SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ ES/4 1 Environmental Pollution Unit - 5 Dr. P. Ravindra Babu, Associate Professor, Dept. of Biotechnology, Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology
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SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/41 Environmental Pollution Unit - 5 Dr. P. Ravindra Babu, Associate Professor, Dept. of Biotechnology, Sreenidhi Institute of.
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SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/41 Environmental Pollution Unit - 5
Dr. P. Ravindra Babu, Associate Professor, Dept. of Biotechnology,
Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology
Slide 3
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/42 Definition-Pollution It is defined
as an excessive addition of certain materials to the physical
environment (air, water, and land ) making it less fit or unfit for
life. Pollution is an undesirable change in the physical, chemical
or biological characteristics of our air, land, and water that may
or will harmfully affect human life or that of desirable species,
our industrial processes, living conditions, and cultural assets
(Odum, 1971).
Slide 4
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/43 Definition: Air pollution Air
pollution may be defined as the presence of impurities in excess
quantity (concentrations) and duration in the atmosphere to cause
adverse effects on plants, animals,human beings and materials
Slide 5
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/44 Major Nitrogen (N 2 ), Oxygen (0 2
) Minor Argon (Ar) Carbondioxide (Co 2 ) Trace Neon(Ne), Helium,
Methane, Krypton, Hydrogen, Xenon etc. Density of air is 1.54
gm/cc; Air pollution levels can be expressed either as PPM or g/m 3
Composition of Air:
Slide 6
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/45 Sources of Air Pollution NATURAL
SOURCES: Volcanic eruptions, forest fires, sand storms, Hydrogen
sulphide, and methane from anaerobic decomposition of organic
matter, etc., ANTHROPOGENIC: Burning of fossil fuels, agricultural
activities, industrial growth, automobile exhausts, domestic
wastes, warfares etc.
Slide 7
Air Pollution by Human Activities Thermal power stations
Industrial chimney wastes Automobiles
6SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4
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7
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Types of Air Pollutants Air pollutants are generally grouped
into the following two types: 1) Particulate pollutants 2) Gaseous
pollutants SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/48
Slide 10
9 Particulate pollutants The term particulate refers to all
atmospheric substances which are not gases. They can be suspended
droplets or solid particles or mixture of the two. Particulates can
be composed of materials ranging in size smaller than 1 micron. Eg.
Dust, smoke, fog, Mist, are the
Slide 11
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/410 CLASSIFICATION OF AIR POLLUTANTS
On the basis of origin, air pollutants can be divided into Primary
air pollutants and secondary air pollutants. PRIMARY AIR
POLLUTANTS: There are directly emitted to the atmosphere, and are
found there in the form in which they are emitted.
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/413 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS: Aldehydes,
Ketones, Carboxylic acids, Organic sulphur compounds etc. Finer
Particles (Less than 100 in diameter.) Coarse Particles (Greater
than 100 in diameter). Radioactive compounds: Radium- 222,
Uranium-232, strontium 90, Plutonium -239.
Slide 15
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/414 There are produced in air by
interaction among two or more primary pollutants or by reaction
with normal atmospheric constituents (Chemical or Photochemical
reactions) Ozone formaldehyde PAN (Peroxy Acetyl Nitrate).
Photochemical smog (coal induced, H202 organic peroxides) Formation
of Acid mist (H 2 SO4 )due to reaction of sulphur dioxide and
dissolved oxygen, when water droplets are present in the
atmosphere. SECONDARY AIR POLLUTANTS
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SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/415 SECONDARY AIR POLLUTANTS
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SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/416 SourcesPollutants Power Plants
Thermal Power Plants Smoke, CO, CO2, SO x, dust. Nuclear Power
Plants Argon Sr 90, CS-137, C-14 etc Hydro Power Plants Methane
from water logged area Diesel generators HC, CO, NOx Noise.
Industries Non-Ferrous Metallurgical..Sulphuroxides, smoke,
Cox,fluorides, (Rotating, smelting, refiring)..H2S,Organic Vapors.
Non-Metallic Minerals .Mineral and Organic Particulates. (Ceramic
Manufacture, glass)
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SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/417 Transportation: HCS, and Co,
lead, olefin Automobiles (bike, cars, trucks, paraffin etc. trains,
aircrafts.) Pulp and paper (Kraft Process)Particulate Matter, H 2
S, mercaptans, methyl mercaptans, dimethyl sulphide SO 2
Agriculture Spraying Pesticides, Organic phosphates chlorinated
hydrocarbon fungicides organic lead.
Slide 19
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/418 Effects of Air Pollutants ACID
RAIN: Acid rain is a serious environmental problem that affects
large parts of the world. Acid rain is particularly damaging to
lakes, streams, forests and the plants and animals that live in
these ecosystems. In addition, acid rain accelerates the decay of
building materials and paints, including irreplaceable buildings,
statues, and sculptures that are part of our nation's cultural
heritage.
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SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/419
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SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/420 contains high levels of sulfuric
or nitric acids contaminate drinking water and vegetation, damage
aquatic life, erode buildings Alters the chemical equilibrium of
some soils.
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SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/421 On An average man breathes 22,000
times a day and takes in 16Kg of air each day. Eye, Nose, throat,
respiratory tract irritation Co(g) is a poisonous gas (hemoglobin +
CO Carboxyhaemoglobin) Illness and death Hydrogen fluoride causes
florosis, and mottling of teeth. Dust - silicosis (associated with
silica dust) Asbestosis (associated with asbestos dust) Lead (from
vehicles) Its high concentration can damage, liver, Kidney and can
cause abnormality in fertility and pregnancy. Radio active Isotopes
causes anemia (iron deficiency) leukemia (RBC deficiency), cancer,
genetic defects Effect on Humans:
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SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/422
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SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/423 Effect on Vegetation : Necrosis :
Killing of tissues. Pigmented lesions: dark brown, black, purple,
red spots on leaves Epinasty: Rapid growth of upper side of the
leaves Chlorosis: Loss of green plant pigment chlorophyll (Yellow
leaves) Abscission: Dropping of leaves.
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/425 Corrosion of metals, eroding of
building surfaces, fading of dyed materials, rubber cracking.
