Small wind – a sustainable solution for rural electrification? … · 2014. 6. 10. · Small wind – a sustainable solution for rural electrification? Climate Histories Seminar

Small wind – a sustainable solution for rural electrification? Climate Histories Seminar Series

Jon Sumanik-Leary 28th May 2014 CRASSH – Centre for Research in the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities University of Cambridge Supervisors: Dr Rob Howell (Mechanical Engineering) Dr Aidan While (Town and Regional Planning)

CRASSH Seminar Series | Jon Sumanik-Leary | [email protected] | thewindyboy.wordpress.com

• Small wind turbines for rural electrification

• Building theory from case studies – Peru, Nicaragua, Scotland, Inner Mongolia

• Multidisciplinary – Engineering -› social science – Mixed methods – National, organisational & community

Outline


• Electrification – 1.4 billion without

electricity – 85% in rural areas – Light

• Kerosene lamps?

– Electricity generation

• Grid extension? • Diesel generators?

Introduction

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000H

uman

Dev

elop

men

t Ind

ex (H

DI)

Per capita annual electricity consumption (kWh/person/yr)

Niger

Pakistan

South Africa

Poland

Brazil Russia

Japan, UK, Israel, Korea

USA

Zambia

Norway


Change of focus

Wow! Aren’t wind turbines so

great?!


Change of focus

CRASH!!!


• ‘Sustainability’ – Major challenges:

• Maintenance • Highly variable resource

Small Wind Turbines (SWTs)


• WindAid & Soluciones Prácticas • Same context, different delivery models

Peru


• blueEnergy & AsoFenix • Same turbine, similar delivery model,

different context

Nicaragua


• SWTs > 30 years • Home of internationally renowned small

wind expert, Hugh Piggott

Scotland

http://windempowerment.org/wp-content/uploads/1953.jpg


• Batchelor et al. (1999), Xiliang et al. (1999) and Lew (2000)

Inner Mongolia (China)


Case study selection


Maintenance


• SWTs have high maintenance requirements – Tools & spare parts – Technical knowledge – Capital

Maintenance


Tools, spare parts & technical knowledge






Maintenance: Peru


Maintenance: Peru

Cajamarca

H.Q. TRUJILLO

Canlle (car) 3h

2h (car) (car) 2h

5h (car)

Huamachuco

(car) 4h

La Florida El Olivo

(car) 1h

(car) 1h

2h (car)

Nueva Manzanilla San Carlos

Paranchique


Maintenance: Peru

2009 2010 2011 2012


Maintenance: Peru


Maintenance: Peru

Service centre Cajamarca

H.Q. LIMA

Campo Alegre

3h (car/lechero)

1h (car/lechero) (car/lechero) 2h

(bus) 16h

1h (car/lechero)

El Alumbre Alto Perú


Maintenance: Peru

2008 2009 2010 2011

Solu

cion

es P

ráct

icas

2009 2010 2011 2012

Win

dAid


Maintenance: Nicaragua



Cuajinicuil Previous

blueEnergy

SWT

installations

Monkey Point

Pearl Lagoon

Kakhabila







-1000

-800

-600

-400

-200

0

200

400

-25000

-20000

-15000

-10000

-5000

0

5000

10000

2010 2011 2012

US$

C$

TariffConsumables for preventative maintenanceSpare parts for corrective maintenaceBalance of maintence fund

Fuse Wind system INSTALLATION FAULT ASOFENIX PAID

Dump load Wind system DESIGN FAULT BLUEENERGY PAID

Rectifier Wind system

DESIGN FAULT BLUEENERGY PAID

Rotor & stator Wind system DEISGN FAULT BLUEENERGY PAID

Charge cotroller Solar system

COMMUNITY TO PAY


Maintenance: Scotland



• Network of service centres – Government sponsored – Every county

• Printed manuals • Most successful counties

also trained community technicians

Maintenance: Inner Mongolia


Wind Resource


• Highly variable resource – Space – Time

• 𝑃 = 12⁄ 𝜌𝐴𝐴3

Wind Resource


Wind resource: Peru


4 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6

0

0.2

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1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6

Annual Average Radiation (kWh/m2/day)

Leve

lised

Gen

erat

ing

Cost

($/k

Wh)

Mean annual wind speed (m/s)

1kW Wind Local Manufacture(blueEnergy BD4)

1kW PV with MPPT Imported(SuniSolar & Ecami)

Wind resource: Nicaragua

𝑃 = 12� 𝜌𝐴𝐴3








Wind resource


Scoraig: a case study in Scotland


• High temporal variation

Wind resource



Wind resource: PV-wind hybrids in Scotland

0

50

100

150

200

250

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Ener

gy y

ield

(kW

h/m

onth

) PV Piggott 3N



Wind resource: global


• Small wind has a role to play in rural electrification – Very niche technology. Potential limited by:

• Resource availability • Social infrastructure

– Maintenance services – Resource assessment

Conclusion


• People have a vital role to play in ensuring the sustainability of ‘sustainable’ energy technologies – Holistic, systems-level view – Every local context different – Establishment of social infrastructure – Long term support for new technologies

Conclusion


Questions?

