Slide Show Chapter 04 11-03-2013

7/28/2019 Slide Show Chapter 04 11-03-2013

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Ambient refers to Open-air

to differentiate from indoor or workplace air quality

Indoor air pollution

Pollution of the workplace air such as factory buildings (generated bythe pollutants emitted during the process)

Household air pollution refers to the air pollution in houses fromindoor sources.


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Sometimes pollution level of the indoor air might be higher than that ofthe outside air .

If there are no sources in the house than indoor air quality should bebetter than that of ambient air,

surfaces in the houses can absorb or react with gaseous pollutantsand retain particles.

But, there are some indoor sources ..........

Furniture, carpets, wall paints, Most important .........

Kitchen


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AIR QUALITY

Air quality is determined by measuring pollutants

Air quality monitoring stations Figure

What parameters ............

Demage to humans

Demage to ecosystem

Demage to buildings

Where to measure .........Sensitive receptors

How frequently to measure


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AVERAGING TIME

An air pollution record

measured by a rapidresponse instrument isgiven in Figure 4-1 (a) .

Same records recorded by

instruments with 15 min, 1hr, 6 hr averaging timesare shown in Figure 4-1(b), (c), and (d) .

You can construct thefigures b, c, and d fromfigure a, but converse isnot true

6 5 4 3 2 1 0

5

4

3

2

1

0

Time (hours)

Time (hours)

5

4

3

2

1

0

6 5 4 3 2 1 0

5

4

3

2

1

0 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Time (hours)

7

6

5

4

3

2

1 0

6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Time (hours)

Rapid response instrument

15 min integration time

1-hr integration time


(a)

(c)

(b)

(d)

Figure 4.1


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Time intervals involved in thesemeasurements are calledaveraging times .

Averaging times that shouldbe used is determined by theregulations.

Generally continuous recordssuch as that given in Figure4-1 (a) is not very useful forregulatory purposes.

E.g., the Turkish Air QualityRegulation have two differentstandards, namely short term 24hr average and long-term annual

average .

6 5 4 3 2 1 0

5

4

3

2

1

0

Time (hours)

Time (hours)

5

4

3

2

1

0

6 5 4 3 2 1 0

5

4

3

2

1

0 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Time (hours)

7

6

5

4

3

2

1 0

6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Time (hours)





(a)

(c)

(b)

(d)

Figure 4.1


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Your averaging times should

reveal information for these

and measurements should at

least be able to give 24 hr

average .

Most typical measurements

is hourly .

Most modern instruments

can measure with few second

averaging times.Measurements shorter than 1 hr

averaging time can be important

for scientific purposes

6 5 4 3 2 1 0

5

4

3

2

1

0

Time (hours)

Time (hours)

5

4

3

2

1

0 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

5

4

3

2

1

0

6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Time (hours)

7

6

5

4

3

2

1 0

6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Time (hours)





(a)

(c)

(b)

(d)

Figure 4.1


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CYCLES

Pollutant concentrations show some typical cyclic behavior. It is importantto understand these:

To assess the effects on the receptors

To determine the averaging times of the instruments.


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Diurnal cycle (day-night)

Due to diurnal changes in the emissions (emissions from all sorts ofanthropogenic sources are lower at night).

Due to diurnal variation in transport

Due to diurnal variation in diffusion .

E.g., Typical central city diurnal variation in CO concentration is given inFigure 4.2.

Week-end, week-day cycle.

Associated with variations in source strength .


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Seasonal cycles.

Due to seasonal variations in the climate and weather.

E.g., Seasonal variation of suspended particulate matter concentration isgiven in Figure 4.3.

59 66 65 64 63 62 61 60

50

58

g m - 3

0

Figure 4.3. Seasonal variation of suspended particulate matter concentration


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Year-to-year (long term trends).

Source strengths may increase or decrease in time.

E.g., If population in an area will increase emissions will increase. If

effective control measures are taken, emission decrease in time. Theseincreasing and decreasing changes in time are called trends .

