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• Articulations
• Junctions between bones• Bind parts of skeletal system together
• Make bone growth possible
• Permit parts of the skeleton to change shape during
childbirth• Enable body to move in response to skeletal muscle
contraction
Joints of the Skeletal System
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Articulation – site where two or more bones
meet
Two Fundamental Functions of Joints:Allow the skeleton to have mobility
Hold the skeleton together
Joints = Articulations
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Three Functional Classifications
•Synarthrosis – immovable
•Amphiarthrosis – slightly movable
•Diarthrosis – freely movable
Three Structural Classifications:
•Fibrous – suture, syndesomosis, gomphosis
•
Cartilaginous –
synchondrosis, symphysis•Synovial
Joints – Structural and Functional Classes
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• Fibrous Joints
• dense connective tissues connect
bones
• between bones in close contact
• Cartilaginous Joints
• hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
connect bones
• Synovial Joints
• most complex
• allow free movement
• synarthrotic
• immovable
• amphiarthrotic
• slightly movable
• diarthrotic
• freely movable
Classification of Joints
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Suture
• between flat bones
• synarthrotic
• thin layer of connective
tissue connects bones
Gomphosis
• cone-shaped bony
process in a socket• tooth in jawbone
• synarthrotic
Fibrous Joints
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Cartilaginous Joints
2 Types
• Synchondrosis
• Symphysis
Synchondrosis• bands of hyaline cartilage
unite bones
• epiphyseal plate
(temporary)
•
between manubrium andfirst rib
• synarthrotic
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Cartilaginous Joints
Symphysis
• pad of fibrocartilage between bones
• pubis symphysis
• joint between bodies of vertebrae
• amphiarthrotic
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Synovial Joints
•
diarthrotic• joint cavity
• synovial fluid
• joint capsule
• synovial membrane
• bursae
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Types of Synovial Joints
Ball-and-Socket Joint• hip
• shoulder
Condyloid Joint• between metacarpals
and phalanges
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Types of Synovial Joints
Gliding Joint• between carpals
•
between tarsals
Hinge Joint• elbow
•
between phalanges
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Types of Synovial Joints
Pivot Joint• between proximal
ends of radius and
ulna
Saddle Joint• between carpal and
metacarpal of thumb
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Flexion — bending movement that decreases the
angle of the joint
Extension — reverse of flexion; joint angle increases
Dorsiflexion and Plantar flexion —
up and downmovement of the foot
Abduction — movement of a limb away from the
midline or median plane
Adduction — movement of a limb toward the midline
or median plane
Circumduction — movement of a limb describing a
cone in space
Angular Movement – Change
of Angle Between Bones
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Types of Joint Movements
• abduction/adduction
• dorsiflexion/plantarflexion
• flexion/extension/hyperextension
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The turning of a bone around its own long axis
Examples:
Between first two vertebraeHip and shoulder joints
Rotation
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Types of Joint Movements
• rotation/circumduction
• supination/pronation
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Supination and Pronation – refer to movements ofradius around the ulna (also applied to foot movements)
Special Movements
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Inversion and Eversion
Protraction and Retraction
Special Movements
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Elevation and Depression
Opposition
Special Movements
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Shoulder Joint
• ball-and-socket
•
head of humerus• glenoid cavity of scapula
• loose joint capsule
• bursae
• ligaments prevent
displacement
• very wide range of
movement
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Shoulder Joint
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Elbow Joint
• hinge joint•
trochlea of humerus• trochlear notch of ulna
• gliding joint• capitulum of humerus
• head of radius
•
flexion and extension• many reinforcing ligaments
• stable joint
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Elbow Joint
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Hip Joint
• ball-and-socket joint
• head of femur• acetabulum
• heavy joint capsule
• many reinforcing ligaments
•
less freedom of movementthan shoulder joint
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Hip Joint
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Knee Joint
• largest joint
• most complex
• medial and lateral condyles of distal
end of femur
•
medial and lateral condyles ofproximal end of tibia
• femur articulates anteriorly with
patella
• modified hinge joint
• flexion/extension/little rotation
• strengthened by many ligaments and
tendons
• menisci separate femur and tibia
• bursae
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Knee Joint
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Life-Span Changes
• Joint stiffness is an early sign of aging
• Regular exercise can prevent stiffness
• Fibrous joints first to strengthen over
a lifetime
• Changes in symphysis joints of
vertebral column diminish flexibilityand decrease height
• Synovial joints lose elasticity
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Sprain - the ligaments in a joint are stretched or torn.
Partially torn ligaments may repair themselves, but
healing is slow due to lack of vascularization.
Completely torn ligaments require surgical repair.
Cartilage is mostly avascular and largely unable to
repair itself when torn. Most cartilage injuriesinvolve tearing of the menisci.
Joint Injuries – Sprains & Cartilage Injury
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Occur when bones are forced out of alignment
Usually accompanied by sprains, inflammation, and
joint immobilization
Subluxation – partial dislocation of a joint
Dislocations - Luxation
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Ligament and Cartilage Tears:
Example of the Knee Joint
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Tendon of theQuadriceps Femoris
Lateral and Medial
Patellar Retinacula
Fibular and Tibial
Collateral Ligaments
Patellar Ligament
Knee Ligaments and Tendons –
Anterior View
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Intracapsular Ligaments (but outside of synovial cavity)
Ant.Cruciate Ligament
Post. Cruciate Ligament
Semilunar Cartilages
Medial MeniscusLateral meniscus
Knee Ligaments and other Supporting Structures