Thanks for listening!

www.thewindyboy.wordpress.com


• Piggott, H. (2013). A Wind Turbine Recipe Book. Scoraig, Scotland, Scoraig Wind Electric. • HDI vs kWh map:

– Data source: UNDP (2006). Energy for Sustainable Development: Linkages, Impacts and Indicators, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).

• Global wind, solar and hydro maps: – © 3Tier

• Peru community training photo: – Ferrer-Martí, L., R. Pastor, M. Ranaboldo, G. M. Capó and E. Velo (2010). Procedimiento para la evaluación del recurso y diseño de sistemas

microeólicos. XIII Encuentro Latinoamericano y del Caribe sobre pequeños aprovechamientos hidroenergéticos, Cajamarca, Peru. • Peru volunteer turbine photo:

– Courtesy of James Low • Nicaragua cracked turbine photo:

– Neves, P. (2011). Lecciones técnicas en fabricación y mantenimiento de turbinas tipo Hugh Piggott (blueEnergy - Nicaragua). Simposio internacional de energia eólica de pequeña escala. Lima, Peru.

• 1950 Scoraig photo: – Courtesy of Scoraig.com

• All Inner Mongolia images: – Batchelor, S., N. Scott, L. Daoqi and Bagen (1999). Evaluating the Impact of Wind Generators in Inner Mongolia - Project Technical Report.

Reading, UK, DfID, Gamos Ltd. • Car and bicycle repair images:

– Google images • Peru topographical map:

– MEM (2003). Atlas de Energía Solar del Perú. Lima, Perú, Ministerio de Energía y Minas, Dirección General de Electrificación Rural. • Peru small wind users’ guide:

– Chiroque, J. (2008). Manual Para Usarios - Micro aerogeneradores de 100W para uso doméstico en zonas rurales. S. Prácticas. Lima, Perú.

References.


• Lightning map: – Dreyer, A. (2010). Lightning Protection study, National Lightning Protection Institute.

• Nicaragua wind map: – ENCO. (2013). "Wind Map of Nicaragua." Retrieved 14th November, 2013, from

http://www.encocentam.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=20&Itemid=13&lang=en. • Nicaragua wind turbine construction workshop:

– O'Toole, J. (2010). Taller de Turbinas Eólicas, blueEnergy (Informe Interna). • Peru and Cajamarca wind maps:

– Ferrer-Martí, L., R. Pastor, M. Ranaboldo, G. M. Capó and E. Velo (2010). Procedimiento para la evaluación del recurso y diseño de sistemas microeólicos. XIII Encuentro Latinoamericano y del Caribe sobre pequeños aprovechamientos hidroenergéticos, Cajamarca, Peru.

– Original data from: Meteosim Truewind S.L. Latin Bridge Business S.A. (2008). "Atlas Eólico del Perú." Retrieved 27th March, 2012, from http://dger.minem.gob.pe/atlaseolico/PeruViento.html

• El Alumbre wind map: – Ferrer-Martí, L., A. Garwood, J. Chiroque, B. Ramirez, O. Marcelo, M. Garfí and E. Velo (2012). "Evaluating and comparing three community small-

scale wind electrification projects." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16(7): 5379-5390. • Nicaragua solar map:

– SWERA. (2008). "Wind atlas of Nicaragua." Retrieved 14th November, 2013, from http://maps.nrel.gov/swera. • UK and Scoraig map:

– SWERA. (2008). "Wind atlas of Nicaragua." Retrieved 14th November, 2013, from http://maps.nrel.gov/swera. • El Alumbre seasonal variation plot:

– Chiroque, J., R. Escobar, L. Ferrer-Martí and A. Garwood (2009). El Alumbre: Design, Implementation and Management of a Community Small-Scale Wind Generation Project. International Workshop on Small Wind Energy for Developing Countries. Nairobi, Kenya.

• Access to electricity map: – EGG-energy. (2013). "When darkness falls." Retrieved 15th November, 2013, from www.egg-energy.com.

References.

http://maps.nrel.gov/swera

http://maps.nrel.gov/swera

Small wind – a sustainable solution for rural electrification? … · 2014. 6. 10. · Small wind – a sustainable solution for rural electrification? Climate Histories Seminar

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