1 SET 1 PAPER 2: STRUCTURE QUESTION 1. (a) bromine and phenol 1 (b) liquid 1 (c) Nickel 1 (d) 1 (e) ion 1 (f) (i) T 1 1 (ii) Heat absorbed by the particles/molecules is used to overcome the attraction forces between the particles/molecules in solid naphthalene. 1 (iii) Become faster 1 ……8 2 (a) T o C 1 (b) t 2 1 (c) Heat energy released to the surroundings is balanced by the heat release as the particles attract one another to form a solid 1 (d) (i) molecules 1 (ii) P R 1+1 (e) (i) liquid and solid 1 (ii) Solid 1 (f) Sublimation 1 …….9 3 (a) Functional apparatus 1 Label 1 (b) 1
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SET 1 - Cikgu Adura's Blog...5 molar mass of hydrazine = 32g/mol 6 percentage of nitrogen in hydrazine = 28/132 x 100% // 87.5% 7 Hydrazine has the richest source of …
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1
SET 1 PAPER 2: STRUCTURE QUESTION
1. (a) bromine and phenol 1
(b) liquid 1
(c) Nickel 1
(d)
1
(e) ion 1
(f) (i) T1 1
(ii) Heat absorbed by the particles/molecules is used to overcome the attraction forces
between the particles/molecules in solid naphthalene. 1
(iii) Become faster 1
……8
2 (a) T
oC 1
(b) t2 1
(c) Heat energy released to the surroundings is balanced by the heat release as the particles
attract one another to form a solid 1
(d) (i) molecules 1
(ii)
P R
1+1
(e) (i) liquid and solid 1
(ii) Solid 1
(f) Sublimation 1
…….9
3 (a) Functional apparatus 1
Label 1
(b)
1
2
(c) 1. Label and unit of axes X and Y 1 2. Scale and size of graph 1 3. Transfer point 1 4. Correct and smooth curve 1 (d) (i) Melting point is shown on the graph at 80
OC 1
(ii) Melting point is the temperature at which solid change to liquid 1 (e) Heat absorbed by the particles/molecules is used to overcome the attraction forces
between the particles/molecules in solid naphthalene. 1
……
10 4 (a)
(b) (i)
(ii)
(c)
(d) (i)
(ii)
(iii) (e) (f)
A representation of a chemical substance using letters for atoms and subscripts for each type of atoms present in the substance. Hydrochloric acid // nitric acid // sulphuric acid Magnesium // zinc Correct formula of reactant and product Balance equation Example: Mg + HCl → MgCl2 + H2 Flow the hydrogen gas into the combustion tube for a few minutes to remove air before heating metal oxide Number of mole of copper = 1.62 // 0.025 mol 64 Number of mole of oxygen = 0.40 // 0.025 mol 16 Number of mole of copper : Number of mole of oxygen 0.025 : 0.025 // 1 : 1 CuO Iron oxide // Tin oxide // Lead(II) oxide // Silver oxide Burn metal M in oxygen
(ii) Correct formula of reactant and product Balance equation Example: Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2
1 1
3
(b) (i)
Empirical formula is MO2
1 1 1 1
(ii) Correct formula of reactant and product Balance equation Example: MO2 + 2H2 M + 2H2O
1 1
(c) Flow the hydrogen gas into the combustion tube for a few minutes to remove air before heating metal oxide // Allow flow of hydrogen gas into the combustion tube during cooling
1
(d) No. Magnesium is more reactive than hydrogen.
1 1
…13
6 (a) The chemical formula that shows the simplest ratio of the number of atoms of each type of elements in the compound 1 (b) (i) Mass of magnesium = (26.4-24.0)g =2.4 g Mass of oxygen = (28.0 – 26.4) g = 1.6 g 1
(ii) moles of magnesium atoms : moles of oxygen atoms 1.6 : 2.4 // 24 16 0.1 : 0.1 1
(iii) MgO. 1
(iv) Correct formula of reactant and product 1 Balance equation 1
Example:
2Mg + O2 2MgO
(c) To allow oxygen to enter the crucible for complete combustion to occur. 1
(d) Functional apparatus 1
Label 1
(e) Collect the gas in a test tube.Place a burning wooden splinter at the mouth of the test tube.
No pop sound. 1
…..10
Heat
X oxide
Dry hydrogen gas
→
4
7 (a) (i) 2.6 1 (ii) Period : 2
Group : 16 1 1
(b) (i) 9 1 (ii) 10 1 (iii)
1
(iv) 1. Element Q is more reactive than element R. 2. The size of atom Q is smaller tha atom R 3. The attraction forces between nucleus and valence electron of atom Q is stronger than atom R 4. it is easier for atom Q to receive valence electron compare to atom R.
