and small-scale illegalminingcontinues is many areas. In July 2012, PresidentBenigno Aquino IIIordered a stop to allminingactivities in all (78 areas) protected and eco-tourism sites. A positive step in the right direction to protect the natural resources of the Philippines.

Our LandThe Philippines primary source of livelihood is its fertile land. Rich, wide plains suitable for farming are found in the Cagayan Valley, Central Luzon, South western Bicol, Panay, Negros, Davao, Cotabato, Agusan and Bukidnon. The country s six major crops arerice,corn,sugarcane,coconut,abacaandtobacco. Except for rice and corn, all these products are exported, along with bananas and pineapples.Our ForestsThe Philippines also boasts of wide tracts of lush, green forests. In fact, almost half of the countrys total land area is forested. Sixty percent of these forests are found in Mindanao.Mineral resourcesExcept for petroleum and anumberof metals, mineral resources abound in Philippine soil. The countrys mineral deposits can be classified into metals and non-metals. Our metal deposits are estimated at 21.5 billion metric tons, while non-metal deposits are projected at 19.3 billion metric tons.Nickelranks first in terms of deposits and size, it is found in Surigao del Norte, Davao, Palawan, Romblon and Samar. Iron is found in Ilocos Norte, Nueva Ecija, Camarines Norte and Cotabato. Whilecopperin Zambales, Batangas, Mindoro, Panay and Negros. Among non-metal deposits, the most abundant are cement, lime, and marble. Other non-metals include asbestos, clay, guano, asphalt, feldspar, sulfur, talc, silicon, phosphate, and marble.Fishery ResourcesWith its territorial waters measuring as much as 1.67 million squarekilometersand located in the worlds fishing center, the Philippines is definitely rich in marine resources. Of the 2,400 fish species foundin the country. 65 have good commercial value. Other marine products includecorals,pearls,crabsandseaweeds. Some of the countriesbestsalt water fishing areas are found in Sintangki Island in Sulu Estancia in Bohol, Malampaya in Palawan, Lingayen Gulf in Pangasinan, San Miguellakein Camarines Norte, Bantayan Channel in Cebu, and the seas of Quezon and Sorsogon.On the other hand, among our biggest fisher water fishing areas are Laguna de Bay, BombonLakein Batangas, BatoLakein Canmarines Sur, NaujanLakein Mindoro and Mainitlakein Agusan del Norte.Continue toEarly Filipinos

The First Filipinos Filipinos Mining Separation Agreement Historian Weaving Weave Black christmas ornaments Southeast Stone Flooring Only Filipinos Mining Separation Agreement Historian Weaving Weave Black christmas ornaments Southeast Stone Flooring Only Filipinos MiningManyhistoriansand scientists believe that the firstinhabitantsof the Philippine islands emerged during the Pleistocene period. There are two theories on where theinhabitants(firstFilipinos) came from namely: Beyers Migration Theory and Jocanos Evolution Theory. Noted social scientist Henry Otley Beyer believes thatFilipinosdescended from different groups that came from Southeast Asia in successive waves of migration. Each group had a distinct culture, with its own customs and traditions. While Jocano believes that Asians, includingFilipinosare the result of a lengthy process ofevolutionand migration.Migration TheoryThe first migrants were what Beyer caked the Dawnmen (or cavemen because they lived in caves.). The Dawnmen resembledJava Man,Peking Man, and other Asian Home sapiens who existed about 250,000 years ago. They did not have any knowledge of agriculture, and lived byhunting and fishing. It was precisely in search of food that they came tothe Philippinesby way of the land bridges that connectedthe PhilippinesandIndonesia. Owing perhaps to their migratory nature, they eventually leftthe Philippinesfordestinationsunknown.The second group of migrants was composed of dark-skinned pygmies called Aetas or Negritoes.About 30,000 years ago, they crossed the land bridged from Malaya, Borneo, and Australia until they reached Palawan, Mindoro and Mindanao. They were pygmies who went around practically naked and were good at hunting, fishing and food gathering. They used spears and small flint stones weapons.The Aetas were already in thePhilippineswhen the land bridges disappeared due to the thinning of the ice glaciers and the subsequent increase in seawater level. This natural events forced them to remain in the country and become its first permanentinhabitants.Because of the disappearance of the land bridges, the third wave of migrants was necessarily skilled in seafaring. These were the Indonesians, who came to the islands in boats. They were more advanced than the Aetas in that: they had tools made out of stone and steel, which enabled them to build sturdier houses: they engaged in farming andmining, and used materials made of brass; they wore clothing and other bodyornaments.Last to migrate tothe Philippines, according to Beyer, were Malays. They were believed to have come from Java, Sumatra, Borneo, and the Malay Peninsula more than 2,000 years ago. Like the Indonesians, they also traveled in boats.TheMalayswere brown-skinned and of medium height, with straight black hair and flat noses. Their technology was said to be more advanced than that of their predecessors. They engaged in pottery,weaving, jewelry making and metal smelting, and introduced the irrigation system in rice planting.Jocanos TheoryRenownedFilipinoanthropologist Felipe Landa Jocano disputes Beyers belief thatFilipinosdescended from Negritoes and Malays who migrated tothe Philippinesthousands of years ago. According to Jocano, it is difficult to prove that Negritoes were the firstinhabitantsof this country. The only thing that can positively concluded from fossil evidence, he says is that the first men who came tothe Philippinesalso went to New Guinea, Java, Borneo, and Australia.In 1962, a skullcap and a portion of a jaw-presumed to be a human origin-were found in theTabon Cavesof Palawan by archaeologist Robert Fox and Manuel Santiago, who both worked for the National Museum. Carbon dating placed their age at 21,000 to 22,000 years. This proves, Jocano argues, that man came earlier tothe Philippinesthan to the Malay Peninsula;therefore, the firstinhabitantsof our islands could not have come from the region. The Tabon Man is said to resemble Java Man and Peking Man. He gathered fruits, leaves and plants for his food. He hunted with weapons made of stone. Although further research is still being done on his life and culture, evidence shows that he was already capable of using his brain in order to survive and keep himself safe.Instead of the Migration Theory, Jocano advances theEvolutionTheory, as a better explanation of how our country was first inhabited by human beings, Jocano believes that the first people of Southeast Asia were products of a long process ofevolutionand migration. His research indicates that they shared more or less the same culture, beliefs, practices an even similar tools and implements. These people eventually went their separate ways; some migrated tothe Philippines, the others to New Guinea, Java and Borneo. Proof, Jocano says, can be found in the fossils discovered in different parts of Southeast Asia, as well as the recorded migrations of other peoples from the Asian mainland when history began to unfold.Continue toSpanish Expeditions to the Philippines. Also see "About the Philippines".

