MEIOSIS Chapter 13 http://waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer2a.htm lide show modified from Tracy Jackson and Kim Fogl
MEIOSISChapter 13
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer2a.htm
Slide show modified from Tracy Jackson and Kim Foglia
Planaria animation: http://www.t3.rim.or.jp/~hylas/planaria/title.htmFamily http://babyhearing.org/Parenet2Parent/index.asp
Remember from Chapter 1:CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS ALL LIVING THINGS __________
REPRODUCE
ASEXUAL
SEXUAL
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTIONBacteria reproduce using__________________________________
Budding & regeneration are used by plants and animals to reproduce asexually (mitosis)
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookmito.html
http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/mitosis/c7.13.2.hydra.jpg
Planaria animation: http://www.t3.rim.or.jp/~hylas/planaria/title.htm
BINARY FISSION
BINARY FISSION & MITOSIS
Produces cells that are __________ copies of parent cell
identical
ADVANTAGES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Can make offspring faster
Don’t need a partner
http://www.mrgrow.com/images/cutting.jpg
DISVANTAGES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
ALL ALIKE
Species CAN’T change and adapt
One disease can wipe out whole population
http://www.mrgrow.com/images/cutting.jpg
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Combines genetic material
from 2 parents (sperm & egg)
Offspring are genetically different from parents
Family image from: http://babyhearing.org/Parenet2Parent/index.asp
ADVANTAGES OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Allows for variation in population
Individuals can be different
Provides foundation for EVOLUTION
Allow species adapt to changes intheir environment
http://naturalsciences.sdsu.edu/classes/lab8/spindex.html
EGG + SPERM
If egg and sperm had same number of chromosomes as other body cells . . . baby would have too many chromosomes!
http://www.angelbabygifts.com/Image by Riedell Image by Riedell
http://www.acmecompany.com/stock_thumbnails/13217.forty-six_chromosomes.jpg
MEIOSIS is the way…
to make cells with ½ the number of chromosomesfor sexual reproduction
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer2a.htm
DIPLOID & HAPLOIDMost cells have 2 copies of each
chromosome = ______________(one from mom; one from dad)
All BODY (___________) cells are diploid
DIPLOID 2n
HOMOLOGOUSCHROMOSOMES
= SOMATIC
Chromosomes that determine the sex of an organism = _________________
All other chromosomes = _________________
Sex chromosomes
autosomes
Humans have two sex chromosomes
and _____ autosomes
X y44
http://www.angelbabygifts.com/
A __________ is a picture of an organism’s chromosomes
KARYOTYPE
DIPLOID & HAPLOID
Some cells have only one copy of each chromosome = _____________
All sperm and egg cells are haploid
HAPLOID 1n
MITOSIS•Makes ___ cells genetically _________ to parent cell & to each other
•Makes ___ cells•Makes __________•Used by organisms to: increase size of organism, repair injuries, replace worn out cells
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer2a.htm
2identical
2n
SOMATIC (body)
MEIOSIS•Makes ____ cells
genetically different from parent cell & from each other
•Makes _____ cells•Makes ______________
•Used for ____________
4
1n
Germ cellsOR Gametes (sperm & eggs)
sexual reproduction
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer2a.htm
WHAT MAKES MEIOSIS DIFFERENT ?
1. SYNAPSIS & CROSSING OVER (PROPHASE I)
2. SEGREGATION & INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
(ANAPHASE I)
3. Skip INTERPHASE II (NO S) CELL DIVIDES TWICE, BUT…
ONLY COPIES DNA ONCE
WHAT MAKES MEIOSIS DIFFERENT ?
1.Homologous chromosomes pair up during ________________
= ______________SYNAPSIS
Images modified from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Crossover.gif
This group of FOUR (4)chromatids is called a_________________TETRAD
PROPHASE I
WHAT MAKES MEIOSIS DIFFERENT?
1. Exchange of DNA betweenhomologous pairs = _____________during PROPHASE I
CROSSING OVER
Allows shuffling of genetic material
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Crossover.gif
Places where crossing over happens= ____________________CHIASMATA
HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES
Image modified by Riedell • SAME SIZE• SAME SHAPE• CARRY GENES for the
SAME TRAITS• BUT ______________! (Don’t have to have
the SAME CHOICES)
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/genetics%20tutorial.htm
NOT IDENTICAL
CROSSING
OVER
Image modified by Riedell
• Allows for_________________in different combinations
• After crossing over, chromatid arms are________________ anymore
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/genetics%20tutorial.htm
rearranging of DNA
NOT IDENTICAL
SEGREGATION(Anaphase I)
SEGREGATION & CROSSING OVERtogether make even more
combinations
See ananimation
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer2a.htm
INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/mitosis/c13x9independent-assortment.jpg
INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENTat ANAPHASE I
Lots of different combinations are possible!
This is why you don’t look exactly like your brothers and sisters even though you share the same parents!
http://www.tokyo-med.ac.jp/genet/anm/mimov.gi
GENETIC RECOMBINATIONcomes from:
• Crossing over • Segregation • Independent assortment
• Random fertilization
Section 11-4
Figure 11-15 Meiosis
Meiosis I
Meiosis II
Meiosis I results in two haploid (N) daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original.
Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase IIThe chromosomes line up in a similar way to the metaphase stage of mitosis.
The sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell.
Meiosis II results in four haploid (N) daughter cells.
Section 11-4
Figure 11-17 Meiosis II
MITOSIS vs MEIOSISINTERPHASE INTERPHASE I
• DNA is spread out as chromatin• Nuclear membrane/
nucleolus visible• DNA is copied during S phase• Makes stuff new cell needs in G2
SAME AS MITOSIS
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html
MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS PROPHASE PROPHASE I
DNA scrunches into chromosomes
Nuclear membrane/ nucleolus disappearCentrioles/
spindle fibers appear
DNA scrunches into chromosomesNuclear membrane/ nucleolus disappear Centrioles/ spindle fibers appear Homologous pairs match up
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html
MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS METAPHASE METAPHASE I
• Chromosomes line up in middle
Chromosomes line up in middle
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html
with homologous partner
MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS ANAPHASE ANAPHASE I
APART:Chromatids split
APART:
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html
Chromatids stay togetherHomologous pairs split
MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS TELOPHASE TELOPHASE I
See TWO nucleiNuclear membrane/ nucleolus returnDNA spreads out as chromatinSpindle/centrioles disappear
SAME AS MITOSIS
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html
MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS CYTOKINESIS CYTOKINESIS I
Cytoplasm splits
into 2 cells
SAME AS MITOSIS
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html
MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS INTERPHASE II
• DNA is spread out as chromatin• Nuclear membrane/
nucleolus visible• DNA is copied during S phase
SKIP INTERPHASE IIDNA NOT COPIED
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html
MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS PROPHASE PROPHASE II
• DNA scrunches into chromosomes
• Nuclear membrane/nucleolus disappear
• Centrioles/ spindle fibers appear
SAME AS MITOSIS
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html
MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS METAPHASE METAPHASE II
• Chromosomes line up in middle SAME AS MITOSIS
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html
MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS ANAPHASE ANAPHASE II
Chromatids split and move apart
SAME AS MITOSIS
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html
MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS TELOPHASE TELOPHASE II
Two nucleiNuclear membrane/
nucleolus returnsCentrioles/spindle fibers
disappearDNA spreads out as chromatin
SAME AS MITOSIS
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html
MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS CYTOKINESIS CYTOKINESIS II
Cytoplasm splits SAME AS MITOSIS
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html
Ways Meiosis is different?• Homologous pairs match up & trade DNA
(SYNAPSIS & CROSSING OVER) in PROPHASE I
•SEGREGATION
& INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT in Anaphase I
create genetic recombination• Skipping INTERPHASE II- (Dividing TWICE but copying DNA once)
produces 1n cells
MAKING SPERM & EGGS
Gametogenesis =
process of forming gametes (n) from diploid (2n) cells
Spermatogenesis = process of forming sperm cells by meiosis in animals, by mitosis in plants in specialized organs
After division all 4 cells undergo differentiation to become sperm cells
___________________= MAKING MATURE SPERM
Mature & grow flagella
SPERMATOGENESIS
Sperm provides DNA
All the starting nutrients, organelles, molecule building blocks, etc. have to come from the egg.
http://www.moondragon.org/obgyn/pregnancy/twins.html
POLAR BODIES
Produces: 1 “good” egg
3
CYTOPLASM DIVIDES UNEVENLY
__________________ = MAKING a MATURE EGG
OOGENESIS
http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20102/Bio%20102%20lectures/Animal%20Reproduction/animal.htm
“Self digest”
Using ________________
POLAR BODIES DEGENERATE (DIE)
LYSOSOMES
= __________________ “cell suicide” for good of organism
APOPTOSIS
http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20102/Bio%20102%20lectures/Animal%20Reproduction/animal.htm
Oogenesis = process of forming an ovum (egg) by meiosis in animals by mitosis in the gametophyte in plants in specialized gonads known as ovaries.
Unlike spermatogenesis, cytoplasm divides unevenly so that all cytoplasm/organelles go to 1 large egg.
3 other cells = polar bodies; do not develop. Thus, all the cytoplasm and organelles go into the egg.
Human males produce 200,000,000 sperm per day, while the female produces one egg (usually) each menstrual cycle.
Life Cycles
• A life cycle is the generation-to-generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism, from conception to production of its own offspring.
ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS
IN PLANTS AND SOME ALGAE:____________ = multicellular diploid stage in which meiosismakes haploid cells called _________
Spores give rise to a multicellular HAPLOID organism = ________________without fusing with another cell
SPORES
GAMETOPHYTE
SPOROPHYTE
Image from Biology Campbell and Reece
IN FUNGI and SOME PROTISTS:Gametes fuse to make a diploid zygote
Meiosis occurs in zygote withoutgrowing into a diploid organism
Meiosis makeshaploid cells thatgrow into haploidorganisms which useMITOSIS to makeGAMETES!
Image from Biology Campbell and Reece
Meiosis AnimationsFrame-by-frame animation• http://www.csuchico.edu/~jbell/Biol207/animations
/meiosis.html
Continuous animation – no words• http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/meioanim.ht
ml
Continuous frame-by-frame• http://www.trentu.ca/biology/101/14.html