CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study In communicating with others people
share information such as facts, tell their emotions and ask
something. Communication is a process of transferring information
from one entity to another. Communication processes are
sign-mediated interactions between at least two agents which share
a repertoire of signs and semiotic rules (Lanham, 2003:13).
Communication is commonly defined as "the imparting or interchange
of thoughts, opinions, or information by speech, writing, or signs
(Lanham, 2003:10). Littlejohn (2009:13) argues that people engaged
in communication share common principle of communication leading
them to interpret each other utterances. Thus, communication is
cooperative between the speaker and the hearer. They share the same
assumption and expectation about the topic in case to develop their
communication. One of the most popular disciplines to know further
about the cooperative between the speaker and the hearer is
Discourse Analysis. Brown and Yule (1983:1) explain that Discourse
Analysis is committed to investigation in what and how the language
is used for. It means that Discourse Analysis is concern with the
language used for communication and how addresses work in
linguistic message in order to interpret them. There also provides
the significant ways through Discourse. In this case is allowed by
spoken and written Discourse. Both of them have the same analyzing
areas of interpretations, on the other hand they are also divided
by some differences. According to Chafe and Renkema (1993:86),
there are two factors, which explain the differences between spoken
and written Discourse. The first factor is responsible for what
Chafe calls integration in written language as opposed to the
fragmentation that supposedly takes place in verbal interaction.
The second factor is responsible for detachment from reading public
in written language as opposed to the involvement that is present
with verbal interaction. In order to give the broad assumption and
interpretation of Discourse Analysis, Grice (1975), in Schiffin
(1994:194) proposes a principle called cooperative principle, which
says that in order to have an successful conversation, we have to
give proper contribution, at the stage at which it occurs and by
the accepted purpose of a direction of the talk in which we are
engaged.
To fulfill this principle, Grice states four Maxims to be
obeyed. Those are: (1) maxim of quality: Truth, do not say what you
believe to be false, do not say which you lack adequate of
evidence; (2) Maxim of Quantity: information; make your
contribution as informative as is required for the current purposes
of the exchange, do not make your contribution more informative
than is required; (3) Maxim of relation; relevance, be relevant;
(4) Maxims of manner; Clarity; avoid obscurity of expression. Avoid
ambiguity, be brief and orderly. To ensure a smooth conversation
and harmonious interpersonal relationship in intimate or peacefully
social communication, flouting and hedging maxims are used; those
strategies can be applied in both oral and written communication
(Larsson, 1991:3). Anyway, people can communicate orally by many
kinds of media; one of them is movie. Although the speech or
conversation is designed by the scriptwriter, conversation in movie
seems like a natural speech, it means that people sometimes
response a conversation by giving ambiguous statement and say
something that is not really appropriate. Surely, they have a
purpose by flouting and hedging certain maxims of conversation that
are said to be important in the conversation (Pratiwi, 2008.1). The
researcher is interested in analyzing conversation in the movie
because the researcher argues that movie conversation are created
or directed to walk the scheme that planted by its director. In
discussing the relationship between language and movie, Screen
Writing Glossary argued that movie is a dramatic performance that
is records as a moving image, whether on film or video tapes.
Furthermore, Wikipedia defines culture and it turns affect them.
Movie is considered to an important art form, a source of popular
entertainment and powerful method for educating or indoctrinating
people. The researcher concludes there are relations between
language as a tool of communication and movie as an artifact
created by specific studies. To provide the conclusion the
researcher chooses the text and scripts of Kung Fu Panda as an
object of his study for some reasons: first, Animation comedy film
is one of media that reflects the ways of people behave and
converse. Furthermore this is product of human being which contains
actions, dialogues which some descriptions of atmosphere, and
performance from the drawing the characters. So the conversation
running naturally; second, the researcher interestested in Flouting
and Hedging Maxims because of the main characters of this movie Po
sometimes flout and hedge
the maxims as the result of the natural conversation based on
the context. So the researcher wants to know the application of
this theory toward the Kung Fu Panda movie. Moreover, the relation
of Kung fu Panda as 2008 American animated comedy movie with the
language especially in term of Discourse Analysis is that comedy is
a genre that not provides huge entertainment but also containment,
its jokes and slapsticks can be created as an approach to deliver
entertainment to audiences and its contents have undeniable links
to the present historical and social context. Comedy movie can be
discussed from various perspectives from psychology, gender, class
and history. (http.www.wallflowerpress.co.uk/Aruna-blog). To
strengthen those simple conclusion the researcher provide the
theory that says a study of language totally without reference to
its social context would lead to the omission of some of the moral
complex and interesting aspects of language and to loss
opportunities for further theoretical progress (Strudgill,
32:1983). Further, related the essences of the previous study the
researcher takes two main points involving the research findings.