Spanish Expeditions tothe Philippines Masters Hearings Commandes The Five Resume objective samples Circumnavigation Form Mexico European Blood Masters Hearings Commandes The Five Resume objective samples Circumnavigation Form Mexico European Blood Masters HearingsTheMagellanExpeditionFerdinand Magellan, a Portuguese in the service of the Spanish crown, was looking for a westward route to the to the SpiceIslandsof Indonesia. On March 16, 1521, Magellan's expedition landed on Homonhon island in thePhilippines. He was the firstEuropeanto reach theislands. Rajah Humabon of Cebu was friendly withMagellanand embraced Christianity, but their enemy,Lapu-Lapuwas not. Humabon wantedMagellanto killLapu-LapuwhileMagellanwanted to convertLapu-Lapuinto Christianity. On April 17, 1521,Magellansailed to Mactan and ensuing battle killedMagellanby the natives lead byLapu-Lapu. Out ofthe fiveships and more than 300 men who left on theMagellanexpedition in 1519, only one ship (the Victoria) and 18 men returned to Seville, Spain on September 6, 1522. Nevertheless, the said expedition was considered historic because it marked the firstcircumnavigationof the globe and proved that the world was round.Juan Sebastian de Elcano,the masterof ship "Concepcion" took over thecommandof the expedition after the death ofMagellanand captained the ship "Victoria" back to Spain. He and his men earned the distinction of being the first to circumnavigate the world in one full journey. AfterMagellan's death in Cebu, it took 16 more months for Elcano to return to Spain. TheMagellanexpedition started off through the westward route and returning to Spain by going east;Magellanand Elcano's entire voyage took almost three years to complete.Spain sends other expeditionAfter the Spain had celebrated Elcanos return,King Charles Idecided that Spain should conquerthe Philippines. Five subsequent expeditions were then sent to theIslands.These were led by Garcia Jofre Loaisa (1525), Sebastian Cabot (1526), Alvaro de Saavedra (1527), Rudy Lopez de Villalobos (1542) and Miguel Lopez de Legazpi (1564). Only the last two actually reachedthe Philippines; and only Legazpi succeeded in colonizing theIslands.The Villalobos ExpeditionRuy Lopez de Villalobosset sail forthe Philippinesfrom Navidad, Mexico on November 1, 1542. He followed the route taken byMagellanand reached Mindanao on February 2, 1543. He established acolonyinSaranganibut could not stay long because of insufficient food supply. His fleet left the island and landed on Tidore in the Moluccas, where they were captured by the Portuguese.Villalobos is remembered for naming our country Islas Filipinas, in honor of King Charles son, Prince Philip, who later became king of Spain.The Legazpi ExpeditionSince none of the expedition afterMagellanfrom Loaisa to Villalobos had succeeded in taking overthe Philippines,King Charles Istopped sending colonizers to theIslands.However, when Philip II succeeded his father to the throne in 1556, he instructed Luis de Velasco, the viceroy of Mexico, to prepare a new expedition to be headed by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, who would be accompanied byAndres de Urdaneta, a priest who had survived the Loaisa mission.On February 13, 1565, Legaspi's expedition landed in Cebu island. After a short struggle with the natives, he proceeded to Leyte, then to Camiguin and to Bohol. There Legaspi made a blood compact with the chieftain, Datu Sikatuna as a sign of friendship. Legaspi was able to obtain spices and gold in Bohol due to his friendship with Sikatuna. On April 27, 1565, Legaspi returned to Cebu; destroyed the town of Raja Tupas and establish a settlement. On orders of the King Philip II, 2,100 men arrived from Mexico. They built the the port ofFuerza de San Pedrowhich became the Spanish trading outpost and stronghold for the region.Hearingof the riches ofManila, an expedition of 300 men headed byMartin de Goitileft Cebu for Manila. They found theislandsof Panay and Mindoro. Goiti arrived in Manila on May 8, 1570. At first they were welcomed by the natives and formed an alliance with Rajah Suliman, their Muslim king but as the locals sensed the true objectives of the Spaniards, a battle between the troops of Suliman and the Spaniards erupted. Because the Spaniards are more heavily armed, the Spaniards were able to conquer Manila. Soon after Miguel Lopez de Legazpi arrived to join Goiti in Manila. Legaspi built alliances and made peace with Rajahs Suliman, Lakandula and Matanda. In 1571, Legaspi ordered the construction of the walled city of Intramuros and proclaimed it as the seat of government of thecolonyand the capital of theislands. In 1572, Legaspi died and was buried at the San Agustin Church in Intramuros. In 1574, Manila was bestowed the title "Insigne y Siempre Leal Ciudad de Espaa" (Distinguished and ever loyal city of Spain) byKing Philip IIof Spain.Whythe Philippineswas easily conqueredThrough largely outnumbered, the Spaniards who came to colonizethe Philippineseasily took control of our country. How did this happen?Thebestpossible explanation is that the natives lacked unity and a centralized form of government. Although the barangays already functioned as units of governance, each one existed independently of the other, and the powers that each Datu enjoyed were confined only to his own barangay. No higher institution united the barangays, and the Spaniards took advantage of this situation. They used the barangays that were friendly to them in order to subdue the barangays that were not.Continue toSpain as Colonial Masters.