Effect on Materials
Slide 27
Types of air pollutants: 1. Carbon compounds (e.g., CO 2, CO)
2. Sulphur compounds (e.g., SO 2, H 2 S and H 2 SO 4 ) 3. Nitrogen
oxides (e.g., NO, NO 2 and HNO 3 ) 4. Ozone (O 3 ) 5. Flurocarbons
6. Hydrocarbons (e.g., benzene, benzypyrene, etc.) 7. Metals (e.g.,
lead, nickel, arsenic, beryllium, tin, vanadium, titanium, cadmium,
etc.) 8. Photochemical products (e.g., olefins, aldehydes,
photochemical smog, PAN, etc.) 9. Particulate matter (e.g., fly
ash, dust, grit and SPM) 10. Toxicants
26SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4
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27SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4
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28 NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS* Pollutant Time
Weighted Average Concentration in Ambient Air Industrial Area
Residential, Rural and other Sensitive Area Sulphur Dioxide (SO 2 )
Annual 24 hours 80 g/m 3 120 g/m 3 60 g/m 3 80 g/m 3 15 g/m 3 30
g/m 3 Oxides of Nitrogen (NO 2 ) Annual 24 hours 80 g/m 3 120 g/m 3
60 g/m 3 80 g/m 3 15 g/m 3 30 g/m 3 Suspended Particulate Matter
(SPM) Annual 24 hours 360 g/m 3 500 g/m 3 140 g/m 3 200 g/m 3 70
g/m 3 100 g/m 3 Respirable ** Particulate Matter (RPM) Annual 24
hours 120 g/m 3 150 g/m 3 60 g/m 3 100 g/m 3 50 g/m 3 75 g/m 3 Lead
(pb) Annual 24 hours 1.0 g/m 3 1.5 g/m 3 0.75 g/m 3 1.00 g/m 3 0.50
g/m 3 0.75 g/m 3 Carbon Monoxide(CO) 8 hours 1 hour 5.0 g/m 3 10.0
g/m 3 2.0 g/m 3 4.0 g/m 3 1.0 g/m 3 2.0 g/m 3 * Ministry of
Environment and Forests, Government of India notification,1994 **
Particle size less than 10 m
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SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/429 Control of Air Pollutants
Atmospheric self-clearing Processes: The atmosphere, like a stream
or river, has natural built in self clearing processes. Dispersion:
Wind decreases the concentration of Pollutants at any place.
Gravitational Settling: Particles larger than 20m in size settle
down. Flocculation : Larges particles act as receptor for smaller
ones to form a unit, the process is repeated until a small floc is
formed, that is enough to settle under gravity.
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SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/430 Devices used to Control Air
Pollutants: (i) Setttling Chamber : - To collect solid particles
(ii) Cyclone precipitator: Centrifugal forces tend to drive the
suspended particles to the wall of the cyclone body. (iii) Filters:
Cloth fabric, or fibrous medium, like mats of wool, cellulose may
be used as separators. (iv) electrostatic precipitators: They
utilize electric energy to assist in removal of particulate
matter.
CHEMICAL FACTORIES CAUSES MORE DAMAGE THAN ATOMIC WEAPONS A
LESSON FROM THE PAST BHOPAL GAS DISASTER
Slide 36
THE BHOPAL DISASTER Around 1 a.m. on Monday, the 3rd of
December, 1984, In the city of Bhopal, Central India, a poisonous
vapour burst from the tall stacks of the Union Carbide pesticide
plant. This vapour was a highly toxic cloud of methyl isocyanate.
Total affected population 5,20,000 (200,000 below 15 years, 3,000
were pregnant women). In 1991, 3,928 deaths had been certified.
Independent organizations recorded 8,000 dead in the first days.
Other estimations vary between 10,000 and 30,000. Another 100,000
to 200,000 people are estimated to have permanent injuries of
different degrees. 7,000 animals were injured, of which about one
thousand were killed. 35 SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4
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THE AFFECTED AREA 36SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4
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A tank containing methyl isocyanate (MIC) leaked. MIC is an
extremely reactive chemical and is used in production of the
insecticide carbaryl. The scientific reason for the accident was
that water entered the tank where about 40 cubic meters of MIC was
stored. When water and MIC mixed, an exothermic chemical reaction
started, producing a lot of heat. As a result, the safety valve of
the tank burst because of the increase in pressure. It is presumed
that between 20 and 30 tonnes of MIC was released during the hour
that the leak took place. The gas leaked from a 30 m high chimney
and this height was not enough to reduce the effects of the
discharge. THE POSSIBLE CAUSES 37SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4
Slide 39
The high moisture content (aerosol) in the discharge when
evaporating, gave rise to a heavy gas which rapidly sank to the
ground. A weak wind which frequently changed direction, which in
turn helped the gas to cover more area in a shorter period of time
(about one hour). The weak wind and the weak vertical turbulence
caused a slow dilution of gas and thus allowed the poisonous gas to
spread over considerable distances. INFLUENCE OF WEATHER
38SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4
Slide 40
One of the main reasons for the tragedy was found to be a
result of a combination of human factors and an incorrectly
designed safety system. A portion of the safety equipment at the
plant had been non-operational for four months and the rest failed.
THE POSSIBLE REASONS 39SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4
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LAPSES ON THE PART OF THE GOVERNMENT The Madhya Pradesh State
government had not mandated any safety standards. Union Carbide
failed to implement its own safety rules. The Bhopal plant
experienced six accidents between 1981 and 1984, at least three of
which involved MIC or phosgene. 40SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4
Slide 42
PROCESS CHEMISTRY The reaction involved two reactants, methyl
isocyanate (MIC) and alpha naphthol. The process begins with a
mixture of carbon monoxide and chlorine to form phosgene. Phosgene
is then combined with monomethylamine to form MIC. MIC is further
mixed with naphthol to produce the end product carbaryl.
41SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4
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Effects on Human Health Respiratory Disorders Irritation to the
lungs, causing coughing and/or shortness of breathing. Higher
exposure caused build up of fluids (pulmonary edema). Caused
Asthama. Cancer Hazard Caused mutation (genetic changes). It caused
cancer. Reproductive Hazard Association between exposure to Methyl
Isocyanate and miscarriages. It may damage the growing fetus. May
also affect fertility in men and women. Traces of many toxins were
found in the Breast Milk of mothers and were in turn transmitted to
the recipient babies. 42SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4
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Union Carbide Corporation 43SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4
Slide 45
The Big Smoke - December 5 th, 1952 LONDON SMOG
Slide 46
Location London, England Most of the smog damage occurred in
East London
Slide 47
Early on 5 th of December 1952 the London sky was clear, the
weather was considerably colder than usual, as it had been for some
weeks. As a result the people of London were burning large amounts
of coal and smoke bellowed from the chimneys. The winds were light
and the air near the ground was moist, conditions ideal for
formation of radiation fog. During the day of 5 th December the fog
was not particularly dense, it possessed a dry smoky character,
however when nightfall came the fog thickened and visibility
dropped to a few metres. In central London the visibility remained
below 500 meters continuously for 114 hours and below 50 meters
continuously for 48 hours. At Heathrow airport visibility remained
below 10 for almost 48 hours from the morning of 6 December. What
Happened exactly???
Slide 48
Causes The smoke from the factories Vehicles Pollution Noxious
fumes
Slide 49
SO 2 Chemistry in the atmosphere In the gas phase (clear sky,
no clouds): SO 2 + OH HSO 3 HSO 3 + O 2 HOO + SO 3 SO 3 + H 2 O H 2
SO 4 In mist: H 2 SO 4(g) + H 2 O H 2 SO 4(aq) SO 2(g) + H 2 O (l)
H 2 SO 3(aq)
Slide 50
The fog was triggered by the formation of a static layer of
cooler air close to the ground as the night time temperature
dropped. This is known as temperature inversion. Normally, air
closer to the ground is warmer than the air above it, and therefore
rises. Inversions are frequent on winter nights after the ground
has cooled down so much that it begins to chill the air closest to
it often causing mist to form as water vapour precipitates on dust
particles. Normally the morning sun swiftly breaks through the mist
and heats the ground, which warms the air above it, breaking the
inversion. But in December 1952 the accumulation of smoke close to
the ground was so great that the sun never broke through, and the
air stayed cool and static.