First, from Ninik Fauziyah, 2007, entitled the flouting and hedging
maxims used by the main characters in William Gibsons The Miracle
Worker found that the main character was one of the examples who
often flout and hedge the maxim in their conversation based on that
background. She found that the maxims could be flouted and hedged
by producing rhetorical strategies. Second, from Taufiqillah, 2010,
entitled flouting and hedging maxims in ratatouille film found that
maxims on the special terms were hedged and flouted the maxims may
intentionally or unintentionally be employed in both spoken and
written language. He also found that the function of hedges is for
helping speakers and writers communicate more precisely. However,
based on the previous studies above, there is no researchers
research about Flouting maxim and Hedging maxim in animation movie,
especially in comedy animation movie, besides, this research
focuses on analyzing flouting and Hedging maxims of conversational
maxims spoken by the main character in the movie of Kung Fu Panda.
Then, the difference of this research with the previous studies
above, this research tends to take natural communication object
namely Kung Fu Panda Movie, thats why in this case the researcher
wants to do this research with the title Analysis Maxims in Kung Fu
Panda movie.
1.2 Research Problems What maxims are flouted by the main
character Po in Kung fu Panda? What maxims are hedged by the main
character Po in Kung Fu Panda?
1.3 Objectives of the Study Based on the research problems, the
objectives of the study are to: To describe the maxims which are
flouted by Po in Kung Fu Panda. To describe the maxims which are
hedged by Po in Kung Fu Panda.
1.4 Significance of the Study Theoretically, the result of the
study is expected to be one of the sources for further development
of Grices theory of cooperative principle especially for researcher
who concern on flouting and hedging maxims study, and also can fill
the gap with the same field previous studies. Practically, the
researcher expects to help in understanding that people may have a
smooth conversation if they use conversational maxims
appropriately, but they also may flout and hedge the maxims because
of some reasons. Further, based on Grices Cooperative Principles
and Grices theory on Comedy, the researcher also hopes that after
reading this research, the readers become more aware to get deeper
understanding about flouting and hedging maxims especially occurred
in the movie. In term of continuing the previous study that only
limited in developing the data analysis based on the context and
Grices Cooperative Principles, this research is expected to give
the fact from the data that sometimes flouting and hedging maxims
can be done naturally without causing miscommunication between the
participants and also gives the development of natural component of
communication as the product of human conversation specifically in
theme of comedy.
1.5 Scope and limitation of the study The scope of the study is
based on Grices theory of maxims. There are four conversational
maxims: quality, quantity, relevance and manner. Furthermore, this
research focuses on Floating and Hedging Maxims used by the main
character Po in the Kung Fu Panda.
1.6 Definition of key term To avoid misunderstanding that
possible appears, the researcher will define some terms as follows
: 1. Discourse Analysis : examine paragraph structure, the
organization of whole texts, and typical patterns in conversational
interactions, such as, the way speakers open, close, and take turns
in a conversation. 2. Flouting maxim : when the speaker violates or
disobeys some maxims in producing the utterances in the form of
rhetorical strategies, namely: - tautology if the statement which
is true by its definition, and is therefore fundamentally
uninformative. - Metaphor if the words indicate something different
from the literal meaning. - Overstatement is an exaggerated
statement that is made for special effect is not mean to be taken
literally. - Understatement is a way of expressing a thought or an
idea by its opposite. - Rhetorical question if one asked only to
produce an effect or make a statement than to get an answer. -
Irony is the expressions of ones meaning by saying the direct
opposite of what one is thinking but using of voice to indicate
ones real meaning. 3. Hedging Maxim : when the speaker breaks the
maxim while the information is not totally accurate but seems
informative, well founded and relevant.
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter reviews theories connected with the research to
make the data is described as well and focus to the research
problems. They are; context and text, spoken discourse,
implicature, cooperative principle, flouting maxims, hedging
maxims, synopsis of kung fu panda and previous studies.
2.1 Context and Text As the mean of natural communication, the
natural unity of speaker and listener in oral interaction can only
involve imaginary, hidden, mental interaction between speaker and
hearer in the audiences mind, moreover, they are replaced by the
real-world separateness in space and time of speaker and hearer.
But the audience can overcome this separateness. People may create
a new unity of language that exceeds the texts given by
understanding the circumstances of connection or relationship in
the environment surrounding a phenomenon. Further, the text and
context are closely related concepts because text is a stretch of a
contextually embedded ensemble of linguistic forms. And context is
the means of converting static text into discourse in an ex- post
facto, cognitive meaning making (House:18).
2.1.1 Context In most disciplines, Context is thought to refer
to both external (situational, cultural) and internal (cognitive,
psychological) factors influencing each other in acts of speaking
and listening, it means context refers to the condition in which
something exists or occurs. Linguistically, this is the part of a
surrounding word or passage that helps make its meaning clear.
Brown and Yule (1983:25) said that the environmental,
circumstances, and context are the important aspects which must be
referred to its basic condition. It means that between the speaker
and context are interrelated to each other. When we want to know
that the hearer can understand what is said by the speaker, this is
the reason why we should know the context. Cook states that context
is the unity of discourse with considering the word at large. And
it is influenced by the situation when we receive some messages,
cultural and social relationship
within the participant (Cook, 1989:10). In addition, discourse
analysis is describing text and context all together in the process
of communication.
