Smart Growth: Creating Livable, Vibrant Communities Paul Zykofsky, AICP Local Government Commission Center for Livable Communities www.lgc.org
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Microsoft PowerPoint - PZykofsky, Local Govern Comm.ppt
[Read-Only]Paul Zykofsky, AICP Local Government Commission Center
for Livable Communities
www.lgc.org
What is Growth?
growth n. 1.a. The process of growing. b. Full development; maturity. 2. Development from a lower or simpler to a higher or more complex form; evolution. 3. An increase, as in size, number, value, or strength; extension or expansion: population growth.
Source: American Heritage Dictionary
What Is Growth?
Focus on: 2. Development from a lower or simpler to a higher or more complex form; Evolution. 3. An increase, as in size, number, value, or strength; Extension or expansion
#2: aspect addressed through “economic development”
Relates prosperity to community planning #3: aspect of growth we address through land use planning
Is Growth Good or Bad?
Human beings experience rapid physical growth which levels off at maturity
After reaching physical maturity humans continue to “develop” and “grow” in many beneficial ways
Learn new skills, discover new interests, gain wisdom Rapid cell growth after maturity becomes cancer
Different rates of physical growth appropriate at different stages in life
Stages of Community Growth
Stages of Community Growth
Stages of Community Growth
Growth from a National Perspective – 1970-1990
21%
50%
82%
Commission on Local Governance for the 21st Century
Bipartisan, public private commission Established in 1997 15 members Chaired by former San Diego Mayor Susan Golding
Conclusions of the Commission on Local Governance for the 21st Century
The future will be shaped by continued phenomenal growth California does not have a plan for growth Local government budgets are perennially under siege The public is not engaged
Conclusions of the Commission on Local Governance for the 21st Century
Problem: Urban sprawl persists and growth sometimes proceeds into areas where extension of services is inefficient, expensive, or ill- timed.…the loss of agricultural and open-space lands continues to occur at an alarming pace.
Projected California Population Growth Rate Compared to Other States (1995-2025)
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
California
Source of California Population Growth
-1
0
1
2
3
4
Net Immigration Natural Increase
* Projection data interpolated Source: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Census Bureau, May 1997
California Population Change by Age Group — 1990-2040
0-19
20-34
35-49
50-64
65+
Source: California Dept. of Finance
New California Households Formed: 1995-2000
41%
22%
37%
Married Couples with or without Children
What is Smart Growth?
Development or growth that does not compromise community’s future ability to prosper Different names
Sustainable Development Ahwahnee Principles New Urbanism
Smart Growth Principles
Different authors State of Maryland National Governor’s Association Smart Growth Network American Planning Association Congress for the New Urbanism Local Government Commission California Futures Network League of California Cities
Smart Growth
Common Themes Efficient Use of Land
Fill in older parts of communities before spreading out Build new communities in more compact way
Mix of Uses Mix commercial and retail uses with residential Support/create town and neighborhood centers More destinations in walking/bicycling distance
Support Walking, Bicycling and Transit Use Involve Residents in Planning Process
Alternative Patterns of Development
Smart Growth at the Local Level
Infill development Look for land that has been bypassed Look for land that can be recycled Revitalize older neighborhoods Revitalize town, neighborhood centers Remove obstacles to infill development Provide necessary amenities
Infill Development
Aggie Village
Downtown Davis
Infill Development
Kettner Row
San Diego
Infill Development
Uptown Village
Dallas, Texas
Smart Growth at the Local Level
New Neighborhoods Build on infill sites or contiguous to existing development Choose sites that are appropriate from environmental standpoint Provide schools, stores, parks, entertainment, etc. in walking distance Provide mix of housing types Build at densities to support transit service
Neotraditional Neighborhoods
Issaquah Highlands
Issaquah, WA
Neotraditional Neighborhoods
The Crossings
Neotraditional Neighborhoods
Smart Growth: Compact Development
More efficient use of land Preserves open space, agriculture Provides more affordable housing Provides greater housing choices Supports transit service Supports retail near housing Reduces traffic congestion
Ahwahnee Principles: Implementation Strategies
Update the general plan to incorporate the above principles. General plans should designate where new growth, infill or redevelopment should occur. Prepare specific plans based on these planning principles. Develop plans through an open process and provide participants in the process with visual models of planning proposals.
What does community want to be when it grows up?
or or something
Determine how to get there
Cathedral City, CA
Cathedral City, CA
New Civic Center
Mapping Method Developed by Ian McHarg
Geology
Hydrology
Slope
Soils
Woodland
Pasadena General Plan
Pasadena General Plan
Pasadena General Plan
Holly Street Village
The Envision Utah Process
Envision Utah is a dynamic partnership, bringing together citizens, business leaders and policy-makers from public and private circles throughout the state. Its objective is to develop a broadly supported growth strategy - a common vision for our future, and our children's future - to guide the businesses, residents and government bodies of Utah well into the 21st century.