1 1 1 1
(c) (i) Ionic bond 1
(d)
(i) Has high melting and boiling point // Conduct electricity in aqueous solution and molten state // Soluble in water // insoluble in organic solvent
1 1+1
….14
8 (a) 2.8.2 1 (b) (i) Ionic bond 1 (ii) 1. Atom X releases 2 electrons to form X
2+ ion
2. achieve octet electron arrangement 1 1
(iii) Each ion drawn correctly Number of electrons for ion X and ion Y are correct Charge of ions are correct
1 1
(iv) Has high melting and boiling point// Conduct electricity in aqueous solution and molten state // Soluble in water // insoluble in organic solvent
1
(c) (i) ZY2 1 (ii) 12 + 2(16) // 44 1
……9 9 (a) Metal : P/Q/R/S/T
Non-metal : V/U/W/X 1 1
(b) 2.8.5 1
(c) R 1
(d) Electronegativity increases from Q to U 1 1. The atomic size decreases from Q to U
2. The nuclei attraction forces between electrons and nucleus increases from Q to U
1
1
(e) Q+ 1
P 19
9
P C P
YR
X
2+ 2-
5
(f) X 1
Atom X has achieved octet electron arrangement 1
(g) Correct formula of reactant and product Balance equation Example: 2R + U2 → 2RU
1 1
(h) 1. form coloured ions 2. has more than one oxidation number 3. as catalyst 4. form complex ions [ any one]
1
…..13
10 (a) (i) seven / 7 1
(ii) 2.8.7 1
(b) (i) P+
1
(ii) Q 1
(iii) PQ2 1
(c)
Element U is not reactive // do not cause explosion 1
(d)
1 st mark: - showing the sharing of electrons and correct number of
electrons in each shell
2 nd mark – correct label and correct number of electron pairs being
shared
1
1
(e) low melting point & boiling point // does not conduct electricity 1
TOTAL 9
T
Q
Q
Q
Q
6
QR
P P
+ + 2-
11 (a) (i) 2.8.1 1 (ii) Period : 2
Group : 16 1 1
(b) (i) Ionic 1 (ii)
Number of electrons for ion X and ion Y are correct Charge of ions and ratio of ion X to ion Y are correct
1 1
(c)
Correct number of atom R and S Correct number electrons and shells
1 1
(d) 1. Compound in (b) can conduct electricity at molten or aqueous state.
2. Compound in (c) cannot conduct electricity at any state
3. Compound in (b) consist of freely moving ions
4. Compound in (c) consist of neutral molecules / no freely moving ion
OR 1. The melting point of compound (b) is high
2. The melting point of compound (c) is low
3. Ions in compound (b) are attracted by strong electrostatic forces
4. molecules in compound (c) are attracted by weak van der Waals forces
1 1 1 1
….12
R
S
S
S
S
7
12 (a) Q 1 (b)(i) Ion 1 (b)(ii) solid state : Ions are not freely moving// ions are in a fixed position.
molten state : Ion can move freely 1 1
(c)(i) R : Gas T : Liquid
1 1
(c)(ii)
1
(c)(iii) - Van der waal/intermolecular forces between molecules are weak - Small amount of heat is required to overcome it
1 1
.......9
PAPER 2 :ESSAY QUESTION:
13 (a) (i) The number of neutrons : 18 and 20 respectively 2
(ii)
Similarities Differences
1. having the same proton number// Same number of electrons
1. different in the number of neutrons // different in the nucleon number
2. having the same valence electron// having the same chemical properties
4. There are 6 valence electron// electron arrangement is 2.6 1
…….4
(ii)
Comparison Diagram P Q
Proton number 6 6
Number of valence electron 4 4
Chemical properties similar similar
Number of neutron//nucleon number 6//12 7//13
Physical properties different different
Standard representation of element different different
Any four 4
(c) - Correct curve 1 - Mark 71 on the y axes which is at the same level with the 1 - X and Y axis with correct title and unit 1……3
Temperature/ ◦ C
100
71
60
Time/s
8
(ii) 1 Substance X in both solid and liquid state 1 2. heat energy is released 1 3. kinetic energy of particles decreases 1 4. They are closer to each other // Attraction force between the particles become stronger 1……4 20 14 (a) 1. Number of mole in 16 g of oxygen = 16/32 // 0.05 mole
2. Volume occupied by 16 g of oxygen = 0.05 mole x 24 dm-3
// 12 dm-3
3. Number of mole in 22 g of CO2 = 22/44 // 0.05 mole 4. Volume occupied by 22g of CO2 = 0.05 moles x 24 dm
-3 // 12 dm
-3
1 1 1 1…..4
(b)
Element C H N O
Mass /g 0.48 0.05 0.28 0.16
Number of mole
0.48/12 //0.04
0.05/1 //0.05
0.28/14 //0.02
0.16/16 //0.01
The simplest ratio
0.04/0.01 // 4
0.05/0.01 // 5
0.02/0.01 // 2
0.01/0.01 // 1
Empirical formula = C4H5N2O [C4H5N2O ]n = 194 [ 97 ]n = 194 n = 194/97 // 2 Molecular formula = C8H10N4O2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1…..8
(c) 1 molar mass of ammonium sulphate = 132g/mol 2 percentage of nitrogen in ammonium sulphate = 28/132 x 100% // 21.2% 3 molar mass of urea = 60 g/mol 4 percentage of nitrogen in urea = 28/ 60 x 100% // 46.7% 5 molar mass of hydrazine = 32g/mol 6 percentage of nitrogen in hydrazine = 28/132 x 100% // 87.5% 7 Hydrazine has the richest source of nitrogen compares with other fertilizers. 8 The farmer should choose hydrazine
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1…8
20
15 (a) 1. The proton number is 11 // Number of proton is 11 2. Nucleon number is 23 // Atomic mass is 23 3. Number of neutron = 23-11 = 12 4. Nucleus contains 11p and 12n 5. Position of electron circulating the nucleus 6. Correct number shell consists of electron 7. Symbol of sodium is Na any 6
1 1 1 1 1 1.....6
(b) (i)
Formula that show simplest ratio number of atoms of each element in compound
1
9
(ii)
1. Relative molecular mass for n(CH2O) = 180 // 12n + 2n + 16n = 180 2. n = 6 3. C6H12O6
1 1 1 ....4
(c) (i) (ii)
Element Fe Cl
1. Mass/g 2.80 5.32
2. No. of moles 2.80/56 = 0.05 5.32/35.5 = 0.15
3. Ratio of moles/ Simplest ratio
0.05/0.05 = 1 0.15/0.05 = 3
4. Empirical formula = FeCl3 1. Formula of the reactants 2. Formula of products 3. Balance equation 2Fe + 3Cl2 → 2FeCl3 4. No. of moles Fe = 2.80/56 = 0.05 mol 5. No. of moles Cl2 = (0.05 x 3)/2 = 0.075 mol 6. Volume of Cl2 = 0.075 x 24 = 1.8 dm
3 / 1,800 cm
3
1 1 1 1...4 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...6
20
16
(a)
Formula that shows the simplest ratio of the number of atoms for each element in the compound.
