Shokat Report

Internship Report CAA PAKISTAN

Internship Report17th Jan, 2011 – 11th Feb, 2011 Pakistan Civil Aviation AuthorityElectronics Engineering Department

Muhammad Ziaullah HussainSir Syed University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi.

1

Internship Report CAA PAKISTAN

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

All praise unto Almighty Allah, the lord of all worlds, who endowed me with the ability to complete successfully this period as internee, though I did not conceal myself capable to do so.

It is the indulgence to acknowledge my deep gratitude to Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology, who took great interest in providing me this internship in Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority in Electronics Engineering Depot, JIAP, Karachi.

I am highly obliged for the kindness of OIC Mr. Jawaid Shams and for great cooperation provided by staff of the Electronics Engineering Depot. I am extremely thankful for the cooperation and help provided by Mr. Muzaffer, Mr. Iftikhar, Mr. Saeed, Mr.Jafry, Mr. Shamim, Mr. Tahir, Mr. Majid and Mr Junaid in their sections Nav. Aids., VHF/UHF, GE, Telecom, HF and RCWS respectively.

Last but not least, I am also thankful to all those personnels’ who always have sincere feelings and guided me at their best.

Muhammad Ziaullah Hussain

2

Internship Report CAA PAKISTAN

Table of Contents

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Overview of EED. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1. Nav. Aids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Terminal Navigation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Components of (ILS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Localizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Glide Slope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 4 TDME. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5Marker Beacons . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 En-route Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 NDB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 VOR. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Comparision between D- VOR & C-VOR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 DME .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62. VHF/UHF Section. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

3.General Electronics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Digital Voice Logging System (DVLS) . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 PA Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 4. Telecom Section. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105. HF Department: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 6.Radar Central Workshop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .11 Diff. between Primary & Secondary RADAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..14 List of Test Equipments/Benches available in RCWS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..14 Specification of model of Radars in Karachi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

3

Internship Report CAA PAKISTAN

Introduction:

Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority is a Public sector autonomous body working under the Federal Government of Pakistan through the Ministry of Defence. It was established on 7th December, 1982 as an autonomous body.

The CAA not only serves as a regulatory body on behalf of the Government of Pakistan, its functions include provision of services such as facilitation, air space management, Air Traffic Control and Fire Fighting Services. The Authority is also responsible for the planning, development and maintenance of all civil aviation infrastructures in the country.For the fulfillment of its function as a regulatory body, the CAA ensures conformity to the standards laid down by the International civil aviation organization (ICAO), regard to flight safety, aircraft maintenance and medical fitness of pilots, air traffic controllers and engineers. It is also responsible for negotiating of air services agreements with other countries.Overview of EED:CAA provides communication, navigation and surviliance through its stations all over Pakistan.Electronics Engineering Depot is the service and maintenance depot of Civil Aviation Authority, it's work is to facilitate the CAA stations all over Pakistan with its service of maintenance and repairing of the Electronics Equipment.The Basic working of the EED is to install the equipment or supervise the installation incase of installation/upgrading is done by contractor and test the latest equipment that have been brought from abroad for Civil Aviation Authority and also to repair the equipments at different stations, either by going there or bringing the equipment to the EED,Karachi.

4

Internship Report CAA PAKISTAN

In EED, there are various departments that deal with different types of equipments.

Nav. Aids:Navigational Aids department deals with the equipments of navigation and aiding that compromises of Terminal Navigation and En-route Navigation.

Terminal Navigation:Terminal Navigation is provided through Instrument Landing System(ILS). ILS is the precise control system which helps and guides the pilot during landing of the aircraft. Components of ILS

Musical instrument landing process (ILS) is really a ground-based device technique process that gives accuracy assistance to a airplane approaching and landing using a runway, using amixture of stereo alerts. These kind of informations are generally:• Guidance facts: this localizer and move incline.• Range facts: this outside marker (CM) plus the midsection marker (MM) beacons.• Visual facts: (high-intensity illumination arrays allow some sort of safe and sound landing) PAPI technique lighting, landing and centerline lighting, runway lighting.Localizer :

5

EED

Nav. Aids

VHF/UHF Section

GEN. Elect.

Telecom Section

HF Section

RADAR Central

Workshop

Internship Report CAA PAKISTAN

The localizer signal provides information to guide the aircraft to the centerline of the runway

The localizer antenna is located at the far end of the runway. The approach course of the localizer is called the front course. The course line in the opposite direction to the front course is called the back course. The localizer signal normally usable 18 NM from the field. The Morse code Identification of the localizer consists of a three-letter.

