Shellfish Food Poisoning and Prevention: Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the Pacific Northwest Evan Sylvester, MPH student Walden University PUBH 6165-2 Instructor: Dr. Patrick Tschida Winter, 2012
Feb 23, 2016
Shellfish Food Poisoning and Prevention: Vibrio parahaemolyticus
in the Pacific Northwest Evan Sylvester, MPH student
Walden UniversityPUBH 6165-2
Instructor: Dr. Patrick TschidaWinter, 2012
ObjectivesIncrease the publics awareness of Vibrio
parahaemolyticusImprove awareness of shellfish food poisoningProvide safe seafood processing for the public
and specific stakeholdersIncrease surveillance monitoring in:
Puget Sound shorelines Seafood processing factories
Learning Objectives
To educate the public about Vibrio parahaemolyticusEtiologyRoute of transmissionHow to practice safe cooking of seafood
Increase awareness of shellfish food poisoningIncrease awareness for safe seafood
processing for specific stakeholdersProvide current prevention strategies
Know the importance of surveillance monitoring
Target Audience General publicWashington State Department of HealthLocal Native American tribesShellfish companiesSeafood restaurants Recreational shellfish harvesters
Etiology of Vibrio parahaemolyticusVibrio
parahaemolyticus is similar to cholera
Found in brackish saltwater with fecal contamination
The concentration is highest during summer months
Picture retrieved from, Nicholas, D., Mackinnon, L. Bishop, R., Altekruse, S., Beverly, R., Hammond, R., Thompson, S., Wilson, S., Laurence, S. (2000). Vibrio parahaemolyticus Infections in the United States, 1973-1998. Journal of Infectious Disease. 181(5) 1661-1666. doi: 10.1086/315459
Mode of TransmissionAcquisition is through ingestion of
contaminated seafood or waterSwimming in contaminated water with open
wounds Symptoms: diarrhea, nausea, vomiting,
fevers, and chillsDrugs of choice for prolong
cases or immunosuppressed:TetracyclineCiprofloxacin
Route of Infection
Eating
Bacterium
Seafood
Statistics 1 in 6 Americans (48 million) suffer from food
borne illnesses 128,000 are hospitalized and 3,000 die annually
Estimated 4,500 cases annually 825 cases of vibriosis in 2009 in the US
217 in the pacific, 48 cases in Washington. 386 (47%) were caused by V. parahaemolyticus
81 hospitalizations and 2 deaths half of the cases by seafood
Most isolated Vibrio species in stool78% of cases occur during summer
Puget Sound Statistics 95% sampling stations rated GOODWorst stations
Drayton HarborFilucy BayDungeness Bay
Reasons for contamination:Failed sewage treatmentFarm animal runoff Boat waste at marinas
Picture retrieved from; Washington State Department of Health, Division of Environmental Health; Shellfish Safety Information; http://ww4.doh.wa.gov/scripts/esrimap.dll?name=bioview&Cmd=Map&Step=1
Consumer ProductionRoughly 100 shellfish companiesThe Nisbet Oyster Co., Inc.:
Over 500 acres of tideland State of the art processingHigh Hydrostatic Pressure Process over 2 million pounds of shellfish yearly
Current DOH GuidelinesLicensed annually and inspected for
compliance and sanitary standards Over 300 operations licensed by the DOHMonitored by the Puget Sound Ecosystem2010, 1.4% of sampling stations had very
high fecal pollution index between 2.5 and 3 range FPI=1 is good and FPI=3 is bad
Organizational PreventionJoint forces of local tribes, state labs,
Washington Fish and Wildlife, and Washington State Public Health
Water monitoring Proper licensed processing factoriesRelies on voluntary reporting DOH provides the public up dates by:
Clickable interactive mapsToll free hotline at (800)562-5632
Tulalip Tribe, Natural Resources ProgramPicture retrieved from Tulalip Tribe, Natural Resources Program. http://www.tulalip.nsn.us/htmldocs/shellfish.htm
PreventionCorrect food handling
Cook at 145°C for 15 secondsReduce cross contamination
Correct harvesting methodsHarvest right after low tideHarvest during cool weatherPlace shellfish on ice
DOH bulletinsHot line (800)562-5632Interactive online closure map
Picture retrieved from FDA and WADOH http://www.fda.gov/food/resourcesforyou/consumers/ucm077331.htmhttp://ww4.doh.wa.gov/scripts/esrimap.dll?name=BIOVIEW&Left=587799&Bottom=337200&Right=1337201&Top=1360000&Co=Select+a+County&Beach=Select+a+Beach&Step=1&click.x=173&click.y=170
Review of Materials Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a highly pathogenic
enteric bacteria Contaminates saltwater Contaminates shellfish
New and existing shellfish companies should be monitored
High need for resources to deliver shellfish closures
Practices to reduces risk:Correct harvesting Safe cooking
Additional Resources Seafood Network Information Center:
http://seafood.ucdavis.edu/ The Center for Disease Control and Prevention offers a Cholera
and Other Vibrio Illness Surveillance Report at:http://www.cdc.gov/nationalsurveillance/PDFs/CDC5279_COVISvibriosis.pdf
Interactive DOH Shellfish Safety Map:http://ww4.doh.wa.gov/scripts/esrimap.dll?name=bioview&Cmd=Map&Step=1
Washington State Fish and Wildlife regulations on harvesting:
http://wdfw.wa.gov/fishing/shellfish/shellfish_seaweed_rules.html
Food and Drug Administration; Fresh and frozen Seafood,
Selecting and Serving it Safely:http://www.fda.gov/food/resourcesforyou/consumers/ucm077331.htm
ReferencesCenter for Disease Control and Prevention (2011). Retrieved January 8, 2012 from
http://www.cdc.gov/foodborneburden/ Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2009). Retrieved January 8, 2012 from
http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/vibriop/ Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2009). Retrieved January 8, 2012 from http://www.cdc.gov/nationalsurveillance/PDFs/CSTEVibrio2009.pdf Washington State Department of Health. Retrieved January 15, 2012 from
http://www.doh.wa.gov/ehp/sf/Pubs/oswp-overvw.pdf Goose Point Oysters. Retrieved January 8, 2012 from http://www.goosepoint.com/Murray, P., Rosenthal, K., & Pfaller, M. (2005). Medical Microbiology (5th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier
Mosby.Washington State Fish and Wildlife. Retrieved one January 8, 2012, from
http://wdfw.wa.gov/fishing/shellfish/razorclams/Nicholas, D., Mackinnon, L. Bishop, R., Altekruse, S., Beverly, R., Hammond, R., Thompson, S., Wilson, S.,
Laurence, S. (2000). Vibrio parahaemolyticus Infections in the United States, 1973-1998. Journal of Infectious Disease. 181(5) 1661-1666. doi: 10.1086/315459
The Tulalip Tribes Natural Resource Department (2006). Retrieved January 5, 2012, from http://www.tulalip.nsn.us/htmldocs/shellfish.htm
U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Bad Bug Book, Vibrio parahaemolyticus Retrieved January 18, 2012, from http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/FoodborneIllness/FoodborneIllnessFoodbornePathogensNaturalToxins/BadBugBook/ucm070452.htm
Washington State Department of Health, Division of Environmental Health; Office of Shellfish and Water Protection (2011). Retrieved January 15, 2011, from http://www.doh.wa.gov/ehp/sf/pubs/vibrio-fs.htm