SITP presentation

8/7/2019 SITP presentation

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ental Shortcuts:A Necessary Evil?

DanielaRudloff



Outline

• Introduc3on:MentalShortcuts

• Shortcut#1:Op3calIllusions

• Shortcut#2:Pa>ernRecogni3on• Shortcut#:Heuris3cs

• Shortcut#4:Socialcomparison

• Shortcut#5:A>en3on&Focus

• Shortcut#6:Anchoring

• Conclusion



TypesofMentalShortcuts

Hard-wired

Hard to train

A matter of

knowledgeHard-wired

-Mental Shortcuts = deviations from rationalthought, requiring less effort but at the cost of accuracy

-

Evolutionary background

-A continuum of shortcuts, ranging from inbuilt& unchangeable to a matter of knowing



Op3calIllusions:

NowYouSeeit,NowYouDon’t:

Taken from http://www.michaelbach.de/ot/



Op3calIllusions

Taken from http://ahsmail.uwaterloo.ca/~alachman/ponzo_illusion.html



Op3calillusions




Op3calIllusions




Op3calIllusions

• Hard‐wiredprocessingrulesofoureyes’input

• Knowingtheprocessdoesnotchangethepercep3on

• Processingshortcuts

(e.g.,distantobjects

appearsmallerthannear

ones)speedsup

percep3onandreducesoverallworkload

• Percep3oncannotbe

consciously/

inten3onallycontrolled

• Percep3ondoesnot

necessarilyrepresentrealworldaccurately



Pa>ernrecogni3on

• Findingpa>ernsfast,recognisingpa>ernseasily

• Experiencehelpscreatebiggerpa>ern“chunks”

• Reducesmemory

workload

• Speedsupprocessing

• Reducesuncertainty

• “Coincidenceis

meaningful”

• Supers33ousbehaviour

• Confirma3onbias



SocialComparison

• We’resocialanimals

• We’relookingforotherstovalidateourbehaviour

• Behaviourofmajority

usuallyagoodcueto

appropriatebehaviour

• Providesvalida3on

• Letsusprofitfrom

otherpeoples’

experience

• Conformity

• Obedience

• Hindersinnova3on

• Groupthink



Heuris3cs

• Rulesofthumbforfastdecision‐making

• Availabilityheuris3c,representa3veheuris3c

• Speedupdecision

processes

• Canbesurprisingly

accurate

• Oencloselyrelatedto

real‐lifeexperience

• Canmakeusbypass

contentandgoforform

only

• Intui3ve,some3mes

illogical

• Unsuitableunder

unusualcircumstances



You see: The powerpoint slides - the colour of the background, the title, the text on the slides.The colour of the pub walls. The pictures on the walls. The windows and what’s going onbehind them. The lamps and lampshades. The sofas, chairs and tables. The leather sofa infront of you and who is sitting on it. The suede jacket the women sitting on the chair opposite iswearing. Her high heels. The top another women is wearing. The colour of the tie the guy

beside you. Your wine glass on the table. Your empty pint of beer on the table.You feel: The shape of the pint glass you’re holding in your hand. The cool texture of thatglass. The slow trickle of condensation water. The feel of your shoes’ soles against your feet.The feel of the jeans against your shins and knees and thighs. The fabric of your shirt againstyour skin. The feel of your glasses on your nose (optional). The slight scratch from the scrubbleyou didn’t shave this morning.

A>en3on&Focu‐Oh,look,shiny!

Take 10 seconds. Take stock of what is happening around you:

“General background noise, the slides, the taste of whatever drinkyou’re drinking.“ Is that all? Think again:

You hear: Conversations from other people in the pub. The roaring laughter from one particular

busy group. The low hum of the projector. The rustle of fabric when someone near you fidgetson their chair. Traffic noises during the rare moments when the rest of the pub is quiet.Someone coughing in the background.



A>en3on&Focu‐Oh,look,shiny!

• Selec3vepercep3onofsensoryinput

• Selec3onofinputvital

forsurvival

• Makesinput

manageableinthefirst

place

• Wemaymissdetails

• Confirma3onbias

• Wecanbeac3vely

misled



AndTheWinneris...

0

50

100

150

200

250

Group A Group B

Anchor Group B

Anchor Group A

Realweight



Anchoring

• Over‐relianceonpar3cularinforma3ontomake

judgements

• Supportsevalua3ons

anddecision‐making,

withouthavingtostart

fromscratch

• Incorporatesandintegratesnew

informa3on

• Anchoringprocess

cannotbeavoided

• (Ab)usedasasales

technique

• Createsfake

comparisonstandards



GroupA

Pleasereadandanswerinsilence.

Pleaseconsiderthefollowing

twoques3onsandwritedown

youransweronthepieceof

paperprovided.

1)Doyouthinkanorange

weighsmorethan150g?

2)Whatdoyouthink,how

muchdoesanorangeweigh?





GroupB

Pleasereadandanswerinsilence.

Pleaseconsiderthefollowing

twoques3onsandwritedown

youransweronthepieceofpaperprovided.

1)Doyouthinkanorange

weighsmorethan50g?

2)Whatdoyouthink,howmuchdoesanorangeweigh?





HowIdroppedtheanchor

GroupA:“Pleaseconsiderthefollowingtwoques3onsandwritedownyouranswer

onthepieceofpaperprovided.

1)Doyouthinkanorangeweighsmorethan 150g?

2)Whatdoyouthink,howmuchdoesanorangeweigh?”

GroupB:“Pleaseconsiderthefollowingtwo

ques3onsandwritedownyouransweronthepiece

ofpaperprovided.

1)Doyouthinkanorangeweighsmorethan50g?

2)Whatdoyouthink,howmuchdoesanorange

weigh?”



Anchoring



Conclusion:ButWait,There’sMore!

• Takingcuesfromtheenvironment,mindlessea3ng

• A>ribu3onbias

• Schemata&scripts

• Framing

• Emphasisonemo3ons‐over‐emphasisonanecdotalevidence

• Reduc3onofcogni3vedissonance

• Strivingforconsistentbehaviour



Andthat’sit...

Thank you very much

for your a>enon!

[email protected]

h>p://www.le.ac.uk/pc/dr78/

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