2.1.2 Text Text is a unit of connected discourse. Its function
is communicative, and it is an object of analysis and description.
The function of a text is simply the application of a text in a
particular context, and there is a systematic relationship between
context and the functional organization of language-in-text, which
can be revealed by breaking down context into a manageable set of
contextual parameters language users employ text to convey their
message to other people, since it is a set of sign which is
transmitted from the sender to the receiver through the specific
codes, those codes are interpreted by the receiver to arrive at the
speakers or writers message. Besides, text is a technical term to
refer to the verbal record of communicative act (Brown and Yule,
1983:6). Moreover, text is a set of sign, which is transmitted from
the sender to the receiver through the specific codes. Those codes
are interpreted by the receiver to arrive at the speakers or
writers intended message. Besides, text refers to the record of
communicative act (Brown and Yule, 1983:6).
2.2 Spoken Discourse In verbal communication, people tend to
make the organized utterance linearly in time, such that what is
said now relies on what was said before. Context and verbal
communications are in a reflexive relationship, verbal
communication and its interpretation shapes context as much as
context shapes the communication. Crystal (1995:291) states that in
spoken language there is an opportunity to rethink an utterance
while it is in progress (starting again, adding a qualification),
but error, once spoken cannot be withdrawn. However, in written
error and other perceived indecencies can be eliminated in later
drifts without the reader ever knowing they were there.
Interruptions, if they have occurred while writing, are also
invisible in the final product. Furthermore, there are some
features which characterize spoken language (Brown and Yule, 1983:
15-17) :
1. The syntax of spoken language is typically much less
structured than that of written language. It means that spoken
language contains many incomplete sentences, often simply sequences
of phrases. Moreover, spoken language typically contains rather
little subordination, and in conversational speech where sentential
syntax can be observed, active declarative forms are normally
found; Ex: flour, eggs, sugar, vanilla bean, oh small twist of
lemon 2. In written language an extensive set of metalingual
markers exist to mark relationship between clauses that complement,
like: when or while temporal makers, so called logical connectors
like besides, moreover, however, in spite of and etc. in spoken
language the largely practically organized chunks are related by
and, but, then and more rarely, if Ex: if you could be my master,
then you could defeat me. 3. In written language rather heavily
premodified non-phrase (like that one) are quite common, it is rare
in spoken language to find more than two premodifying adjectives
and there is a strong tendency to structure the short chunks of
speech so that only one predicate is attached to a given referent
at a time. Ex: do you ever think about how we walk on the same ways
that we handle direction with? Or do you ever think about what we
take in the bicycle? 4. Whereas written language sentences are
generally structured in subject predicate form, in spoken language
it is quite common to find Ex: I dont want to constantly wash my
bike 5. In formal speech the occurrence of passive construction is
relatively infrequent. The use of passive in written language,
which allows non-attribution of agency, is typically absent from
conversational speech. Instead, active constructions within
terminate group agents are noticeable; Ex: the great match between
Manchester vs Chelsea is on dedication of starving people, do you
know about that Mike? 6. In chat about immediate environment, the
speaker may rely on gaze direction to supply a referent Ex: Hey
boss, look over here, I am the winner 7. The speaker may replace or
refine expressions as he goes along Ex: I dont know when I took my
lesson; I think I have a bad headache 8. The speaker typically uses
a good deal of rather general used vocabulary: a lot of, got, do,
think, nice, stuff, place and thinks like that Ex: They have a lot
of troubles in the rest room; I hope Don Fabio should skip it.
9. The speaker frequently repeats the same syntactic from
several times over, as thus fairground inspector does, and Ex: I
think that my theory is related to the movie, but I also think that
my theory is overtly simple 10. The speaker may produce a large
number of prefabricated fillers: will, I think, you know, if you
see what I mean, of course and so on. Ex: All of my passion is rely
on her, I hope you know it.
2.3 Implicature If we make a conversation, of course we want to
make a mutual relationship, meanwhile we have to make an
appropriate conversation without produce the Face Threatening Acts,
and we shall take some strategies, one of them is called
implicature. The term implicature is used to account for the
distinction between what is said and what is implicated by a
speaker. Grice in Brown and Yule (1983:31) stated implicature is
used to account for what a speaker can imply, suggest, or mean, as
a distinct from what a speaker literary says. So, the speaker does
not directly utter what the speaker intends to. The speaker tends
to make certain utterance, that contain implied meaning and the
listener can understand it. For example, hey the room over here is
really hot. From the statement above, the speaker is asking his
friend to help him, at least to open the window. According to Grice
divides implicature into conventional implicature and
conversational implicature. Conventional implicature is not truth
conditional inferences that are not derived from super ordinate
pragmatics principles like the maxims, but are simply attached by
conventional or particular lexical items or expressions. For
example, when our friends once choose of the books on the grounds
that it had colored stripes in it and the legend on the tube said,
actually fight decay. The lexical items actually has a literal
meaning or entailmen it means in reality or actuality, because it
is closely associated with the particular lexical item, so, it can
be said as conventional implicature (Grundy, 2000:84).