E.g., Air pollution in Ankara decrease with time. Figure 4.4.

SO4 levels in ubuk decrease with time. Figure X.

Figure 4.7 shows trends in CO air quality indicators


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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY POLLUTANTS

Substances directly emitted from sources are called primary pollutants .

Pollutants produces in the air are called secondary pollutants .

E.g., Acid rain formed from SO 2, O 3 produced from reaction of HCs and NO 2

Primary and secondary pollutants is given in Figure 4.6.


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Primary pollutants that react to form secondary pollutants are calledprecursors

Primary pollutants are more visible, hence attract more attention.

E.g., A black plume coming out from stack is the primary concern.

Although, primary pollutants are not harmless, most of the adverseeffects of air pollution is produced by the secondary pollutants.

E.g., Plant, forest or lake damage due to acid rain, eye irritation as aresult of photochemical smog are all produced by the secondary pollutants


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AIR QUALITY LEVELS

Refer to the concentration values of pollutants that are beingregulated.

Poor air quality for a particular day indicate that theconcentrations of pollutants are high in that particular day

Good air quality indicate concentrations are low in that day.

2. High or low relative to what?

Air quality levels are related to the standards that are

effective.

2. Which Pollutants?


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What types of pollutants take place in air quality standards?

Usually the ones that have;

health effects on humans,

adverse effects on:

animals,

Plants

material.


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Usually one or two pollutants are used to monitor certain type of pollution.

SO2 and SPM10 are used to monitor air pollution originating fromcombustion of fossil fuels.

NOx, NO and NO2 are used to monitor pollution originating from motorvehicles,

O3 is used to monitor photochemical smog.

What determines: Ease of measurement, represeantativeness.

Eg. There is many more organic compounds generally in teh form

aldehydes, ketones produced in photochem smog formation, but theirmeasurements is diffcult.


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Heavy metals such as Pb, and Cd are used to monitor heavy metalpollution from motor vehicles and combustion sources, respectively.

Some of the pollutants are monitored where their emissions are highbecause of their toxicity . Eg. Hydrocarbons (HC) and CO at busystreets.

Table 1 gives parameters that should be monitored according to TurkishAir Quality Regulation.


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Display of Air Quality Data

Air quality data consists of 1-hr or 24-hr averaged concentration valuesof various parameters that are being monitored.

These values should be summarized in tables and figures so that theyindicate

Short-term variations

Long-term variation

Frequency of occurrences


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Typical presentation of data includes:

Time series plots to show short-term variations, frequency ofepisodes Figure 4.8

20 21

22 23

24 25

30 1

2 3

4 5

6 22

23 24

25 26

27 14 2

3 4

5 6

7 23

24 25

26 27

28 6

7 8

9 10

7 8

9 10

11 12

9 10

11 12

13 14

Day

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

S O

2 c o n c

( g m - 3 )

Time-series of SO 2 in Ankara


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Hourly averages in a day to show day-time, night-time(diurnal) cycles

1 2

3 4

5 6

7 8

9 10

11 12

13 14

15 16

17 18

19 20

21 22

23 24

Hours of day

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

O z o n e c o n c

( p p b v

)

Hourly average O 3 concentrations in Ankara


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Monthly averages which is good to show seasonal variations

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

C o n c n g m -

3

Monthly average SO 2 concentrations in Ankara


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Yearly averages (if you have long enough data) to show longterm trends

1980 1981

1982 1983

1984 1985

1986 1987

1988 1989

1990 1991

1992 1993

1994 1995

1996 1997

1998 1999

2000 2001

2002 0

100

200

300

400

500

u g m - 3

SO2 PM

Ankara SO2


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Pollution rose to show sources effecting the monitoring station

5

10

15

20

25

30 0

22,5

45

67,5

90

112,5

135

157,5 180

202,5

225

247,5

270

292,5

315

337,5

SO2

Figure 9 . SO2

Pollution rose


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0.5

1

1.5

2 1 2 3 4

5 6

7 8 9

10

11 12

13

14 15

16 17 18 19 20 21 22

23 24

25 26

27

28

29 30

31

32 33

34 35 36

F5

Horozgedii 0.4 km

Kozbeyli3.4 km

akmakl 2 km


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NE

E

SE

S

SW

W

NW

N


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The median is a concentration value such that 50% of the measured

concentrations are higher than it(naturally 50% of the measured concentrations are lower than the median)


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E.g., If following SO 2 concentrations (in g m -3 ) are measured in a

monitoring program:

73, 35, 46, 23, 136, 45, 68, 34, 95, 103, 76.

