Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies

Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies

Volume 135

Series editors

Robert James Howlett, Bournemouth University and KES International,Shoreham-by-sea, UKe-mail: [email protected]

Lakhmi C. Jain, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, Australia;University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia; KES International, UKe-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

The Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies book series encompasses thetopics of knowledge, intelligence, innovation and sustainability. The aim of theseries is to make available a platform for the publication of books on all aspects ofsingle and multi-disciplinary research on these themes in order to make the latestresults available in a readily-accessible form. Volumes on interdisciplinary researchcombining two or more of these areas is particularly sought.

The series covers systems and paradigms that employ knowledge and intelligencein a broad sense. Its scope is systems having embedded knowledge and intelligence,which may be applied to the solution of world problems in industry, the environmentand the community. It also focusses on the knowledge-transfer methodologies andinnovation strategies employed to make this happen effectively. The combination ofintelligent systems tools and a broad range of applications introduces a need for asynergy of disciplines from science, technology, business and the humanities. Theseries will include conference proceedings, edited collections, monographs, hand-books, reference books, and other relevant types of book in areas of scienceand technology where smart systems and technologies can offer innovative solutions.

High quality content is an essential feature for all book proposals accepted for theseries. It is expected that editors of all accepted volumes will ensure thatcontributions are subjected to an appropriate level of reviewing process and adhereto KES quality principles.

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8767

Amaresh ChakrabartiEditor

Research into Designfor a Connected WorldProceedings of ICoRD 2019 Volume 2

123

EditorAmaresh ChakrabartiCentre for Product Design andManufacturingIndian Institute of Science BangaloreBangalore, India

ISSN 2190-3018 ISSN 2190-3026 (electronic)Smart Innovation, Systems and TechnologiesISBN 978-981-13-5976-7 ISBN 978-981-13-5977-4 (eBook)https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-5977-4

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018966842

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or partof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmissionor information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodology now known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in thispublication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt fromthe relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in thisbook are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor theauthors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein orfor any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard tojurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721,Singapore

Sponsors

Centre for Product Design and Manufacturing, Indian Institute of Science,Bangalore, IndiaIndian Institute of Science, Bangalore, IndiaSpringer

v

Endorsers

The Design Society, UKDesign Research Society, UK

Conference Organisation

Steering Committee

Athavankar, Uday, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Indiade Bont, Cees, Loughborough University, UKHarinarayana, Kota, National Aeronautical Laboratories, India (Chair)Gero, John, George Mason University, USAGurumoorthy, B., Indian Institute of Science, IndiaLindemann, Udo, Technical University of Munich, GermanyPapalambros, Panos, University of Michigan, USACulley, Steve, University of Bath, UK

Advisory Committee

Arunachalam, V. S., Center for Study of Science, Technology and Policy, IndiaBalaji, C. D., Aeronautical Development Agency, IndiaBhamra, Tracy, Loughborough University, UKChristiaans, Henri, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, South KoreaDas, Anjan, Confederation of Indian Industry, IndiaDesai, U. B., Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, IndiaDeshmukh, S. G., Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design andManufacturing, Jabalpur, IndiaDorst, Kees, University of Technology Sydney, AustraliaDwarakanath, Srinivasan, Airbus India, IndiaGoel, Ashok, Georgia Institute of Technology, USAGoel, P. S., National Institute of Advanced Studies, IndiaGupta, Anil K., Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad, IndiaHorvath, Imre, Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands

vii

Jaura, Arun, Michelin, IndiaKim, Yong Se, Sungkyunkwan University, South KoreaKumar, Ananda, LPerspective, IndiaLeifer, Larry, Stanford University, USAMalhoutra, Udayant, CII National Committee on Design, IndiaMajhi, Banshildar, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design andManufacturing, Kancheepuram, IndiaMitra, Arabinda, International Division, Department of Science and Technology,IndiaMohanram, P. J., Indian Machine Tool Manufacturers’ Association, IndiaMruthyunjaya, T. S., Chairman Emeritus, CPDM, Indian Institute of Science, IndiaNayak, Shailesh, National Institute of Advanced Studies, IndiaNagahanumaiah, Central Manufacturing Technology Institute, IndiaPitroda, Sam, Former Chairman, National Innovation Council, IndiaPrasad, Biren, Institute of Concurrent Engineering, USASivan, K., Indian Space Research Organisation, IndiaRadhakrishnan, P., PSG Institute of Technology, IndiaRao, V. Bhujanga, National Institute of Advanced Studies, IndiaRay, Gaur G., Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, IndiaRitzén, Sofia, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SwedenSalour, Al, Boeing Company, USASaxena, Raman, USID Foundation, IndiaSundaram, Lt. Gen. V. J., National Design and Research Forum, IndiaWood, Kristin L., Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore

Conference and Programme Chair

Chakrabarti, Amaresh, Indian Institute of Science, India

Co-chairs

Blessing, Lucienne, Singapore University of Technology and Design, SingaporeChakrabarti, Debkumar, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, IndiaEynard, Benoît, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, FranceMcAloone, Tim, Technical University of Denmark, DenmarkPereira, Luciana, Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), BrazilPrakash, Raghu, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, IndiaNagai, Yukari, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Japan

viii Conference Organisation

International Programme Committee

Alberto, Rossa-Sierra, Universidad Panamericana, MexicoAllen, Janet, University of Oklahoma, USAArora, Manish, Indian Institute of Science, IndiaBasan, Robert, Faculty of Engineering, University of Rijeka, CroatiaBateman, John, University of Bremen, GermanyBecattini, Niccolo, Politecnico di Milano, ItalyBen, Hicks, University of Bristol, UKBertoni, Alessandro, Blekinge Institute of Technology, SwedenBertoni, Marco, Blekinge Institute of Technology, SwedenBhat, Mehul, University of Bremen, GermanyBiswas, Pradipta, Indian Institute of Science, IndiaBlessing, Lucienne, Singapore University of Technology and Design, SingaporeBoda, Sruthi, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de ChileBokil, Prasad, IDC, IIT Bombay, IndiaBonvoisin, Jeremy, University of Bath, UKBordegoni, Monica, Politecnico di Milano, ItalyBorg, Jonathan, University of Malta, MaltaBoris, Eisenbart, Swinburne University of Technology, AustraliaBrown, Dave, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, USACaple, David C., AustraliaCaillaud, Emmanuel, Universite de Strasbourg, FranceCampean, Felician, University of Bradford, UKCascini, Gaetano, Politecnico di Milano, ItalyCash, Philip, DTU, DenmarkChakrabarti, Amaresh, Indian Institute of Science, IndiaChakrabarti, Debkumar, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, IndiaChalapathi Rao, Nori, Indian Institute of Science, IndiaChatterjee, Jayanta, IIT Kanpur, IndiaChen, Yong, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, ChinaChilds, Peter, Imperial College London, UKChristian, Marxt, ETH Zurich, SwitzerlandChul, Jung, Seoul National University, South KoreaClarkson, John, University of Cambridge, UKCluzel, Francois, CentraleSupelec, Universite Paris-Saclay, FranceCok, Vanja, University of Ljubljana, SloveniaCrilly, Nathan, University of Cambridge, UKCruz, Paulo, University of Monho, PortugalCugini, Umberto, Politecnico di MilanoCulley, Steve, University of Bath, UKDan, Pranab Kumar, IIT Kharagpur, IndiaDas, Amarendra Kumar, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Indiade Bont, Cees, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong

Conference Organisation ix

Deb, Anindya, Indian Institute of Science, IndiaDeb, Kalyanmoy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USADong, Andy, University of Sydney, AustraliaDorst, Kees, University of Technology Sydney, AustraliaDuffy, Alex, University of Strathclyde, UKEchempati, Raghu, Kettering University, USAEckart, Claudia, Open University, UKEckhardt, Claus, Lund University, SwedenEynard, Benoit, Universite de Technologie de CompiegneFadel, Georges, Clemson University, USAFerrise, Francesco, Politecnico di Milano, ItalyFortin, Clement, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal, CanadaFujita, Kikuo, Osaka University, JapanGanesh, L. S., Indian Institute of Technology Madras, IndiaGangopadhyay, Somnath, University of Calcutta, IndiaGeorgiev, Georgi V., University of Oulu, FinlandGerhard, Detlef, TU WienGericke, Kilian, University of Luxembourg, LuxembourgGhosal, Ashitava, Indian Institute of Science, IndiaGirard, Phillippe, University of Bordeaux, FranceGoldschmidt, Gabriela, Technion, IsraelGooch, Shayne, University of Canterbury, New ZealandGoonetilleke, Ravindra, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,Hong KongGoverni, Lapo, University of Florence, ItalyGraziosi, Serena, Politecnico di Milano, ItalyGrobman, Yasha Jacob, Technion, IsraelGuertler, Matthias, University of Technology Sydney, AustraliaGurumoorthy, Balan, Indian Institute of Science, IndiaHanna, Sean, University College London, UKHenrik Mortensen, Niels, Technical University of Denmark, DenmarkHingorani, Alka, Indian Institute of Technology MumbaiHoltta-Otto, Katja, Aalto University, FinlandIlies, Horea, University of Connecticut, USAInkermann, David, Technische Universität Braunschweig, GermanyIon, William, Strathclyde University, UKIsaksson, Ola, Chalmers University of Technology, SwedenIyer, Ashok, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Dubai Campus, UAEJagtap, Santosh, Blekinge Institute of Technology, SwedenJason, Matthews, University of the West of England, UKJean, Camille, ENSAM, FranceJong Lee, Soon jong Lee, Seoul National University, KoreaJoshi, Purba, IDC, IIT Bombay, IndiaJowers, Iestyn, Open University, UKJuuti, Tero, Tampere University of Technology, Finland