1…1
(b)
Empirical formula : CH
RMM of (CH)n = 78
[ 12 + 1]n = 78
13 n = 78 n = 6 Molecular formula : C6H6
Element C H
Mass (%) 92.3 7.7
Number of moles 12
3.92 = 7.7
1
7.7 = 7.7
Ratio of moles 1 1
1 1 1 1 1…5
(c) Procedure: 1. Clean magnesium ribbon with sand paper 2. Weigh crucible and its lid 3. Put magnesium ribbon into the crucible and weigh the crucible with its lid 4. Heat strongly the crucible without its lid 5. Cover the crucible when the magnesium starts to burn and lift/raise the lid a
little at intervals 6. Remove the lid when the magnesium burnt completely 7. Heat strongly the crucible for a few minutes 8. Cool and weigh the crucible with its lid and the content 9. Repeat the processes of heating, cooling and weighing until a constant mass
is obtained Record all the mass
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
10
10. Results:
Mass/g
Crucible + lid x
Crucible + lid + magnesium y
Crucible + lid + magnesium oxide z
Calculations:
Element Mg O
Mass (g) y-x z-y
Number of moles 24
xy
16
yz
Simplest ratio of moles a b
1 1 1 1 1 Max 12
17 (a) (i) 1.The electron arrangement of atom Q : 2.7 2. The electron arrangement of atom R : 2.4
1 + 1 2
(ii) 1.The number of neutrons in atom Q is 10 2. Number of electron in atom Q is 9
1 + 1 2
(b) 1.Q and R form covalent bond. 2.Atom Q has an electron arrangement of 2.7 3.Atom R has an electron arrangement of 2.4 4.To achieve the stable electron arrangement, atom R shares electrons with atom Q. 5.One atom R contributes 4 electrons. 6. Each atom R contributes one electron. 7. Atom R shares four of its valence electrons each with 4 atoms of Q 8. molecule with the formula RQ4.
Notes : points 4, 7 and 8 can be obtained from the diagram
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
8
(d) - Cannot separate copper from magnesium oxide - Cannot weigh copper
1 1
20
Q
Q
Q
QR
Q
Q
Q
QR
Q
Q
Q
QR
Empirical formula: MgaOb / MgO
11
(c) For group 1 elements, 1. Going down the group ,atomic size increases 2. the valence electron becomes further away from the nucleus 3. Forces of attraction between nucleus and the valence electron
becomes weaker. 4. It is easier for the atom to donate / release the valence electrons. 5. The reactivity increases down the group
For Group 17 elements ,
6. Atomic size increases when descending the group
7. the valence electrons become further away from nucleus.
8. Forces of attraction between the protons / nucleus and the
valence electrons become weaker
9. It is more difficult for the atom to accept /gain/receive electrons.
8.The reactivity decreases down the Group
1 1
1
1
1
1 1
1
1 max 8
Total 20 18 (a) (i) Atom Y : 2.8.7 1 Atom Z : 2.8.8.1 1 Group 17 1 Because atom Y has 7 valence electron 1 Period 3 1 Because atom Y has three shells occupied with electrons 1….6
(ii) 2Na + Y2 → 2NaY Correct formula of reactants and product correct 1
Balance equation 1 Y2 + 2NaOH → NaY + NaOY + H2O Correct formula of reactants and products correct 1
Balance equation 1…4
(b) Ionic compound/bond
1- The electron arrangement of atom P = 2, 8, 1 / 2. 8. 1 The electron arrangement of atom Q = 2, 8, 7 / 2. 8. 7 2- to achieve the stable electron arrangement 3- atom of P donates / gives one electron to form P
+
// half equation 4 - atom of Q receives / accepts one electron to form Q
-
// half equation 5 -the P
+ ion and Q
- ions are attracted by a strong electrostatic force to form
ionic bond . 6- formula PQ / correct diagram Covalent compound / bond 7-The electron arrangement of atom R = 2, 6 / 2. 6 8-to achieve the stable electron arrangement
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
12
9-atom R and atom Q share electrons 10 - atom R contributes 4 electrons and atom Q contributes one electron 11- one atom R and 4 atom Q share 4 pairs of electrons 12- to form covalent compound with the formula RQ4 / diagram
1 1
1Max 10
PAPER 3 STRUCTURE
Explanation Score
19 (a)
Suggested Answer (a) 0 s = 95.0 ° C, 30 s = 85.0 ° C, 60 s = 82.0 ° C, 90 s = 80.0 ° C, 120 s = 80.0 ° C,150 s = 80.0 ° C, 180 s = 78.0 ° C, 210 s = 70.0 ° C.