• Develop a framework of Utahns’ values to guide the process • Public workshops to involve the public in the development of a
regional vision • Development of regional growth alternatives to model the
consequences of varying development scenarios • Refine public’s preferred scenario and model new Quality
Growth Strategy
Growth in the Greater Wasatch Area Population
1.6 to 2.2 million from 1995-2020 more than 5 million by 2050
Transportation Average weekday VMT increases from 41 to 77 million from 1995-2020
Air Quality Increased emissions will make it difficult to meet new federal standards
Land Consumption If the region continues to grow as it is, urban land area will increase from 320 square miles in 1995 to 590 square miles by 2020 and 1350 square miles by 2050
Workshop Process - Where should we grow?
77%
42%
43%
6%
34%
48%
Workshop #1
Workshop #2
North Central South
Downtown
27,000 jobs 7,300 households 20,300 residents 50 units/acre 1,350,000 s.f. retail 9,100,000 s.f. office
Walkable Workshop Icons
1,800 jobs 3,300 households 9,300 residents 8 units/acre 350,000 s.f. retail 500,000 s.f. office
6,000 jobs 4,500 households 12,500 residents 15 units/acre 660,000 s.f. retail 1,900,000 s.f. office
Village
Town
Porch-Front Homes: Score= + 2.00Garage-Front Homes: Score= - 0.14
Strip Commercial: Score= - 2.54 Historic Main Street: Score= + 3.02
Community Options Workshops Visual Preference Survey
Adaptive Reuse: Score= + 3.02Office Park Buildings: Score= + 0.75
Park in the City: Score= +4.06 Small Urban Plaza: Score= + 3.29
Public Opinion Survey
Services w/in walking distance of homes
Incorporate mixed land uses
Stronger sense of community
79% Design housing for a mix of ages and incomes
Prefer single-family detached homes
Zoning allow accessory apartments
HOUSING ISSUES
570,000 surveys distributed along with a newspaper spread describing the Alternatives
17,500 surveys returned by mail and website
Choosing a Preferred Alternative
Scenario C: Walkable Neighborhoods Scenario D: High Infill
Choosing a Preferred Alternative
1% 1% 2% 3%
Support for Scenarios C & D
Scenario C: 30% Scenario C/D: 26%
Scenario D: 9%
Regional Development Alternatives
A: Low Density B: Baseline C: Walkable Neighborhoods
D: High Infill
11% 16%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
100%
Multi-Family Units Single-Family Homes
Population Within 1/2 Mile of Light Rail
Alternatives Analysis
$19.4 $17.8
$9.2 $7.2
Municipal and Developer Regional Roads Regional Transit Regional Water
Infrastructure Costs (billions of dollars)
www.lgc.org
What is Growth?
growth n. 1.a. The process of growing. b. Full development; maturity. 2. Development from a lower or simpler to a higher or more complex form; evolution. 3. An increase, as in size, number, value, or strength; extension or expansion: population growth.
Source: American Heritage Dictionary
What Is Growth?
Focus on: 2. Development from a lower or simpler to a higher or more complex form; Evolution. 3. An increase, as in size, number, value, or strength; Extension or expansion
#2: aspect addressed through “economic development”
Relates prosperity to community planning #3: aspect of growth we address through land use planning
Is Growth Good or Bad?
Human beings experience rapid physical growth which levels off at maturity
After reaching physical maturity humans continue to “develop” and “grow” in many beneficial ways
Learn new skills, discover new interests, gain wisdom Rapid cell growth after maturity becomes cancer
Different rates of physical growth appropriate at different stages in life
Stages of Community Growth
Stages of Community Growth
Stages of Community Growth
Growth from a National Perspective – 1970-1990
21%
50%
82%
Commission on Local Governance for the 21st Century
Bipartisan, public private commission Established in 1997 15 members Chaired by former San Diego Mayor Susan Golding
Conclusions of the Commission on Local Governance for the 21st Century
The future will be shaped by continued phenomenal growth California does not have a plan for growth Local government budgets are perennially under siege The public is not engaged
Conclusions of the Commission on Local Governance for the 21st Century
Problem: Urban sprawl persists and growth sometimes proceeds into areas where extension of services is inefficient, expensive, or ill- timed.…the loss of agricultural and open-space lands continues to occur at an alarming pace.
Projected California Population Growth Rate Compared to Other States (1995-2025)
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
California
Source of California Population Growth
-1
0
1
2
3
4
Net Immigration Natural Increase
* Projection data interpolated Source: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Census Bureau, May 1997
California Population Change by Age Group — 1990-2040
0-19
20-34
35-49
50-64
65+
Source: California Dept. of Finance
New California Households Formed: 1995-2000
41%
22%
37%
Married Couples with or without Children
What is Smart Growth?