List then from high to low

136, 103, 95, 76, 73, 68, 46, 45, 35, 34, 23

Since there is 11 measurements value #6 which is 68 g m -3 .

This may look like arithmetic mean but median is not equal to average . It

is equal to average only if the distribution of the data is normal ( Gaussian).But atmospheric concentrations of all sorts show a lognormal distribution .


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Gaussian Distribution :Bell shaped distribution.

Represented by arithmetic mean(average).

Standard deviation ( ) is therange where 1/3 of the valuesoccur (between x - and x + ).

Indicated as (x ).

2

3

x 1 (66%)

1

x 1 (99%)

x 1 (33%)


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Lognormal distribution:

Skewed distribution.

Linear line when plotted on log-

probability paper.

If you take the logarithm of alldata then plot frequencydistribution it will be bell shaped

curve.Log normal distribution isrepresented by geometric mean(xg) and geometric standarddeviation ( g).

xg = (x 1 x2 x3 .. xn)1/n

1/3 of data is between (x g g)and (x g/ g)

g

Medianx


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Air Quality and meteorology

Air quality is strongly dependendton meteorlogy

Which meteorological parameters?

Stability (vertical ventilation)

Mixing height

Wind speed

Wind direction

Temperature

Rain


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10 100 1000

0.10

100


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-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 250

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Temp (C)

A l c o n c

( n g m - 3

)

Al


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0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Temperature

A s c o n c ( n

g m

)


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Adverse Responses to Air quality Levels

Table 4.5 Examples of Receptor Category Characteristic Response Times

Table 4.6 Comparison of Pollutant Standard Index (PSI) Values, Pollutant

Levels, and General Health Effects

Figure 4.10 Adverse responses to various pollution levels


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7


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Figure 4.1

6 5 4 3 2 1 0

5

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3

2

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Time (hours)

Time (hours)

5

4

3

2

1

0

6 5 4 3 2 1 0

5

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Time (hours)

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Time (hours)





(a)

(c)

(b)

(d)


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6 9 153 18 21 24

4.00

12

2.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

0.00

Figure 4.2. Typical central city diurnal variation in CO concentration

FallSpring Winter Summer


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59 66 65 64 63 62 61 60

50

58

g m - 3

0

Figure 4.3. Seasonal variation of suspended particulate matter concentration


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Figure 4.4 Urban trends in SO 2 concentrations

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0

100

200

300

400

500

g m - 3

Milan Brussel Tokyo Ankara


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93 93

94 94

94 94

95 95

95 96

96 96

96 97

97 97

97 98

98 98

0,001

0,01

0,1

1

10

S ; O 4 (

u g m - 3 )

Variation of SO 42- ion concentration at ubuk station between 1993 and 1998

TYPE OF SecondaryPrimary Unpolluted


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Alkaline particle

Acid gas

SaltParticle

SO 2

Particulate catalyst*

O 2

O 2 and natural O 3

NH3

NO

Simplereaction

H2O

Pollutant HC* Natural HC*

Solar energy

H2SO 4

(NH4)2SO 4

NO 2

O 2

O 3

NO

Freeradicals

HigherMolecularWeight HCAns sulfur-Containing

Droplets andparticlesS (eg., SO 2)

OxidationReaction

PhotochemicalChain

reaction

REACTION pollutantspollutants Atmosphere

Figure 4.6. Primary and secondary pollutants. *Reaction can occur without catalysis


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Table 1. Parameters that should be monitored according to Turkish Air Quality Regulation.