Principle of Operation of Localizer: The localizer antenna selection is often based past the actual starting end from the runway in addition to usually consists of numerous sets connected with directional antennas. A couple of alerts are usually transported using one beyond forty ILS routes involving the carrier consistency variety 108. 10 MHz in addition to 111. ninety five MHz (with the actual 100 kHz number often odd). An example may be modulated in ninety Hz, the other in one humdred and fifty Hz in addition to they are transported coming from individual however co-located antennas. Just about every the actual quit from the runway centerline, the other for the suitable. antenna transfers a new slim gleam, just one somewhat to the left from the runway centerline, the other for the suitable.

TDME:Fatal Mileage Testing Tools (TDME) provides each info regarding range via effect along point. Fatal DME, termed as some sort of TDME with navigational stock chart, is really a DME in which was created to give a 0 studying on the patience point on the runway, whatever the actual physical location on the equipment. It really is typically regarding Glide Slope.Marker Beacons:

Marker beacons are widely-used to help notify the preliminary through sound recording in addition to visible cues. It increases the range coming from patience place for the extensive heart type of the runway, with a unique hieght. ILS incorporate a few marker beacons: intrinsic, midsection in addition to external. This intrinsic marker is needed simply for Category II functions. This marker beacons can be found from specified intervals for the extensive heart series. Just about all marker beacons run using any consistency regarding seventy five MHzEn-route Navigation:

NDB:

A non-directional (radio) beacon (NDB) is a radio transmitter.In Pakistan NDB operates at 190 – 525 Khz.Models of NDBs. used by CAA are:Aerocom 5401, 5034Nautel ND-500, ND-2000 Southren Avionics SS - 1000

VOR:

VOR, quick with regard to VHF omnidirectional radio range, is usually a sort of radio direction-finding program with regard to airplane. Some sort of VOR floor place broadcasts the VHF radio composite signal including the station's identifier, style (if equipped), and also

6

Internship Report CAA PAKISTAN

direction-finding signal. The actual identifier is usually morse rule. The actual style signal is frequently place name, in-flight documented advisories, as well as reside trip program broadcasts. The actual direction-finding signal allows this airborne acquiring products to ascertain the magnetic displaying in the place for the airplane (direction in the VOR place in relation to this Earth's magnetic Northern in the time installation). VOR channels with areas of magnetic compass unreliability are generally focused regarding True Northern. That line of position is referred to as this "radial" in the VOR. The actual intersection connected with a couple of radials from various VOR channels over a chart offers the position from the airplane.

Comparision between D- VOR & C-VOR:

Doppler VOR beacons tend to be inherently a lot more accurate than Regular VORs because they're a lot more immune in order to glare coming from slopes as well as structures. The particular varied transmission, inside a DVOR, may be the 30Hz FM transmission. Within a CVOR it is the 30Hz WAS transmission. If your WAS transmission at a CVOR beacon, bounces away a creating or perhaps mountain, the particular jet might find a period that appears to be in the period centre in the major transmission and the reflected transmission, and also this period centre may transfer because the beam swivels. Within a DVOR beacon, the particular varied transmission may, in case reflected, seem to be 2 FM alerts associated with unequal talents and various levels. 2 times each 30Hz cycle, the particular instantaneous deviation in the 2 alerts stands out as the identical, and the period locked cycle could possibly get (briefly) baffled. For the reason that 2 instantaneous deviations float apart all over again, the particular period locked cycle will track the particular transmission with the very best power, that ought to always be in which due to line-of-sight transmission. This kind of depends on the particular bandwidth in the productivity in the period comparator from the jet. Therefore a number of glare can cause minor troubles, but they're usually with regards to a good get associated with specifications a lot less than inside a CVOR beacon..

Models of VOR used by CAA are: C-VOR: Wilcox 585B D-VOR: Thomson-CSF 512-C, 512-D

VHF/UHF Section:

This section deals with all the equipments of VHF/UHF used for the communication between Air traffic Control to the plane or in other words ground to air communication. The maintenance of all the VHF/UHF equipments from all over Pakistan comes under this department. There are various types of antenna used in Communication of VHF/UHF, like whip antenna, long wire antenna, umbrella antenna, half and full dipole antenna, VHF extended antenna etc.

7

Internship Report CAA PAKISTAN

Whereas, the general range of Frequencies used in CAA is from 118MHZ to 136 MHz. Frequencies used by Civil Aviation Authority for different kind of Purposes are:

COMMUNICATORS MAIN(MHz) STANDBY (MHZ)

Tower controller 118.3 118.8

Ground controller 121.6 118.4

Surface frequency 121.8 123.0

Approach frequency 125.5 121.3

Radar frequency 123.3 127.3

VHF extended range 128.3 133.2

VHF emergency frequency 121.5 -

VHF extended:

For the range greater than 50nm VHF Extended is used. The satellites used for this purpose are PAKSAT and ThaiCOM. VHF Extended system is installed in Karachi, Quetta, Pasni, Rojhan, Hyderabad, Faisalabad, Laram Killa, Karimabad and some other places. They are remotely operated and controlled via satellite network from Area Control Center (ACC) Karachi, to enable control of all air traffic in country.