2.4 Cooperative Principle We should concern with many factor,
such as our hearer, what contextually appropriate topics, how to
open, to maintain and close our communication in arriving an
effective
communication. It requires the cooperative situation between
speaker and hearer. The idea that successful communicate proceed
according a principle, known and applied by all human being, was
first also proposed Herbert Paul Grice. He described the principles
as the Cooperative Principle. Grices cooperative principle is set
of norms expected in conversation (Google:2007). Indeed, to have a
successful conversation it depends on the various speaker
approaches to have interaction each other. One of the most basic
assumption we must make successful communication is that the
cooperative between the speaker and hearer. The way in which people
try to make conversation works is sometimes called as a cooperative
principle. Grice states in Renkema make your conversational
contribution such as is required (renkema, 1993:9).
2.5 Flouting Maxims Grice (1975) said that in the conversation,
people sometimes flout the maxims in order to create implicature.
It means, when the speaker flouts or disobeys some maxims so
obviously that the hearer must conclude that the flouting maxims is
done on purpose. Moreover, flouting maxims is when the speakers
violates or disobey some maxims in producing the utterances. There
are sometimes when meaning is derived from deliberate violations or
flouting as Grice calls them-of the cooperative principle, always
provided that the sender intends the receiver does perceive them;
if sender does not intend violations of the principle to be
perceived as such, or the receiver does not realize that they
deliberate, then communication degenerates into lying, obfuscation,
or simply break down altogether (Cook, 1989:31). Flouting maxim is
a particular silent way of getting an addressee to draw inferences
and hence recover an implicature (Grundy 2000:78).
2.5.1 Flouting Maxims of Relevance The first maxim of
Cooperative Principle is Maxim of Relevance. In maxim of relevance,
Grice (1975) as cited in Levinson stated that make your
contribution relevant. This maxim says that the speaker and the
hearer must be relevant in the conversation. In maxim of relevance,
the speaker only answers what is asked. Example: A: where is my
book?
B: your book is in on my bedroom. In this conversation, Bs
answer is relevant to As question and As did not talk about
something else. In this case, A and B is obeying the maxim of
relevance, because they are related each other. On the other hand,
flouting the maxim of relevance is when the speaker brings too many
topics to the conversation. It means that, the speaker usually hide
something in order nobody knows about it. Example of flouting: A:
can you tell me what time is it? B: well, you see that the sun is
rising A may intends that the time is at least the sun is normally
rising up. Bs utterance is to assume that B is not in a position to
provide the appropriate or full information, but thinks that the
sun is rising up might provide with the means of deriving with the
partial answer. If the speaker might flout the maxim of relevance,
they expect to the hearers will be able to imagine what utterance
did not say and make the connection between their utterance and the
preceding one. Grice in Cutting (2002) stated that the maxim of
relevance was possible because the speakers utterance are always
taken as relevant to the preceding text.
2.5.2 Flouting maxim of quantity The second maxim of Cooperative
Principle is maxim of quantity. The maxim says that we have to make
your contribution as informative as is required and do not make
your contribution more informative than what is required. Example:
A: How did Tony done his test? B: Oh, he did well. Both of them are
obeying the maxim of quantity because they done an appropriate
conversation in order they make a informative contribution as is
required. Furthermore, flouting maxims of quantity is represented
by much or less contribution than what is required, as shown in the
example below. Example of Flouting Maxim of Quantity A: do you know
where exactly Brandon lives? B: New York
B is giving less information than what is required toward A.
Actually; A is hope for the more complete answer from B such as,
the state, the city, the address, and also the Houses number of
Brandon. But B is only gives the city of Brandon lives, in this
case B is flouting maxim of quantity because he does not give
sufficient answer that is needed by A.
2.5.3 Flouting Maxim of Quality The third maxim of Cooperative
Principle is Maxim of Quality. This maxim says that the speaker
should says the true answer and speaker should not say something
what is believed to be false or anything for which they lack of
evidence. Example: A: Maria has degree of Doctor. B: Yes, I believe
she has, and I have evidence she has. In the other side, the
flouting maxim of quality will be done by the speaker if they deny
something what is believed to be false in order not to get the
affection from someone. Example of flouting maxim of quality :
Andy: Kuala Lumpur is in Indonesia, isnt it teacher? Teacher: very
good, and Jakartas Thailand I wish Teachers utterance states to
suggest that the Andys answer is absolutely incorrect. Andy of
course wonders why the teacher gives the wrong responses with
different intonation. Through the utterance, Andy realizes that he
gives wrong statements; the teacher does not want to give the
compliment to his student by saying very good in case of irony.