3
(b) Suggested Answer
Time (second) Temperature (° C)
0.0 95.0
30.0 85.0
60.0 82.0
90.0 80.0
120.0 80.0
150.0 80.0
180.0 78.0
210.0 70.0
3
(c) (i) & (ii) [ Score 3 & 3 ]
80.0
95
Temperature / ° C
Time / second
70
Freezing
point
30 60 90 210 180 150 120
60
90 x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
13
d(i) Suggested Answer The constant temperature at which liquid becomes a solid
3
d(ii) Suggested Answer The heat released when the particles in the liquid arrange to form solid balanced by the heat loss to the surroundings.
3
e Suggested Answer The air trapped in the conical flask is a poor conductor of heat. The air helped to minimize heat loss to the surroundings. / to ensure uniform cooling.
3
f Suggested Answer
Element Compound
P, R Q, S
3
20 (a)
Observation Inference
(i) White fume is released (ii) White solid is formed/The mass of crucible
and its content increases.
(i) Magnesium oxide is formed (ii) Magnesium reacts with oxygen
(b) The mass of crucible and lid = 25.35 g. The mass of crucible, lid and magnesium ribbon =27.75 g. The mass of crucible, lid and magnesium oxide when cooled = 29.35g
(c) (i) The mass of Mg= (27.75 -25.35)g =2.40g (ii) The mass of O2=(29.35-27.75)=1.60 g (iii) The number of moles Mg=0.1 mole
The number of moles O = 0.1 mole The ratio of Mg : O = 1 : 1 The empirical formula is MgO.
(d) 0.1 mole of Mg reacts with 0.1 mole of O/1 mole of Mg reacts with 1 mole of O
21 (a) Able to predict the manipulated variable, the
responding variable and the constant variable completely.
Manipulated variable : metals of Group 1 elements // sodium, lithium, potassium. Responding variable: the reactivity of the reaction with water // the speed of movement on the water surface Constant variable: size/mass of metals. Volume of water
Able to state how to control the manipulated variables correctly Repeat the experiment by using the metals of sodium, lithium and potassium Able to state correctly the way to control the manipulated variable To observe how fast the metals move on the surface of water. Able to use the metal granules with the same size Use the metal granules with the same size.
21 (b)
Able to state the relationship between the manipulated variable and the responding variable correctly..
Suggested answer: The reactivity of Group 1 elements increases going down the group.
21(c) Able to arrange correctly the reactivity series of the metals according to descending order. Answer: potassium, sodium, lithium
21 (d) Able to classify the ions correctly. [to name or write all the formula of the ions correctly at the cations and anions group.] Answer: positive ion/ cation : sodium ion/ Na+, hydrogen ion/ H+ Negative ion/anion : hydroxide ion/ OH-
Paper 3: Essay
14
22(a) [Able to state the aim of experiment accurately] To compare the reactivity of lithium, sodium and potassium based on the reaction with water and describing the effect of the solution towards the red litmus paper.
3
22(b) Hypothesis Metals of lithium, sodium and potassium show different rate of reactivity with water and the solution formed turns red litmus paper to blue.
3
22(c) Variables a) Manipulated variable :type of metals b) Responding variable : reactivity of reaction c) Constant variable : water and temperature
3
22(d) [Able to list the correct and complete substances and apparatus.] Substances and Apparatus
Lithium, sodium and potassium metals with water, basin, knife, forceps, blue litmus paper and white tile.
3
22(e) [Able to give all the procedures correctly, steps 1 - 7] 1. Lithium metal is cut into a small piece 2. The paraffin oil on the surface of the metal is wiped with the filter. 3. A basin is filled with water. 4. Lithium metal is put on the surface of the water with a pair of forceps. 5. Reactivity of the reaction is observed and recorded. 6. The experiment is repeated with sodium and potassium metals.
3
22(f) [Able to show the accurate tabulation of data with correct title.]
Metals Observations
Lithium
Sodium
Potassium
2
15
SET 2 1 (a) Electrolysis is a process whereby an electrolyte is decomposed to its constituent elements when electric current passes through it. 1 (b) Pb
2+ / lead(II) ions , Br
- / bromide ions 1
(c ) electrical to chemical 1 (d) In solid : no free moving ions 1 In molten : Ions free to move 1 (e) (i) brown gas are released 1 (ii) 2Br
-→ Br2 + 2e 1
(f) (i) Lead 1 (ii) reduction 1 9
2 (a) (i) Copper ion and hydrogen ion
r: Cu2+
and H+
1
(ii) [Able to mark the positive and the negative electrode correctly] 1
(b) (i) The blue colour turns colourless/becomes paler 1
(ii) The concentration/ number of Cu2+
decreases 1
(c) (i) Mg2+
/ magnesium ion 1
(ii) Mg → Mg2+
+ 2e 1
(d) (i) Reduction 1
(ii) The voltmeter reading increases
The distances between Mg and Cu is greater than the distance between
Mg and Zn in electrochemical series
1
1
9
3 (a) To allow the movement of ions.