The Spaniards as ColonialMasters Masters Lieutenant Performance Municipalities Education Suspension Mexico Home Page Phoenix police department jobs Main Masters Lieutenant Performance Municipalities Education Suspension Mexico Home Page Phoenix police department jobs Main MastersSpain reigned over thePhilippinesfor 333 years, from 1565 to 1898. since Spain was far from the country, the Spanish king ruled the Islands through the viceroy ofMexico, which was then another Spanish colony. WhenMexicoregained its freedom in 1821, the Spanish king ruled the Philippines through a governorgeneral. A special government body that oversaw matters, pertaining to the colonies assisted the king in this respect. This body became known by many names. Council of the Indies (1565-1837), Overseas Council (1837-1863), and Ministry of the Colonies (18631898). It is implemented the decrees and legal codesSpainpromulgated although many of its provisions could not apply to condition in the colonies. It also exercised legislative and judicial powers.

The PoliticalStructureSpain established a centralized colonial government in thePhilippinesthat was composed of anational governmentand the local governments that administered provinces, cities, towns andmunicipalities. With the cooperation of the local governments thenational governmentmaintained peace and order, collected taxes and built schools and other public works.

The GovernorGeneralAs the King's representative and the highest-ranking official in the Philippines, the governor general saw to it that royal decrees and laws emanating from Spain were implemented in the Philippines. He had the power to appoint and dismiss public officials, except those personally chosen by the King. He also supervised all government offices and the collection of taxes.The governorgeneralexercised certain legislative powers, as well. He issued proclamations to facilitate the implementation of laws.

The ResidenciaThis was a special judicial court that investigates the performance of a governorgeneralwho was about to be replaced. The residencia, of which the incoming governorgeneralwas usually a member, submitted a report of its findings to the King.

The VisitaThe Council of the Indies in Spain sent a government official called the VistadorGeneralto observe conditions in the colony. The VisitadorGeneralreported his findings directly to the King.

The Royal AudienciaApart from its judicial functions, theRoyal Audienciaserved as an advisory body to the GovernorGeneraland had the power to check and a report on his abuses. The Audiencia also audited the expenditures of the colonial government and sent a yearly report to Spain. The Archbishop and other government officials could also report the abuses of the colonial government to be Spanish king. Despite all these checks, however, an abusive governorgeneraloften managed to escape stiff fines,suspension, or dismissal by simply bribing the Visitador and other investigators.

The Provincial GovernmentThe Spaniards created local government units to facilitate the countrys administration. There were two types of local government units the alcadia and the corregimiento. The alcadia, led by the alcalde mayor, governed the provinces that had been fully subjugated: the corregimiento, headed by corregidor, governed the provinces that were not yet entirely under Spanish control. The alcalde mayors represented the Spanish king and the governorgeneralin their respective provinces. They managed the day-to-day operations of the provincial government, implemented laws and supervised the collection of taxes. Through they were paid a small salary, they enjoyed privileges such as the indulto de comercio, or the right to participate in the galleon trade.

The Municipal GovernmentEach province was divided into several towns or pueblos headed by Gobernadordcillos, whose main concerns were efficient governance and tax collection. Fourlieutenantsaided the Governardorcillo: the Teniente Mayor (chieflieutenant), the Teniente de Policia (policelieutenant), the Teniente de Sementeras (lieutenantof the fields) and the Teniente de Ganados (lieutenantof thelivestock).

The Encomienda SystemSpain owed the colonization of the Philippines to Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, who valiantly and loyally served the Spanish crown. To hasten the subjugation of the country,King Philip IIinstructed Legazpi to divide the Philippines into large territories called encomiendas, to be left to the management of designated encomenderos.To show his gratitude to his conquistadors, the King made them the first encomenderos in the colony. As the Kings representatives in their respective encomiendas, the encomenderos had the right to collect taxes. However, the encomiendas were not there to own. The encomenderos were only territorial overseers who had the duty to: 1) protect the people in the encomienda; (2) maintain peace and order; (3) promote education and health programs; and (4) help themissionariespropagateChristianity.Continue toThe Galleon Trade.

The Galleon TradeWhen the Spaniards came to thePhilippines, our ancestors were already tradingwith China, Japan, Siam, India, Cambodia, Borneo and the Moluccas. The Spanish government continued trade relations with these countries, and the Manila became the center ofcommerce inthe East. The Spaniards closed the ports ofManilato all countries except Mexico. Thus, the ManilaAcapulcoTrade, better known as the "Galleon Trade" was born. TheGalleonTrade was a government monopoly. Only twogalleonswere used: One sailed fromAcapulcoto Manila with some 500,000 pesos worth of goods, spending 120 days at sea; the other sailed from Manila toAcapulcowith some 250,000 pesos worth of goods spending 90 days at sea. Download game psp All Countries Basco Borneo Cigarette taxes by state Cigarettes Colonial Commerce In Commerces Copper Download game psp All Countries Basco Borneo Cigarette taxes by state Cigarettes Colonial Commerce In Commerces CopperIt also allowed modern, liberal ideas to enter the country, eventually inspiring the movement for independence fromSpain. And because the Spaniards were so engrossed inmaking profitsfrom theGalleonTrade, they hardly had any time to further exploit our natural resources.Bascos ReformsFilipinofarmers and traders finally had a taste of prosperity whenGovernor GeneralJose Basco y Vargas instituted reforms intended to free the economy from itsdependenceon Chinese andMexican trade. Basco implemented a general economic plan aimed at making the Philippines self sufficient. He established the Economic Society of Friends of the Country, which gaveincentivesto farmers for planting cotton, spices, and sugarcane; encouraged miners to extract gold, silver, tin, and copper; and rewarded investors for scientific discoveries they made.Tobacco MonopolyThe tobacco industry was placed under government control during the administration ofGovernor GeneralBasco. In 1781, a tobacco monopoly was implemented in the Cagayan Valley, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union, Isabela, Abra, Nueva Ecija, and Marinduque. Each of these provinces planted nothing but tobacco and sold their harvest only to the government at a pre-designated price, leaving little for the farmers. No other province was allowed to plant tobacco. The governmentexportedthe tobacco to other countries and also part of it to the cigarette factories in Manila.The tobacco monopoly successfully raised revenues for thecolonial governmentand made Philippine tobacco famous all over Asia.Continue toSecularization of Priests During the Spanish Period.

