SI Session Respiratory system Spring 2010 For Dr. Wright’s Bio 6 Class Designed by Pyeongsug Kim ©2010 [email protected]@att.net Picture from .

SI SessionSI Session

Respiratory system

Spring 2010

For Dr. Wright’s Bio 6 ClassDesigned by Pyeongsug Kim ©2010 [email protected]

Picture from http://www.wellsphere.com/quit-smoking-article/interesting-anti-smoking-ads/729297 http://www.ucalgary.ca/asthma/smokingcessation

Major of the respiratory system____________ movement of air in and out of lungs for blood gas

exchange (external).

____________ is passive and occurs between blood and tissues

(internal).

_______________ is energy-liberating reactions of cell respiration

(internal).

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A:B:C:D:E:F:G:H:

Conducting zoneRespiratory zoneTracheaBronchusBronchial treeBronchiolesAlveolar sacsAlveolus(Alveoli)

Gas exchange

Ventilation

Oxygen utilization

___________Ventilation

___________Gas exchange

_______________Oxygen utilization

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Asthma-Produced by an obstruction of air flow through the bronchioles.-(Restrictive/Obstructive) disorders.-FEV(forced expiratory volume) is (normal/reduced).-Vital capacity is (normal/reduced).

Glucocorticoids-inhibit ___________.

The obstruction is caused by inflammation, mucous secretion, and ________________.bronchconstriction

inflammation

Bronchodilators-__________ stimulate (beta1/beta2)-receptors in the bronchioles. promotes _____________.

Epinephrine

Bronchodilation

Beta1 receptor in the heart

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A:B:

C:

D:E:F:

Tidal volume(TV)Inspiratory ReserveVolume(IRV)Expiratory Reserve volume(ERV)Residual volume(RV)Vital capacity(VC)Total lung capacity

Total lung capacity = ________________ + ________________

= ________________ + _______________ + ________________

+ ________________

Vital capacity(VC) Residual volume(RV)Inspiratory ReserveVolume(IRV)

Expiratory Reserve volume(ERV)

Residual volume(RV)

Tidal volume(TV)

______________ is amount of air expired/breath in quiet breathing.Tidal volume(TV)

______________ is amount of air that can be forcefully exhaledafter a maximum inhalation.Vital capacity(VC)

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Respiration Rate(RR)

The unconscious rhythmic control of breathing is influenced by sensory feedback from ______________ sensitive to the PCO2, pH and PO2 of arterial blood.

Chemoreceptors

Breathing(ventilation)-in the regulation, PCO2 and pH in the blood are (greater/less)

importance than PO2.-Usually adjusted to metabolic rate to maintain normal ____ levels.-Hypoventilation(↓RR) (low/high) CO2 in the blood; (low/high) pH. Try to breath out CO2 (↓/↑) Respiration rate-Hyperventilation (low/high) CO2 in the blood; ; (low/high) pH Try to hold CO2 (↓/↑) Respiration rate

CO2

CO2 is removed by ____________.breathing

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Hyperventilation (Overbreathing)Hyperventilation (Overbreathing)-the state of breathing faster and/or deeper than necessary -More O2 in; More CO2 out High O2, Low CO2Low CO2 in the body

Hypoventilation (RHypoventilation (Respiratory depressionespiratory depression))-Ventilation is inadequate to perform needed gas exchange. Or the state of breathing slower and/or lighter. -Less O2 in; Less CO2 out Low O2, High CO2High CO2 in the body

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Chemoreceptor is more sensitive to (PCO2/PO2).

ChemoreceptorsChemoreceptors-Monitor PCO2, PO2, and __.

-within the _______, heart, and arteries.

-influence automatic breathing(ventilation).

pH

medulla

*PCO2 – the CO2 concentration of arterial blood plasma.

Hyperventilation causes (low/high) CO2

(low/high)pH.Hypoventilation causes (low/high) CO2

(low/high)pH.Low blood pH due to High PCO2

High blood pH due to low PCO2

Detected by _____________Chemoreceptor!