1
(b)
1
(c) (i) Colourless change to brown 1 (ii) Put a few drops of starch solution. 1
Dilute sulphuric acid
G
Electrode Q
Chlorine water Potassium iodide
solution
Electrode P
e
e e
e
16
A blue precipitate is formed. 1 (d) Iodide ion // potassium iodide
Loss electron//increase in oxidation number 1 1
(e) Cl2 + 2e 2Cl
- 1
(f) Bromine water // acidified KMnO4 solution // acidified K2Cr2O7 solution 1 (g) 0 to -1 1
10
4 (a) (i) Iron(III) nitrate // Iron (III) ions 1 (ii) Oxidising agent 1 (iii) Add / pour NaOH /NH3 solution 1 Brown precipitate is formed 1 (b ) (i) Zn + Cu
2+ → Zn
2+ + Cu 1
(ii) 0 to +2 1 (iii) Oxidation 1 (c) (i) Magnesium // Aluminium 1 Metal M higher than zinc in the reactivity series// Metal M reactive than zinc 1 (ii) M , Zn , N 1 10 5 (a) (i) Mg /Zn / [ any suitable metal ] 1 MgSO4 / ZnSO4 / [ any suitable solution ] 1 (ii) Positive terminal : Cu 1 Negative terminal : X/Mg/Zn 1 (iii) Positive terminal : Cu
2+ + 2e → Cu 1
Negative terminal : X → X2+
+ 2e // Mg → Mg
2+ + 2e
1…. 6
(b) (i) Z Y X W 1 (ii) X 1 X below Z in the electrochemical series// X less electropositive than Z 1 0.6 V 1….
4 (c ) Observation on the electrolyte Experiment I The concentration of Cu
2+ ions decrease 1
Copper ions discharge to form copper atom at cathode 1 Cu
2+ + 2e → Cu 1
Experiment II The concentration of Cu
2+ ions unchanged 1
The rate of Cu2+
ions discharge at cathode is the same the rate of copper ions formed at anode. 1
17
Observation at anode Experiment I OH
- ions discharge to form oxygen gas 1
OH- ion lower than SO
2-4 ion
in electrochemical series. 1
4OH- → 2H2O + O2 + 4e 1
Experiment II Copper ionise to form Cu
2+ ions 1
Cu→ Cu2+
+ 2e 1…10
20
6
(a) Reaction II Oxidation number of magnesium changes from 0 to +2, Oxidation number of zinc changes from +2 to 0 No change in oxidation number for each elements in reaction I
1 1 1 1…4
(b) Test tube P: The solution changes colour from pale green to yellow 2Fe
2+ + Cl2 2Fe
3+ +2Cl
-
Correct formulae of reactants and products Balance equation
Test tube Q: The solution changes colour from colourless to yellow/brown. 2I
- + Cl2 I2 + 2Cl
-
Correct formulae of reactants and products Balance equation
1 1 1 1 1 1…6
(c ) Experiment I Reaction between carbon and oxide of metal P occurs Carbon is more reactive than metal P Experiment II Reaction between carbon and oxide of metal Q does not occur Metal Q is more reactive than carbon Experiment III Reaction between carbon and oxide of metal R occurs. Carbon is more reactive than metal R Reaction between carbon and oxide of metal P produces flame whereas reaction between carbon and oxide of metal R produces glow. Metal P is less reactive than metal R. Reactivity of metals in descending order is Q, carbon, R, P Q is Aluminium // Magnesium
1
1
1
1
1 1
1 1 1
1..10
Total marks [20]
18
7 (a) 2H++ 2e H2
Correct formulae of reactants and product Balanced
1 1
2
(b) Properties Cell A Cell B
1. Type of cell Voltaic cell Electrolytic cell
2. Energy change Chemical electrical Electrical chemical
1. Iron ring is connected to the negative plate on the battery while the silver plate is connected to the positive terminal of the battery//Iron ring is made as cathode while silver plate is made as anode
2. Both plates are immersed into the silver nitrate solution. 3. The circuit is completed
Diagram
Functional apparatus set-up Label correctly: Chemical Equation Cathode: Ag
+ + e Ag
Anode : Ag Ag+ + e
Observation: Cathode :Grey /silvery solid is deposited Anode/silver become thinner//dissolve
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
10 Total 20
19
8 (a) (i) Sampel answer. Mg → Mg
2+ + 2e // any suitable equation 1
Metal / magnesium atom lose electron // metal / magnesium is oxidized 1…2 (ii) Experiment I Iron nail is oxidized to form Fe
2+ ions 1
Metal P speeds up the process of rusting 1 Because iron is more electropositive than P 1 Dark blue precipitate indicates the presence of Fe
2+ ions 1
Experiment II Metal Q is oxidized to form Q ions 1 Because metal Q is more electropositive than iron 1 Water and oxygen accept electron to become OH
- ions //
4OH-→ 2H2O + OH
- + 4e 1
Pink colour of solution indicate the presence of OH- ions 1
Arrangement : metal Q , iron , metal P. 1 Any 8….8
(b) Sample answer Zinc as a reducing agent 1 Add zinc to iron(III) chloride solution 1 Heat the solution 1
Filter the solution / mixture 1 Add sodium hydroxide solution to the solution produced/ Fe
2+ 1
Green precipitate is formed 1 Chlorine as an oxidising agent 1 Add chlorine water to iron(II) nitrate solution 1 Stir/ shake the solution 1 Add sodium hydroxide solution 1
Brown precipitate 1 Max …10
20
Question
Rubric Score
9 (a)
[Able to state the relationship correctly between the manipulated variable and the responding variable ]
Example:
When a more/less electropositive metal in contact with iron, the metal inhibits/speeds up rusting.