Latest VHF/UHF Equipments used by CAA are:

JOTRON TR-810 Multi purpose VHF/AM Transceiver• 10W output power• Detachable front panel• Automatic muting facility• Output for voice-recording Frequency range: 118-137 MHz• DC voltage range from 10 to 28V• 25kHz/8.33kHz channel separation(selectable)• Front or rear connection for microphone input• A bright and clear graphical display for easy readout• Fast recall of 3 present channels via dedicated buttons• Built-in loudspeaker with possibilities for an external loudspeaker

Rohde & Schwarz

FM W/TMotorola GP2000

8

Internship Report CAA PAKISTAN

• 99 Channels• Front Panel Programming• 12.5125 kHz Channel Spacing Nuisance Channel Delete• Channel Alias• Coded Squelch. Adjustable Squelch Level• 3 Scan Lists (each with priority channel)• Selective Call• Receive-only Channel• Time-Out Timer (from 0 to 10 minutes)

AM W/T Vertex Standard

• Automatic Noise Limiter • Ambient Temperature monitor • PC Programmable

GEN. Elect. :General Electronics deals with the equipment that is used in general and cannot be categorized under any of the other department. • Digital Voice Logging System (DVLS) • Public Address System

Digital Voice Logging System (DVLS): Formely VLS was used for recording all types of conversations, works on the analog principle of magnetic tape recording. The VLS tape can record a day’s recording and has to be replaced the other day. The system is being replaced by the DVLS. It isthe most important and major equipment with which GE deals. This is the Latest machine use for the recording all types of conversation. recording stuff is reserved for 30 days in DVD-RAM . The model of DVLS used byCAA is Marathon Evolution.

Telecom Section:

This specific portion has been basically for the installation of as well as correcting intercom program. Now intercom is usually changed through PBX. A non-public side alternate (PBX) is often a telephone alternate that will serve a unique runs for many corporations or even for the public. PBXs create connections among the inside telephones of an exclusive organization—usually a business—and furthermore joins them to the population traded telephone circle (PSTN) by way of start wrinkles. Simply because they combine telephones, fax devices, modems, plus much more, the term "extension" is employed for you to consider just about any conclude level around the side. enterprise or even office, as opposed to the one that a typical provider or even telephone company.

HF Section:

HF section deals with the equipment of direct communication in Long Range, providing maintenance repairing and upgrading of HF communication equipments, for

9

Internship Report CAA PAKISTAN

four purposes: • Ground to Air Domestic• Ground to Ground Domestic • Ground to Air International• Ground to Ground International

Presently HF RT is used as standby for ground to air communication, incase of Extended VHF failure. It is also used for communication with the FIRs of Lahore, Kabul, Bombay and Delhi

HFRT(day) 10018 Khz 5658 Khz

HFRT(night) 3467 Khz 5658 Khz

HF SSB is used for ground to ground communication between CAA stations throughout the country.Latest HF Equipment used by CAA is:HF Transceiver Codan NGT ASRCodan NGT ASR HF SSB 1.6-30MHz 100W Emergency selcall Smart monitoring Voice Encryption for communication security (COMSEC) Fax, data, email and internet using 9001 (fax and data) model Message call up to 90 characters GPS call (with a GPS receiver) Status call for remote testing of parameters Multiple control interfaces Remote control via a leased line or digital radio link.. GPS location and tracking Telephone Interconnect High power HF SSB systems (500 W & 1 kW) Mobile automatic tuning whip HF antenna Morse key

Radar Central Workshop:RCWS was Established in 1996 at ACC JIAP. Workshop shifted from JIAP to EED on 3rd January 2005. RCWS EED is responsible for the repair and maintenance of all Pakistan CAA Radars’ unserviceable PCBs, Modules, Units of following Equipments: TA-10 K (Primary Radar) RSM-870 (Secondary Radar) AIRCAT-500 + AIRCAT-200 Systems SIMCAT-1000 (Radar Simulator CATI) TXM-4200 (RICS System) Phase-II TXM-3142 Phase-I Regulators Merlin GerinThese are installed in Karachi and Lahore Flight information Regions (FIR) and Training Center CATI Hydrabad. Controling arrangement of Radars is following: Southern region (controlled in Karachi):This region covers the most and the critical areas of Pakistan, which includes sindh, Punjab, Baluchistan while touching the northern area overlapping. Karachi is control center is located at Jinnah International airport and is one of two air traffic control centers in Pakistan. The primary responsibility is the separation of over flights and the expedited sequencing of arrivals and departure along STARs

10

Internship Report CAA PAKISTAN

(standard terminal arrival routes) and DPs (standard instrument departure) for all of southern Pakistan including some portion of Arabian Sea.