x Conference Organisation

Kailas, Satish, Indian Institute of Science, IndiaKannengiesser, Udo, eneon IT-solutions GmbH, AustriaKarmakar, Sougata, Department of Design, IIT Guwahati, IndiaKhan, Mohammed Rajik, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, IndiaKleinsmann, Maaike, TU Delft, the NetherlandsKoh, Edwin, National University of Singapore, SingaporeKohler, Christian, htw saar—Saarland University of Applied Sciences, GermanyKoskela, Lauri, University of HuddersfieldKota, Srinivas, BITS Pilani, IndiaKovacevic, Ahmed, City, University London, UKKrishnan, S., Center for Study of Science, Technology and Policy, IndiaKristin, Paetzold, Bundeswehr University Munich, GermanyKrogh, Peter, Aarhus UniversityKrus, Petter, Linkoping University, SwedenKulkarni, S. M., NITK Surathkal, IndiaLame, Guillaume, University of Cambridge, UKLenau, Torben, Technical University of Denmark, DenmarkLewis, Kemper, University of Buffalo, the State University of New York, USALiem, Andre, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NorwayLiu, Ying, Cardiff University, UKLiu, Ying-Chieh, Chang Gung University, TaiwanLloveras, Joaquim, Polytechnic University of Catalunya, SpainMaier, Anja, Technical University of Denmark, DenmarkMalmqvist, Johan, Chalmers University of Technology, SwedenManfredi, Enrico, University of Pisa, ItalyMani, Monto, Indian Institute of Science, IndiaManivannan, M., Indian Institute of Technology Madras, IndiaMaranzana, Nicolas, ENSAM, FranceMario, Fargnoli, Sapienza University of Rome, ItalyMarjanovic, Dorian, University of Zagreb, CroatiaMatsuoka, Yoshiyuki, Keio University, JapanMcAloone, Tim, Technical University of Denmark, DenmarkMcDonnell, Janet Theresa, Central Saint Martins, UKMckay, Alison, University of Leeds, UKMelles, Gavin, Swinburne University of Technology, AustraliaMohanty, Raja, Indian Institute of Technology Mumbai, IndiaMontagna, Francesca, Politecnico di Torino, ItalyMoultrie, James, University of Cambridge, UKMounib, Mekhilef, University of Orleans, FranceMulet, Elena, Universitat Jaume I, SpainMullineux, Glen, University of Bath, UKOehmen, Josef, Technical University of Denmark, DenmarkÖhrwall Rönnbäck, Anna, Luleå University of TechnologyOnkar, Prasad, IIT Hyderabad, IndiaOscar, Nespoli, University of Waterloo, Canada

Conference Organisation xi

Panarotto, Massimo, Chalmers University of Technology, SwedenPanchal, Jitesh, Purdue University, USAPapalambros, Panos, University of Michigan, USAPavkovic, Neven, University of Zagreb, CroatiaPeter, Hehenberger, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, AustriaPetrie, Helen, University of York, UKPigosso, Daniela, Technical University of Denmark, DenmarkPoovaiah, Ravi, Indian Institute of Technology Mumbai, IndiaPopovic, Vesna, Queensland University of Technology, AustraliaPrakash, Raghu, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, IndiaPrasad, Biren, CERA Institute, USAPunekar, Ravi, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, IndiaQureshi, Ahmed, University of Alberta, CanadaRadhakrishnan, P., PSG Institute of Advanced Studies, IndiaRajamanickam, Venkatesh, Indian Institute of Technology Mumbai, IndiaRanade, Shilpa, IDC, IIT BombayRao, P. V. M., Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, IndiaRay, Amit, Shiv Nadar University, IndiaRay, Gaur, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, IndiaRebola, Claudia, University of Cincinnati, USAReddy, N. Venkata, IIT Hyderabad, IndiaReich, Yoram, Tel Aviv University, IsraelRestrepo, John, Technical University of Denmark, DenmarkRizzi, Caterian, University of Bergamo, ItalyRizzuti, Sergio, University of Calabria, ItalyRobert, Wendrich, University of Twente, the NetherlandsRohmer, Serge, UTTRomain, Allais, APESA FranceRosen, David, Georgia Institute of Technology, USARotini, Federico, Universita degli Studi di Firenze, ItalyRoy, Rajkumar, Cranfield University, UKRoy, Satyaki, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, IndiaRungati, Lin, National Taiwan University of Arts, TaiwanRusso, Davide, University of Bergamo, ItalySakao, Tomohiko, Linkoping University, SwedenSarkar, Prabir, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, IndiaSarkar, Somwrita, University of Sydney, AustraliaSathikh, Peer M., NTU SingaporeSato, Keiichi, Illinois Institute of Technology, USASchabacker, Michael, OVGUSchaefer, Dirk, University of Liverpool, UKSeepersad, Carolyn Conner, The University of Texas at Austin, USASelf, James, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, South KoreaSen, Dibakar, Indian Institute of ScienceShah, Jami, Arizona State University, USA

xii Conference Organisation

Sharma, Anshuman, L&T InfotechShea, Kristina, ETH Zurich, SwitzerlandSingh, Vishal, Aalto University, FinlandSofiane, Achiche, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal, CanadaSosa, Ricardo, Auckland University of Technology, New ZealandStephan, Husung, :em engineering methods AG, GermanyStone, Robert, Oregon State University, USAStorga, Mario, University of Zagreb, CroatiaSubrahmanian, Eswaran, Carnegie Mellon University, USASudhakar, K., Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, IndiaSusan, Finger, Carnegie Mellon University, USASwain, Abinash Kumar, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, IndiaT. Krishnan, Rishikesha, Indian Institute of Management Bangalore, IndiaTahera, Khadija, University of Huddersfield, UKTandon, Puneet, IIITDM Jabalpur, IndiaThoben, Klaus-Dieter, University of BremenThompson, Mary, Technical University of Denmark, DenmarkTino, Stankovic, ETH Zurich, SwitzerlandTobias, Larsson, Blekinge Institute of Technology, SwedenTore, Kristensen, Copenhagen Business School, DenmarkTripathy, Anshuman, IIM Bangalore, IndiaUflacker, Matthias, Hasso Plattner Institute, GermanyUmeda, Yasushi, University of Tokyo, JapanVaneker, Tom, University of Twente, the NetherlandsVarghese, Paul, Karpagam University, IndiaVasa, Nilesh, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, IndiaVasantha, Gokula, Napier University, UKVenkataraman, Srinivasan, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, IndiaVerma, Alok, Old Dominion University, USAVidal, Rosario, Universitat Jaume I, SpainVidwans, Vinod, Flame School of Communication, IndiaVinodh, S., National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, IndiaVukic, Fedja, University of Zagreb, CroatiaVukasinovic, Nikola, University of Ljubljana, SloveniaWalters, Andrew, Cardiff Metropolitan University, UKWartzack, Sandro, Technical University of Erlangen, GermanyWodehouse, Andrew James, University of Strathclyde, UKYammiyavar, Pradeep, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, IndiaYang, Maria, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USAYong, Zeng, Concordia University, CanadaYuri, Borgianni, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Italy

Conference Organisation xiii

Local Organising Committee

Ananthasuresh, G. K., Indian Institute of Science, IndiaArakeri, Jaywant, Indian Institute of Science, IndiaArora, Manish, Indian Institute of Science, IndiaBiswas, Pradipta, Indian Institute of Science, IndiaDeb, Anindya, Indian Institute of Science, IndiaDiwakar, J. E., Indian Institute of Science, IndiaGhosal, Ashitava, Indian Institute of Science, IndiaKailas, Satish Vasu, Indian Institute of Science, IndiaMaiti, Rina, Indian Institute of Science, IndiaMani, Monto, Indian Institute of Science, IndiaShivakumar, N. D., Indian Institute of Science, IndiaSen, Dibakar, Indian Institute of Science, IndiaAcharya, Shakuntala, Indian Institute of Science, IndiaBhatt, Apoorv, Indian Institute of Science, IndiaGhadge, Kiran, Indian Institute of Science, IndiaKaliamoorthy, Paridhi Subbaian, Indian Institute of Science, IndiaKaushal, Ishaan, Indian Institute of Science, IndiaKulkarni, Gajanan, Indian Institute of Science, IndiaKumari, M. C., Indian Institute of Science, IndiaKumar, Dhiraj, Indian Institute of Science, IndiaMajumder, Anubhab, Indian Institute of Science, IndiaPuneeth, K. S., Indian Institute of Science, IndiaRanjan, B. S. C., Indian Institute of Science, IndiaSalma, Nishath, Indian Institute of Science, IndiaSaluja, Kamalpreet, Indian Institute of Science, IndiaUchil, Praveen T., Indian Institute of Science, IndiaTomar, Ashish Singh, Indian Institute of Science, IndiaShah, Komal, Indian Institute of Science, IndiaPunchathody, Pratheek, Indian Institute of Science, IndiaNidhi, B. R., Indian Institute of Science, IndiaKhobragade, Nitesh, Indian Institute of Science, IndiaKumar, Prashant, Indian Institute of Science, IndiaPraveen, M. V., Indian Institute of Science, IndiaArchana, Indian Institute of Science, IndiaKumar, Vijay, Indian Institute of Science, IndiaGupta, Shubham, Indian Institute of Science, IndiaGandhele, Vishal, Indian Institute of Science, IndiaMohanta, Nobi, Indian Institute of Science, India

xiv Conference Organisation

Preface

Design is ubiquitous; it pervades all spheres of life and has been around ever sincelife has been engaged in purposefully changing the world around it. While somedesigns have transcended time, most designs are in a perpetual process of beingevolved. Research into design and the emergence of a research community in thisarea have been relatively new. Its development has been influenced by the multiplefacets of design (human, artefact, process, organisation, ecology, micro- andmacro-economy by which design is shaped and which it shapes in turn) and theassociated diversification of the community depending on the facets of focus or thatof their applications. Design is complex, balancing the needs of multiple stake-holders and requiring a multitude of areas of knowledge to be utilised, withresources spread across space and time.