3
9 (b)
[Able to state three variables correctly]
Example:
Manipulated variable: metals in contact with iron//magnesium,copper,zinc
Responding variable: The intensity of blue colouration // rusting of ion
Constant variable: Iron nails//temperature of solution.
3
20
9(c)
[Able to state the inference based on the observation correctly]
Example:
Test tube W X Y Z
Inferences The iron nail does not rust
The iron nail does not rust
The iron nail rust quickly
The iron nail rust a little
3
9(d) [Able to write the balanced half equations correctly ]
Example: Oxidation: Fe Fe
2+ + 2e
Reduction: O2 + 2H2O + 4e 4OH-
3
9(e)
[Able to state the operational definition for rusting correctly ]
Example:
Rusting of iron is the formation of blue colouration when iron is in contact with less electropositive metals or without contact with other metals.
3
9(f) [Able to classify all the three metals correctly]
Metals that can provide sacrificial protection
Metals that cannot provide sacrificial protection
Magnesium Zinc
Copper
3
Question Rubric Score
10(a)
Able to state the relationship between the manipulated variable and the responding variable correctly and with direction Sample answer: The higher the metal in reactivity series, the brighter the flame / glow produced // The higher the metal in reactivity series, the reactivity of the metal increases.
3
10(b)
Able to state three variables and the way to control them correctly: Sample answer: (i) Manipulated variable Type of metals (ii) Responding variable Reactivity of metals / Brightness of flame or glow (iii) Controlled variable Mass of metal powder / quantity of potassium manganate(VII)
3
10(c)
Able to give the operational definition accurately Sample answer: Metal that burns brightly when reacts with oxygen is the most reactive metal // Metal that glows faintly when reacts with oxygen is the least reactive metal
3
21
10(d) Able to state one observation accurately
Sample answer: Brown solid when hot, yellow solid when cold
3
10(e)
Able to state an accurate inference for this experiment: Sample answer: Magnesium is the most reactive metal
3
10(f)
Able to arrange the metals in ascending order of reactivity series of metals towards oxygen accurately Sample answer: Copper, lead, zinc, magnesium
3
Question number
Rubric Score
10(g)
Able to predict the position of iron in the reactivity series of metals accurately Answer: Between zinc and lead
3
10(h)
Able to explain the relationship between the time to light up and the reactivity of metal accurately Sample answer: Magnesium is more reactive than zinc // Zinc is less reactive than magnesium
3
10(i)
Able to make the classification of more reactive metals and less reactive metals when reacts with oxygen accurately Sample answer: More reactive metals : Magnesium, zinc Less reactive metals : Lead, copper
3
10(j)(i) Able to record the masses accurately in two decimal places with unit Answer:
14.63g 17.03g 18.63g
3
10(j) (ii)
Able to construct a table that contains: 1. Crucible + lid, crucible + lid + magnesium, crucible + lid +
magnesium oxide and mass with correct unit. 2. Transfer all the readings from (j)(i) correctly.
Answer:
Description Mass (g)
Crucible + lid 14.63
Crucible + lid + magnesium 17.03
Crucible + lid + magnesium oxide 18.63
3
22
11. (a) - Statement of the problem
Score Rubric
3 [ Able to give the statement of problem correctly ] Example : How is the effect on rusting of iron when iron is in contact with another metals?
(b) - variables
Score Rubric
3
[ Able to state All variables correctly ] Suggested answer : Manipulated variable : Different types of metals// Different metals Responding variable : Rate of rusting // Rusting of iron Constant variable : Iron nails/temperature
(c) - hypothesis
Score Rubric
3 [Able to give the hypothesis accurately] Suggested answer : When a more electropositive metal is in contact with iron, the metal inhibits rusting // When a less electropositive metal is in contact with iron, the metal speed up rusting // Iron rusts faster when in contact with metal less electropositive
(d) - Apparatus and materials
Score Rubric
3
[ Able to give the list of the apparatus and substances correctly and completely] Suggested answer : Apparatus : Five test tubes, test tube rack Materials : sand paper, five iron nails, magnesium strip, zinc strip, tin strip, copper strip, hot agar-agar/jelly solution mixed with potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) solution and phenolphthalein indicator
(e) - Procedure of the experiment
Score Rubric
3
[ Able to state all procedures correctly ] Suggested answer : 1. Clean all the metal strips with sand paper 2. Coil the metal strip around the iron nails and then put in the each test tube 3. Pour the same volume of hot agar-agar/jelly solution has been mixed with potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) and phenolphthalein indicator 4. Leave the test tubes aside for one day 5. Compare the intensity of the blue and pink colour in each test tube and recorded
3 (f) - Tabulation of data
Score Rubric
2
[ Able to exhibit the tabulation of data correctly ] Tabulation of data has 6 columns and 3 rows Example :
Test tube A B C D E
Intensity of blue colour
Intensity of pink colour
23
Question No.
Rubric Skor
12(a) [Able to write the statement of the problem accurately.] Sample answer: Does the difference in the position of two metals in the Electrochemical Series causes the difference in the voltage?
3
12(b) [Able to state the three variables correctly.] Sample answer: Manipulated variable : Type of metal Responding variable : The voltage of the cell. Constant variable : The type and concentration of electrolyte, copper electrod/ positive terminal.
3
12(c) Able to give the hypothesis accurately. Sample answer: If the distance between two metals is further away in the electrochemical series, the voltage produced will be higher/bigger.