Northern region (controlled in Lahore):This covers the most northern parts of Pakistan covering the range of mountains region till Peshawar. Lahore area control centre is located at Allama Iqbal International airport. The primary responsibility is same as above of for all of northern Pakistan.

11

Internship Report CAA PAKISTAN

12

Internship Report CAA PAKISTAN

13

Internship Report CAA PAKISTAN

Difference between Primary and Secondary RADAR:

Primary Radar provides continuous surveillance of air traffic disposition. Precise knowledge of the positions of aircraft would permit a reduction in the normal procedural separation standards, which in turn promised considerable increases in the efficiency of the airways system. A primary radar can detect and report the position of anything that reflects its transmitted radio signals. While secondary radar is with (IFF) system, relies on "transponder." The transponder is a radio receiver and transmitter which receives on one frequency (1030 MHz) and transmits on another (1090 MHz). The target aircraft's transponder replies to signals from an interrogator (usually, but not necessarily, a ground station co-located with a primary radar) by transmitting a coded reply signal containing the requested information.

Specification of model of Radars in Karachi:

PSR Model: TA-10K (Terminal Approach 10 cm Waveguide Klystron (Final Output Stage Power Amplifier)) (Frequency Band 2700 MHz to 2900 MHz)

Range (In Diversity Mode) = 98 NM at height of 30,000 feet

(When Both Channels are operational)

Peak Power (Per Transmitting Pulse) = 1.5 M Watts (maximum)

Peak Power (Per Transmitting Pulse) = 1.25 M Watts (Operational)

Average Power (Output) = 4 Kilo- Watts

Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF1) = 666 Hz (Operational)

Pulse Repetition Time (PRT1) Interval = 1.5 milliseconds (Operational)

Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF2) = 333 Hz (Option)

Pulse Repetition Time (PRT2) Interval = 3 milliseconds (Option)

Operating Frequency Range = From 2700 MHz to 2900 MHz

Pulse Width = 1.7 Microseconds

Antenna Rotation Speed (High) = 10 RPM

Antenna Rotation Speed (Low) = 5 RPM

Standing Wave Ratio (SWR) < 02

Range Resolution = 60 Meters (400 Nanoseconds )

Azimuth Resolution = 1.4 Degrees

Minimum Target Area to detect = 2 Square Meters (Minimum Radar Cross-Sectional Area)

14

Internship Report CAA PAKISTAN

SSR Model: RSM-870 (Radar Secondary Mono Pulse)

Range (One Way) = 200 NM (1 NM = 1852 Meters)

Interrogation Frequency = 1030 MHz

Reply from Transponder = 1090 MHz (This is not part of SSR Equipment)

Power Consumption (Transmitter Equip.) = 600 Watts

Pulse Width = 0.8 Microseconds

Capacity = 300 Aircrafts (Processing)

Operating band = L – Band

Transmitter output Power (High) = 1.5 K Watts

SSR Modes (Available) = Alpha (Identity) & Charlie (Altitude)

List of Test Equipments/Benches available in RCWS:

1. AFIT-1500 In Circuit digital IC Tester (Excluding RAM & EPROM ICs) up to 24 Pins Digital / TTL ICs only.

2. Tracker “Huntron=5100DS” (Hardware change Cold Tester)3. Micro-System Trouble Shooter.4. Frequency Counter5. Power Meter.6. Synthesizer / Level Generator.7. VHF Switch.8. Relay Actuator9. System Power Supply of Hewlett Packard.10. Combinational System S-645 Programmable Fault Finder of Schlumberger.

(Unserviceable)11. Curve Tracer. Tektronix-57112. EPROM Programmer “Unisite” 13. TEST BENCH OF RICS TXM-4200 SYSTEM14. Chip Master Compact (Digital IC Tester)15. Linear Master Compact (Analogue ICs Tester)16. Component Analyzer (Up to 3-Pins Components Tester)17. Relative Humidity & Temperature Tester.18. ROBIN Microwave Leakage Tester.19. BK Precision Auto Ranging Capacitance Meter, Model 830A20. BK Precision Inductance Meter, Model # 875B21. Fluke Scope Meter, Model # 199C22. Fluke Multimeters, Model # 18723. Toolkit Xcelite TC-100ST24. Soldering Station “Weller”25. Huntron Pro-Track-I Model 2026. DATAMAN Universal EPROM Programmer27. De-Soldering Station “Weller” .28. Huntron Scanner-I (part of Tracker)29. Agilent Digital Colour LCD Oscilloscope30. 6-GHz Spectrum Analyzer Model FSL631. Battery Load Tester (200A)32. ERSA Infra-Red Rework Station IR/PL-550A

15