2.5.4 Flouting maxim of manner The fourth maxim of Cooperative
Principle is Maxim of Manner. This Maxim says that the speaker
should avoid obscurity or ambiguity. It means that the answer
should be constructed in orderly way. The emphasizing aspect here
is the clarity of messages. Examples: Juanda: where was Junaidi
yesterday? Tanjung: junaidi went to hypermart and bought some
noodles. In the example above, Tanjung is obeying maxim of manner
by giving the answer orderly since he gives clear explanation on
where Junaidi was. Moreover, the flouting maxim of manner is found
when the speaker makes ambiguous statement which make the hearer
did not understand. Usually, it is used by the speaker to
exaggerated things. Examples of flouting maxim of manner : Before
you speak about someone else you must Gnoti Sheothon. This example
contains ambiguity. It gives a foreign language worn in the
sentence. Here gnoti Seothon is the motto of Delphi, which means
you must know about yourself.
2.6 The Concept of flouting Maxims Flouting maxims usually can
be found on tautology, metaphor, overstatement, understatement,
rhetorical question and irony (Grundy, 2000:760-77).
2.6.1 Tautology A tautology is a statement which is true by its
own definition, and is therefore fundamentally uninformative.
Logical tautologies use circular reasoning within an argument or
statement. In linguistic, a tautology is a redundancy due to
superfluous qualification. A linguistic tautology is often a fault
of style. Tautology is saying something again in different ways
without making ones meaning clearer or more forceful, needless
repetition (Hornby, 1974:886). For example: (a) red is red (b)
woman will be woman (c) I have three angles triangles.
. 2.6.2 Metaphor
One of the most frequent violations of grices conversational
principles occurs when we use metaphor. Metaphor uses words to
indicate something different from the literal meaning (Hornby,
1974:533). In metaphor, a word in literal usage denotes one kind of
thing. Metaphors like you are the cream in my coffee or when a boy
tells his girlfriend you are my soul mate, obviously violate the
maxi of quality since they state prepositions that are not
literally ture. This example uses symbolic meaning, so the listener
must conclude the implied meaning of the utterance.
2.6.3 Overstatement Overstatement is an exaggerated statement
that is made for special effect and is not mean to be taken
literally. Hornby (1974:600) states that overstatement is
exaggerated statement, so it is too or more informative. It means
that the speaker says more than is necessary that is violating the
maxim of quality. In another way, he may also convey implicatures.
He may do this by the inverse of the understatement principle that
is by exaggerating on choosing a point on a often lie far beyond
what is said scale which is higher than the actual state of affair.
For examples: Now we have all been screwed by the cabinet (Sun
headline) There were a million people in the room tonigh1t These
statement are classified as overstatement because use exaggeration
statements (we have all, a million people), therefore, the
informations are more informative.
2.6.4 Understatement Understatement is a way of expressing a
thought or an idea by its opposite. In understatement the statement
is less informative or too economical so it is not informative
(Hornby, 1974:940). Understatement is one way of generating
implicatures by saying less than is required. Typical ways of
constructing understatement are to choose a point on a scalar
predicate (e.g. short, bad, nice) that is well below the point that
actually describes the state of affairs (Goody:222). For examples:
He was displeased which is an understatement of he was furious.
2.6.5 Rhetorical Question
In Rhetorical Question, one asked only to produce an effect or
make a statement rather than to get an answer (Hornby, 1995:1008).
In other word, it is one that requires no answer because the answer
is obvious and does not need be stated. The speaker (of the
rhetorical question) is not looking for an answer but it is making
some kind of point, as in argument
(http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/rhetorical-question.html).
For example: who cares? how many times do I hae to call you? (I
have called you many times, but you were not there). Those are
classified as rhetorical question because the speaker does not
expect the answer from the hearers. Sometimes the rhetorical
question is evidenced only in sequencing. Rhetorical question
usually uses the words that help to force the interpretation of
question (to push them on record), such as just event, ever (goody,
1996:229).
2.6.6 Irony Irony is the expressions of ones meaning by saying
the direct opposite of what one is thinking but using tone of voice
to indicate ones real meaning. (Hornby, 1995:632). By saying the
opposite of what he means, again violation of quality maxims
speaker can directly convey his intended meaning, if there are
clues that is intended meaning is being conveyed indirectly
(Goody:226). It means irony refers to the sense of difference
between what is asserted and what is actually the case. Verbal
irony is a statement in which the implicit meaning intended by the
speaker offers from what he obstansibly asserts. Moreover, irony is
closely related to understatement (Kenney, 1966:71)
2.7 Hedging Maxims The maxims are hedged when the informative
given is not completely accurate except seems informative, well
founded, as well as relevant. The information is taken by quoting
from other person opinion. Besides, the maxims hedges or
intensifiers are that none of them adds truth-value to the
utterances to which they are attached. This confirms that the
hedges and intensifiers are more comment in the extent to which the
speaker abiding by the maxims, which guided our conversational
contribution than a part of what is said or conveyed (Grundy,
2000:79).
