SNC 2P COURSE REVIEW. UNIT 1: LIGHT AND COLOUR Light = electromagnetic radiation = form of energy Visible light (ROYGBIV) – the light the human eye can.

SNC 2P COURSE REVIEW

UNIT 1: LIGHT AND COLOUR

• Light = electromagnetic radiation = form of energy

• Visible light (ROYGBIV) – the light the human eye can see!• Infrared • UV• Microwaves• Radio waves• Gamma rays• X-rays

• Sources of Light:• Incandescence – visible light produced when an object is

heated• Luminescence – visible light without heat production

• Bioluminescence – light produced in organisms (firefly)• Chemiluminescence – light produced through a chemical reaction

(glowstick)


• White light is actually a combination of colours from the visible spectrum:• Primary colours of light are:

RED, GREEN and BLUE• R + G = yellow light• R + B = magenta light• B + G = cyan light• R + B + G = WHITE light

• We see objects as colourful because they REFLECT the colour(s) we see. All other colours of light are ABSORBED.• Black is the absence of any reflected colours!


• Human Eye contains special types of cells on the back “wall” called the retina:

• CONE CELLS• These detect the colours of light and send

the message to your brain to interpret

• ROD CELLS• These detect the amount of light, and can

help us see shapes (in black, white and grey) in low levels of light

• Colour Blindness:when there is a problem with the cone cells AND/OR how the signals get to the brain

• Night Vision:when there are lots of rod cells AND/OR when eye allows more light into eye (larger eyes & pupil)


• How light behaves when it reaches an object depends on the object itself:• OPAQUE objects absorb most light• Examples: desk, chair, your shirt

• TRANSLUCENT objects absorb some light and allow some light to travel through it• Examples: frosted glass, ice, waxed paper

• TRANSPARENT objects allow nearly all light to travel through it.• Examples: glass, contact lenses, air


… Any questions?

Please spend the rest of class creating your questions for the Culminating Activity.

I suggest you start with this Unit #1 while it’s fresh in your mind!

Unit 2: Reflection & Refraction of Light

Remember: light waves travel in a straight line.

Light can be ABSORBED, REFLECTED or REFRACTED (bent)

Light is reflected by smooth, shiny surfacessuch as mirrors.

Law of Reflection:The angle of reflection = angle of incidence


When you see an object in a mirror, you do not see the object itself. You see the image of the object.

There are four characteristics we use to describe the image:o SIZE: is the image smaller, larger, or the same size

as the object?o ATTITUDE: is the image upright or upside down?o LOCATION: does the image appear behind, in front of or

on the surface of the mirror?o TYPE: is the image real or virtual?

• Real Image: image created where the reflected rays actually meet

• Virtual Image: image created by our brain where it thinks the rays meet


In CONVEX mirrors (like the back of a spoon):o The numbers represent three light rays reflected – they

are travelling in straight lines and reflect off the surface of the mirror.

o Notice these reflected raysnever meet on the sameside as the object – so our brain continues the rays (dotted lines) and creates a VIRTUAL imageof the object behind the mirror.

o The image our brain produces is: S: smaller A: upright L: behind

mirrorT: virtual


When light is refracted, it is bent.

The human eye contains two structures that bend light:o Corneao Lens

Light travels in a straightline into the eye throughthe cornea which is curved. This bends the light inward where ittravels through the lens(which changes shape to focus the incoming light) and finally lands on the retina.


Sometimes, there are problems focusing light properly on the retina:

MYOPIA (short-sightedness)• Eyeball is longer than normal so

light is focused in front of the retina

OR• Cornea is too curved

This can be corrected with lenses or laser surgery!


HYPEROPIA (far-sightedness)• Eyeball is shorter than normal so

light is focused behind the retina

OR• Cornea is too flat

This can be corrected with lenses or laser surgery!


… Any questions?


I suggest you complete questions for Unit #2 while it’s fresh in your mind!