The Secularization of Priests During Spanish Period Vacancies Small business ideas Transfers The Bishops Reasons Franciscan Home Page Friars Brown Skin Mediterranean Sea Vacancies Small business ideas Transfers The Bishops Reasons Franciscan Home Page Friars Brown Skin Mediterranean SeaThe Opening of the Suez CanalTheSuez Canal, which connected the Red Sea and theMediterranean Sea, was inaugurated in 1869. It was built by a French engineer named Ferdinand de Lesseps. By passing through the Canal, vessels journeying between Barcelona and Manila no longer had to pass by the Cape of Good Hope, at the southern tip of Africa. Thus, they were able to shorten their traveling time from three months to 32 days.Thanks to the Suez Canal,tradinginthe Philippinesbecame increasinglyprofitable. More and more foreign merchants and businessmen came to the colony, bringing with them a lot of progressive ideas. The Filipinos not only gained more knowledge and information about the world at large; they also gained the desire for freedom and improvement in their lives.The Secularization ControversyTwo kinds of priests served the Catholic Church in thePhilippines. These were the regulars and the seculars. Regular priests belonged to religious orders. Their main task was to spread Christianity. Examples were theFranciscans, Recollects,Dominicans, and Augustinians.Secularpriests did not belong to any religious order. They were trained specifically to run the parishes and were under the supervision ofthe bishops.Conflict began whenthe bishopsinsisted on visiting the parishes that were being run by regular priests. It was their duty, they argued, to check on the administration of these parishes. But the regular priests refused these visits, saying that they were not under the bishops jurisdiction. They threatened to abandon their parishes ifthe bishopspersisted.In 1774, Archbishop Basilio Santa Justa decided to uphold the dioceses authority over the parishes and accepted the resignations of the regular priests. He assignedsecularpriests to take their place. Since there were not enough seculars to fill all thevacanciesthe Archbishop hastened the ordination of Filipino seculars. A royal decree was also issued on November 9, 1774, which provided for the secularization of all parishes or thetransferof parochial administration from the regularfriarsto thesecularpriests.The regulars resented the move because they considered the Filipinos unfit for the priesthood. Among other reasons they cited the Filipinosbrown skin, lack of education, and inadequate experience.The controversy became more intense when the Jesuits returned tothe Philippines. They had been exiledfrom the countrybecause of certain policies of the order that theSpanish authoritiesdid not like.The issue soon took on a racial slant. The Spaniards were clearly favouring their own regular priest over Filipino priests.Monsignor Pedro Pelaez, ecclesiastical governor of the Church, sided with the Filipinos. Unfortunately, he died in an earthquake that destroyed the Manila Cathedral in 1863. After his death, other priests took his place in fighting for the secularization movement. Among them wereFathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora.

The Death of Gomburza & The Propaganda Movement Noli me tangere Resume objective samples Tagalog Bonifacio Felt Quest Home Page Friars Standing Burgos Noli me tangere Resume objective samples Tagalog Bonifacio Felt Quest Home Page Friars Standing Burgos Noli me tangereIn February 17, 1872, FathersMarianoGomez, JoseBurgosand Jocinto Zamora (Gomburza), allFilipinopriest, was executed by the Spanish colonizers on charges of subversion. The charges against Fathers Gomez,Burgosand Zamora was theirallegedcomplicity in the uprising of workers at the Cavite Naval Yard. The death of Gomburza awakened strong feelings of anger and resentment among theFilipinos.They questionedSpanish authoritiesand demanded reforms.The martyrdom ofthe threepriests apparently helped to inspire the organization of the Propaganda Movement, which aimed to seek reforms and inform Spain of the abuses of itscolonialgovernment.The illustrados led theFilipinos quest for reforms. Because of their education and newly acquired wealth, theyfeltmore confident about voicing out popular grievances. However, since the illustrados themselves were a result of the changes that the Spanish government had been slowly implementing, the group could not really push very hard for the reforms it wanted. The illustrados did not succeeded in easing the sufferings of theFilipinos; but from this group arose another faction called the intelligentsia. The intelligentsia also wanted reforms; but they were more systematic and used a peaceful means called the Propaganda Movement.Goals ofthe Propaganda MovementMembers of the Propaganda Movement were called propagandists or reformists. They worked inside and outside the Philippines.Their objectives were to seek:Recognition of the Philippines as a province of SpainEqual status for bothFilipinosand SpaniardsPhilippine representation in the Spanish CortesSecularization of Philippine parishes.Recognition of human rightsThe Propaganda Movement never asked for Philippine independence because its members believed that onceSpainrealized the pitiful state of the country, the Spaniards would implement the changes theFilipinoswere seeking.The PropagandistsTheFilipinosin Europe were much more active in seeking reforms than those inManila. They could be divided into three groups: The first includedFilipinoswho had been exiled to theMarianas Islandsin 1872 after being implicated in the Cavite Mutiny. After two many years in the Marianas, they proceeded to Madrid and Barcelona because they could no longer returnto the Philippines. The second group consisted of illustrados in the Philippines who had been sent to Europe for their education. The third group was composed ofFilipinoswho had fled their country to avoid punishment for a crime, or simply because they could not stand Spanish atrocities any longer. Still, not allFilipinosliving in Spain were members of the Propaganda Movement.Jose Rizal,Graciano Lopez JaenaandMarcelo H. del Pilarwere it most prominent members.Lopez Jaena was a brilliant orator who wrote such pieces as "Fray Botod," "Esperanza," and "La Hija del Fraile," which all criticized the abuses of Spanishfriarsin the Philippines. Del Pilar was an excellent writer and speaker who put up the newspaperDiarion Tagalogin 1882. His favorite topic was thefriars. Some of his most popular writings included "Caiingat Cayo","Dasalan at Tocsohan," and "Ang Sampung Kautusan ng mga Prayle". "Caingat Cayo" was a pamphlet answering the criticisms received by Jose Rizals novelNoli Me Tangere. "Dasalan" was parody of the prayer books used by the Church, while "Ang Sampung Kautusan" was a satirical take on the Ten Commandments, which highly ridiculed the Spanishfriars.Jose Rizal was recognized as the great novelist of the Propaganda Movement. He was the first Filipino become famous for his written works. He wrote a poem entitled Sa Aking mga Kababata when he was only eight years old. His novels,Noli Me TangereandEl Filibusterismo, clearlydepictedthe sufferings of theFilipinosand the rampant abuses committed by thefriarsin the colony. Because of his criticisms of the government and thefriars, Rizal made a lot of enemies. He was executed at Bagumbayan (later renamed Luneta Park and now called Rizal Park) on December 30, 1896.The writings produced by the Propaganda Movement inspiredAndres Bonifacioand other radicals to establish theKatipunanand set the Philippine Revolution in place.Continue toLa Solidaridad & La Liga Filipina.

