Smoking Tobacco Chapter 13. History of Tobacco ► Tobacco - Nicotiana Tabacum and Nicotiana Rustica ► Smoking practiced among the early Mayas, probably.

Smoking TobaccoSmoking TobaccoSmoking TobaccoSmoking Tobacco

Chapter 13Chapter 13

History of TobaccoHistory of Tobacco

► TobaccoTobacco - Nicotiana Tabacum and Nicotiana Rustica - Nicotiana Tabacum and Nicotiana Rustica► Smoking practiced among the early Mayas, Smoking practiced among the early Mayas,

probably in the district of Tabasco, Mexico, as part probably in the district of Tabasco, Mexico, as part of their religious ceremonies 86-161 ADof their religious ceremonies 86-161 AD

► Europeans first exposure from Columbus 1492Europeans first exposure from Columbus 1492► 22Spread throughout Europe during the 1500-1600sSpread throughout Europe during the 1500-1600s► By Elizabethan times addictive potential was By Elizabethan times addictive potential was

apparentapparent► 1633 Turkish Sultan mandated death to smokers1633 Turkish Sultan mandated death to smokers► Late 1800s cigarette smoking became popularLate 1800s cigarette smoking became popular► Link to cancer established during 1960sLink to cancer established during 1960s

Tobacco – Drug Tobacco – Drug AdministrationAdministration

► The active psychotropic drug in tobacco is The active psychotropic drug in tobacco is nicotinenicotine

► Nicotine is an acetylcholine agonistNicotine is an acetylcholine agonist► Nicotine in tobacco can be administered into Nicotine in tobacco can be administered into

the blood stream via, eating, snorting, contact the blood stream via, eating, snorting, contact w/mucous membranes and SMOKINGw/mucous membranes and SMOKING

► Smoking is the most common route of Smoking is the most common route of administrationadministration PipesPipes CigarsCigars CigarettesCigarettes

Smoking and the Respiratory Smoking and the Respiratory SystemSystem

The Respiratory SystemThe Respiratory System

► Air flows in through Air flows in through the the nasal passagesnasal passages pharynxpharynx larynxlarynx tracheatrachea bronchi and bronchi and

bronchiolesbronchioles► Smoke is drawn Smoke is drawn

through the mouth through the mouth and into the and into the respiratory systemrespiratory system

The Respiratory SystemThe Respiratory SystemThe Respiratory SystemThe Respiratory System

►Diaphragm and Diaphragm and intercostal muscles intercostal muscles contract to increase contract to increase volume of chest.volume of chest.

► Resulting loss in Resulting loss in pressure causes air pressure causes air to flow into flow in

The Respiratory SystemThe Respiratory System

► Gas exchange occurs Gas exchange occurs in the alveoliin the alveoli

►AlveolusAlveolus A tiny, A tiny, thin-walled, capillary-thin-walled, capillary-rich sac in the lungs rich sac in the lungs where the exchange where the exchange of oxygen and of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes carbon dioxide takes place. In this sense, place. In this sense, also called air sac.also called air sac.

The Respiratory System - Gas The Respiratory System - Gas ExchangeExchange

The Respiratory System - Gas The Respiratory System - Gas ExchangeExchange

► Bubbles with thin Bubbles with thin skinskin

►Diffusion pressure Diffusion pressure leads carbon leads carbon dioxide to move dioxide to move from the blood and from the blood and oxygen into the oxygen into the blood. blood.

Smoking and DiseaseSmoking and Disease

►Cardiovascular DiseaseCardiovascular Disease►CancerCancer►Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary

DiseaseDisease►A Host of Other Fun StuffA Host of Other Fun Stuff

Cardiovascular DiseaseCardiovascular Disease

►Primary cause of smoking related Primary cause of smoking related deathsdeaths

►Smoking leads to a relative risk of 2.0 Smoking leads to a relative risk of 2.0 for CVDfor CVD

►Speeds plaque formation Speeds plaque formation (Atherosclerosis)(Atherosclerosis)

►Nicotine increase cardiovascular strainNicotine increase cardiovascular strain

CancerCancer

►Lung, lip, mouth, pharynx, esophagus, Lung, lip, mouth, pharynx, esophagus, pancreas, esophagus, pancreas, larynx, pancreas, esophagus, pancreas, larynx, trachea, bladder and kidneytrachea, bladder and kidney

►9.0 relative risk for smoking and cancer9.0 relative risk for smoking and cancer►Primary contributor to lung cancer Primary contributor to lung cancer

deathsdeaths►Cigarettes contain at least 43 distinct Cigarettes contain at least 43 distinct

cancer-causing chemicals.cancer-causing chemicals.

Chronic Obstructive Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary DiseasePulmonary DiseaseChronic Obstructive Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary DiseasePulmonary Disease

► COPDCOPD EmphysemaEmphysema Chronic BronchitisChronic Bronchitis

► Frequently coexist, Frequently coexist, thus physicians thus physicians prefer the term prefer the term COPDCOPD

► Fourth leading Fourth leading cause of death in cause of death in the U.S.the U.S.

Chronic Obstructive Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary DiseasePulmonary DiseaseChronic Obstructive Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary DiseasePulmonary Disease

► Approx. 80 to 90 % Approx. 80 to 90 % of COPD cases are of COPD cases are caused by smokingcaused by smoking

► Relative risk = 10.0Relative risk = 10.0

Chronic BronchitisChronic BronchitisChronic BronchitisChronic Bronchitis

► Chronic bronchitis Chronic bronchitis is an inflammation is an inflammation and eventual and eventual scarring of the scarring of the lining of the lining of the bronchial tubes. bronchial tubes.

► An estimated 14 An estimated 14 million people suffer million people suffer from chronic from chronic bronchitis, the bronchitis, the seventh leading seventh leading chronic condition in chronic condition in America. America.

Chronic BronchitisChronic BronchitisChronic BronchitisChronic Bronchitis

► Symptoms of Symptoms of chronic bronchitis chronic bronchitis include:include: chronic cough, chronic cough,

increased mucusincreased mucus frequent clearing of frequent clearing of

the throatthe throat shortness of breath.shortness of breath.

EmphysemaEmphysemaEmphysemaEmphysema

► Emphysema causes Emphysema causes irreversible lung irreversible lung damage. The walls damage. The walls between the air between the air sacs within the sacs within the lungs lose their lungs lose their ability to stretch ability to stretch and recoil. They and recoil. They become weakened become weakened and break. and break.

► Elasticity of the lung Elasticity of the lung tissue is lost, tissue is lost, causing air to be causing air to be trapped in the air trapped in the air sacs and impairing sacs and impairing the exchange of the exchange of oxygen and carbon oxygen and carbon dioxide.dioxide.

EmphysemaEmphysemaEmphysemaEmphysema

► Symptoms of Symptoms of emphysema include emphysema include cough, shortness of cough, shortness of breath and a limited breath and a limited exercise tolerance. exercise tolerance.

►Diagnosis is made Diagnosis is made by pulmonary by pulmonary function tests, along function tests, along with the patient's with the patient's history, history, examination and examination and other tests.other tests.