Atoms are the smallest unit of matter. We can represent atoms using a

Bohr-Rutherford model:◦ The # protons are written in the

centre of the diagram◦ The # electrons are arranged on

ORBITS: 2-8-8 are the maximum # electrons for the first three orbits.

The electrons in the last orbit are called VALENCE electrons

UNIT 3: Compounds & Their Properties

Valence electrons determine some properties of atoms:◦ NOBLE GASES have a full 8 (or 2) electrons in

the outermost orbit. These are located in the last column of the

Periodic Table These atoms are STABLE – they don’t react

often with other atoms◦ All atoms would like to be as stable as the noble

gases.


To become stable (like Noble Gases), atoms LOSE or GAIN electrons

Losing or gaining electrons creates IONS.◦Losing electron = + ion (cation) – most

METALS◦Gaining electron = - ion (anion) – most

NON METALS You can find the common ions on your

Periodic Table of Ions *provided on exam*


Positive ions (metals) and negative ions (non-metals) are attracted to each other – the ions bond in an IONIC BOND.

Naming Ionic Compounds Write the name of the metal atom (+ ion) Write the name of the non-metal atom (- ion) but

change the ending to “ide”

Examples: AlCl3Aluminum chloride

Na2S

Sodium sulfide


Formulas for Ionic Compounds Write the chemical symbol for the metal and its ionic

charge above. Write the chemical symbol for the non-metal and its

ionic charge above Rewrite the metal and non-metal CRISSCROSS the charges and write them below the

chemical symbols *we don’t write 1s.

Examples: Calcium iodideCa2 I1 Ca1I2 CaI2

Aluminum chlorideAl3 Cl1 Al1Cl3 AlCl3


Two non-metals will also bond, called a MOLECULAR BOND

Naming Molecular Bonds Count the number of atoms of each element Refer to your prefixes *given* Write the prefix + element name for the first element Write the prefix + element name + change ending to

“ide” for second elementExamples: NF3

mononitrogen trifluoride nitrogen trifluoride P2O5

diphosphorus pentaoxide


Formulas for Molecular Compounds Write the chemical symbol for the first element and

write its number (look at prefix) below the symbol Write the chemical symbol for the second element

and write its number (look at prefix) below the symbol

Examples: sulfur dichloride SCl2 dinitrogen trioxide N2O3


Remember we had a flowchart for naming and writing formulas for Ionic and Molecular Compounds.

I strongly suggest you copy this flowchart or write this in your own words on your Study Sheet!

Start making a list of things you’d like to include on that study sheet!


… Any questions?




Unit 4: Chemical Reactions

• The Law of Conservation of Mass states that: In a chemical reaction, the total mass of the product(s) equals the total mass of the reactant(s)

Reactant + reactant → product + product

This means that the number of atoms of each element must be equal on both sides of the arrow in a chemical reaction equation

• For this reason… we BALANCE equations


• Balancing Chemical Equations:1. Count the number of atoms of EACH atom of reactant

(look at the subscript numbers)2. Count the number of atoms of EACH atom of product

(look at the subscript numbers)3. Add coefficients (numbers out in front) of reactant(s) or

product(s) to ensure they match4. You may need to do this several times – use pencil!

Examples:__ CH4 + __ O2 → __ CO2 + __ H2O

__ CH4 + __ O2 → __ CO2 + 2H2O

__ CH4 + 2O2 → __ CO2 + 2H2O


__ K + __ B2O3 → __ K2O + __ B

2K + __ B2O3 → __ K2O + __ B

2K + __ B2O3 → __ K2O + 2B

2K + __ B2O3 → 3K2O + 2B

6K + __ B2O3 → 3K2O + 2B

Try:__ N2+ __ H2 → __ NH3

__ N2+ 3H2 → 2NH3

*For more practice, look through your review questions!*


• Types of Chemical Reactions:1. Synthesis = create

Li + Cl2 → LiCl

H2 + N2 → NH3

2. Decomposition = break apartLiCl → Li + Cl2

NH3→ H2 + N2

Unit 4: Chemical Reactions3. Single Displacement = one lone element moving

another *Brad + Jen + Angelina*F2 + NaCl → Cl2 + NaF [non-metals switch]

Na + MgF2 → Mg + NaF [metals switch]

4. Double Displacement = two elements moving each other *Two couples switch partners*

SiCl4 + H2O → SiO2 + HCl


5. Combustion = carbon + hydrogen + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water

C2H4 + O2 → CO2 + H2O

… if it’s not any of the other examples, it’s combustion in our case

Unit 4: Chemical Reactions• Acids and Bases• Substances are given a pH value and placed on a scale.