3
12(d)
[Able to state complete materials and apparatus.] Sample answer: Materials: Zinc, Magnesium, Copper, Iron and Copper(II) sulphate solution/ any other electrolytes. Apparatus: Voltmeter, connecting wires, beaker.
3
12(e)
Able to state a complete procedure. Sample answer:
1. Fill a beaker with copper(II) sulphate solution until it is two-thirds full.
2. Dip the zinc strip and copper strip into copper(II) sulphate solution.
3. Connect the two metals to a voltmeter(by using connecting wires)
4. Record the potential difference produced between the metals. Repeat steps 1 to 4 using iron strip, magnesium strip to replace zinc strip.
3
12(f)
Able to construct a labelled tabulation of data with suitable unit. Sample answer:
Experiment
Pairs of metal.
Reading of voltmeter / V
I II III
3
24
Set 3
1 a. Certain volume of acid completely neutralises a given volume of alkali// Certain volume of acid at which change of colour of indicator when a drop of acid is added to alkali 1
b. Pink solution to colourless solution 1 c. Experiment 1 = 22.40 2=22.20, 3=22.00 1 d. H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2O 1 e. (i) Average volume = (22.40 + 22.30 + 22.00)÷3 = 22.30 cm
3 1
(ii) Mol of sulphuric acid, H2SO4 = (22.30 X 1 )/1000 = 0.0223 mol 1 f. (i) Functional set-up: Conical flask, Burette 1
(ii) Label: (H2SO4, KOH and Phenolphthalein) 1 g. (i) Add drops of acid a little at a time - towards the end point 1
(ii) Conical flask with content - shaken during experiment 1 10
2 a. (i) Red 1 (ii) Yellow 1 (iii) Orange 1 b. 15.00 cm
3 1
c (i) H2SO4 + 2KOH K2SO4 + 2H2O 1 (ii) H
+ + OH
- H2O 1
d. 0.1 x 20 = 2 Ma = 0.067 mol dm-3
Ma x 15.00 1 1 e. (i) Yellow 1 (ii) Red 1 f. 30 cm
3 1
10
3 a. Ba(OH)2 + H2SO4 2H2O + BaSO4
reactants & product correct – 1, balanced -1 2 b. Neutralisation / double decomposition 1 c. - Methyl orange indicator changes from yellow to orange 1
- White precipitate formed 1 d. (i) The titration has achieved the end-point /
there is no more free moving ions present in the beaker 1 (ii) Ba(OH)2 + H2SO4 2H2O + BaSO4 Mb= 0.2M Ma=1.0M Vb= 50 cm
3 Va= x cm
3
MaVa = 1 1 MbVb
1
1
e. (i)
Correct shape - 1 Correct volume indicated and ammeter reading not reaching zero 1 2
(ii) - Ammeter does not show a zero reading 1 because at end-point there are free moving Na
+ and SO4
2- ions 1
OR
1.0M(x) = 1
0.2M(50) 1
x = 10 cm3
Ammeter reading/ A
Volume of sulphuric acid added/ cm
3
5
0
25
- The volume of sulphuric acid required is halved 1 because sodium hydroxide is monobasic alkali whereas barium hydroxide is dibasic alkali / the concentration of OH
- ions
in NaOH is half of Ba(OH)2 1 2 4 (a) Neutralisation 1
(b) To ensure all nitric acid is completely reacted 1 (c) ZnO + 2HNO3 Zn(NO3)2 + H2O 1 (d)
[functional apparatus] 1 [label] 1
(e) Number mole of nitric acid = 2(50) = 0.1 mol 1 1000
Mass of salt = 0.1 x 189 = 9.45 g 1 1
(f) Zinc carbonate, 1 Zinc 1
10 5 (a) Silver chloride 1
(b) White 1 (c) 3.0 cm
3 1
(d) (i) 0.5(6.0) = 0.003 mol 1 1000 (ii) Number of mole of sodium chloride = 3.0(1) = 0.003 mol 1 1000
0.003 mol of sodium chloride reacts with 0.003 mol of silver nitrate 1 Therefore 1 mol of sodium chloride reacts with 1 mol of silver nitrate. 1
(e) Ag+ + Cl
- AgCl 1
(f) 1.5 cm 1 Height of precipitate (cm) 1.5__________ Ι Ι Ι Ι 1.5 Volume of sodium chloride (cm
3)
[labeled axis + correct shape of graph -1] 1 [height of precipitate and volume of NaCl required – correct & indicated – 1] 1 10 6 (a) (i) Copper(II) sulphate 1 (ii) Heat the solution until saturated then cool 1
Filter and then rinse the salt with distilled water 1 Dry the salt using filter paper 1
(b) (i) Blue precipitate 1 Cannot dissolve in excess NaOH 1
(ii) Cu(OH)2 1
zinc oxide
26
(c) Ammonia 1 (d) (i) White 1
(ii) Pb2+
+ SO42-
PbSO4 1 (iii) Filter the mixture 1
10 7(a) 1. x-axis and y-axis labelled with units
2. plots transferred correctly 3. smooth curve
1 1 1……3
(b) 1. Rate of reaction of Experiment 4 is higher than Experiment 2 2. Temperature in Experiment 4 is higher. 3. The kinetic energy of thiosulphate ions is higher 4. The frequency of collisions between the H
+ ions and the S2O3
2- ions
increases 5. The frequency of effective collisions increases.