For example he say smoking damage your health. The speaker is
not taking full responsibility for the truth of his utterance that
is suggested as quality hedges. In addition, it quality hedges that
weaken speakers commitment may redress advice or for making
promises. He says that the book is a world window He says would be
understood as a hedge on the maxim of quality and would serve as a
warning to the addressee that the information from the speaker
might not be as well founded as normally expected. However,
quantity hedges may be used to redress requests. For example, All I
know living in the village is good for our health. By prefacing it
with all I know the speaker simultaneously advises the addressee
that the quantity of information being conveyed is limited.
Relevance hedges are useful ways of redressing offers or
suggestion. For an example : where do you go by the way?. By the
way here shows that what the speaker has just said is not as
relevant at the stage at which it occurs in the conversation as he
is entitled to expect. Manner hedges can be used to redress all
kinds of FTA; for example, I afraid to kill him if you what I mean.
If you see what I mean hedges the maxim of manner that in order to
advise us the obscurity of her utterance. There are some
expressions that sometimes speaker used, such as I absolutely, they
say, it seems, as I remember, as you and both I know, by the way,
well etc.
2.7.1 Types of Hedging Maxims The researcher uses the theory
from Evans (2007) which is cited from web page
(http://clpd.bbk.ac.uk/student/hedging) instead of other theories
because it has more types. Types of hedges are modal auxiliary
verbs, modal lexical verbs, probability adjectives, nouns, adverbs,
approximators of degrees, quantity, frequency and time,
introductory phrases, if clauses, and compound hedges. Each of
those types has its own definition as explained below. 1. Modal
auxiliary verbs It is consisting of may, might, can, could, would,
should. Example: such a score might be more accurate in result
after the test. 2. Modal lexical verbs Modal lexical verbs are to
seem, to appear, to believe, to assume, to suggest, to estimate, to
tend, to think, to argue, to indicate, to propose, and to
speculate.
Example: in spite of power limitations, the result appears to
have a number of scientific strength. 3. Probability adjectives
Probability adjectives are words used, typically with nouns, to
provide more information about the thing referred to the
probability (Yule, 1996). Probability adjectives are possible,
probable, and un/likely. Examples: it is unlikely to read financial
issues on the Sunday morning. 4. Nouns Nouns are words to refer
people, objects, creatures, places, qualities, phenomena, and
abstracts if they were all things or reality (Yule, 1996). Nouns,
are assumption, claim, possibility, estimate, and suggestion.
Example: we estimate that one of five marriages is ended by
divorce. 5. Adverbs Adverbs are words used to provide more
information about an actions and events (Yule, 1996). Adverbs are
perhaps, possibly, probably, practically, likely, presumably,
virtually, apparently. Examples: there is, perhaps, a good reason
why he could win the fight. 6. Approximators of degrees, quantity,
frequency and time It is placed before compliment (quantity,
frequency, and time). It concerns about measurement. Approximators
are approxiomately, about, often, occasionally, generally, usually,
somewhat, somehow, and a lot of. Example : HIV is present in about
a second of deadly cases. 7. Introductory phrases It is placed in
the beginning of the sentence. It functions as a sub clause.
Introductory phrases are believe, to our knowledge, it is our view
that, and we feel that. Examples: we believe the God is one 8. if
Clause if clause are if true, if anything. Example : if true, our
study prove that feminism is nothing. 9. Compound hedges
Compound hedges can be double hedges (it may suggest that) can
be treble hedges (it seems reasonable to assume that) can be
quadruple hedges (it would seem somewhat unlikely that) and so
on.
2.7.2 Functions of hedges The most obvious function of hedges is
as softeners, among others: to soften claims (Hatch, 1992), to
soften complaints, requests, and commands (Brown and Levinson,
1987). Examples of each softeners are given below : 1. As
softeners, among others: a. to soften claim, e.g: the data appear
to support the assumptions. b. to soften complaint, e.g: excuse me,
I think I came here before her. c. to soften request, e.g: I was
wondering if probably you could bring mean other cup. d. to soften
command, e.g: open that window, will you? 2. As cooperative devices
in conversation, among others: a. to diminish Face Threatening Acts
(FTA) b. to negotiating sensitive topics and encourage
participation c. to strengthen or weaken statements d. to smoothen
a disagreement with conversational partner e. to act like one of
politeness strategies. In particular, Hatch (1992) suggests that
hedges can smooth a disagreement with conversational partner.
Finally, hedges can act like one of politeness strategies, such as
understating (Brown and Levinson 1987) and giving comment (Buikema
and Roeters, 1982). 2.8 The synopsis of Kung Fu Panda movie In an
ancient ,China the Valley of Peace is protected by the Furious
Five: Tigress, Monkey, Mantis, Viper, and Crane, a quintet of
warriors trained in kung fu by the wise tortoise Master Oogway and
his vise, the red panda Master Shifu. One day, Oogway has a
premonition that Shifu's former student and foster son, the brutal
and lawless snow leopard Tai Lung, will escape from prison and
return to the Valley. Shifu decides to hold a martial arts
tournament so that Oogway may identify the legendary Dragon Warrior
which is said to hold the secret of limitless power.