The collection of papers in these two book volumes constitutes the Proceedingsof the Seventh International Conference on Research into Design (ICoRD’19) heldat Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India, during 9–11 January 2019.ICoRD’19 is the seventh in a series of biennial conferences held in India to bringtogether the international community from diverse areas of design practice, teachingand research. The goals are to share cutting-edge research about design among itsstakeholders; aid the ongoing process of developing a collective vision throughemerging research challenges and questions; and provide a platform for interaction,collaboration and development of the community in order for it to address theglobal and local challenges by forming and realising the collective vision. Theconference is intended for all stakeholders of design and, in particular, for itspractitioners, researchers, teachers and students.

Four hundred and five abstracts were submitted to ICoRD’19, from which 327were accepted for full paper submission. Two hundred and fourteen full paperswere submitted, which were reviewed by experts from the ICoRD’19 InternationalProgramme Committee comprising 217 members from over 145 institutions ororganisations from 32 countries spanning five continents. Finally, 169 full papers,authored by 352 researchers (352 unique authors, actually 451 author entries in 169papers) from 106 institutions and organisations from 16 countries spanning 5continents, were selected for presentation at the conference and for publication as

xv

chapters in this book. ICoRD has steadily grown over the last six editions, from ahumble beginning in 2006 with 30 papers and 60 participants, through 75 papersand 100 participants in ICoRD’09, 100 papers and 150 participants in ICoRD’11,114 papers and 170 participants in ICoRD’13, 118 papers and 200 participants inICoRD’15, and 178 papers and 230 participants in ICoRD’17.

ICoRD’19 had 134 podium papers and 36 papers with brief podium presenta-tions followed by poster display and discussion. It had keynotes from prominentresearchers and practitioners from around the world such as John Gero from GeorgeMason University, USA; Ravi Poovaiah from Indian Institute of TechnologyMumbai, India; Farrokh Mistree from University of Oklahoma, USA; Aloknath Defrom Samsung, India; Yukari Nagai from Japan Advanced Institute of Science andTechnology, Japan; and Janet McDonnell from University College of the ArtsLondon, UK. It had a panel discussion on “Writing Journal Papers” and threeworkshops on Ph.D. Students Symposium, Structure Sharing, and Publishing Papers.Since 2015, ICoRD has initiated ICON3 Awards (acronym for ICoRD OutstandingContribution to desigN scieNce and educatioN) to be given to two outstandingcontributors to design education and research at each ICoRD. Professor SudhakarNadkarni from Welingkar Institute of Management, India, and Professor John Gerofrom George Mason University, USA, were selected as the ICON3 awardees for2015, for their outstanding contributions to design education and design research,respectively. Professors Amit Ray from Shiv Nadar University, India, and Cees deBont from Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, had been selected as theICON3 awardees for 2017. For ICoRD’19, the ICON awardees are Professor ImreHorvath from Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands, and ProfessorT. S. Mruthyunjaya from Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.

The chapters in the two book volumes together cover all three major areas ofproducts and processes: functionality, form and human factors. The spectrum oftopics ranges from those focusing on early stages such as creativity and synthesis,through those that are primarily considered in later stages of the product life cycle,such as safety, reliability or manufacturability, to those that are relevant across thewhole product life cycle, such as collaboration, communication, design manage-ment, knowledge management, cost, environment and product life cycle manage-ment. Issues of delivery of research into design, in terms of its two major arms:design education and practice, are both highlighted in the chapters of the bookvolumes. Foundational topics such as the nature of design theory and researchmethodology are also major areas of focus. It is particularly encouraging to see inthe chapters the variety of areas of application of research into design—aerospace,health care, automotive and so on.

The theme of ICoRD’19 has been “Design for a Connected World”. Whiledesign traditionally focused on the development of products that worked on theirown, the emerging trend is to have products with a smart layer, which makes themcontext-aware and responsive, both individually and collectively, through collab-oration with other physical and digital objects with which these are connected. Thekey is connectivity: how do products and their development change in a connectedworld? ICoRD’19 is hosted in Bangalore, which is the “silicon plateau” of the

xvi Preface

world, with the second fastest growing community of start-ups, many of which areexploring emerging technologies such as IOT, IIOT, digital twins, sensor networks,I4.0 and so on to design new products, systems and services. It is only appropriatethat the theme for ICoRD’19 aligns with this ambiance.

This volume, “Research into Design for a Connected World—Proceedings ofICoRD 2019 Volume 2”, focuses on the topics of design ideation, creativity andsynthesis, design, knowledge, innovation and product life cycle management,entrepreneurship, design aesthetics, semiotics and semantics, human factors indesign including design of/for user interfaces, user experience and human–com-puter interaction, design collaboration and communication, and design training andeducation.

On behalf of the Steering Committee, Advisory Committee, OrganisingCommittee and Co-Chairs, we thank all the authors, delegates, institutions andorganisations that participated in the conference. We also thank the members of theInternational Programme Committee for their support in reviewing the papers forICoRD’19, which is essential for maintaining the quality of the conference, and fortheir support in putting this book together.

We are thankful to the Design Society and Design Research Society for theirkind endorsement of ICoRD’19. We thank Indian Institute of Science (IISc),Bangalore, and its Centre for Product Design and Manufacturing, for their supportof this event. We also wish to place on record and acknowledge the enormoussupport provided by Ms. Kumari M. C., Mr. Ranjan B. S. C., Mr. Apoorv Bhatt,Mr. Ishaan Kaushal, Mr. Kiran Ghadge, Mr. Anubhab Majumdar, Mr. Paridhi, Mr.Dhiraj Kumar, Mr. Praveen Uchil and Ms. Nishath Salma of IISc in managing thereview process and in preparation of the conference programme and this book andthe conference as a whole. We also thank the large and dedicated group of studentvolunteers of IISc Bangalore in the organisation of the conference. Finally, wethank Springer, especially its Editor Ms. Swati Meherishi and its editorial supportteam, for their wonderful support.

Bangalore, India Amaresh Chakrabarti

Preface xvii

About the Conference

Design is ubiquitous; it pervades all spheres of life and has been around as long aslife has taken up the task of purposefully changing the world around it. Researchinto design and the emergence of a research community in this area have beenrelatively new. Its development has been influenced by the multiple facets of design(human, artefact, process, organisation, the micro- and macro-economy and theecology by which design is shaped) and the associated diversification of thecommunity depending on the facets of focus or that of their applications. Design iscomplex, balancing the needs of multiple stakeholders and requiring a multitude ofareas of knowledge to be utilised, with resources spread across space and time.

ICoRD’19 is the seventh in a series of conferences intended to be held every twoyears in India to bring together the international community from diverse areas ofdesign practice, education and research. It aims to showcase cutting-edge researchabout design to the stakeholders; aid the ongoing process of developing andextending the collective vision through emerging research challenges and ques-tions; and provide a platform for interaction, collaboration and development of thecommunity in order for it to take up the challenges to realise the vision. Theconference is intended for all stakeholders of design and, in particular, for itspractitioners, researchers, pupils and educators.

The collection of papers in these two book volumes constitutes the Proceedingsof the Seventh International Conference on Research into Design (ICoRD’19) heldat Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India, during 9–11 January 2019.ICoRD’19 is the seventh in a series of biennial conferences held in India to bringtogether the international community from diverse areas of design practice, teachingand research. The goals are to share cutting-edge research about design among itsstakeholders; aid the ongoing process of developing a collective vision throughemerging research challenges and questions; and provide a platform for interaction,collaboration and development of the community in order for it to address theglobal and local challenges by forming and realising the collective vision. Theconference is intended for all stakeholders of design and, in particular, for itspractitioners, researchers, teachers and students.

xix

The theme of ICoRD’19 has been “Design for a Connected World”. Whiledesign traditionally focused on developing products that worked on their own, anemerging trend is to have products with a smart layer that makes themcontext-aware and responsive, both individually and collectively, through collab-oration with other physical and digital objects with which these are connected. Thekey is connectivity: how do products and their development change in a connectedworld? ICoRD’19 is hosted in Bangalore, which is the “silicon plateau” of theworld, with the second fastest growing community of start-ups, many of which areexploring emerging technologies such as IOT, IIOT, digital twins and I4.0 to designnew products, systems and services. It is only appropriate that the theme forICoRD’19 aligns with this ambiance.