Slide 51
The term smog simply describes fog that has soot in it. Winter
smog in which smoke, sulphur dioxide from the citys chimneys,
accumulated in the foggy air had been a feature of London life
since at least the 17th century. However the industrial revolution
of the 19 th century in Britains major cities gave a dramatic
increase in air pollution. On 5th December 1952 hanging in the air
were thousands of tonnes of black soot, sticky particles of tar and
gaseous sulphur dioxide, which had mostly come from coal burnt in
domestic hearths. Smoke particles trapped in the fog gave it a
yellow-black colour. The water from the fog condensed around the
soot and tar particles. The sulphur dioxide reacted inside these
foggy, sooty droplets to form a solute sulphuric acid creating in
effect a very intense form of acid rain.
Slide 52
During the four days between the 4 and 8 December 1952 smoke
measurements taken at the National Gallery in London suggest that
the PM 10 concentration reached 14mg/m 3 which was 56 times the
level normally experienced at the time and the levels of sulphur
dioxide in the air increased by 7 fold peaking at around 700ppb.
Smoke and Sulphur dioxide pollution was monitored at various sites
in London at the time of the December Smog. The daily average
measurements for 10 of these sites are given.
Slide 53
Slide 54
Cleaning up the act! The Great London Smog galvanised the
government to clean up the nations air and as a consequence the
first clean air acts were introduced. 1956 Clean Air Act. This Act
was directed at domestic sources of smoke pollution authorising
local councils to set up smokeless zones and make grants to
householders to convert their homes from traditional coal fires to
heaters fuelled by gas, oil, smokeless coal or electricity.
Slide 55
The 1968 Clean Air Act; Tall Chimneys This act brought in the
basic principal for the use of tall chimneys for industries burning
coal, liquid or gaseous fuels. Unfortunately the smog of 1991 has
demonstrated that efforts will need to continue to counter air
pollution and protect the environment for future generations.
Slide 56
Health Effects Pneumonia Bronchitis Tuberculosis Heart Failure
Asthma Respiratory and Cardiac Distress
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SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/456 Water Pollution Definition : The
presence of foreign substances or impurities (Organic, inorganic,
radiological or biological) in water making it unsuitable or unfit
for use and cause health hazard..
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SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/457 Major pollutants and their
sources BIOLOGICAL IMPURITIES: Bacteria, Virus, and Parasites
INORGANIC IMPURITIES: Dirt and Sediment or Turbidity Total
Dissolved Solids -Nitrates, Sodium, Sulfates, Barium, Copper, and
Fluoride. Toxic Metals or Heavy Metals Asbestos Radioactivity
Slide 59
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/458 ORGANIC IMPURITIES: Tastes and
Odors Pesticides and Herbicides Toxic Organic Chemicals Chlorine --
Trihalomethanes (THM's)
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SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/459 Causes of Water Pollution Two
major causes: Point sources and Nonpoint (diffused )sources. Point
sources: Those sources which can be identified at a single
location. Industrial Effluents, Sewerage systems, Power Plants,
under ground mines, offshore oil wells.
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SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/460 Non point sources: Non point
sources: They are the sources of generalized discharge of waste
water whose location cannot be easily identified. Eg: Run off into
surface water, subsurface flow, soil erosion, acid rain deposition
from the atmosphere. Leachate from municipal, industrial landfill
sites and agricultural lands.
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SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/461
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SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/462
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SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/463 Substance Desirable limit
Permissible limit (Requirement) Mg/l (mg/l) Ca75200 Mg30100 SO 4
200400 NO345100 Chlorides 2501000 Fluoride1.01.5 CaCO3300600
International Standards of minerals in Water
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SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/464 Effects of Water Pollution
Physical Effects color, temp,pH Oxidation Effects BOD, COD Toxic
Chemical Effects- Fluoride Chemical Nutrient Effects -
Eutrophication Micro Organism Effects - Radio Nuclide Effects
Slide 66
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/465 BOD Level (in ppm) Water Quality
1 - 2Very Good 3 - 5Moderate 6 - 9Fairly Polluted 10+Very
Polluted
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SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/466 Eutrophication
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SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/467 Control of Water Pollution Input
Control: Pollutants should be prevented from being generated in the
first place. Output Control: To control the pollutant and /or its
effect after it has been produced. Developing of proper sewage and
industrial effluent systems can reduce incoming point source of
pollution
Slide 69
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/468 Domestic and industrial waste
waters should be disposed of after treatment to the required level.
Aforestation.
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SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/469 Waste water treatment methods
Effluent Treatment Plants (ETP) Sewage Treatment plants (STP)
Common and combined treatment Plants (CETP)
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SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/470 Effluent Treatment Plants (ETP)
It is designed to treat Industrial waste water to a standard
acceptable To remove high amounts of contaminants like organics,
debris, toxic and non toxic materials, polymers etc.
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SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/471 Effluent treatment plant is based
on the aerobic respiration method; It consists of three stages
namely: primary treatment, secondary bio-treatment, and tertiary
treatment. The effluent water is passed through various processes
such as chemical dosing, aeration, and settling. The final
treatment filtration cum absorption takes place by filters.
Finally, the processed water goes for advance treatment and we get
usable water which can be used further for irrigation and other
purposes
Slide 73
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/472 Sewage Treatment Plants (STP)
Primary Treatment Primary sedimentation stage, sewage flows through
large tanks, commonly called "primary clarifiers" or "primary
sedimentation tanks." The tanks are used to settle sludge while
grease and oils rise to the surface and are skimmed off
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SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/473 Secondary treatment It is
designed to degrade the biological content of the sewage which are
derived from human waste, food waste, soaps and detergent. The
bacteria and protozoa consume biodegradable soluble organic
contaminants (e.g. sugars, fats, organic short-chain carbon
molecules, etc.)
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SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/474 Secondary treatment systems are
classified as fixed-film or suspended-growth systems. Fixed-film or
attached growth systems include trickling filters and rotating
biological contactors, where the biomass grows on media and the
sewage passes over its surface. Suspended-growth systems include
activated sludge, where the biomass is mixed with the sewage and
can be operated in a smaller space than fixed-film systems that
treat the same amount of water
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SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/475 Tertiary treatment -Filtration
Sand filtration removes much of the residual suspended matter.
Filtration over activated carbon, also called carbon adsorption,
removes residual toxins.
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SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/476 Soil Pollution Definition :
Contamination of the soil by considerable quantities of chemical or
other substances, resulting in the reduction of its fertility (or
productivity) with respect to the Qualitative and Quantitative
yield of the crops.
Slide 78
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/477 Sources of soil pollution
Industrial Wastes: Pulp and paper mills, Chemical Industries, Oil
refineries, sugar factories, tanneries, textile mills, steel
industry, coal, mining,cement, distilleries. Industrial waste
mainly consists of organic compounds along with inorganic complexes
and non biodegradable materials.