Po is a young panda and kung fu fanatic who works in his goose
father's noodle restaurant. Upon hearing of the tournament, Po
tries to attend as an audience, but his father directs him to take
a push cart and sell noodles instead. By the time Po arrives, the
gates are closed and the tournament has already started. Desperate
to see the tournament, Po forces himself to a set of fireworks just
as his father catches him, before his father can convince him to go
back to work, Po flies with the rockets into the sky and crashes
into the middle of the arena, just as Oogway is prepared to select
the new Dragon Warrior. As the unpredictable decision, Master
Oogway chooses Po as the Dragon Warrior and it spontaneous make all
of the audience includes the furious five and master Shifu really
surprised. Unwilling to believe the fact that this Panda can be the
Dragon Warrior, Shifu attempts to make and force Po into under
pressures. He selects Po to fighting and sparring against the
Furious Five, after that Master Shifu asks Po to fight again him.
As the result, Po is thrown from the Jade Palaces. Though the
Furious Five have no problem with Po's kung fu skills, Oogway
advises him not to quit, and Po takes his advice. In time, he never
gives up with the difficult test from Master Shifu, and he always
try the best even he still can not take the essence of Kung Fu.
Moreover, as Oogway lifetime will come over, Tai Lung escapes from
his prison and heads for the Valley. Sensing that the disaster is
closer, Oogway asks a promise from Shifu that he will train Po to
become a Dragon Warrior, and then he disappears with the blossom of
the flower. Upon hearing that Tai Lung is coming, Po really panics
and tries to run away from the Temple. Shifu refuses to let him go,
insisting that he can change Po into the Dragon Warrior, but Po has
lost all confidence and Shifu can not explain how he will turn Po
into the Dragon Warrior. Hiding nearby and seeing this argument,
Tigress leads the rest of the Furious Five to stop Tai Lung
themselves. The next morning, Shifu discovers that Po displays
impressive agility when he is motivated by food; using the promise
of food as a reward, Shifu trains Po into a skilled warrior. The
Furious Five confront Tai Lung over a long rope bridge, but he
easily defeats them and sends them back to the Valley immobilized.
Feeling that Po is ready to fight, Shifu gives him the Dragon
Scroll, than Po opens the Dragon Scroll to reveal the secret
massage but he only gets the blank scroll, shaping like a mirror.
As the result, Shifu orders Po and the Furious Five to evacuate the
valley while he prepares to delay Tai Lung for as long as he can.
During
the evacuation, Po finds his father who is finally told that the
secret ingredient of his famous "secret ingredient soup" is nothing
except the belief that the soup is special. Po realizes this idea
is the point of the Dragon Scroll and returns to face Tai Lung. At
the Temple, Tai Lung confronts Shifu and asking for the Scroll;
while Shifu refuses, Tai Lung attacks him. In a furious battle, Tai
Lung is too strong and almost kills Shifu before Po arrives. Tai
Lung can not believe that the Dragon Warrior is a big and fat
panda, but as Tai Lung battles Po to take the Scroll, Po uses a
combination of his natural shape, his body mass, and Shifu's
training to prove himself an unexpected equal or in other hand he
uses Tai Chi. At one stage of the fight, Tai Lung gains the upper
hand and opens the Scroll, but he can not believe that the Dragon
Scroll is empty. Po explains that "there is no secret ingredient"
other than the warrior's belief in himself, but Tai Lung miss
understand and attacks again. With the combination of his new
revelation and his own natural resilience, Po counter-attacks with
high Class tai Chi and finally defeats Tai Lung, destroying him
with the secret "Wuxi Finger Hold". The deeply impressed Furious
Five accept Po as their master and their superior. Po returns to
Shifu and finds him exhausted but alive, and finally at peace now
that Tai Lung has been defeated and peace comes to the Valley.
2.9 Previous Studies The study of discourse has been
investigated by some of university students from many perspectives.
Djatmiko (1993) investigated the Shakespeares Othello and found
that violated the maxims mostly Othello and Desdimona employ only a
few violations of the maxims and cooperative expecially in their
last Discourse before the one. In which the murdered take place,
but he did not analyze flouting and hedging maxims in detail.
Besides, Tambunan (1999) investigated the application of
cooperative principles in poem and novels as reading material for
the students of SLTA (High School). The writer of the novel
intentionally did not fulfill Grices Cooperative principle called
the flouting maxims. The writer mostly flouted the maxims of
quality by presenting imaginative information and illogical event
in order to (1) encourage his readers durable interested in reading
it; (2) create funnies; (3) create a surprising situation of his
readers; and (4) implicit meaning. Hanifa (2001) investigated the
flouting of the felicity conditions maxims in Oliver Goldsmiths She
stops the Conquer. She found that the flouting of the felicity
conditions coer
the flouting of the preparatory rule, the sincerity rule and
essential rule on the act of stating or giving information, the act
of requesting, ordering, questioning, advising, and promising. She
also found that the flouting of two rules of conversation has
function to (1) develop ridiculous plot, (2) provide the readers of
drama with the amusing situation, (3) keep the readers to read it,
and (4) criticize the existing habit. Saifullah (2002) investigated
the implicatures on the headline of the Jakarta Post could be
particularized and generalized implicature. Generalized implicature
was used when the information being conveyed was clear, brief, in
chronological oral and no context was required by reader to
understand the information in the headlines. Furthermore,
particularized implicature found when the journalist did not give
the clarity, brevity, sufficiency and information to the reader.
