Sensory Physiology Supplemental instruction Designed by Pyeongsug Kim ©2010 [email protected]@science-i.com Picture from .

Sensory

Physiology

Supplemental instruction

Designed by Pyeongsug Kim ©2010 [email protected]

Picture from http://www.medicalook.com/human_anatomy/systems/Sensory_organs.html http://www.insightasia.com/sensory.html

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http://www.medicalook.com/human_anatomy/systems/Sensory_organs.html

http://www.insightasia.com/sensory.html

Sensory Receptors

Chemoreceptors

Mechanoreceptors

Photoreceptors-

Thermoreceptors

NociceptorsProprioreceptors

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http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://esl.vcc.ca/eslvoc/ESLWEB/Smell.gif&imgrefurl=http://esl.vcc.ca/eslvoc/ESLWEB/bodyquiz.htm&h=709&w=1142&sz=8&hl=en&start=4&um=1&usg=__f4L3-pIEHTi79iWkfhnR4u68iD4=&tbnid=TngkWnmEUH9C2M:&tbnh=93&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsmell%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN

______________ sense chemical stimuli. smell and

taste, also blood chemistry.

Chemoreceptors

______________ transduce light.Photoreceptors

______________ respond to temperature changes.Thermoreceptors

______________ respond to deformation of their

cell membrane; touch and pressure; hearing(hair cells in inner ear)

Mechanoreceptors

______________ respond to intense stimuli by

signaling pain.

Nociceptors

______________ signal positional information of

body parts.

Proprioceptors



_________________ are near an epithelial

surface.

What are they for?

Cutaneous receptors & Special sense receptors

Cutaneous receptors

Touch,pressure,heat,cold,& pain

Special sense receptors are part of a sensory organ.

hearing, equilibrium, taste, smell, sight. What are they for?



For different kinds of sensations, different kinds of ___________.

Vision: _______________ of the eye's retina

Hearing: the ear's receptor neurons are topped by ________.

Smell: ______________

Taste: ________ on the tongue

Touch: _________________

receptor cells

rod and cone cells

hair cell

olfactory neurons

Meissner's corpuscles

Taste bud



________________ - deep pressure, fast vibration

________________ - sustained pressure (deep)

________________ -sustained touch and pressure(superficial)

________________ -texture, slow vibration

________________ - unmyelinated;light touch, temperature,

pain

A

B

C

D

A: B: C: D:E:

Merkel’s discs

Ruffini endings

Cutaneous receptors

Meissner’s corpuscles

Pacinian corpuscles

E

Free ending nerves

Free nerve endings

Pacinian corpuscles

Ruffini’s corpuscles

Merkel’s discsMeissner’s corpuscles



Tonic and Phasic receptors

Tonic receptors Phasic receptors-

-Fire at constant rate -Slow down after initial stimulus

-Fast-adapting; Adaptation-Slow-adapting

e.g. pain e.g. odor, touch, temperature



What is this structure? A:

B: C:

D: E:

A

B

C

D

E

Taste bud

Supporting cellsTaste hair Gustatory(taste) cell

Sensory nerve fiber

Taste buds are (neuron/epithelial) cells

that act like neurons and release NT.

SaltySour Sweet Bitter



Taste buds detectsweet, sour, salty, bitter and amino acids (umami).

___________ do not have receptors; act by passing thru

channels.

Salty and sour

_____________ have receptors and act thru G-proteins;

Second messenger systems is activated by G-proteins.

Sweet and bitter



Taste and smell are ________ senses.chemical

The receptor cells in the nose and mouth for taste

and smell are _____________ cells.chemoreceptor



______ : bind the molecules in the air (or in the saliva)

______ : sends the nerve signal to the brain

NucleusAxon

Cilia or microvilli

Cilia

Typical chemoreceptor cell

Axon



____________________

-In the mouth

-Detect 5 basic taste types

_______________________________

Gustatory receptor cells

Sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami

(meaty

taste)

Sour –Acid or H+

Salty – Na+

Bitter - Guinine

Umami -

(meaty taste)

Guinine

Sweet – Sugars

(glucose, sucrose…)



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What is this structure? A:

B: C:

D: E:

A

B

C

D

E

Taste bud

Supporting cellsTaste hair Gustatory(taste) cell

Sensory nerve fiber

Taste buds are (neuron/epithelial) cells

that act like neurons and release NT.