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SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/478 Radioactive pollutants:-
Explosion of nuclear devices, Radium, Thorium, Uranium, Carbon
(C-14). Some plants such as lichen and mushroom can accumulate
Cs-137 and other radio nuclides which concentrate in grazing
animals.
Slide 80
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/479 Agricultural Practices: A wide
range of agrochemicals are currently used by farmers to sustain
food production Fertilizers: Nitrogen Urea, Ammonium Chloride,
Ammonium, Sulphate, Ammonium nitrate. Phosphorus Potassium
phosphate, Ammonium phosphate. Potassium Potassium nitrate,
Sulphate of Potash. Pesticides: Chlorinated hydrocarbon Pesticide
endosulfan, Metoxychlor. Organochlorine Pesticide DDT
Slide 81
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/480 Biological agents: Pathogenic
Microorganism present in the soil decrease soil fertility, Physical
texture of soil. Bacteria Mycobacterium, Salmonella typhosa,
Leptospira. Viruses Adenoviruses, Enteroviruses.
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SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/481 Effect of soil pollution Soil
acidification is the accumulation of acid in the soil. It is a
natural process which, in natural ecosystems, operates over many
thousands of years. However, under agricultural management,
acidification can accelerate with the rate of change being
detectable over decades.
Slide 83
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/482 Increasing the organic matter
content of the soil can acidify soil. Soil organic matter contains
acidic groups. Acidity is measured by determining the pH of a
soil.
Slide 84
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/483 Usually the rate of acidification
is expressed as the amount of lime needed to neutralise the acid
load generated each year (kg lime/ha/yr). Most farming systems
acidify the soil at a rate of 100-200 kg lime/ha/yr although crops
are generally more acidifying than pastures.
Slide 85
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/484 When soil pH falls below 5.0,
some nutrients may become less available (e.g. phosphorus,
potassium, calcium, magnesium, molybdenum, copper) while other
elements can reach toxic levels (e.g. aluminium, manganese).
Microbial processes that facilitate nutrient recycling can be
reduced and the ability of plants to use subsoil moisture limited
as a result of stunted root growth. As soil, becomes more acidic,
the activity of soil fauna such as earthworms is also reduced.
Slide 86
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/485 Salinization: Soil salinization
is the accumulation of free salts to such an extent that it leads
to degradation of soils and vegetation. high levels of salt in the
soils landscape features that allow salts to become mobile
(movement of water table) climatic trends that favor accumulation
The ions responsible for salination are: Na +, K +, Ca 2+, Mg 2+
and Cl -
Slide 87
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/486 Marine Pollution The sea, which
covers around 70 per cent of the earth's surface, is home to
millions of fish, mammals, microorganisms, and plants. It is a
vital source of food for both animals and people. Thousands of
birds rely on the sea for their daily food supplies. Fishermen
throughout the world catch over 90 million tonnes of fish every
year.
Slide 88
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/487 Definition: Degradation of the
marine environment as a result of contamination of some sort by
chemicals, biological agents, sediment and radiation.
Slide 89
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/488 Point source: Any pollution from
a confined and discrete conveyance, such as pipe, ditch, channel,
tunnel, well. It is clearly discernable in terms of origin
(municipal sewage outfall, oil tanker spills, offshore oil well
blowouts) Sources of marine pollution
Slide 90
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/489 Non-point-source pollution: It is
ill-defined or diffused sources, runoff (harbors) agriculture,
forestry, urban runoff, marine debris, air pollution.
Slide 91
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/490 It is believed that everything
that is carried away by rivers ultimately ends up in seas. This
leads to pollution by sewage, garbage, agricultural waste,
fungicides, pesticides, and heavy metals; by discharge of oils and
petroleum products, and by dumping of radioactive waste into sea.
Dumping of plastic packing material into the sea.
Slide 92
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/491 The following are the lengths of
time it takes several forms of litter to biodegrade: Materials Time
to degrade Materials Tin cans 50 years Wool 1 year Painted wood 13
years Plastic six pack rings 400+ years Newspaper 6 weeks Plastic
bottles 450 years Paper towels 2-4 weeks Aluminium cans 200 years
Disposable diapers 450 years Cotton 1-5 months Polystyrene foam
Indefinite!
Slide 93
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/492 Effects of Marine pollution Two
basic ways by which chemical contaminants can affect living marine
resources: 1. By directly affecting the exposed organisms own
health and survival. 2. By contaminating those fisheries resources
that other species, including humans, may consume.
Slide 94
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/493 Control of Marine Pollution The
oil can be collected off the water surface by specialized oil
skimming barges, surface pumps, floating absorbents such as straw
and saw dust, and manual mopping. Chemical Control: Sinking agents
such as chalk, dispersants, emulsion breakers, and preventors
(demoussifiers), poly isobutylene based recovery aids that convert
oil into more easily handled visco elastic substance.
Bioremediation : It is a process by which the degradation of
organic chemical contaminants occurs as a result of biochemical
activity of micro organisms.
Slide 95
NOISE POLLUTION
Slide 96
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/495 Any loud sound which is
unpleasant and unwanted is commonly referred to as noise. It
depends upon its loudness, duration, rhythm and the mood of the
person. Noise is a physical form of pollution and is not directly
harmful to the life supporting systems, namely air,water and soil.
It annoys and hurts people both psychologically and
physiologically.
Slide 97
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/496 Units of Measurements Two
properties of sound are important, namely the pitch or frequency
and Intensity or pressure or energy (loudness). Pitch or frequency
refers to the rate of vibrations of the sound and is measured in
Hertz (H z ). The unit for measurement of intensity is Decible. One
Decibel is the smallest change of sound intensity which an average
healthy human ear can perceive.
Slide 98
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/497 Stationary sources: Industrial
sources : Textile, printing press, Metal works, engineering works
etc. Use of loudspeakers on various occasions like festivals,
elections, worships in temples, Mosque etc. During advertisements:
Household gagadgets: Vaccum cleaners, TV, radio, stereo,
grinder,etc. Agricultural Machines: Tractors, Harverters,
tillers
Slide 99
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/498 Sources of Noise Mobile Sources:
Road traffic Air traffic Railways Navigation Motor Cycle 94(dB)
(2-Cylinder 4 stroke) Scooter (1Cylinder 2 stroke) 80 db
Slide 100
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/499 Effects of Noise pollution It
effects on hearing ability. Human ears have sensory cells in inner
ear for hearing. If these cells are subjected to repeated sounds of
high intensity they can be permanently damaged leading to
impairment of hearing.
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4102 Physiological effects: Headache
by dilating blood vessels of the brain. Lowering of concentration
and effect on memory. Psycological effects: Depression Insomnia as
a result of lack of undisturbed sleep straining of senses.
Emotional disturbance
Slide 104
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4103 Noise Pollution levels and its
Harmful effects: DbEffects Upto 23 No disturbance 30 60 stress,
tension 60 90Psychological effects 70 120 Damages health, high
blood pressure. Otological (ear effects)
Slide 105
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4104 Noise pollution control The
source path receiver concept
Slide 106
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4105 At the source Lubrication of
machines generally reduces the noise produced. Tightening the loose
nuts. Reducing the eccentricity generally reduces vibration and
noise.