The conference contained:

• Invited/keynote presentations from eminent international experts andpractitioners;

• Panel discussion and presentations of refereed papers as podium and posterpresentations;

• Presentation of ICoNNN awards and keynotes;• Networking sessions for young researchers;• A Ph.D. students symposium and workshops on dedicated topics.

xx About the Conference

Contents

Part I Design Ideation, Synthesis and Creativity

1 Standardization of Terminologies for Physical Modelsin Design Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3T. N. Subramanya and B. K. Chakravarthy1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.1.1 Comparing Sketching and Physical Models . . . . . . 41.1.2 Comparing Physical Prototypes with Virtual

Modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.2 Existing Classifications of Physical Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

1.2.1 Limitations of Physicals Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.2.2 Guidelines for Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.2.3 Terminologies and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

1.3 Standardization of Terminologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.3.1 Stimulation Mock-Ups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101.3.2 Presentation Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141.3.3 Simulation Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

1.4 Models Across Design Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151.5 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

2 Perceiving Design Processes as Embodied Experience . . . . . . . . . 21Mia A. Tedjosaputro and Yi-Teng Shih2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212.2 Relevant Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

2.2.1 Designer and the Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222.2.2 Embodied Cognition in Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

2.3 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232.4 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

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2.4.1 Interplay in Sessions with Unlimited Accessto Externalizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

2.4.2 Interplay in Sessions with Staged and LimitedAccess to Externalizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

2.4.3 Active Self-structuring in Designing Process . . . . . 292.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

3 Improving Experience at Indian Railways Reservation Countersby Digitizing the Ticketing Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Abhishek Bose, Jyotsana and Satyaki Roy3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

3.1.1 Problems in Existing Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343.1.2 Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

3.2 Research Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353.2.1 User Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353.2.2 Insights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363.2.3 Top Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363.2.4 Opportunity Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373.2.5 Customer Experience Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

3.3 Proposed Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373.3.1 Salient Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383.3.2 Novelty of the Proposed Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

3.4 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

4 Out-of-the-Bucket Thinking Among Students with HeterogeneousBackground While Solving Creative Problem by UsingCombinatorial Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Avinash Shende and Amarendra Kumar Das4.1 Design Education in India and Creativity Issue . . . . . . . . . . . 494.2 Method Adopted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514.3 Modified Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524.4 Observations and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534.5 Closing Remarks on Implications for Design Education

in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

5 Discovering Strategies for Design of PurposefulGames—A Preliminary Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63Sandeep Athavale and Girish Dalvi5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635.2 Related Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

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5.3 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665.3.1 Data Collection Through Exploratory Study

in a Design Workshop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675.3.2 Data Collection Using Protocol Analysis . . . . . . . . 67

5.4 Results and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685.4.1 Observations from the Workshop . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685.4.2 Observations from the Pilot Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . 705.4.3 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

5.5 Conclusion, Limitations, and Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

6 A Thought on Models of Design Processes: Abstraction,Representation and Reality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75Paul Varghese6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 756.2 Cutting up the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

6.2.1 World Views and Knowledge Representation . . . . . 766.2.2 Knowledge and Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 776.2.3 Issues in the Definition and Use of ‘Design’ . . . . . 786.2.4 The Stages of Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806.2.5 D2, the Stage of Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

6.3 Logical Models of Design and Representation . . . . . . . . . . . 826.3.1 Logical Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 826.3.2 The Craftsman’s Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 836.3.3 Cognitive Models (D1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

6.4 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 846.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

7 A Concept-Synthesizing Construction Set for BisociativeThinking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Deny Willy Junaidy, Yukari Nagai, Budi Isdianto and Shintaro Mori7.1 Bisociation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

7.1.1 From Bisociation to Concept Blending . . . . . . . . . 887.2 A Puzzle to Stimulate Bisociative Thinking . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

7.2.1 Playing with Bisociative Thinking . . . . . . . . . . . . . 917.3 Designing a Fuzzy Puzzle for Bisociative Thinking . . . . . . . 92

7.3.1 Modules of the Puzzle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 937.4 Preliminary Report on the Use of Rattanimal . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

7.4.1 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 967.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

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8 Fusion of TRIZ and Axiomatic Design Principles:An Investigation in Scalability of System Design Processesto Contemporary Design Frameworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99Himanshu Panday and Bishakh Bhattacharya8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

8.1.1 Triz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1008.1.2 Axiomatic Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

8.2 Fusion Frameworks for TRIZ and Axiomatic Design . . . . . . 1018.2.1 Methodological Conflicts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1028.2.2 Complimentary Standpoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1038.2.3 Analogous Representations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1048.2.4 Procedural Voids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

8.3 Human-Centered Design and Axiom–TRIZ Fusion . . . . . . . . 1058.4 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

9 Design Templates in Purposeful Games: A Case Studyof a Creative Decision-Making Game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109Akash Mohan, Sandeep Athavale and Sushovan Chanda9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1099.2 Related Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1109.3 Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

9.3.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1119.3.2 Creation of a Template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1119.3.3 From Template to Game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1129.3.4 Brief Description of the Game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

9.4 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1149.5 Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

Part II Innovation Management and Entrepreneurship

10 Integration of Mechatronic Product Development Methodsin an Agile Development Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119Kristin Goevert, Maximilian Brombeiss and Udo Lindemann10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11910.2 Research Methodology and Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12010.3 Literature Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

10.3.1 Agile Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12110.3.2 Mechatronic Product Development Processes

and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12110.3.3 Research Gap and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

10.4 Integration of Mechatronic Product Development Methods . . . 12210.4.1 Definition of Agile Main Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

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10.4.2 Derivation of Agile Process Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . 12410.4.3 Definition of Mechatronic Product Development

Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12510.4.4 Identification of Methods for Each Product

Development Task . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12510.4.5 Mapping Mechatronic Product Development Tasks

to Agile Process Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12510.5 Analysis if Methods from Step 4 Fulfill the Criteria

of Step 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12710.5.1 Discussion and Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

10.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

11 Leveraging Design Innovation for Ensuring Creation of Value:An Approach to Identify the Corresponding Design ConcernsTowards Enabling the Design Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133Doji Samson Lokku, Prasad S. Onkar and Deepak John Mathew11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13311.2 Linkages Between Creativity, Design, and Innovation . . . . . . 13411.3 Literature Review on Design Innovation with a Viewpoint

on Creation of Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13411.4 Identifying the Concerns Exclusive to Value Creation . . . . . . 136

11.4.1 Overall Concerns in Design Innovation (DI)Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

11.4.2 Leveraging Business Model Canvas (BMC)Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

11.4.3 Resulting Approach by Superposing the PreviousTwo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

11.5 Example Illustration Based on a Hospital Field Study . . . . . . 13911.5.1 Background Context of Example Illustrations . . . . . 13911.5.2 Example Illustration 1—BMC Element

‘Relationship’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13911.5.3 Example Illustration 2—BMC Element

‘Channel’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14011.6 Summary and Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

12 Innovative Business Model that Creates Nano-curcumin-BasedEnterprise (With Respect to Sustainable EnterpriseManagement) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143Sumit Kumar and Amit Kumar Dwivedi12.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14312.2 Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

12.2.1 Use of Turmeric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

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12.2.2 Trends in Turmeric Industry: National and GlobalProspects—A Comparison of Numbers . . . . . . . . . 144

12.2.3 Research and Development on Turmeric . . . . . . . . 14512.2.4 Challenges and Future Directions for

Nano-curcumin-Based Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14612.3 Business Model Innovation Through Triple Helix Model

for Curcumin-Based Products Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14712.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

13 Transformation Is a Game We Can’t Play Alone: Diversityand Co-creation as Key to Thriving Innovation Ecosystems . . . . . 151Pauliina Mattila, Boris Eisenbart, Anita Kocsis, Charles Ranscombeand Tiina Tuulos13.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15113.2 Diversity in an Ecosystem and Its Link to Successful

Innovation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15213.2.1 Diversity on Macro-level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15313.2.2 Diversity on Meso-level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15313.2.3 Diversity on Micro-level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

13.3 Collaboration Ties and Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15513.4 Shift to Co-creation Practices and Collaborative Culture . . . . 15713.5 Discussion and Implications for Future Research . . . . . . . . . 158References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

Part III Design Management, Knowledge Management and ProductLife Cycle Management

14 A Critical Study of Choke Point in Sustainable Recyclingof Household Waste in an Assamese Village Setting . . . . . . . . . . . 165Shiva Ji and Ravi Mokashi Punekar14.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16514.2 The Scenario of Barduwa Village . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

14.2.1 Environmental . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16614.2.2 Waste Disposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16714.2.3 Economics and Sociocultural Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . 16714.2.4 Cultural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16814.2.5 Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

14.3 System, Its Domains and Their Interconnectivity . . . . . . . . . 16914.4 Synthesis Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16914.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17214.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

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15 Application of MDM for Scheduling Iteration in ConstructionProjects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175J. Uma Maheswari, S. P. Sreenivas Padala, Srijan Sharmaand Suchita Sariyal15.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17515.2 Proposed Concept and Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17715.3 Case Study and Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17815.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

16 Design Management Intervention in Product–Service Systemof Water Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185Sachin Shivaji Jadhav, Pratul Ch. Kalita and Amarendra Kumar Das16.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18516.2 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18616.3 Water Supply System—Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18716.4 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

16.4.1 Source to Water Treatment Plant: Product–ServiceSystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

16.4.2 Water Treatment Plant to Reservoir Tank:Product–Service System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

16.4.3 Reservoir Tank to End User: Product–ServiceSystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190

16.4.4 Mapping of Product–Service Components of WaterTreatment Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190

16.4.5 Mapping of Product–Service Componentsof Cooler and Purifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

16.5 Quality Function Deployment (QFD)—Purifier . . . . . . . . . . . 19216.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

17 A Fuzzy-Based Approach to Identify Tacit Knowledge in CraftObjects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197Sai Prasad Ojha and Pradeep Yammiyavar17.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19717.2 Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19817.3 Fuzzy-Based Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200

17.3.1 Application of Fuzzy-Based Approach to the Diya(Earthen Lamp) Making Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

17.4 Inferences and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

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18 Ethical Ideologies in Purchasing Attitudes Towards CounterfeitFashion Brands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211Indranil Saha and Deepak John Mathew18.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21118.2 Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

18.2.1 Counterfeits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21218.2.2 Theories of Attitudes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21318.2.3 Fashion and Brand Consciousness . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21318.2.4 Social Impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21418.2.5 Ethical Consciousness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21418.2.6 Ethical Ideologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214

18.3 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21518.3.1 Sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21518.3.2 Data Collection and Analysis Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . 21518.3.3 Delimitation of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

18.4 Data Collection and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21618.4.1 Demographics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21618.4.2 Reliability of the Measurement Model . . . . . . . . . . 21618.4.3 Hypothesis Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

18.5 Findings and Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

19 Making the Best of Obsolescence—A Study on the ChangingLandscape of Product Life-Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223Nithya Venkataraman and N. Elangovan19.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22319.2 Theoretical Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