SaltySour Sweet Bitter



Taste buds detectsweet, sour, salty, bitter and

amino acids (umami).

___________ do not have receptors; act by passing thru

channels.

Salty and sour

_____________ have receptors and act thru G-proteins;

Second messenger systems is activated by G-proteins.

Sweet and bitter



A

B

What is this structure?

A:

B:

Olfactory receptor neurons

Cilia

Receptors are located in

Sense of smell transmitted directly tocerebral cortex.

thalamus.* All other senses go through

Why the smell of a particular odor can evoke emotionally charged memories?Neurons in the olfactory bulb project to the olfactory cortex in the medial temporal lobes, and to the associated limbic system (hippocampus and amygloid nuclei).

olfactory epithelium.



Why the smell of a particular odor can evoke emotionally charged memories?

Neurons in the olfactory bulb project to the olfactory cortex in the medial temporal lobes,and to the associated _________________________________________limbic system (hippocampus and amygloid nuclei).

Within amygdala



Sound wavesSound waves

Waves characterized by __________ and _________.frequency intensity

Pitch – frequency(Hertz)

Intensity (loudness) –amplitude(decibels)Frequency



Intensity (loudness) and pitchIntensity (loudness) and pitch

Lower voice and low pitch- ____________- ____________

Low amplitudeLow frequency

Louder voice and high pitch

- ____________

- ____________

High amplitudeHigh frequency



http://codeforfood.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/scream.jpg

What are the structure?

Left:

Right:

Left Right

Vestibular apparatus

Cochlea

Semicircular canals

Membranous ampullae

Labyrinth of inner ear

Utricle

Saccule

Cochlea

A

B

C

DE

F

A:

B:

C:

D:

E:

F:

Outer ear? middle ear? inner ear



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________________ provide info about linear movement.Utricle and Saccule

______ is more sensitive to horizontal accerelation.Utricle

_______ is more sensitive to vertical accerelation.Saccule

A

C

B

A: B:C: D:

Otoliths Otolithic membrane

D

Hair cells Supporting cells

The extensions of hair cells bend in response to

________________.gravitational force



Where is the left structure?Ampullae

AB

C D

A: B:C: D:E:

Cupula Hair cellsSensory nerve cells Supporting cells

The movement of the endolymph during rotationcauses the ______ to bend, thus stimulating the hair cells.

E(fluid)

Endolymph

Semicircular cannals provides information about

__________________.rotational acceleration

cupula

Each has an _______ in which hair cells are located hair cells move against endolymph.

ampulla



Sensitive to

-Tilting the head forward

saccule(Horizontal/vertical/circular) movement

-Rotatating the head(Horizontal/vertical/circular) movementSensitive to

semicircular canalsSensitive to

semicircular canals

sacculeSensitive to

UtricleSensitive to



Hair cell, cupula, endolymph

Hair cell,otoliths, otolithic membrane(gel-like)



How do hair cells within vestibular apparatus work?Each sensory hair cell contains a single_________ and several _________.kinocilium stereocilia

How is sensory hair cell stimulated and inhibited?

When seterocilia are displaced (toward/away) the kinocilium, the cell membrane is depressed and the hair cell is (stimulated/inhibited).

When seterocilia are bent (toward/away) the kinocilium, the hair cell is (stimulated/inhibited).



BA

Where is the left structure? Name? Cochlea; Corti of organ

Sound wave is transuded to AP.Where is the function of the structure?

C D



Hearing Impairments

Conduction deafness Sensorineural deafness

- occurs when transmission of sound waves to oval window is impaired.

- is impaired transmission of nerve impulses.

All sound frequencies affected. Some sound frequencies affected.

Hearing aids Cochlear implants



There are eight eye structures and substances(that There are eight eye structures and substances(that

we discussed in lecture) that light passes through we discussed in lecture) that light passes through

before it gets absorbed. List the in the correct order before it gets absorbed. List the in the correct order

the light passes through them. Your list should the light passes through them. Your list should

include the name of each retina layer.include the name of each retina layer. -Friday

Quiz in Dr. Edens’ class



1) Cornea

2) Anterior chamber

3) Pupil

4) Lens

5) Vitreous chamber (filled with humor)

6) Ganglion cells

7) Bipolar cells

8) Photoreceptors (Rod & Cone)

Then, the light is absorbed by pigment epithelium and may be reflected

back to the photoreceptors.