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Low blood pH-stimulates chemoreceptor in ____________________.-(increase/decrease) ventilation.

Hypoventilation-Increased PCO2

(increases/decrease) [H+]; lower pH

-stimulates chemoreceptor in _______.

-(increases/decreases) ventilation.

Hyperventilation-Decreased PCO2

Decrease [H+]; (rise/lower) pH

-stimulates chemoreceptor in _______.

-(increase/decrease) ventilation.

medulla

medulla

aortic and carotid bodies

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Hemoglobin (Hb)Hemoglobin (Hb)

-_______ polypeptide chains

_____________that bind O2

4 globin 4 heme groups

Loading of Hb with O2 occurs in ______; unloading in ______.

lungstissues

Each heme has a ferrous ion that can bind __ O2 Therefore, each Hb can carry __O2s

14

O2-carrying capacity of blood depends on its ____ levels Hb

Hb production is controlled by ________________The EPO Production stimulated by ________ in kidneys

erythropoietin (EPO)low PO2

2,3-DPG(2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid) in RBCs-makes “deoxyhemoglobin” :↑2,3-DPG ↓Affinity O2 ↑ O2 Unloading

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What are PCO2, PO2 anyway?

PCO2 : partial pressure of CO2

Pgas : partial pressure of that gas

PO2 : partial pressure of O2

When we say ….“High PO2” – “Low PO2” –

indicates that more oxygen is dissolved in the plasma.indicates that less oxygen is dissolved in the plasma.

PO2 (does/does not) contain oxygen in Hb.

Most O2 in the blood is located in the (plasma/RBCs).

PO2 (does/does not) provide a measurement of the total oxygen content of “whole” blood.

O2 must first dissolve in the plasma before it can diffuse to the tissue cells increasing PO2.

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Increase in ventilation-(more/less) air brought to _____ (more/less/unchanged) PO2 in blood; (more/less/unchanged) PCO2 Sense in _____________. (↓/↑/-) Respiration rate

Breathing pure O2(100% O2) (more/less/unchanged) PO2 in blood; (more/less/unchanged) CO2 (↓/↑/-) Respiration rate later, (↓/↑/-) Respiration rate.

At High attitude-(Decreased/increased) PO2

-To increase oxygenation Ventilation is (increased/decreased) (More/Less) RBCs are synthesized

alveoli

chemoreceptors

Anemia-RBCs or Hb levels are (below/above) normal. (↓/↑/-) O2-carrying capacity of blood (↓/↑/-) O2 level.

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AnemiaAnemia-RBCs or Hb levels are (below/above) normal.

(increase/decrease) delivery of O2 from lungs to the body

Oxygen level drops ↑2,3-DPG ↓Affinity O2 ↑O2 unloading

to compensate decreased PO2 so, may deliver adequate O2 to tissues.

Later, inadequate O2 to tissues.

2,3-DPG(2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid) in RBCs-makes “deoxyhemoglobin” :↑2,3-DPG ↓Affinity O2 ↑O2 Unloading

When oxygen level dropsWhen oxygen level drops(↓PO2) in normal situation↑2,3-DPG ↓Affinity O2 ↑O2 unloading to increase PO2 so, deliver adequate O2 to tissues. (for compensation)

RBCs are O2 transporter!!!

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At High altitudeAt High altitude

1) ↑ Ventilation

-92% - 93% O2 at high altitude.

(↓/↑/-) PO2, (↓/↑/-) O2 in Hb, (↓/↑/-)PCO2

(Hyperventilation/Hypoventilation)

2) ↓ Affinity of Hb for O2

-(↓/↑/-) PO2 at high altitude

(↓/↑/-)2,3-DPG (↓/↑/-) affinity of Hb for O2

(↓/↑/-)unloading O2

3) ↑ Hb and RBC production

- (↓/↑/-) PO2

stimulates ___________________ in the kidneys

increase production of ___ and _____.

erythropoietin (EPO)Hb RBC

Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010