19.2.1 The Product Lifecycle (PLC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22519.2.2 Challenging the Product Lifecycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

19.3 Development of Constructs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22619.4 The Conceptual Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22819.5 Research Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228

19.5.1 Selection of EOLC Garments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22919.5.2 The Process of Deconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22919.5.3 Conducting the Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230

19.6 Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232

20 Modelling of Causal Relations in Human Pathophysiologyfor Medical Education and Design Inspiration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235Soumya Singh, Aditi Makharia and Amaresh Chakrabarti20.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236

20.1.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23720.1.2 Proposed Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238

xxviii Contents

20.1.3 Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24220.1.4 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242

20.2 Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245

Part IV Design Aesthetics, Semiotics and Semantics

21 A Preliminary Study on Identifying the Potential Core Valuesfor Product Branding Based on Malaysian KerisCharacteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249Azrina Zizal Abdul Aziz, Shahriman Zainal Abidinand Rusmadiah Anwar21.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24921.2 Literature Reviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250

21.2.1 Malaysian Keris Artefacts Type and Structure . . . . 25021.3 The Conceptual Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25421.4 Conclusion and Future Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256

22 Defining the Concept of Visual Space in Mural Art Traditionsof Rural Eastern Jharkhand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259Pallavi Rani and D. Udaya Kumar22.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25922.2 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26022.3 Ethnographic Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

22.3.1 Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26122.3.2 Unstructured Interviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

22.4 Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26422.5 Mural and Visual Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

22.5.1 Physical Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26522.5.2 Conceptual Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

22.6 Discussion and Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

23 Appreciation of Art with Vision and Color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271Nilima Regina Topno, Shatarupa Thakurta Roy, Noopur Anandand Vikas Kumar23.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27123.2 Luminescence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27223.3 Color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27223.4 Contrast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27323.5 Surround Effects of Color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27423.6 Acuity and Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27523.7 Color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276

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23.8 Pointillism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27723.9 Equiluminescent Colors and the Illusion of Motion . . . . . . . . 27723.10 Shading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27823.11 Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27923.12 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279

24 Design and Development of a New Instrument for MeasuringAesthetic Sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281Sunny Bairisal and Jyoti Kumar24.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281

24.1.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28224.2 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28224.3 Experiment Conducted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28524.4 Data Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28524.5 Result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28724.6 Limitations and Future Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28924.7 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290

25 Color in Traditional Indian Architecture—An Inquiry into theColor Family of Reds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291Saili Sonar25.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291

25.1.1 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29225.1.2 Temples—The Religious Buildings of India . . . . . . 29225.1.3 Traditional Regional Houses of India . . . . . . . . . . . 29225.1.4 Monumental Architecture of India . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

25.2 Observation and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29525.3 Conclusion and Further Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300

26 Influence of Visual Elements in Building Facades in theFormation of Experiential Perception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301Anita P. Yammiyavar and Madhumita Roy26.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30126.2 Literature Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30226.3 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30426.4 Analysis and Inferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305

26.4.1 Demographic Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30526.4.2 Inference from Part A Questionnaire: Influence

of Experiential Variables Influencing the Formationof Perception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306

26.4.3 Inferences from Part B Study—Features andElements in the Physical Building that Contributeto the Formation of Perceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309

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26.5 Discussion, Limitations and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313

27 Visual Culture of Urban Spectacles: A Discourse on Festivalsin the Light of Urban Semantics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315Anusmita Das and Amarendra Kumar Das27.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31527.2 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31727.3 Urban Fabric of Guwahati: The Historic Core,

Transformations and Urban Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31727.4 Ancillary Systems: Rituals and Celebrations of Space . . . . . . 320

27.4.1 Ambubachi Mela: Origin, Symbolism andNarratives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321

27.4.2 Morphology of Festival: Temporal Marker,Spatial Marker, Narrative Fortifier and VisualIdentifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323

27.5 Conclusion: Semiology and the Urban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325

28 Reassessing User-Friendliness of Evolving Graphical InterfaceDesign from Social Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327Abhinav Basak and Shatarupa T. Roy28.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32728.2 Description and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32928.3 Observations and Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34028.4 Future Scopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340

29 Semiotic Analysis: A Study to Identify the Design Elementsof Namghar in Assam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343Charu Monga and Amarendra Kumar Das29.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34329.2 Aim and Objective of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34429.3 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34429.4 Structure and Meaning Making . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34829.5 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34829.6 Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353

30 Embedded Diversities: Design Explorations with the Toolof Type and Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355Nanki Nath30.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35630.2 Research Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358

30.2.1 Understanding Multimodal Texts in TypeCompositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358

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30.2.2 Syntactics and Its Applications in TypeCompositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362

30.3 Trifold Visual Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36330.3.1 Language—The First Fold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36330.3.2 Tools and Techniques of Production . . . . . . . . . . . 36430.3.3 Semantics (Expressions) and Meaning-Based

Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36530.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366

31 Influence of Lexical Semantics on Product Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369Manasi Kanetkar31.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36931.2 Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371

31.2.1 Experiment 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37131.2.2 Experiment 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371

31.3 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37331.3.1 Experiment 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37331.3.2 Experiment 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374

31.4 Discussion and Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37531.5 Future Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376

32 Visual Perception of the Street Façade of a Historic Town:Case Study of the Walled City of Jaipur, India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377Somya Mishra and Saptarshi Kolay32.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37732.2 Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378

32.2.1 Introduction to Semiotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37832.2.2 Semiotic Tools of Assessment for Architecture . . . . 37932.2.3 Ornamentation and Decoration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379

32.3 Research Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37932.4 Site Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379

32.4.1 Study Area Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37932.5 Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380

32.5.1 Tool 1—Structural Relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38032.5.2 Tool 2—Operations of Transformation . . . . . . . . . 38232.5.3 Tool 3—the Semiotic Square . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383

32.6 Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38532.6.1 Visual Priority List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38532.6.2 Visual Palette . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385

32.7 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38732.7.1 A Common Visual Identity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38732.7.2 Validated Priority List of Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . 388

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32.7.3 Visual Palette . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38832.7.4 Way Forward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389

33 A Review of Eye Tracking Studies Related to Visual AestheticExperience: A Bottom-Up Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391Bighna Kalyan Nayak and Sougata Karmakar33.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39233.2 Cognitive Functioning of Bottom-up Process During

Aesthetic Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39433.3 Eye Tracking of Visual Exploration Pattern and Human

Behavioral Interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39533.4 Measure of Visual Aesthetics and Its Association with Eye

Tracking Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39733.4.1 Complexity of Visuals and Its Association with Eye

Tracking Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39833.4.2 Composition of Visuals and Its Association with

Eye Tracking Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39933.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401

Part V Human Factors in Design (Physical and CognitiveErgonomics; Design for Emotions, Etc.)

34 Interface Design of Low-Cost Collision Alerting System forSports Aviation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407Anshuman Karmakar, Braj Bhushan, Christoph Santel,Ahmed Sameer and Bishakh Bhattacharya34.1 Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40834.2 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40834.3 Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411

34.3.1 Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41134.3.2 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412

34.4 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41234.5 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415

35 A Study on the Anthropometry of the Hira Community of Assam:Its Use in Redesigning a Pottery Wheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417Bibhuti Ranjan Bhattacharjya and Sashindra Kumar Kakoty35.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41735.2 Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419

35.2.1 Data Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41935.3 Results and Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420

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35.4 Application of Collected Data in Pottery Sector . . . . . . . . . . 42235.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426

36 Healing by Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427Rawa Abulawi, Stuart Walker and Christopher Boyko36.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42736.2 Design Process and Methods of Inquiry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42836.3 Data Analysis and Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43236.4 Findings and Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43336.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437

37 Evaluating Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Issuesfor Craftsmen in Metal Handicrafts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439Sutapa Pati37.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43937.2 Overview of Metal Craft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440

37.2.1 Metal Craft in India and Odisha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44037.2.2 Balakati Bell Metal Cluster, Bhubaneswar . . . . . . . 44137.2.3 Metal Craft in India and Odisha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44237.2.4 MetalWare Through Beating (Pita) . . . . . . . . . . . . 44337.2.5 Metal Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443

37.3 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44537.4 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448

38 Ergonomic Postural and Biomechanical Analysisof Manual Weeding Operation in Agriculture Using DigitalHuman Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451Shadad Md Khayer, Thaneswer Patel and Bishorjit Ningthoujam38.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45238.2 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453

38.2.1 Generation of Digital Human Models andRendering of Comfort Posture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453

38.2.2 Interfacing Digital Human Models with the ManualPush/Pull Type Wheel Hoe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454

38.2.3 Posture Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45638.2.4 Biomechanical Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457

38.3 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45738.3.1 RULA—Working Posture Assessment . . . . . . . . . . 45738.3.2 Biomechanical Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459

38.4 Discussion and Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461

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39 Modular Assistive Devices for Elderly People to OvercomeAge-Related Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463Swati Sarkar and Amarendra Kumar Das39.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46339.2 Review on Interventions in Disability in Elderly People . . . . 46439.3 Assistive Technology for Elderly People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465

39.3.1 Mobility Assistive Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46639.4 Need of Modular Assistive Devices by the Elderly People . . . 47139.5 Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472

40 A User-Centred Design Approach to Investigate the DesignParameters for Prescription Swimming Goggles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475Aman Kumar and Dhananjay Singh Bisht40.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47540.2 Literature Based Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476

40.2.1 Study of Physiological Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47740.2.2 Study of Morphological Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . 47840.2.3 Product-Related Human Perception: Cognitive

Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47940.3 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48040.4 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481

40.4.1 Problems Identification from Market Segment . . . . 48140.4.2 Problem Identification from Literature Survey . . . . 48140.4.3 Specifications Available in Existing Products . . . . . 482

40.5 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48340.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484