Development or growth that does not compromise community’s future ability to prosper Different names
Sustainable Development Ahwahnee Principles New Urbanism
Smart Growth Principles
Different authors State of Maryland National Governor’s Association Smart Growth Network American Planning Association Congress for the New Urbanism Local Government Commission California Futures Network League of California Cities
Smart Growth
Common Themes Efficient Use of Land
Fill in older parts of communities before spreading out Build new communities in more compact way
Mix of Uses Mix commercial and retail uses with residential Support/create town and neighborhood centers More destinations in walking/bicycling distance
Support Walking, Bicycling and Transit Use Involve Residents in Planning Process
Alternative Patterns of Development
Smart Growth at the Local Level
Infill development Look for land that has been bypassed Look for land that can be recycled Revitalize older neighborhoods Revitalize town, neighborhood centers Remove obstacles to infill development Provide necessary amenities
Infill Development
Aggie Village
Downtown Davis
Infill Development
Kettner Row
San Diego
Infill Development
Uptown Village
Dallas, Texas
Smart Growth at the Local Level
New Neighborhoods Build on infill sites or contiguous to existing development Choose sites that are appropriate from environmental standpoint Provide schools, stores, parks, entertainment, etc. in walking distance Provide mix of housing types Build at densities to support transit service
Neotraditional Neighborhoods
Issaquah Highlands
Issaquah, WA
Neotraditional Neighborhoods
The Crossings
Neotraditional Neighborhoods
Smart Growth: Compact Development
More efficient use of land Preserves open space, agriculture Provides more affordable housing Provides greater housing choices Supports transit service Supports retail near housing Reduces traffic congestion
Ahwahnee Principles: Implementation Strategies
Update the general plan to incorporate the above principles. General plans should designate where new growth, infill or redevelopment should occur. Prepare specific plans based on these planning principles. Develop plans through an open process and provide participants in the process with visual models of planning proposals.
What does community want to be when it grows up?
or or something
Determine how to get there
Cathedral City, CA
Cathedral City, CA
New Civic Center
Mapping Method Developed by Ian McHarg
Geology
Hydrology
Slope
Soils
Woodland
Pasadena General Plan
Pasadena General Plan
Pasadena General Plan
Holly Street Village
The Envision Utah Process
Envision Utah is a dynamic partnership, bringing together citizens, business leaders and policy-makers from public and private circles throughout the state. Its objective is to develop a broadly supported growth strategy - a common vision for our future, and our children's future - to guide the businesses, residents and government bodies of Utah well into the 21st century.
• Develop a framework of Utahns’ values to guide the process • Public workshops to involve the public in the development of a
regional vision • Development of regional growth alternatives to model the
consequences of varying development scenarios • Refine public’s preferred scenario and model new Quality
Growth Strategy
Growth in the Greater Wasatch Area Population
1.6 to 2.2 million from 1995-2020 more than 5 million by 2050
Transportation Average weekday VMT increases from 41 to 77 million from 1995-2020
Air Quality Increased emissions will make it difficult to meet new federal standards
Land Consumption If the region continues to grow as it is, urban land area will increase from 320 square miles in 1995 to 590 square miles by 2020 and 1350 square miles by 2050
Workshop Process - Where should we grow?
77%
42%
43%
6%
34%
48%
Workshop #1
Workshop #2
North Central South
Downtown
27,000 jobs 7,300 households 20,300 residents 50 units/acre 1,350,000 s.f. retail 9,100,000 s.f. office
Walkable Workshop Icons
1,800 jobs 3,300 households 9,300 residents 8 units/acre 350,000 s.f. retail 500,000 s.f. office
6,000 jobs 4,500 households 12,500 residents 15 units/acre 660,000 s.f. retail 1,900,000 s.f. office
Village
Town
Porch-Front Homes: Score= + 2.00Garage-Front Homes: Score= - 0.14
Strip Commercial: Score= - 2.54 Historic Main Street: Score= + 3.02
Community Options Workshops Visual Preference Survey
Adaptive Reuse: Score= + 3.02Office Park Buildings: Score= + 0.75
Park in the City: Score= +4.06 Small Urban Plaza: Score= + 3.29
Public Opinion Survey
Services w/in walking distance of homes
Incorporate mixed land uses
Stronger sense of community
79% Design housing for a mix of ages and incomes
Prefer single-family detached homes
Zoning allow accessory apartments
HOUSING ISSUES
570,000 surveys distributed along with a newspaper spread describing the Alternatives
17,500 surveys returned by mail and website
Choosing a Preferred Alternative
Scenario C: Walkable Neighborhoods Scenario D: High Infill
Choosing a Preferred Alternative
1% 1% 2% 3%
Support for Scenarios C & D
Scenario C: 30% Scenario C/D: 26%
Scenario D: 9%
Regional Development Alternatives
A: Low Density B: Baseline C: Walkable Neighborhoods
D: High Infill
11% 16%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
100%
Multi-Family Units Single-Family Homes
Population Within 1/2 Mile of Light Rail
Alternatives Analysis
$19.4 $17.8
$9.2 $7.2
Municipal and Developer Regional Roads Regional Transit Regional Water
Infrastructure Costs (billions of dollars)
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