Slide 107
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4106 In the path Keeping the noisy
machine covered in an enclosure so that the sound does not escape
and reach the receiver. Construction of noise barriers on roadsides
for the benefit of the nearby residential communities. Sound-proof
the building: Use heavy curtains on the windows, acoustical tile on
the ceiling and walls, rugs on the floors. Seal all air leaks to
reduce the noise coming in from outside.
Slide 108
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4107 Receiver provide earplugs
Slide 109
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4108 General measures to reduce noise
pollution Don't use horns except in an emergency. Keep auto and
truck engines, air conditioners, and appliances in good condition.
Purchase the least noisy air conditioner or vacuum cleaner Create a
demand for quieter appliances Respect your neighbor's right to
quiet Tell your friends about the hazards of noise
Slide 110
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4109 General measures to reduce noise
pollution Get Organized Become Knowledgeable Be Persistent: You Can
Reduce The Noise! Keep conversation and rest areas in the home away
from sources of noise. Turn down the volume of stereos, especially
those with headphones.
Slide 111
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4110 THERMAL POLLUTION Definition
Addition of excess of undesirable heat to water that makes it
harmful to man, animal or aquatic life. Excessive raising or
lowering of water temperature above or below normal seasonal ranges
in the streams, lakes or oceans as a result of the discharge of hot
or cold effluents into such water.
Slide 112
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4111 The temperature of the water
affects many physical, biological and chemical charecteristics of a
river or lake. Cool water can hold more oxygen than warm
water.
Slide 113
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4112 Sources: Thermal pollution may
be caused by : 1.Natural causes like forest fires & Volcanos
2.Nuclear, Hydroelectric & Coal fired power plants 3.Domestic
sewage
Slide 114
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4113 Nuclear Power plants Nuclear
Power plants use water as a cooling agent. After the water is used,
its it put back into a water supply at 9 - 20C Emissions form
nuclear reactor increases the temperature of water bodies
Slide 115
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4114 Coal fired power Plants Coal is
utilized as a fuel condenser coils are cooled with water from
nearby lake or river The heated effluents decrease the DO of water
Damages the marine organisms
Slide 116
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4115 Industrial Effluents Discharged
water from steam - electric power industry using turbo generators
will have a temperature ranging from 6- 9 C than the receiving
water In modern station, producing 100MW, nearly one million
gallons are discharged in an hour with increase in temperature of
the cooling water passing by 8- 10 C
Slide 117
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4116 Domestic sewage Sewage is
commonly discharged into lakes, canals or streams Municipal sewage
normally has a higher temperature than the receiving water Increase
in temperature of the receiving water decreases the DO of water.
The foul smelling gases increased in water resulting in death of
marine organisms
Slide 118
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4117 Effects: The increase in
temperature can cause following effects: 1.Change in water
properties 2.Disturbed ecosystem 3.Reduced dissolved oxygen
4.Increased bacterial growth 5.Rate of Photosynthesis 6.Thermal
shock 7.Increase in toxicity.
Slide 119
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4118 Control of thermal pollution:
cooling towersTemperature of water can be reduced by taking water
to wet or dry cooling towers. Cooling ponds Spray ponds Artificial
lakes
Slide 120
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4119 Effects of thermal pollution
Thermal shock:Thermal shock: The sudden change in temperature due
to hot waste water can be of harm to fish and other aquatic animals
that have been used to a particular level of water temperature;
this invariably can cause fish to migrate to a more suitable
environment. Thermal enrichment:Thermal enrichment: This is when
heated water from power plants may be used for irrigation purposes
to extend plant growing seasons, speed the growth of fish and other
aquatic animals for commercial purposes.
Slide 121
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4120 Thermal comfort Human thermal
comfort is defined by ASHRAE as the state of mind that expresses
satisfaction with the surrounding environment (ASHRAE Standard 55).
(American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning
Engineers) Maintaining thermal comfort for occupants of buildings
or other enclosures is one of the important goals of HVAC design
engineers ("Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning)
Slide 122
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4121 Thermal comfort is affected by
heat conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporative heat loss.
Thermal comfort is maintained when the heat generated by human
metabolism is allowed to dissipate, thus maintaining thermal
equilibrium with the surroundings. Any heat gain or loss beyond
this generates a sensation of discomfort
Slide 123
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4122 Importance of thermal comfort It
can affect the distraction levels of the workers, and in turn
affect their performance and productivity of their work. Also,
thermal discomfort has been known to lead to Sick Building Syndrome
symptoms.
Slide 124
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4123 Heat island Effect The
phenomenon was first investigated and described by Luke Howard in
the 1810s Heat island refers to urban air and surface temperatures
that are higher than those of nearby rural areas. Many American
cities and suburbs have air temperatures up to 10 F (5.6 C) warmer
than their surrounding natural land cover.
Slide 125
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4124 Radioactive (nuclear) pollution
is a special form of physical pollution related to all major
life-supporting systemsair, water and soil. Radioactivity is the
phenomenon of emission of energy from radioactive isotopes (i.e.
unstable isotopes), such as Carbon-14, Uranium-235, Uranium-238,
Uranium- 239, Radium-226, etc. The emission of energy from
radioactive substances in the environment is oftenly called as
'Radioactive Pollution'. Nuclear Pollution
Slide 126
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4125 Uranium Uranium is in limited
supply, so nuclear energy is considered nonrenewable. The reason
uranium is chosen is because it is radioactive. Radioactive
isotopes, or radioisotopes, emit subatomic particles and high
radiation as they decay into lighter radioisotopes, until they
become stable. The isotope uranium 235 decays into a series of
daughter isotopes. The rate at which each radioisotope decays is
determined by the isotopes half life, the amount of time it takes
for one half of half the atoms to give off radiation and
decay.
Slide 127
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4126 Radioisotopes can have half
lives ranging from fractions of a second to billions of years. The
halflife if uranium 235 is 700 million years. After several years
in a reactor, enough uranium has decayed so that the fuel loses its
ability to generate enough energy, and it must be replaced with new
fuel. In some countries, the spent fuel is reprocessed and used
again, but in most countries, spent fuel is disposed of as
radioactive waste.
Slide 128
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4127 Uranium
Slide 129
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4128 Measuring Nuclear Radiation One
way measure radiation is to count the number of nuclear
transformations or explosions which occur in a given unit of
radioactive substance per second. This measure is usually
standardized to radium, the first radioactive substance to be
discovered and widely used. One gram of radium undergoes 3. 7 x 10
10 nuclear transformations or disintegrations per second. The
activity of 1 gram of radium is called 1 curie (Ci), named for
Madame Marie Curie. In recent radiation protection guides, the
curie is being replaced by the becquerel, which indicates one
atomic event per second. One gram of radium would equal 1 curie of
radium or 3.7 x 10 10 becquerels of radium.
Slide 130
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4129 Sources The sources of
radioactivity are both natural and man- made. The natural sources
include: (i)Cosmic rays from outer space: The quantity depends on
altitude and latitude, it is more at higher latitudes and high
altitudes. (ii) Emissions from radioactive materials from the
Earth's crust. People have been exposed to low levels of radiation
from these natural sources for several millenia.