41 Attention of Viewers While Viewing Paintings Changes with theDifferent CCTs of Exhibition Light: A Quantitative Approachwith Eye-Tracking Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487Amrita Bhattacharjee and Swati Pal41.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48741.2 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488

41.2.1 Experimental Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48941.2.2 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491

41.3 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49241.3.1 Effect of CCTs on Viewers’ Attention While

Viewing Water-Based Paintings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49241.3.2 Effect of CCTs on Viewers’ Attention While

Viewing Oil-Based Paintings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49341.4 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495

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42 Does Emotion Modulation Influence Speed–Accuracy Trade-offin Numerical Data Entry Task? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497Shanu Shukla, Shrikant Salve and Pradeep Yammiyavar42.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49842.2 Emotion and Speed–Accuracy Trade-off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498

42.2.1 Emotions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49842.2.2 Speed–Accuracy Trade-off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49942.2.3 Aim of the Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50042.2.4 Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50042.2.5 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502

42.3 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50542.3.1 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506

43 An Ergonomic Study: Bicycle Repairer in Rural India . . . . . . . . 509Mohammed Rajik Khan, Nishant Kumar Singh and Digamber Shinde43.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50943.2 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510

43.2.1 Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51043.2.2 Questionnaire Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51143.2.3 Evaluation Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51243.2.4 Electromyography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51343.2.5 Data Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513

43.3 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51443.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517

44 Elderly Friendly Visual Communication Design: A User-CentricApproach for Guideline Formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519Aastha Bhardwaj and Saptarshi Kolay44.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51944.2 Literature Review of the Case Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520

44.2.1 Human Factors Design Guidelines for the Elderlyand People with Disabilities—Honeywell . . . . . . . . 520

44.2.2 India Readership Survey (Media Research UsersCouncil) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521

44.2.3 Validating the MRUC 2017 Stats . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52144.3 Need of the Research and Paradigm Selection . . . . . . . . . . . 522

44.3.1 Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52244.3.2 Intangible Interface, Printed Media and Signage . . . 522

44.4 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52344.5 Data Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523

44.5.1 Study Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52344.5.2 Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523

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44.5.3 Survey Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52444.5.4 Experiment Design and Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525

44.6 Redesign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52544.7 Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528

45 Measurement of the Width of Ischial Tuberosity for Indian MaleMotorcycle Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529Sai Praveen Velagapudi and Gaur Gopal Ray45.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52945.2 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530

45.2.1 Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53045.2.2 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53145.2.3 Data Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531

45.3 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53345.4 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53445.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535

46 Awareness, Availability, and Accessibility of AssistiveTechnologies for the Elderly in India: A Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537Charu M. Maurya, Nitin Maurya and Amarendra Kumar Das46.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538

46.1.1 Old Age: Health and Activity Restriction . . . . . . . . 53846.1.2 Providing Care to Elderly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53846.1.3 Assistive Technology Meaning and Impact . . . . . . 53846.1.4 Assistive Technology in Indian Scenario . . . . . . . . 539

46.2 Method and Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53946.3 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540

46.3.1 Necessity of Assistive Technologies for the Elderlyin Indian Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540

46.3.2 Awareness Regarding Assistive TechnologiesAmong the Indian Elderly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540

46.3.3 Availability and Accessibility of AssistiveTechnologies in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541

46.3.4 Challenges in the Areas of Assistive Technologiesin India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542

46.4 Future Scope in the Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54346.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544

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47 Association Between Adopted Posture and Perceived VibrationalDiscomfort Among Stone Polishing Workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549Susmita Nath, Tapashi Kalita, M. Arunachalam, Rajiv Tiwariand Sougata Karmakar47.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55047.2 Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551

47.2.1 Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55147.2.2 Data Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55147.2.3 Statistical Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552

47.3 Result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55347.3.1 Characteristics of Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55347.3.2 Discomforts in Various Parts of the Body . . . . . . . 55347.3.3 Perceived Discomfort and Magnitude

of Hand-Transmitted Vibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55347.3.4 Posture Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55547.3.5 Association Between Different Adopted Posture

and Vibration Discomfort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55747.4 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55847.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560

48 Dynamic Behavior Analysis of Grass Trimmer Using FiniteElement Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563Sampath Kumar Kuppa and Mohit Lal48.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56448.2 Design of Grass Trimmer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565

48.2.1 Design Considerations of Grass Trimmer . . . . . . . . 56548.2.2 Modeling of Grass Trimmer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565

48.3 Finite Element Analysis of a Grass Trimmer . . . . . . . . . . . . 56748.3.1 Modal Analysis of Existing Grass Trimmer . . . . . . 56848.3.2 Modal Analysis of Newly Designed

Grass Trimmer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56948.3.3 Harmonic Analysis of Existing Grass Trimmer . . . . 56948.3.4 Measurement, Data Collection, and Analysis . . . . . 570

48.4 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57148.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573

49 Upper Body Postural Analysis in Sitting Workplace EnvironmentUsing Microsoft Kinect V2 Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575Vibha Bhatia, Parveen Kalra and Jagjit Singh Randhawa49.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57549.2 Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577

49.2.1 Subjects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577

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49.2.2 System Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57749.2.3 Experimental Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578

49.3 Result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58049.4 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58349.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585

50 To Analyze the Impact of Spokesperson Used in CosmeticAdvertisements for Trust Building of the Indian CustomersBuying Intention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587Sushmita Jadhav, Rushab Kataria and Dandeswar Bisoyi50.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58850.2 Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58850.3 Theoretical Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589

50.3.1 Research Hypothesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58950.4 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590

50.4.1 Conceptual Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59050.4.2 Variable Design and Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . 59050.4.3 Experiment Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59150.4.4 Data Collection and Analysis Method . . . . . . . . . . 592

50.5 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59250.5.1 Sample Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59250.5.2 Reliability Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59350.5.3 Hypothesis Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594

50.6 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59650.6.1 Theoretical Justification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59650.6.2 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596

50.7 Implication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59750.7.1 Limitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59750.7.2 Future Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598

51 Impact of Topological Perception on Attention for ProductsShape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599FEI Fei and Yukari Nagai51.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599

51.1.1 The Recognition of Product Innovation . . . . . . . . . 59951.1.2 Topological Perception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60051.1.3 Repertory Grid Technique (RGT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60151.1.4 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602

51.2 Research Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60351.2.1 Select Appropriate Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60351.2.2 Elicit Constructs from Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60451.2.3 The Rating of Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605

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51.3 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60651.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608

52 Motivation for Do-It-Yourself in Rural Base of the PyramidCommunities and the Changing Landscape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611Prarthana Majumdar, Sharmistha Banerjee, Jan-Carel Diehland J. M. L. van Engelen52.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61152.2 Theoretical Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61352.3 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61452.4 Observations and Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61652.5 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62152.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62352.7 Implications for Designers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62352.8 Limitations of This Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624

Part VI Design of/for User Interfaces, User Experience and HumanComputer Interaction

53 Design and Development of a Stencil for Mobile User Interface(UI) Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629Anirban Chowdhury53.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62953.2 Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630

53.2.1 Preparation of Stencils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63053.2.2 Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63153.2.3 Variables and Measurement Scales . . . . . . . . . . . . 63153.2.4 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63253.2.5 Statistical Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634

53.3 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63453.3.1 Questionnaire-Based Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63453.3.2 User Interview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63453.3.3 Paper Prototyping Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63553.3.4 Observations from Videographic Data Analysis . . . 635

53.4 Discussions and Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63653.5 Practical Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638

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54 Comparing Two Webcam-Based Eye Gaze Trackers for Userswith Severe Speech and Motor Impairment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641Ayush Agarwal, DV JeevithaShree, Kamalpreet Singh Saluja,Atul Sahay, Pullikonda Mounika, Anshuman Sahu, Rahul Bhaumik,Vinodh Kumar Rajendran and Pradipta Biswas54.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64254.2 Related Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64354.3 Proposed Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644

54.3.1 First Implementation—Landmark Detection . . . . . . 64454.3.2 Second Implementation—Using Webgazer.Js . . . . . 64554.3.3 Controlling Pointer with Inaccurate Eye Gaze

Tracker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64654.3.4 Application Used to Evaluate Gaze Trackers . . . . . 646

54.4 User Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64754.4.1 Study with Able-Bodied Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64754.4.2 User Study with Children with SSMI . . . . . . . . . . 648

54.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651

55 A Dimensional Analysis Across India to Study How NationalCultural Diversity Affects Website Designs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653Surbhi Pratap and Jyoti Kumar55.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65355.2 Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 654

55.2.1 Culture and the Concept of ‘National Culture’ . . . . 65455.2.2 Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions in UX Design . . . . 65455.2.3 Critiques on Hofstede’s ‘National’ Culture

Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65555.2.4 The Value Survey Module 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655

55.3 Research Methodology and Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65655.3.1 Identification of Culturally Distinct Regions

Within India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65655.3.2 Deduction of Dimensions of Culturally Distinct

Regions Within India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65955.3.3 Study of the Influence of Cultural Differences on

Website Designs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66155.4 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663

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56 Capturing Customer Profile Enables in-Vehicle UserIdentification: Design for Data-Based User BehaviorEvaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665Julia Orlovska, Casper Wickman and Rikard Söderberg56.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66556.2 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 666

56.2.1 Previous Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66656.2.2 Overview of Related Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66756.2.3 Use of Big Data for the User Identification

Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66856.3 Design of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669

56.3.1 Defining User Identification Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66956.3.2 Creating Customer Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67156.3.3 User Identification Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672

56.4 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67356.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674

57 Redefining News Delivery—A Case Study of CommunicationStrategies Using HCI-Based Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677Subhrajit Datta, Nandita Bhanja Chaudhuri and Debayan Dhar57.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67757.2 Background and Related Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67957.3 Research Gap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68157.4 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681