La Solidaridad & La Liga Filipina Revolutions Download game psp Liga Arevalo Cautions Civics Colonial Deep Love Deodato Elected Revolutions Download game psp Liga Arevalo Cautions Civics Colonial Deep Love Deodato Elected Revolutions Download game psp Liga

La Liga Filipina

In 1892,Jose Rizal(full name: Jose Protacio Mercado Rizal y Alonzo) returned to the Philippines and proposed the establishment of a civic organization called La Liga Filipina. On July 3, 1892, the following were elected as its officers: Ambrosio Salvador,president: Agustin dela Rosa, fiscal; BonifacioArevalo, treasurer; andDeodatoArellano, secretary. Rizal functioned as its adviser.

La Liga Filipina aimed to:

Unite the whole countryProtect and assist all membersFight violence and injusticeSupport educationStudy and implement reforms

La Liga Filipina hadno intentionof rising up in arms against the government; but theSpanish officialsstill felt threatened. On July 6, 1892 only three days after La Liga Filipinas establishment,Jose Rizalwas secretly arrested. The next day,Governor GeneralEulogio Despujol ordered Rizals deportation to Dapitan, a small, secluded town in Zamboanga.

La Liga Filipina's membership was active in the beginning; but later, they began to drift apart. The rich members wanted to continue supporting the Propaganda Movement; but the others seemed to have lost all hope that reforms could still be granted.Andres Bonifaciowas one of those who believed that the only way to achieve meaningful change was through a bloodyrevolution.La SolidaridadIn order to help achieve its goals, the Propaganda Movement put up its own newspaper, called La Solidaridad. The Soli, as the reformists fondly called theirofficialorgan, came out once every two weeks. The first issue saw print was published on November 15, 1895.

The Solidaridads first editor wasGraciano Lopez Jaena. Marcelo H. del Pilar took over in October 1889. Del Pilar managed the Soli until it stopped publication due to lack of funds.

Why the Propaganda Movement Failed

The propaganda movement did not succeed in its pursuit of reforms. The colonial government did not agree to any of its demands.Spainitself was undergoing a lot of internal problems all that time, which could explain why themother countryfailed to heed the Filipinospetitions. Thefriars, on the other hand, were at the height of their power and displayed even more arrogance in flaunting their influence. They had neither the time nor the desire tolistento the voice of the people.

Many of the reformists showed adeep lovefor their country, although they still failed to maintain a united front. Because most of them belonged to the upper middle class, they had to exercise caution in order to safeguard their wealth and other private interests. Personal differences and petty quarrels, apart from the lack of funds, were also a hindrance to the movements success. Lastly, no other strong and charismatic leader emerged from the group aside fromJose Rizal.Continue toThe Katipunan.

The Katipunan Finally Starts a Revolution Blood Download game psp Hearings Start New Real Bonifacio Sisters Resume objective samples Only Blood Download game psp Hearings Start New Real Bonifacio Sisters Resume objective samples Only Blood Download game psp Hearings Start New

The Katipunan is bornAndres Bonifaciowas also a member ofLa Liga Filipina, although he soon lost hope in gaining reforms though peaceful means. This feeling was especially heightened when Jose Rizal was exiled to Dapitan.Bonifaciobecame convinced that the only way thePhilippinescould gain independence was through a revolution.

Bonifaciothen founded the Katastaasang Kagalanggalangang Katipuanan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK) on July 7, 1892 ina houseon Azcarraga street (nowClaroM. Recto), in Tondo Manila.

The Katipunan had colorful beginnings. As a symbol of the members loyalty, they performed the solemn rite ofsanduguan(bloodcompact), wherein each one signed his name with his ownblood..

The members agreed to recruit more people using the triangle system of enlistment. Each original member would recruit tow new members who were not related to each other. Each new member would do the same thing, and so on downthe line. Members were also asked to contribute oneReal(about 25 centavos) each month in order to raise funds for the association.

The KKK members agreed on the following objectives:

The political goal was to completely separate the Philippinesfrom Spainafter declaring the countrys independence.The moral goal was to teach the Filipinos good manners, cleanliness, hygiene, fine morals, and how to guard themselves against religious fanaticism..The civic goal was to encourage Filipinos to help themselves and to defend the poor oppressed.

The Kataastaasang Sanggunian (supreme council) was the highest governing body of the Katipunan. It was headed by a supremo, or president. Each province had a Sangguaniang Bayan (Provincial Council) and each town had a Sangguniang Balangay (Popular Council).

The Leaders of the Katipunan:

Deodato Arellano -SupremoLadislao Diwa -FiscalTeodora Plata -SecretaryValentine Diaz -treasurerAndresBonifacio-controller

Jose Rizal and the Katipunan

Jose Rizalnever became involved in the organization and activities of the Katipunan; but the Katipuneros still looked up to him as a leader. In fact, Rizals name was used as a password among the societys highest-ranking members, who were called bayani.

Andres Bonifaciohad already known Rizal during hisLa LigaFilipina days, although Rizal did not knowBonifaciopersonally Nevertheless,Bonifacioso respected Rizals intelligence and talent that in June 1896, he sent Dr. Pio Valenzuela to Dapitan to seek Rizals advice on the planned revolution.