So, the context was required by the readers to understand the
journalists intended messages. He also found that the maxims in the
headlines of the Jakarta Post could be flouted and hedged.
Hariyanto (2003) investigated the use of conversational maxims on
the special terms used by Indonesian Chatters in IRC Malang
Channel. In his study, maxims on the special terms were hedged and
flouted the maxims for the Beginner Chatters. The special terms
were abbreviations or short messages. He flouted the maxims when
these terms were sent to the beginner chatters and these special
terms were hedged the maxims when the chatters sent less
information of the messages on the special terms. He found that
maxim of manner and maxim of quantity are often flouted and hedged
in the conversational text chatters often repeat the messages and
emoticons to their partner or provided uninformative responses or
messages. Ninik Fauziyah (2007) investigated flouting and hedging
maxims used by the main characters in William Gibsons The Miracle
Worker. On her research, the main character is one of the examples
who often flout and hedge the maxim in their conversations based on
that the background. She founds that the main characters is
producing flout maxims in form of rhetorical strategies, and maxims
were hedged when the information is not totally accurate but seems
informative. Taufiqillah (2010) investigated flouting and hedging
maxims in ratatuoille film. In his study, maxims on the special
terms were hedged and flouted the maxims may intentionally or
unintentionally be employed in both spoken and written language.
He focuses on classification of four kinds of flouting and hedging
maxims which cover flouting four maxims principles. He also found
that the function of hedges is for helping speakers and writers
communicate more precisely the degree of accuracy and truth in
assesments. Related to this study, the researcher concludes that
this research has similar discussion, this thesis and previous
discuss about the flouting and hedging maxims. But, although each
of the studies above identifies instances of flouting and hedging
maxims, this research quietly different from the previous
researchers. Despite the researcher would like to find the kinds of
flouting and hedging maxims and how the flouting and hedging are
used by the main character in the Kung Fu Panda Movie representing
Grices theory, the researcher tries to inform the readers that
sometimes flouting and hedging maxims can be done naturally without
causing miscommunication between the participants, and the natural
key of communication also hoped to identifies in the analyzing
flouting and hedging maxims.
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
This chapter presents the research method of this study. They
are Research Design, Research Subject, Research Instrument, Data
Collection, and Data Analysis.
3.1 Research Design The design of the study is Descriptive
Qualitative method, as Bodgan and Taylor (1984:5) defined the
qualitative approach as a research procedure which produces a
descriptive data such as verbal or nonverbal utterances or words
from the object being observed. The researcher used this method
because of two reasons, firstly the researcher wanted to get brief
description including to flouting and hedging maxims in the Kung Fu
Panda movies conversation based on Grices theory of Cooperative
Principle. Secondly, this research is not only focused on the types
and the frequencies of flouted and hedged maxims, however, this
research also explaining and describing the maxims flouted and
hedged by the main character toward other characters and the
audience.
3.2 Research Subject The research subjects concern with flouting
and hedging maxims produced by the main character in the
conversation of Kung Fu Panda movie (2008). . 3.3 Research
Instrument Research instrument was important to obtain the result
of this research for it was a set of method, which was used to
collect the data. In this research since it was the writer himself
who observed the relationship between subjects, undertakes the
preliminary research, obtained the data and analyzed them as well.
Moreover, the researcher needed other instruments, such as:
watching the movie and reading script of the movie.
3.4 Data Source The source of the data of this study was the
conversation of Po the Main Character of Kungfu Panda. The
conversations were from the script of Kung Fu Panda Movie. The data
of this
study was Pos flouting and hedging maxims in his conversation
with other characters including responses giving by them as the
feedback to Pos flouted and hedged maxims.
3.5 Data Collection In collecting the data, the researcher
simultaneously watched the movie and read the entire scenes on the
script, which contain the conversation between Po and other
characters.
3.5 Data Analysis First of all, the researcher simultaneously
watched the movie and read the entire script of the movie. By doing
that, the researcher would get the context of each scene, the link
between one conversations to other conversation in different
scenes. Furthermore, the researcher would know the background of
each conversation. Second, after the researcher got the data maxims
flouted and hedged by the main character, the researcher analyzed
them and then classified them based on the Grice Cooperative
Principles. After classifying the type of flouting and hedging
maxims, the researcher would see the natural effect of flouting and
hedging maxims on the hearer understands while the conversation was
successfully communicated or not successfully communicated. In
determining the conversation was successful or was not, the
researcher put the responses given by the hearers, either verbal or
non verbal.