57.4.1 Online User Survey and Initial Analysis . . . . . . . . 68157.4.2 Primary Research-Contextual Inquiry and Data

Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68257.4.3 Design Requirements-Initial Concept

and Ideations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68257.4.4 Architectural Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68557.4.5 Concept Finalization-Proposed Design Concept . . . 68657.4.6 Prototyping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686

57.5 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68657.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688

58 Health-Centered Care Based on Co-Designed Cyber-PhysicalSystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691Renato Basso Nabuco, Anderson Orzari Ribeiro and Luciana Pereira58.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69158.2 Theoretical Foundations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693

58.2.1 Cyber-Physical Systems and Healthcare . . . . . . . . . 69358.2.2 Health Promotions and Small Business . . . . . . . . . 694

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58.3 Research Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69558.3.1 Data Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69558.3.2 Online Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69558.3.3 Data Analysis and Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 696

58.4 The Human-Centered Cyber-Physical Healthcare SystemConcept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697

58.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699

59 Designing a Learning Aid for Dyslexic Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703Madhuri Sasupilli, Prasad Bokil and Poonam Wagle59.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70359.2 Dyslexia: Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704

59.2.1 Problem Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70559.3 Proposed Design Intervention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705

59.3.1 Concept of Game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70659.3.2 Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707

59.4 Heuristic Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70959.4.1 Sample of Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70959.4.2 Evaluation Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709

59.5 Result and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71059.5.1 Result from Heuristic Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71059.5.2 Feedback from Experts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711

59.6 Conclusion and Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712

60 Number Maze: Play and Learn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713Mohammed Rajik Khan, Suman Mishra and S. Prathik Yadav60.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71360.2 Materials and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715

60.2.1 Participatory Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71560.2.2 Concept Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71560.2.3 Design of a Number Maze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717

60.3 Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71860.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 720

61 A Study on Elderly Individuals’ Attitude Towards ICTs . . . . . . . 723Aishwarya Pargaonkar, Wricha Mishra and Sudarshan Kadam61.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724

61.1.1 Twenty-first Century Technology VersusDemographic Scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724

61.1.2 Technological Intervention for Older Adults . . . . . . 72561.2 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727

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61.3 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72761.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73161.5 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73261.6 Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733

62 User Interfaces for Safety Inspections in UndergroundMining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735Sri Harsha Andukuri62.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 736

62.1.1 Existing Scenario and TechnologicalInterventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 736

62.2 Workplace Safety in Underground Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73762.2.1 MSHA and Mining Safety Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . 73762.2.2 Workplace Inspection Regulation Act . . . . . . . . . . 73862.2.3 Equipment Pre-Ops Regulation Act . . . . . . . . . . . . 738

62.3 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73962.4 Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 739

62.4.1 Current Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73962.4.2 Design Drawbacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 740

62.5 Design Process—Agile Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74062.6 Design Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741

62.6.1 Software Application for ConductingInspections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741

62.7 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 744References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 744

63 User Expectations of Augmented Reality Experience in IndianSchool Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745Pratiti Sarkar and Jayesh S. Pillai63.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74563.2 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746

63.2.1 Technology Trends in Indian Schools . . . . . . . . . . 74663.2.2 Augmented Reality (AR) Technology

in Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74763.2.3 User Expectation and User Experience . . . . . . . . . . 747

63.3 Research Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74863.3.1 Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74863.3.2 Procedure of Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74863.3.3 Data Source and Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74963.3.4 Data Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750

63.4 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750

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63.5 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75163.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 754References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 754

64 Study of Icon Design for Indian Market: PreliminaryInvestigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757Madhura Sekar, Ganesh Sadashiv, Suneira Subramanian,Shreya Venkatesh and Viba Mohan64.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75764.2 Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75964.3 Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76064.4 Gap Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76164.5 Methodologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762

64.5.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76264.5.2 Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762

64.6 Results and Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76364.6.1 Physical characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763

64.7 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76664.8 Design Direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76764.9 Scope for Further Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 768

65 Exploring Need in Narratives: Human–Computer Interactionin the Design of a Home Automation System for the ElderlyPeople . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771Himanshu Panday, Vaishnavi Deepak Bhopeand Bishakh Bhattacharya65.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772

65.1.1 Methodological Void . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77265.1.2 Phenomenology and Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773

65.2 Proposed Amalgamation Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77365.2.1 Phenomenological Probe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77365.2.2 Design Expedition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775

65.3 Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77665.3.1 Qualitative Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77665.3.2 Design Expedition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777

65.4 Conclusion and Future Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778

66 Exploring 3D Interactions for Number Entry and Menu Selectionin Virtual Reality Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781Akriti Kaur, Ashutosh Agrawal and Pradeep Yammiyavar66.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78266.2 Prototypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783

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66.3 User Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78566.4 Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78766.5 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78966.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 789References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790

67 Universal Design Principles in Graphical User Interface:Understanding Visual Ergonomics for the Left-HandedUsers in the Right-Handed World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 793Abhinav Basak and Shatarupa T. Roy67.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79367.2 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79467.3 Extreme User Bell Curve (Normal Distribution Curve) . . . . . 79567.4 Purpose of Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79567.5 Self-assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79667.6 Research Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79667.7 User Interview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79767.8 Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79767.9 Insights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79867.10 Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 798

67.10.1 Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79967.10.2 Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79967.10.3 Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800

67.11 Concept Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80167.12 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80567.13 Future Scopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805

Part VII Design Collaboration and Communication

68 Extending Service Blueprint for New Age Services . . . . . . . . . . . . 809Sylvan Lobo, Shivani Sharma, Ulemba Hirom, Ravi Mahamuniand Pramod Khambete68.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81068.2 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81068.3 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81268.4 Onboarding Service—Research-Through-Design Study . . . . . 81268.5 Service Situations and Their Proposed Solutions . . . . . . . . . . 81368.6 Observations and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81868.7 Conclusion and Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81968.8 Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 820References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 820

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69 Agile Development of Physical Products—A Case Studyof Medical Device Product Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 823Carlos Gerber, Kristin Goevert, Sebastian Schweigert-Recksiekand Udo Lindemann69.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82369.2 Research Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82469.3 Literature Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 824

69.3.1 Agile Product Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82569.3.2 Medical Product Development and

Microtiter Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82569.3.3 Team climate Inventory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82669.3.4 Research Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 826

69.4 The Project and Boundary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82669.5 Realization of the Medical Product Development . . . . . . . . . 827

69.5.1 Product Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82769.5.2 Impressions of the Sprints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 827

69.6 TCI Results and Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82969.6.1 TCI Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82969.6.2 Feedback and Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83069.6.3 Recommendation of Action for the Next Phase . . . 831

69.7 Conclusion and Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 832References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833

70 Eri-Culture: The Drive from Tradition to Innovation . . . . . . . . . 835Umme Hani and Amarendra Kumar Das70.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83570.2 Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 836

70.2.1 History and Evolution of Eri-Culture . . . . . . . . . . . 83670.2.2 Past, Present and Future of Eri Industry in the

Context of Handlooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83970.3 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84070.4 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84170.5 Intervention of Government and NGOs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84170.6 Intervention of the Designers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84270.7 Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84370.8 Need Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84470.9 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 844References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 844

71 A New Linguistic System for Communicating Design . . . . . . . . . . 847Sabu Francis71.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84771.2 Acronyms and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84771.3 Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848

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71.4 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84871.5 Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84871.6 The Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84971.7 The Logical Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849

71.7.1 Lessons from Structural Linguistics . . . . . . . . . . . . 84971.7.2 Lessons from Post-structural Linguistic Criticism . . . 85171.7.3 Lessons from Epistemology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 852

71.8 The Proposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85371.9 Checking the Lessons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85471.10 Other Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85771.11 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85871.12 Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859

72 Identification of Optimised Open Platform Architecture Productsfor Design for Mass Individualisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 861Ravi K. Sikhwal and Peter R. N. Childs72.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 861

72.1.1 Product Design for Mass Individualisation (MI) . . . 86272.2 Open Platform Architecture Products (OPAP) . . . . . . . . . . . . 863

72.2.1 Innovation Toolkit for OPAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86472.3 Modelling of OPAP with Evaluation Measures and

Evaluation Indices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86572.3.1 Evaluation Measures & Evaluation Indices . . . . . . . 867

72.4 Identification of the Optimal OPAP Configuration withOptimal Module Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86772.4.1 Module Option Optimisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86872.4.2 Configuration Optimisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 869

72.5 Case Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87072.5.1 An OPAP Smartphone (Google ARA) . . . . . . . . . . 87172.5.2 An Individualised Chair (Axia Smart Chair

by Nomique) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87272.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 873References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 874

Part VIII Design Training and Education

73 Reflection of Indian Philosophy in Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 877Sourav Dutta, Kanishka Biswas, Shatarupa Thakurata Royand Satyaki Roy73.1 Indian Pedagogy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87773.2 Design Pedagogy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87873.3 Design Realization from Indian Philosophy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 880

73.3.1 Combine Mind and Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 880

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73.3.2 Energetically Working Together AbscondingJealousy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 881

73.3.3 Attitude Toward Brilliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88273.3.4 Completion Toward a Happy Note . . . . . . . . . . . . 883

73.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 884References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 886

74 Observing Nature—What Designers Can Learnfrom Biologists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 887Shiv Kumar Verma and Ravi Mokashi Punekar74.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88774.2 Methods and Tools Used by Biologists to Observe

Natural Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88874.2.1 Observation of Organisms Through Five

Senses/Goethean Science/Early Phase ofMorphology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 888

74.2.2 Use of Instruments in Morphology . . . . . . . . . . . . 88974.2.3 Use of Software in Morphology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 891

74.3 Methods and Tools Used by Designers to Observe NaturalForm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89174.3.1 Observing Principles and Laws Which Regulate

the Arrangement of Form in Nature . . . . . . . . . . . . 89274.3.2 Observing Geometric Principles of Order

in Nature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89274.3.3 Observing the Laws of Nature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89374.3.4 Observing External Forms and Shapes . . . . . . . . . . 89474.3.5 Observing Natural Growth Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . 894