Rizal told Valenzuela thatthe timingwas not right for a revolution. The people were not yet ready and they did not have enough weapons. He suggested that the Katipunan obtain the support of wealthy and influential Filipinos first, in order to gain financial assistance. He also recommended Antonio Luna as commander of its armed forces, since Luna had much knowledge and expertise in military tactics.

Valenzuela returned to Manila on June 26 and relayed Rizals advice toBonifacio, who admitted that it would indeed be fatal for the Filipinos to fight without enough weapons. However, there was no stopping the Revolution.Bonifacioordered his men to prepare for battle. He directed them to store enough food and other supplies. Battle plans were made with the help of Emilio Jacinto. It was suggested that the revolutionary headquarters be located near the seas or mountains to provide for an easy retreat, if necessary.

The Katipunan is Discovered

Rumors about asecret revolutionary societyhad long been in circulation, although no solid evidence could be found to support them. The big break as far as the Spanish authorities was concerned, came on August 19, 1896 when a KKK member, Teodoro Patio told hissisterHonoria about the existence of the Katipunan. Patio was a worker in the printing press ofDiario de Manila. Honoria was then living with nuns in a Mandaluyong orphanage.

The information upset Honoria so much that she told the orphanages Mother Superior, Sor Teresa de Jesus, what her brother had revealed. Sor Teresa suggested they seek the advice of FatherMarianoGil, theparish priestof Tondo.

After hearing Patios revelations, FatherMarianoGil-accompanied by several Guardias Civiles immediatelysearchedthe premises ofDiario de Manilaand found evidence of the Katipunans existence. The governorgeneralwas quickly informed. The printing press was padlocked and hundreds of suspected KKK members were arrested.-Continue toCry of Pugad Lawin & Andres Bonifacio's Execution.

The Cry of Pugadlawin Rebel Victories Commandes Cedulas Bonifacio Home Page Camps Ramos Discovery Ed Separation Agreement Rebel Victories Commandes Cedulas Bonifacio Home Page Camps Ramos Discovery Ed Separation Agreement Rebel Victories Commandes

News about the discovery of theKatipunanspread to Manila and nearby suburbs, andAndres Bonifacioimmediatelycalled for ageneralmeeting. Various wings of the Katipunan gathered at thehouse ofJuan Ramos inPugadlawinon August 23, 1896. Ramos was the son ofMelchora Aquino, also known as Tandang Sora and was later acknowledged as theMother oftheKatipunan."

Bonifacioasked his men whether they were willing to fight to the bitter end. Everyone shouted their approval, except for Teodoro Plata, who though that it was too soon for a revolution. Heartened by his mens response,Bonifaciothen asked them to tear theircedulas(residence certificates) to pieces, as a sign of their defiance and determination to rise against theSpaniards. The menimmediatelytore up theircedulas, shouting, Mabuhay ang Pilipinas (long live thePhilippines) -known as the Cry of Pugadlawin.

The Katipunan in Cavite

Cavite soon became the center of the Revolution, and the Katipuneros there divided themselves into the Magdalo and Magdiwang factions. Baldomero Aguinaldo, brother of Emilio Aguinaldo, headed the Magdalo group, which was stationed in Kawit.GeneralMarianoAlvarez led the Magdiwang group, which was stationed in Noveleta.

The two groups fought in separate battles.Emilio Aguinaldooverran Kawit on August 31, 1896, while Alvarez attacked Noveleta. In Bacoor, Aguinaldo tried to intercept Spanish reinforcements coming from Manila; but he was repulsed and forced to retreat to nearby Imus. Here, on the morning of September 5, he defeated the Spanish troops under thecommandofGeneralAguirre. A hundred Spaniards were killed and 60 weapons were confiscated. Aguinaldo was hailed as a hero. The adoring Caviteos referred to him as GeneralMiong and no longer Kapitan Miong.

GeneralAguinaldos numerousvictoriesin the battlefield made him the acknowledged revolutionary leader in Cavite. He issued a proclamation on October 31, 1896 enjoining the people to take courage and continue fighting for Philippine independence.Owing to the defeat of the Spaniards in Cavite, Camilo de Polavieja replaced Ramon Blanco as governorgeneralon December 13, 1896. Polavieja was more successful than his predecessor and slowly regained one-third of the province.Andres Bonifacio's ExecutionWhile Aguinaldo was recognized as leader by the Magdalo faction,Bonifaciowas recognized as the leader of the Katipunan by the Magdiwang faction. An assembly was held in Imus, Cavite on December 31, 1897 to settle the leadership issue but was not successful. Then on March 22, another assembly was held at Tejeros (known as the Tejeros Convention) to elect officers of the revolutionary government. Aguinaldo won as president whileBonifaciowas relegated as the Director of the Interior.Bonifaciorejected the elections and declared it void.Bonifaciolater formed the Naic Military Agreement, essentially creating a government contending Aguinaldo's. Soon after,Bonifaciowas captured, stood trial, and was sentenced to death by a War Council of Aguinaldo's government. Aguinaldo initially commuted the sentence todeportationbut later reversed the commutation upon pressure from Pio Del Pilar and other officers. On orders fromGeneralMarianoNoriel, AndresBonifaciowas executed at thefoothillsof Mt. Buntis by Major Lazaro Makapagal on May 10, 1897.

The Revolution Continues

Bonifacios death did not deter the Filipinos from fighting for their freedom. The Spanish government, for its part, doubled its efforts in trying to controlCavite, which was considered the seat of the Revolution. When GovernorGeneralPrimo de Rivera replaced Camilo Polavieja on April 27, 1897, heimmediatelymarched to Naic, Cavite to persuade the Filipinos to surrender. Therebels, however, stood their ground.

Aguinaldo realized that Cavite was no longer safe for his men. They moved to Batangas, where they temporarily set up camp in the town of Talisay. However, Spanish soldiers were able to pursue them there. Thus, they retreated to Morong on June 10, 1897 and proceeded to Biak-na-Bato in Bulacan.Click here to continue with Pact of Biak-na-Bato.