*Values in parenthesis are for maximum hourly reference limit values.

2. Carbon Monoxide (CO) (g/m 3 ) 10000 30000

3. Ni trogen dioxide (NO 2 ) (g/m 3 ) 100 300

4. Nitrogen monoxide (NO) (g/m 3 ) 200 600

6. Hydrogen chloride (HCl) and (g/m 3 ) 100 300

5. Chloride (Cl 2 ) (g/m ) 100 300

8. Ozone (O 3 ) and photochemical oxidants - (240)

7. Hydrogen Fluoride (HF) andInorganic fuorine in gaseousform (F?)

(g/m 3 ) - 10 (30)

9. Hydrocarbons (HC) (g/m 3 ) - 140 (280)

10. Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) (g/m 3 ) - 40 (100)

Parameter Unit LTL STL 1.

Sulphur dioxide (SO 2) Including Sulphur Trioxide a) General (g/m 3 ) 150 400 (900)

b) Industrial zone (g/m 3 ) 250 400 (900)


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Table 1. Parameters that should be monitored according to Turkish Air Quality Regulation (cntd) .

Parameter Unit LTL STL

11 Suspended Particulate Matter(SPM) (particles with diameterless than 10 micron)a) General (g/m 3) 150 300b) Industrial zone (g/m 3) 200 400

12. Lead (Pb) in SPM 2 -13. Cadmium (Cd) in SPM

0.04

-

14. Settleable dust (includingparticulates with diametergreater than 10 micron)a) General mg/m 2day) 350 650b) Industrial zone (mg/m 2day

)450 800

15. Lead in settleable dust (mg/m2

day) 500 -

16. Cadmium (Cd) in settleabledust

(mg/m 2 day)

7,5 -

17. Thallium (Tl) in settleable dust (mg/m 2 day)

10 -

*Values in parenthesis are for maximum hourly reference limit values.


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Table 4.1Air Quality Measurement

Measure ofAveragingTime

Cyclic FactorMeasured Measurement ofmethod with sameaveraging time

Effect with sameaveraging time

Year Annual trend Metal specimen Corrosion

Month Seasonal cycle Dustfall Soiling

Day Weekly cycle Hi-vol Human health

Hour Diurnal cycle Sequential sampler Vegetationdamage

Minute Turbulence Continuousinstrument

Irritation (odor)


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Table 4.2 Air Pollution Concentration at united States Sites, 1980


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Source: US EPA, 1992

Figure 4.7 Trends in CO air quality indicators


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Table 4.3Mean chemical composition and Atmospheric Concentrations of Suspended Matter sampledby

the US EPA inhalable particle and natural National Air Surveillance Networks- g m -3 andpercentage of total mass sampled, 1980


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Table 4.3Continued


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Table 4.4 distribution of cities by population class and particulate matter concentration, 1957-1967


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JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

C o n c n g m - 3

Monthly average SO 2 concentrations in Ankara


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1980 1981

1982 1983

1984 1985

1986 1987

1988 1989

1990 1991

1992 1993

1994 1995

1996 1997

1998 1999

2000 2001

2002 0

100

200

300

400

500

u g

m - 3

SO2 PM

Ankara SO2


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5

10

15

20

25

30 0

22,5

45

67,5

90

112,5

135

157,5 180

202,5

225

247,5

270

292,5

315

337,5

SO2

Figure 9 . SO 2 Pollution rose


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Figure 4.8. SO 2 concentration versus averaging time and frequency for 1980 at USNational Aerometric Data Bank (NADB) Site St. Louis


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Figure 4.9. Frequency of 1-hr average SO2 concentrations equal to or greater than stated valuesDuring 1980 at US NADB site St. Louis


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Table 4.5Examples of Receptor Category Characteristic Response Times


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Table 4.6Comparison of Pollutant Standard Index (PSI) Values, Pollutant Levels, and General Health Effects


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Table 4.6Continued


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Figure 4.10. Adverse responses to various pollution levels

Slide Show Chapter 04 11-03-2013

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