74.4 Similarities and Differences in the Approach of Biologistsand Designers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 895

74.5 What Designers Can Learn from Biologists . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89674.5.1 An Approach to Nature Inspired Product Form

Based on Thompson’s Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89774.5.2 An Approach Based on Animal Behavior . . . . . . . 897

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 898

75 Learning Through Gaming? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 901Siddhesh Sushil Shirsekar75.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90175.2 Problem Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 902

75.2.1 Germ of This Paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90275.3 Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 902

75.3.1 Learning During Play . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90375.3.2 Exuberance and Play . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 903

75.4 Game Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 904

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75.4.1 Technology Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90475.4.2 Color Palate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 906

75.5 Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90675.6 Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 907

75.6.1 Tracing the Letterform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90775.6.2 Lessening the Sensitivity of the Letterform . . . . . . 90775.6.3 Phonetic Association of Devanagari . . . . . . . . . . . . 907

75.7 Observation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90875.8 Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90975.9 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91175.10 Approaching Opportunity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 911References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 911

76 Planning to Enhance Student Learning Outcomes on InnovationDesign Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 913Yi Teng Shih and Willy D. Sher76.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91376.2 Kolb’s Experiential Learning Cycle (ELC) Model . . . . . . . . . 915

76.2.1 Using Kolb’s ELC to Improve Student DesignLearning Outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 915

76.2.2 Reflecting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91676.2.3 Interpreting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91976.2.4 Planning for Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 920

76.3 Results of Teaching Activity and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . 92276.4 Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 922References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 922

77 Role of Short-Term Intensive Activity as a Precursor to DesignConceptualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 925Manasi Kanetkar77.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92577.2 Substantiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 926

77.2.1 Objective Understanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92677.2.2 Clarity and of Goal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92777.2.3 Sense of Achievement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92777.2.4 Stimulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92777.2.5 Disruption and Unlearning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 927

77.3 Case Study 1: Super Special for Ergonomics . . . . . . . . . . . . 92877.3.1 Trigger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92877.3.2 Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92877.3.3 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 928

77.4 Case Study 2: Intangibles for ‘Human Machine Interface’ . . . 93077.4.1 Trigger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93077.4.2 Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 930

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77.4.3 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93177.5 Discussion and Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 933

77.5.1 Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93377.5.2 Applications of STIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93377.5.3 Making Memories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 933

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 934

78 Teaching Design for Sustainability for SocioeconomicEcosystems—Three Case Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 935Sharmistha Banerjee, Pankaj Upadhyay and Ravi Mokashi Punekar78.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 936

78.1.1 Defining Socioeconomic Ecosystems (SEEs) . . . . . 93678.2 Developing the Pedagogy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 937

78.2.1 Step-by-Step Course Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93878.2.2 Strategic Analysis Toolkit (SAT) to Study

a SEE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94078.3 The Three Instances of Conducting the Course . . . . . . . . . . . 94178.4 Learning from Conducting the Course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94378.5 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 944References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 945

79 Mismatch of Education and Job: A Study on Design Professionalsin India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 947Upasna Bhandari and Deepak John Mathew79.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94779.2 Engineering and Design Education Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . 948

79.2.1 Rise in Institutes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94879.2.2 Student Enrollments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 948

79.3 Engineering and Design Institutes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94879.3.1 About National Institute of Design (NID) . . . . . . . 94979.3.2 About Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) . . . . . . 950

79.4 Initiatives for Design in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95079.4.1 National Design Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95179.4.2 Design Innovation Centre (DIC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95179.4.3 Open Design School (ODS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95179.4.4 National Design Innovation Network (NDIN) . . . . . 95179.4.5 Design Education Quality Mark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 951

79.5 Challenges Faced by Design Education in India . . . . . . . . . . 95279.5.1 School Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95279.5.2 Family Influence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95279.5.3 Resultant Mismatch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 952

79.6 Studies on Mismatch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95379.7 Statement of Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95379.8 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 953

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79.8.1 Definition of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95379.8.2 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95479.8.3 Delimitations of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 954

79.9 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95479.10 Summary, Discussion, and Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 955References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 957

80 Colour, Music and Cross-sensory Perception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 959Shekhar Bhattacharjee80.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96080.2 The Workshop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 961

80.2.1 Workshop-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96280.2.2 Workshop-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 962

80.3 Fact Finding from the Workshop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96280.3.1 Workshop-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96280.3.2 Workshop-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 968

80.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 972References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 972

81 Essentials of Gamification in Education: A Game-BasedLearning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 975Anjana Ramesh and Ganesh Sadashiv81.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97681.2 Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97681.3 Gap Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 977

81.3.1 Idea Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97781.3.2 Solving Problems with Board Games . . . . . . . . . . . 97881.3.3 Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 978

81.4 Analysis Through Mechanics–Dynamics–Aesthetics (MDA)Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 979

81.5 Analysis Through Design–Play–Experience (DPEFramework) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 980

81.6 Game Idea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98181.6.1 Scope of the Game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98181.6.2 Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98181.6.3 Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 983

81.7 Learning Outcome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98581.8 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 986

81.8.1 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98681.9 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 987

81.9.1 Future Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 987References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 987

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82 Bringing Industry to Classrooms: Experiences in Conductinga Product Design Laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 989Palaniappan Ramu and G. Saravana Kumar82.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98982.2 Structure of the Product Design Laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . . . 990

82.2.1 Team Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99082.2.2 Product Dissection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99182.2.3 Design Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 993

82.3 Design Project Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99482.4 Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 995

82.4.1 Summary of the Invention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99682.4.2 Description of the Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 997

82.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 999References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 999

83 Do We Have the Right Candidate? Reflections on the SelectionProcesses for Admission to the Design Program in India . . . . . . . 1001Ravi Mokashi Punekar and Avinash Shende83.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100183.2 On Design Education in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100283.3 Ethos of a Design Education Program in India . . . . . . . . . . . 100383.4 Structure to a Design Program in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100483.5 Case Study on Admissions to the Design Programs’

in Institutes of National Importance in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100583.6 Admissions Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100583.7 Post-Program Phase—Review of Design Work During

the Program After Admissions to IITG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100883.7.1 Closing Remarks on Admission Processes

in Design Education in the Near Future . . . . . . . . . 1009References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1010

84 Teaching Creative Design to Undergrade EngineeringStudents—Some Experiences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1011Prakash Kumar and Vikash Kumar84.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1012

84.1.1 Design Minor Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101284.1.2 Differences Between Engineering and Creative

Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101284.2 Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101384.3 Issues Observed While Teaching UG Engineering

Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101384.4 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1015

84.4.1 Regarding the Nature and Contentof the Courses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1015

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84.4.2 Regarding Pedagogical Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101684.4.3 About Assessment of Design Learnings . . . . . . . . . 1019

84.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1020References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1020

85 A Gamified Model of Design Thinking for Fostering Learningin Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1023Rahul Bhaumik, Apoorv Bhatt, M. C. Kumari, S. Raghu Menonand Amaresh Chakrabarti85.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102385.2 Potential of Design Thinking in Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1024

85.2.1 Current State of Design Thinking Educationin India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1025

85.3 Gamification of Design Thinking: The ProposedFramework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1025

85.4 IISC DBox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103185.5 Evaluation of Proposed Design Thinking Model . . . . . . . . . . 103385.6 Effectiveness and Limitations of IISC DBox . . . . . . . . . . . . 1034

85.6.1 Potential Improvements to IISC DBox 1.0 . . . . . . . 103485.7 Conclusions and Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1034References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1035

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About the Editor

Amaresh Chakrabarti is Senior Professor and current Chairman for the Centrefor Product Design and Manufacturing, Indian Institute of Science (IISc),Bangalore. He has obtained his BE in mechanical engineering from IIEST,Shibpur; ME in design of mechanical systems from IISc; and Ph.D. in engineeringdesign from University of Cambridge, UK. He led for 10 years the DesignSynthesis Group at EPSRC Centre of Excellence the Engineering Design Centre(EDC) at University of Cambridge. His interests are in synthesis, creativity, sus-tainability and informatics. He has published 13 books and over 300 peer-reviewedarticles and has 10 patents granted/pending. He has co-authored DRM, a method-ology used widely as a framework for design research. He has been AssociateEditor for AI EDAM and Design Science journals (both—Cambridge UniversityPress), Area Editor for Research in Engineering Design Journal, Regional Editorfor Journal of Remanufacturing (both—Springer) and Advisory Editor for sevenjournals including Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy (Springer),Journal of Engineering Design and International Journal of Design Creativity andInnovation (Taylor & Francis). He has been on the Advisory Board and Board ofManagement of the Design Society (an international peer society for designresearch); Member of the CII National Committee on Design, India; Member of theJury for India Design Mark; and Member of the CII Smart Manufacturing CouncilIndia. He founded IdeasLab—India’s first Design Observatory. He is FoundingProgramme Chair for the International Conference Series on Research into Design(ICoRD), the 22nd CIRP Design Conference 2012 and the 3rd InternationalConference on Design Creativity 2015 (3rd ICDC) and Vice-Chair for the AI inDesign and Design Computing and Cognition Conferences. He is Honorary Fellowof Institution of Engineering Designers, UK, the peer society under UK RoyalCharter in engineering design, and a TUM Ambassador Awardee from TechnicalUniversity of Munich, Germany. Fifteen of his papers won top paper awards ininternational conferences. He co-initiated India’s first Smart Factory Laboratoryplatform. He also heads the IISc-TCS Innovation Lab at IISc and the IISc Press,

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as well as the Springer International Book Series on Design Science andInnovation. He received Careers360 Faculty Research Award 2018 for being the“Most Outstanding Researcher” in Decision Sciences. He is the currentEditor-in-Chief for the Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis andManufacturing (AI EDAM Journal, Cambridge University Press).

lvi About the Editor