Slide 131
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4130 Man-made sources But it is the
man-made sources which are posing a threat to mankind. Nuclear
wastes (i.e. waste material that contains radioactive nuclei)
produced during the: Mining and processing of radioactive ores; use
of radioactive material in nuclear power plants ; use of
radioactive isotopes in medical, industrial and research
applications; and use of radioactive materials in nuclear weapons.
The greatest exposure to human beings comes from the diagnostic use
of X-rays, radioactive isotopes used as tracers and treatment of
cancer and other ailments.
Slide 132
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4131 Effects The effects of
radioactive pollutants depends upon half-life, energy releasing
capacity, rate of diffusion and rate of deposition of the
contaminant. Various atmospheric conditions and climatic conditions
such as wind, temperature and rainfall also determine their
effects. All organisms are affected from radiation pollution, and
the effects are extremely dangerous. The effects may be somatic
(individual exposed is affected) or genetic (future generations)
damage. The effects are cancer, shortening of life span and genetic
effects or mutations.
Slide 133
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4132 Effects The result of cell
exposure to radiation causes cell death or cell alteration. The
change or alteration can be temporary or permanent. It can leave
the cell unable to reproduce itself. Radiation damage can cause the
cell to produce a slightly different hormone or enzyme than it was
originally designed to produce still produce, leaving it able to
reproduce other cells capable of generating this same altered
hormone or enzyme. Eventually there may be millions of such altered
cells. If the radiation damage occurs in germ cells, the sperm or
ovum, it can cause defective offspring. The defective offspring
will in turn produce defective sperm or ova, and the genetic
`mistake' will be passed on to succeeding generations, reducing
their quality of life until the family line terminates in
sterilization and/or death.
Slide 134
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4133
Slide 135
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4134 Some of the possible effects are
: (i) Radiations may break chemical bonds, such as DNA in cells.
This affects the genetic make-up and control mechanisms. (ii)
Exposure at low doses of radiations (100-250 rads), men do not die
but begin to suffer from fatigue, nausea, vomiting and loss of
hair. But recovery is possible. (iii) Exposure at higher doses
(400-500 rads), the bone marrow is affected, blood cells are
reduced, natural resistance and fighting capacity against germs is
reduced, blood fails to clot, and the irradiated person soon dies
of infection and bleeding. (iv) Higher irradiation doses (10,000
rads) kill the organisms by damaging the tissues of heart, brain
etc. (v) Workers handling radioactive wastes get slow but
continuous irradiation and in course of time develop cancer of
different types. (vi) Through food chain also, radioactivity
effects are experienced by man.
Slide 136
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4135 Control measures There is no
cure for radiation damage. Thus the only option against nuclear
hazards is to check and prevent radioactive pollution. For this:
leakages from nuclear reactors, careless handling, transport and
use of radioactive fuels, fission products and radioactive isotopes
have to be totally stopped; safety measures should be enforced
strictly; waste disposal must be careful, efficient and
effective;
Slide 137
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4136 there should be regular
monitoring and quantitative analysis through frequent sampling in
the risk areas; preventive measures should be followed so that
background radiation levels do not exceed the permissible limits;
appropriate steps should be taken against occupational exposure;
and safety measures should be strengthened against nuclear
accidents.
Slide 138
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4137 Radiation Effects
Slide 139
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4138 Nuclear Disasters In 1986, an
explosion at the Chernobyl plant in Ukraine caused the most severe
nuclear power plant accident in history. Engineers turned off the
safety systems to conduct tests. Human error combined with unsafe
reactor design caused an explosion that destroyed the reactor and
sent clouds of radioactive debris into the atmosphere for almost 10
days. The land for at least 19 miles around the plant is still
contaminated today. Atmospheric currents carries radioactive
fallout from Chernobyl to the rest of the Northern Hemisphere.
Slide 140
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4139
Slide 141
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4140
Slide 142
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4141 SOLID WASTE Definition: Solid
waste Refuse from places of human or animal habitation." "useless
or worthless material; stuff to be thrown away." A resource that is
not safely recycled back into the environment or the
marketplace."
Slide 143
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4142 All solid and semi-solid wastes
arising from human activities, are discarded as useless or unwanted
are included in the term 'Solid-Wastes' or 'Refuse'. The quantity
of solid-wastes produced depends upon the living standards of the
population. It also depends on seasons.
Slide 144
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4143 Solid waste means all
putrescible and non- putrescible wastes, including garbage,
rubbish, refuse, ashes, waste paper and cardboard; discarded or
abandoned vehicles or parts thereof; sewage sludge, septic tank or
other sludges; commercial, industrial, demolition and construction
waste; discarded home and industrial appliances; asphalt, broken
concrete and bricks; manure, vegetable or animal solid and
semi-solid wastes, dead animals, infectious waste,
petroleum-contaminated soils and other wastes;
Slide 145
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4144 Putrescible means rapidly
decomposable by microorganisms, which may give rise to foul
smelling, offensive products during such decomposition or which is
capable of attracting or providing food for birds and potential
disease vectors such as rodents and flies.
Slide 146
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4145 Garbage It includes putrescible
organic waste like the animal, fruit or vegetable residues
resulting from the handling, preparation, cooking and eating of
foods. Garbage: the four broad categories Organic waste: kitchen
waste, vegetables, flowers, leaves, fruits. Toxic waste: old
medicines, paints, chemicals, bulbs, spray cans, fertilizer and
pesticide containers, batteries, shoe polish. Recyclable: paper,
glass, metals, plastics. Soiled: hospital waste such as cloth
soiled with blood and other body fluids.
Slide 147
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4146 Rubbish: It includes combustible
and non-combustible solid-wastes, excluding food wastes or
putrescible materials. Combustible rubbish includes paper, card
board, textiles, plastic, rubber, wood, garden-trimmings, etc.
Non-combustible rubbish consists of glass, crockery, tin-cans,
aluminum cans, metals, construction wastes, etc.
Slide 148
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4147 Solid waste
Slide 149
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4148
Slide 150
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4149 Types and Sources of
Solid-wastes There are three general categories of solid-wastes:
(i) Municipal wastes, (ii) Industrial wastes, and (iii) Hazardous
wastes.
Slide 151
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4150 Municipal wastes: Municipal
wastes are those wastes which arise from residential - household
activities, commercial (markets, hotels, garages, institutions,
etc.) and open areas (streets, parks, beaches, highways, play
grounds, demolition and construction wastes, street-sweepings, dead
animals) etc.
Slide 152
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4151 Industrial wastes: Industrial
wastes are those wastes which arise from industrial activities.
Hazardous Wastes: Typical hazardous wastes are radioactive
substances, chemicals, biological wastes, flammable wastes, and
explosives. Are those wastes that pose a substantial danger
immediately or over a period of time to human, plant or animal
life. A waste is said to be hazardous if it exhibits any of the
following characteristics, viz., ignitability, corrosivity,
reactivity or toxicity.