The Biak-na Bato Republic

Emilio Aguinaldoestablished his headquarters in Biak-na-Bato in Bulacan province.The newsimmediately spread throughout the country, and the revolutionaries were once more inhigh spirits.Generalllanera, who was in Nueva Ecija, declared his support for Aguinaldo. In July 1897, Aguinaldo established the Biak-na-Bato Republic and issued a proclamation stating the following demands: Rebel The Press Abolition Educations Amnesty P400 Home Page Friars Camps High Spirit Rebel The Press Abolition Educations Amnesty P400 Home Page Friars Camps High Spirit Rebel The Press Abolition Educations Amnesty P400

Expulsion of thefriarsand the return of the friar lands to the FilipinosRepresentation of thePhilippines in theSpanish CortesFreedom ofthe pressand of religionAbolitionof the governments power to banish FilipinosEquality for all before the law.

A charter based on theCuban Constitutionwas also drafted by Felix Ferrer and Isabelo Artacho. It was signed on November 1, 1897. The Biak-na-Bato Constitution provided for the establishment of a Supreme council that would serve as the highest governing body ofthe Republic. It also outlined certain basic human rights, such as freedom of religion, freedom ofthe press, and the right to education. Emilio Aguinaldo and Mariano Trias were elected Supreme Council president andvice president, respectively.

The Pact of Biak-na-Bato

Pedro Paterno, a Spaniard born inthe Philippinesvolunteered to act as negotiator between Aguinaldo and Gov. Primo de Riverain order to end the clashes. Paternos effort paid off when on, December 15, 1897, the Pact he sign the Pact as the representative of therevolutionaries, and de Rivera as the representative of the Spanish government. The Leaders are: Emilio Aguinaldo-President, Mariano Trias-Vice President, Antonio Montenegro-Secretary, Baldomero Aguinaldo-Treasurer, and Emilio Riego de Dios.

On December 23, 1897, Generals Celestino Tejero and Ricardo Monet of the Spanish army arrived in Biak-na-Bato and became hostages of therebels. A ceasefire was declared by both camps and an agreement between Aguinaldo and the Spanish forces was made -that the Spanish government will grant self-rule tothe Philippinesin 3 years if Aguinaldo went to exile and surrender his arms. In exchange, Aguinaldo will receive P800,000 (Mexican Pesos) as remuneration to the revolutionaries and anamnesty. After receiving a partial payment of P400,000, Aguinaldo left forHong Kongon December 27, 1897. Some Filipino generals, however, did not believe in the sincerity of the Spaniards. They refused to surrender their arms. Nevertheless, the Te Deum was still sung on January 23, 1898.

The Biak-na-Bato Pact Fails

The Filipinos and the Spaniards did not trust each other. As a result, periodic clashes between the two groups still took place even after Aguinaldos departure from the country. The Spanish did not pay the entire agreed amount.Continue toThe Spanish-American War.

The Spanish-American War Revolutions Download game psp The Help Advanced Technology American War Americans Living Asiatic Assistant Secretary Break Out Colonie Revolutions Download game psp The Help Advanced Technology American War Americans Living Asiatic Assistant SecretaryThe US Helps Cuba

One year before the historicCry of Pugad Lawin, arevolutionbroke out in Cuba -another Spanish Colony that rose against the rampant abuses of the Spaniards. It became independent in 1898 after three years of revolt, with the help of United States. The Americans were supportive of theCubansfor various reasons:

First- the US is a free country and Advocated democracy and freedom.2nd- the US wants to protect its huge economic interest in Cuba, in the amount of $50,000,000.3rd- a lot of stories reached the United States about Spanish maltreatment ofAmericans livingin Cuba and this greatly angered the US citizens.Finally, since Cuba was located very near the US it was deemed covered by the protective mantle of the MonroeDoctrine.

The US interest in the Philippines

At that time,Assistant Secretaryof the NavyTheodore Roosevelt, wanted a war to erupt between the US and Spain so he could strengthen and expand the US Navy, he immediately put his plan into place. On February 25, 1896, he orderedCommodoreGeorge Deweyto make Hong Kong the headquarters of the AmericanAsiaticSquadron. He also directedDeweyto attack Manila Bay and destroy the Spanish fleet, the moment hostilities between Spain and USbreak out.

The Spanish-American War

Spain did not relish American intervention in its affairs. However, with the Philippine andCubanrevolutions going on, it could not afford to add the Americans to its enemy list, especially since the United States had more advanced technology and weaponry. In the face ofSpains declining power, it tried to repair its rift with the US in order to avoid a disastrous war. On February 15, 1898, how ever a fateful event accrued in Cuba. The American warship Maine was blown up in Havana harbor, resulting in the death of its 260 officers and crewmembers. Although it was not proven that the Spaniards had sunk the Maine, the Americans called for war against Spain. Roosevelt was one of many US officials who considered the destruction of the Maine as act of treason and supported thedeclaration of war.Spain declared war on the United States on April 23, 1898. The United Sates declared war against Spain on April 25, 1898. On May 1, 1898, the United States Navy lead byCommodoreGeorgeDeweycrushed the Spanish squadron in Manila Bay and the Spanish naval base at Sangley Point in Cavite. By June, 1898, the American had control of portions of the Philippine islands. The Spanish-American War ended with the Treaty of Paris signed on December 10, 1898. The treaty conferred ownership of the Spanishcoloniesof Guam, Puerto Rico and thePhilippinesto theUnited States. In turn, the U.S. paid Spain US$ 20 million.Continue toBattle of Manila Bay.