Retina



___________sharpness of vision, based on resolving

power (ability to distinguish two objecs)

Emmentropia

Myopia

Hyperopia

Astimatism

Visiual acuity


____________

-Normal

-No correction necessary

Emmetropia

__________

-Farsightedness

-Image is focused (behind/front) retina

because eyeball too (short/long).

Hyperopia

__________

-Nearsightedness

-Image is focused (behind/front) retina

because eyeball too (short/long).

Myopia

__________

-Cornea or lens is not symmetrical

-Light is bent unevenly

-Causing uneven focus

Astigmatism


The ______ (white of eyes) is

outermost layer.sclera

Photoreceptors are in

______.retina

Photoreceptors:

_____ - motion, non-color vision;

_____ - Color vision

:Is a multilayered epithelium consisting of

neurons, pigmented epithelium, and

____________

RetinaRetina

rod

cones

photoreceptors


Light is absorbed by _________ in rods

A

B

C D

A: B:

C: D:

E:

Retina Ganglion cells

Photoreceptor Rod

Cone

E

- sharp color vision

- black and white vision; ability

to see in low light.

Cones

Rods

Light is absorbed by _________ in cone

rhodopsin

_____________

- Increased rhodopsin in rods allows light sensitivity to

increase up to 100,000-fold.

Dark Adaptation

photopsins


-Arise mainly in dendrites and cell bodies.-Chemical, mechanical, or light

Graded Potentials Graded Potentials Action PotentialsAction Potentials

-Arise at trigger zones and propagate along axon- Voltage gated ion channels


Humans are trichromats---> red(L), green(M) and blue(S) cones.

A different photopsin for each type of cone causes

each to absorb at different wavelengths.

How can humans have color visions?

What causes color blindness in human?A lack of or reduced number of one of the cone types.


Cones and Color VisionCones and Color Vision

-Humans have ___________________ .trichromatic color vision

-All colors created by stimulation of 3

types of cones _____________

-Contains ____________

-Provide color vision and greater visual

acuity

blue, green, red

photopsin

RodsRods

-_________ = retinal and opsin-Sensitive to low levels of illumination

rhodopsin

_______: Where found highest concentration of cones Fovea


-Ishihara Test

-By an inherited lack of one or more type of

_____.

Color BlindnessColor Blindness

cone


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Visual acuityVisual acuity

-Eyes oriented so that object of attention

is focused on ____________.

-Snellen eye chartfovea centralis

20/40

A person must stand 20ft to read the letters

Normal young adult can read at 40ft


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____________

: A visual defect produced by an abnormal curvature

of the cornea or lens.

With astigmatism cornea or lens is not symmetrical

-Light is bent unevenly

-Causing uneven focus

Astigmatism chart

Astigmatism


___________

- no rods and cones

- the optic nerve (axon of retinal

neurons) exits the eye here

Blind spots

A diagram for demonstrating the blind spot


_______ constricts by contraction of circular

muscles.

The _____ (a pigmented muscle) controls

size of pupil

iris

Control Light amount Control Light amount

1) In the dim light

Pupil (constricts/dilates)

- by contraction of (circular/radial) muscles.

2) In the bright light

Pupil (constricts/dilates)

- by contraction of (circular/radial) muscles.

Pupil


AccommodationAccommodation; Is ability of eyes to keep image focused on retina as distance between

eyes and object varies.

1) At distances

- Ciliary (relaxation/contraction)

- Pulls lens taut; less convex

Ciliary muscle and Lens

2) At near

- Ciliary (relaxation/contraction)

-Lens becomes more convex


:means "old eye" and is a vision condition

involving the loss of the eye's ability to

focus on close objects.

PresbyopiaPresbyopia

-Lens less elasticity


Sensory Physiology Supplemental instruction Designed by Pyeongsug Kim ©2010 [email protected]@science-i.com Picture from .

Documents

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receptors act

sustained touch

taste buds detectsweet

pressure hearinghair

painspecial sense receptors

unmyelinatedlight touch

deep pressure