Slide 153
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4152 sources of hazardous wastes
Industries, Nuclear plants, Hospitals, Research institutes,
Laboratories
Slide 154
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4153 Causes of Solid Wastes The main
causes for the rapid growth in the quantity of solid wastes are:
(i) Over-population. (ii) Urbanization. (iii) Affluence. With
production or per capita consumption, there is a tendency to
declare items as obsolete, resulting in their discard. This leads,
to solid waste pollution. (iv) Technology. Rapidly growing
technologies for most economic goods are leading to returnable
packaging to non-returnable packaging. For example, returnable
glass bottles/ containers being replaced by non-returnable cans,
plastic containers, etc.
Slide 155
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4154 Effects of Solid Wastes
Pollution Causes various health and environmental hazards, such as
: Diseases like bacillary dysentery, diarrhoea and amoebic
dysentery may result in humans from eating contaminated food and
water contamination through flies, which breed on the refuse dump
and solid waste. Rats depending upon these solid wastes may also
cause plague, salmonellosis, trichinosis, endemic typhus like
diseases through direct bite. The crops and water supply may also
get contaminated and may result in large scale epidemic of cholera,
jaundice, gastrointestinal diseases, hepatitis etc.
Slide 156
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/4155 E-waste management e-Waste for
short - or Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) - is
the term used to describe old, end-of-life or discarded appliances
using electricity. It includes computers, consumer electronics,
fridges etc which have been disposed of by their original
users
Slide 157
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra /ES-3 156 FLOODS Floods occur when water
from heavy rainfall, melting ice or snow, tsunamis or a combination
of these, exceeds the carrying capacity of the receiving river
system. It is a natural process
Slide 158
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra /ES-3 157 Floods occur when soil and
vegetation cannot absorb all the water; water then runs off the
land in quantities that cannot be carried in river channels or
retained in natural ponds and constructed reservoirs held behind
dams.
Slide 159
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra /ES-3 158 Failure of levees and dams and
inadequate drainage in urban areas can also result in flooding.
Floods damage property, cause soil erosion and endanger the
lives
Slide 160
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra /ES-3 159 Flooding may deposit as much
as 0.4 inches (1 cm) of sediment a year on a flood plain Floods
throughout Asia in 1998 killed 7,000 people, damaged more than 6
million houses and destroyed 25 million hectares of cropland in
Bangladesh, China, India and Vietnam In 2005, the remarkable
flooding by Hurricane Katrina, caused more than $200 billion in
losses, constituted the costliest natural disaster in U.S.
history
Slide 161
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra /ES-3 160 Flood Control Measures
Reforestation Construction of dams, reservoirs, and floodways
(artificial channels that divert floodwater) Defenses such as
levees, bunds, reservoirs, and weirs are used to prevent rivers
from bursting their banks
Slide 162
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/5161 Global Environmental Problems
and Global Efforts UNIT-5 P. Ravindra Babu, Asst. Professor, Dept.
of Biotechnology, Sreenidhi Institute of Science and
Technology
Slide 163
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/5162 Contents Global Warming
Greenhouse effect Green House Gases (GHG) Sea Level Rise Climate
change and impact on human environment Ozone Depletion
Deforestation and Desertification International
Conventions/Protocols Earth Summit Kyoto Protocol Montreal
Protocol
Slide 164
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/5163 GLOBAL WARMING Definition:
Global warming is an increase in the Earth's temperature due to the
use of fossil fuels and other industrial processes leading to a
build-up of "greenhouse gases" (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous
oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons) in the atmosphere. These gases (CO
2, CH 4, N 2 O and CFCs) are radiatively active gases because they
can absorb long wave infrared radiation. The atmospheric cover
around the earth acts like a window glass pane.
Slide 165
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/5164 It allows most of the solar
radiation (short wave length energy ) to enter right up to the
earth's surface, but does not allow a substantial amount of the
long-wave radiation (heat) emitted by the earth to escape in space.
The outgoing longwave infrared radiation is absorbed by the
greenhouse gases normally present in the atmosphere. This is known
as Green House Effect. There is concern that increasing
concentrations of carbon dioxide and other trace greenhouse gases
due to human activities will enhance the green-house effect and
cause 'global warming'.
Slide 166
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/5165 The warming trend over the last
50 years (0.13C per decade) is nearly twice the rate for the last
100 years. Temperatures in the atmosphere and in the oceans (to
depths of at least 3000m) have also been rising, along with water
vapor content of the atmosphere.
Slide 167
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/5 166 Average Global Temperature by
Decade, 1880- 2004 Decade Average Temperature Degrees Celsius
1880-188913.82 1890-189913.69 1900-190913.74 1910-191913.79
1920-192913.91 1930-193914.02 1940-194914.05 1950-195913.98
1960-196913.94 1970-197914.01 1980-198914.26 1990-199914.40
2000-200414.59
Slide 168
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/5167 S. No. Gases Major sources 1.
C02 Fossil fuel combustion, deforestation, respiration. 2. CH4
Wetlands, anaerobic decomposition of organic wastes, termites. 3. N
2 0 Natural soils, fertilizers, fossil fuel combustion. 4. 0 3
Photochemical reactions in troposphere, transport (diffusion) from
stratosphere. 5. CFC-11 Manufacturing of foams, aerosol propellant.
6. CFC-12 Refrigerant, aerosol propeltent, manufacturing of foams.
7. CFC-113 Electronics solvent. 8., HCFC-22 Refrigerant, production
of fluoropolymers. 9. CH3CC13 Industrial degreasing solvent. 10.
CC14 Intermediate in production of CFC- 11, CFC-12, solvent.
Slide 169
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/5168 Graphs of the rise in
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentration and Global Average
Temperatures
Slide 170
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/5169 Major sources of greenhouse
gases Carbon dioxide: CO 2 is the most abundant greenhouse gas in
the atmosphere. The level of CO 2 in the atmosphere has increased
from the pre-industrial level of 280 ppm to about 368 ppm in 2000.
The CFCs persist for 45 to 260 years or more in the atmosphere. The
relative contribution of different greenhouse gases to global
warming. Year 1990 2030 2060 2100 CO2 Cone, (ppm) 354 470 600 850
Temp, rise (C) 1.1 2.0 3.3 Sea-level rise (cm) 18 38 65
Slide 171
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/5170 Mean surface temperature
anomalies during the period 1995 to 2004 with respect to the
average temperatures from 1940 to 1980
Slide 172
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/5171 Melting of Glaciers
Slide 173
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/5172 Ozone layer depletion The ozone
layer, is the part of the Earth's atmosphere and contains ozone (O
3 ). It is mainly located in the lower portion of the stratosphere
from approximately 40 km to 45 km above Earth's surface, though the
thickness varies seasonally and geographically. The ozone layer was
discovered in 1913 by the French physicists Charles Fabry and Henri
Buisson.