The Battle of Manila Bay Download game psp The Help Antonio Montenegro Artemio Asiatic Be Too Begun Command Commodore Congress Download game psp The Help Antonio Montenegro Artemio Asiatic Be Too Begun Command Commodore Congress Download game psp The HelpGeorge Dewey, then aCommodoreUnited States NavysAsiaticSquadron was waitingin HongKong when He received a cable from the then secretary of Navy,Theodore Roosevelt, stating that thewar had begun between the US and Spain.Deweysailedfrom Hong Kongon board his flagship Olympia with six other heavily armed ships. He brought with him a report on the location of the Spanish ships in Corregidor and Manilaat dawnof May 1, 1898.DeweyenteredManila Bayalmost undetected. When he saw the Spanish ships, which were under the command of General PatricioMontoya, he ordered his men to fire. The battle began at 5:41 in the morning and by 12:30 of the same day, the Spaniards were raising the white flag in surrender. Although The Spanish ships outnumbered those of the Americans; the weapons of the Americans were far more superior to those of the Spaniards. The battle proved to be too costly for the Spaniards, who lost 167 men and had 214 others wounded. As for the Americans, no ships were destroyed, and no soldier was killed or injured. The Battle of Manila Bay is considered one of the easiest encounters ever won in world history.The Siege of ManilaBy June 1898,General Emilio Aguinaldohad captured the whole of Luzon and was ready to storm Manila with the help ofGregorio del Pilar,ArtemioRecarte,Antonio Montenegro, Pantaleon Garcia, and many other able generals. At that time, the term Manila referred to the walled city of Intramuros. Aguinaldos men surrounded the walls ofIntramuros. Nearby areas likeTondo, Sta. Cruz, San Juan, and Caloocan were likewise secured. The Spaniards stubbornly hoped for the arrival of reinforcements from the Spanish mainland, but none ever came. Aguinaldo on the other hand, was firmly convinced that it just was a matter of days before the Spaniards surrendered. Therefore, he started planning for thedeclaration of Philippine independence.Continue toRevolutionary Government: Malolos Congress.

The Philippine Revolutionary GovernmentThe Malolos Congress Download game psp The Help By Laws Calderon Cheap flights to guatemala Cheap tickets to guatemala Church And Church In Commerces Commissioned Download game psp The Help By Laws Calderon Cheap flights to guatemala Cheap tickets to guatemala Church AndEmilio Aguinaldoissued adecreeon July 18, 1898 asking for the election of delegates to the revolutionary congress, anotherdecreewas promulgated five days later, which declared that Aguinaldo would appoint representatives of congress because holding elections is not practical at that time. He appointed 50 delegates in all (but this number fluctuated from time to time). In accordance with these twodecrees, Aguinaldo assembled the Revolutionary Congress at the Brasoain Church in Malolos, Bulacan on September 15, 1898.The atmosphere was festive and the Pasig Band played the national anthem. After Aguinaldo had read his speechcongressional electionswere held among the delegates present. The following were among the most important achievements of the Malolos Congress:1. In September 29, 1898, ratified the declaration of Philippine independence held at Kawit, Cavite on June 12, 18982. Passage of a law that allowed the Philippines to borrow P 20 million from banks for government expenses3. Establishment of the UniversidadLiteratura de Filipinasand other schools4. Drafting of the Philippine Constitution5. Declaring war against theUnited Stateson June 12, 1899Malolos ConstitutionA committee headed byFelipeCalderonand aided by Cayetano Arellano, the constitution was drafted, for the first time by representatives of the Filipino people and it is the first republican constitution in Asia. The constitution was inspired by theconstitutionsof Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Brazil, Belgium and France. After some minor revisions (mainly due to the objections ofApolinario Mabini), the final draft of the constitution was presented to Aguinaldo. This paved the way to launching the first Philippine Republic. It established a democratic, republication government with threebranches- the Executive, Legislative and the Judicialbranches. It called for the separation of church and state. The executive powers were to be exercise by thepresidentof the republic with the help of his cabinet. Judicial powers were given to the Supreme Court and other lower courts to be created by law. The Chief justice of the Supreme Court was to be elected by the legislature with theconcurrenceof thePresidentand his Cabinet.First Philippine Republic

The first Philippine Republic was inaugurated in Malolos, Bulacan on January 21, 1899. After being proclaimedpresident, Emilio Aguinaldo took his oath of office. The constitution was read article by article and followed by a military parade. Apolinario Mabini was elected as a prime minister. The other cabinet secretaries were: Teodoro Sandico, interior; Baldomero Aguinaldo, war; Gen. Mariano Trias, finance & war; Apolinario Mabini, foreign affairs; Gracio Gonzaga for welfare, Aguedo Velarde, public instruction; Maximo Paterno, public works & communication; and Leon Mara Guerrero for agriculture, trade & commerce.

The Philippine National AnthemAguinaldo commissioned JulianFelipe, a composer from Cavite province was asked to write an an instrumental march for theproclamationof independence ceremony. The original title was "Marcha Filipina Magdalo". This was later changed to "Marcha Nacional Filipina". The lyrics was added in August 1899 based on the poem titled "Filipinas" by Jose Palma. The original lyrics was written in Spanish, then to English (when theFlagLaw wasabolishedduring the American period) then later, was translated toTagalog, which underwent another change of title to Lupang Hinirang, the Philippine National Anthem.Continue toFilipino-American Hostilities.

Filipino-AmericanHostilities Sisters The americans textbook Claros Life insurance leads free American War Commandes Polos Home Page Formidable Lawton Sisters The americans textbook Claros Life insurance leads free American War Commandes Polos Home Page Formidable LawtonEmilio Aguinaldoagreed to hold a peace conference between Filipino and American leaders. The conference lasted from January 9 to 29 in 1899. It ended without definite results, because the Americans were actually just biding time, waiting for more reinforcements to arrive from the US. Hostilities finally exploded between the Filipinos and Americans on February 4, 1899 in San Juan. AnAmerican soldiernamed Robert Grayson, saw 4 armed Filipino men on San Juan Del MoteBridgeand ordered them to stop, but they ignored him. This prompted Grayson to fire at the men, who immediately fired back. The following dayMacArthurordered his troops to openlyengagethe Filipinos in battle. The FilipinoAmerican Warwas on. From San Juan,American soldiersmarched on to Pasig and nearby areas. In a matter of days, they were able to overrun Guadalupe, Pateros, Marikina, and Caloocan.GeneralAntonio Luna and his men showed great heroism when they attacked Manila on the night of February 24, 1899. They burned the living quarters of the Americans in Tondo and Binondo, and reached as far as Aza