• Acids have pH between 0 – 6.9 [0 = strong, 6.9 = weak]• Neutral substances have a pH of 7 [pure water]• Bases have pH between 7.1 – 14 [7.1 = weak, 14 = strong]


• When a solution is too acidic, we can add a base.• For example, heartburn is caused by stomach acid

coming up our esophagus. We can take antacids (Tums) which are basic to help NEUTRALIZE the acid.

• Neutralizing a base means adding an acid.• This will make the pH approach 7.0 which is neutral.


… Any questions?

• Monday – we will review Unit 5 (Biology) + Unit 6 (Climate)• Tuesday – we will prepare our Study Sheets



UNIT 5: BIOLOGY Cells are the smallest living parts of our body Cells live and then die so they constantly

make new cells as part of the cell cycle:1. Interphase

Cells grow, perform tasks and copy their DNA

2. Mitosis – cell divisionProphase – nucleus and nuclear membrane disappearMetaphase – DNA (as chromosomes) line up at centreAnaphase – chromosomes move to opposite ends of cellTelophase – two new nuclei and organelles are created

3. CytokinesisCytoplasm and organelles divide into two identical cells

UNIT 5: BIOLOGY

Our body contains different types of cells: Muscle cells – contract to produce movement Nerve cells – send signals to/from brain Skin (epithelial cells) – protects and lines most

organs Red blood cells – carries oxygen in bloodstream etc...

Cells come together to make specialized TISSUES Muscle tissue Connective tissue (bone, cartilage, blood) Nervous tissue Epithelial tissue

UNIT 5: BIOLOGY Different tissues then come together to create

ORGANS Lungs Heart Intestines Stomach etc...

And finally, different organs make up SYSTEMS Digestive Circulatory Respiratory etc...

UNIT 5: BIOLOGY Respiratory System

Brings air into the body, extracts the oxygen and releases the carbon dioxide and other gases.

Key organs: Mouth/Nose Trachea (windpipe) Bronchi – bronchioles Lungs Alveoli (little sacs where gases are exchanged with circulatory system)

Circulatory System Circulates blood through the body – brings in oxygen-rich blood

from the lungs to the heart which pumps it to the organs, muscles and brain. Blood also carries nutrients and removes wastes.

Key organs: Heart Blood Blood vessels – arteries (away), veins and capillaries

UNIT 5: BIOLOGY Digestive System

Digests food by breaking it down and extracting all the nutrients

Key organs: Mouth Esophagus Stomach – releases acid to help in digestion Intestines (small, large – colon)

You need to be able to: identify which organs belong to which system and describe how the respiratory and circulatory

systems help bring oxygen to your body!

UNIT 5: BIOLOGY Cancer:

A collection of diseases When damaged cells (from mutations – random changes

to DNA from environment or genetics) reproduce uncontrollably to produce more damaged cells

Sometimes damaged cells move to other parts of the body and take over!

We’ve come a long way to understanding and helping fight cancer

Early detection Avoiding environmental triggers (smoking, UV exposure, etc...) Fundraising to help cancer research Advances in treatment

UNIT 5: BIOLOGY Diseases and Abnormalities

Think about the disease you researched in December:

1. How does it affect the human body systems?

2. How is it diagnosed?

3. How is it treated/controlled?

SNC 2P COURSE REVIEW. UNIT 1: LIGHT AND COLOUR Light = electromagnetic radiation = form of energy Visible light (ROYGBIV) – the light the human eye can.

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