Slide 174
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/5173 Its properties were explored in
detail by the British meteorologist G. M. B. Dobson, who developed
a simple spectrophotometer that could be used to measure
stratospheric ozone from the ground. Between 1928 and 1958 Dobson
established a worldwide network of ozone monitoring stations which
continues to operate today. The "Dobson unit", a convenient measure
of the total amount of ozone in a column overhead, is named in his
honor. The average thickness of the atmospheric ozone layer at any
place varies from month to month, but is generally between 260 and
330 DU.
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/5175 Chloroflourobcarbons (CFCs),
contribute to the thinning of the ozone layer
Slide 177
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/5176 The concentration of ozone in
the ozone layer is very small, it is vitally important to life
because it absorbs biologically harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation
emitted from the Sun. UV radiation is divided into three
categories, based on its wavelength; these are referred to as UV-A
(315- to 400-nm), UV-B (280-315 nm), and UV-C. UV-C, which would be
very harmful to humans, is entirely screened out by ozone at around
35 km altitude.
Slide 178
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/5177 However it is interesting to
note that ozone gas is a pollutant at lower levels and cause severe
problems like oedema, hemorrage etc. UV-B radiation can be harmful
to the skin and is the main cause of sunburn; excessive exposure
can also cause genetic damage, resulting in problems such as skin
cancer. The ozone layer is very effective at screening out UV- B;
for radiation with a wavelength of 290 nm,
Slide 179
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/5178 CFCs, CH 4 and N 2 O escape into
the stratosphere and cause destruction of O3 there. Most damaging
is the effect of CFCs, which produce "active chlorine" (Cl and CIO
radicals) in the presence of UV-radiation. These radicals
catalytically destroy ozone, converting it into oxygen. CH4 and N2O
also cause ozone destruction through a complicated series of
reactions. For making these discoveries related to O3 destruction,
Sherwood Rowland and Mario Molina, along with Paul Crutzen, were
honoured with Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1995.
Slide 180
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/5179 Ozone hole : During the period
1956-1970, the spring-time O3 layer thickness above Antarctica
varied from 280 to 325 Dobson Unit (1 DU = 1 ppb). The thickness
was sharply reduced to 225 DU in 1979 and to 136 DU in 1985. The
ozone hole was first discovered in 1985 over Antarctica.
Slide 181
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/5180 Later, the O3 layer thickness
continued to decline to about 94 DU in 1994. The decline ozone
layer thickness is termed Ozone hole.
Slide 182
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/5181 The treaty was opened for
signature on September 16, 1987, 27 industrialised countries signed
the Montreal Protocol, a landmark international agreement to
protect the stratospheric ozone by agreeing to limit the production
and use of ozone-depleting substances, phasing out of
ozone-depleting substances and helping the developing countries to
implement use of alternatives to CFCs. To-date, more than 175
countries have signed the Montreal Protocol. Montreal Protocol
Slide 183
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/5182 The treaty was opened for
signature on September 16, 1987, and entered into force on January
1, 1989, followed by a first meeting in Helsinki, May 1989. Since
then, it has undergone seven revisions, in 1990 (London), 1991
(Nairobi), 1992 (Copenhagen), 1993 (Bangkok), 1995 (Vienna), 1997
(Montreal), and 1999 (Beijing).
Slide 184
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/5183 The treaty provides a timetable
on which the production of those substances must be phased out and
eventually eliminated. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Phase-out
Management Plan Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) Phase-out
Management Plan (HPMP) There is a slower phase-out (to zero by
2010) of other substances (halon 1211, 1301, 2402; CFCs 13, 111,
112, etc) and some chemicals get individual attention (Carbon
tetrachloride; 1,1,1-trichloroethane). The phasing-out of the less
active HCFCs started only in 1996 and will go on until a complete
phasing- out is achieved in 2030.
Slide 185
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/5184 Production of ozone-depleting
substances in EEA member countries Source: European Commission
1999b; UNEP, 1998
Slide 186
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/5185 Earth Summit The United Nations
Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED, Earth Summit),
held at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil from 3 June to 14 June in 1992. It
was held twenty years after the United Nations Conference on the
Human Environment (UNCHE) took place in Stockholm, Sweden.
established the principles for reducing greenhouse gas
emission.
Slide 187
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/5186 Government officials from 178
countries and 30,000 individuals from governments, non-governmental
organizations, and the media participated in this event. To discuss
solutions for global problems such as poverty, war, and the growing
gap between industrialized and developing countries. The central
focus was the question of how to relieve the global environmental
system through the introduction to the paradigm of sustainable
development.
Slide 188
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/5187 It enunciating 27 principles of
environment and development, Agenda 21 Agreement on the operating
rules Statement of principles for the Sustainable Management of
Forests, Global Environmental Facility (GEF), United Nations
Convention on Biological Diversity, and United Nations Commission
on Sustainable Development (CSD) The United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and United Nations Convention
on Biological Diversity were products of independent, but
concurrent, negotiating processes that were opened for signatures
at UNCED.
Slide 189
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/5188 Agenda 21, the international
plan of action to sustainable development, outlines key policies
for achieving sustainable development that meets the needs of the
poor and recognizes the limits of development to meet global needs.
Agenda 21 has become the blueprint for sustainability and forms the
basis for sustainable development strategies. It attempts to define
a balance between production, consumption, population, development,
and the Earth's life- supporting capacity. It addresses poverty,
excessive consumption, health and education, cities and
agriculture; food and natural resource management and several more
subjects.
Slide 190
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/5189 The Kyoto Protocol is an
internationally and legally binding agreement. The major feature of
it is to set binding targets for 37 industrialised countries and
the European community to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
The Protocol was initially adopted on 11 December 1997 in Kyoto,
Japan and PATMAN entered into force on 16 February 2005 Kyoto
Protocol
Slide 191
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/5190 The reductions amount to an
average of 5% against 1990 emission levels over the five year
period from 2008 - 2012. The main difference between the Protocol
and the Convention is that the Convention encourages industrialised
countries to stabilise their emissions whereas the Protocol commits
them to actually do it.
Slide 192
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/5191 The Kyoto Protocol is
administered and regulated by an international treaty linked to the
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
Most countries within the UNFCCC joined the treaty and ratified
Kyoto over a decade ago.
Slide 193
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/5192 The 3 Kyoto Mechanisms The Kyoto
Protocol offers its members three different mechanisms to help meet
there targets. These are known as; Emissions Trading The Clean
Development Mechanism (CDM) Joint Implementation (JI)
Slide 194
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/5193 Emissions Trading It allows for
an industrialised country to express its allowed emissions or
assigned amounts within the treaty as 'assigned amount units'
(AAUs). As a result countries that have unused units can then trade
them with other countries who have surpassed their own allowances
and require additional units. Since carbon dioxide is the principle
GHG, most people now refer to it as trading carbon within a carbon
market.
Slide 195
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/5194 The Clean Development Mechanism
(CDM) The Clean Development Mechanism allows industrialised
countries to meet their emission targets/levels through investment
and/or co- operation in a emission reduction project in a non
industrialised country or developing country. This gives
industrialised countries greater flexibility in terms of the best
way that they can meet their overall targets.
Slide 196
SNIST/Biotech/Ravindra/ES/5195 Joint Implementation (JI) The
mechanism known as Joint Implementation allows for emission
reduction units (ERUs) to be earned by one industrialised country
from a project in another industrialised country. An example of
this may be the sharing of new technology and/or foreign investment
in a emissions reduction project.