(d) 1. Rate of reaction in Experiment II is higher than in Experiment I 2. In Experiment II copper(II) sulphate is a catalyst. 3. Catalyst will lower the activation energy. 4. The frequency of effective collisions between zinc atoms and the H
+
ions increases.
1 1 1 1……4
(e) 1. Rate of reaction of Experiment III is higher than in Experiment I 2. Sulphuric acid in Experiment III is a diprotic acid (hydrchloric acid is a
monoprotic acid) 3. Concentration of H
+ ions per unit volume in Experiment III is 2 times
higher than in Experiment I. 4. The frequency of effective collisions between zinc atoms and the H
+
ions increases
1 1 1 1…..4
(f) (i) Hydrogen (ii) Bring a lighted wooden splinter to the mouth of the test tube Pop sound
1 1 1….3 13
9 (a) Heat released when 1 mole of silver is displaced from its salt solution by copper metal. 1 (b) Silvery solid formed// Colourless solution of silver nitrate becomes blue// Amount of copper powder decreases 1 (c) (i) No. of moles of Ag
+ reacted = No. of moles of AgNO3 used
= mv/1000 = 0.5(50)/1000 = 0.025 mol 1 (ii) Heat released = No. of moles of Ag x ΔH = 0.025 x 105 kJ = 2.625 kJ = 2625 J 1
Strong alkali – sodium hydroxide / potassium hydroxide 1 (b) Heat released when 1 mole of water is formed from the reaction between an acid and an alkali 1 (c) - It is an exothermic reaction // heat energy is released to the surrounding 1
- The total energy of reactants is higher than the products 1 - 57 kJ of heat energy is released when 1 mole of water is formed ( any 2) 1
(d) (i) No. of moles alkali used = mv/1000 = 1(50)/1000 = 0.05 mol 1
(ii) Heat change = mc = (50+50)x4.2x 6.5 = 2730 J 1
Heat of neutralization = - 2730/0.05 = - 54600 J/ mol = - 54.6kJ / mol 1 (e) (i) The heat of neutralization for Experiment I is higher than Experiment II 1
(ii) Ethanoic acid – weak acid, dissociates partially in water 1 Part of heat released in Experiment t II during neutralization is absorbed to dissociate further the molecules of ethanoic acid 1
(f) The number of moles of water produced doubled, hence amount of heat energy released is doubled but the total volume of solution used also doubled, therefore the temperature increase remain the same 1
13 ESSAY SECTION B
Question Number
Explanation Marks
10(a) Acid that ionises completely in water to produce high concentration of hydrogen ions
1 1..2
(b) Number of sulphuric acid = 0.5(50)/1000 = 0.025 mol Number of hydrochloric acid = 1.0(50)/1000 = 0.05 mol Both are strong acids ionizes completely in water To produce the same concentration of H
+
1 1 1 1…..4
(c)(i)
Test Aqueous HCl solution Solution of HCl in methylbenzene
Universal indicator
Green to red No changes
Add zinc powder
Bubbles of colourless gas formed
No changes
Add copper(II) oxide powder
Blue solution formed No changes
1+1 1+1 1+1….6
2 Ag+ + Cu
ΔH = -105kJ mol
-1
2 Ag + Cu2+
28
Question Number
Explanation Marks
(ii) Aqueous hydrogen chloride solution In presence of water hydrogen chloride ionizes to produce hydrogen ions/H
+ which gives rise to acidic properties
1 1 1 1…..4
(iii) Aqueous HCl HCl in methylbenzene
Observation Ammeter needle deflected
Ammeter needle does not deflect
Explanation Consists of free moving ions
Consists of molecules // no free moving ions
1 1 1 1…..4 20
Question Number
Explanation Marks
11 (a) - 25 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm
-3 sodium hydroxide solution is measured
and poured into a conical flask. - Two drops of phenolphthalein are added to the solution. - A burette is filled with nitric acid and the nitric acid is added
slowly dropwise into the potassium hydroxide solution and shaken until the pink solution turned coloruless.
- The volume of acid added is calculated. - The experiment is repeatedby using the same volume of
sodium hydroxide and nitric acid but without the phenolphthalein.
- The salt solution formed is heated until saturated. - The saturated solution is allowed to cool. - The salt crystals are filtered and rinsed with distilled water. - The salt crystals are dried by pressing them between sheets of
filter papers. - NaOH + HNO3 NaNO3 + H2O
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1…..10
11(b) - 50 cm3 of 1.0M copper(II) sulphate solution is measured and
added into 50 cm3 of 1.0M sodium carbonate solution in a
beaker. - The mixture is stirred and filtered to obtain green precipitate,
copper(II) carbonate. - The copper(II) carbonate is rinsed with water. - The copper(II) carbonate is added a little at a time into heated
50 cm3 of 1.0M dilute hydrochloric acid until some copper(II)
carbonate solid no longer dissolved anymore. - The mixture is filtered to remove excess copper(II) carbonate. - The filtrate is copper(II) chloride solution.
1 1 1 1 1 1…..6
11(c)(i) Lead(II) oxide Brown when hot, yellow when cold Carbon dioxide Bubble the gas through lime water and lime water turns chalky
1 1 1 1….4 20
29
ESSAY SECTION C
13 (a) [Name any insoluble salt] [Name any two suitable solution] [Write correct ionic equation] Example: Lead(II) sulphate Lead(II) nitrate solution and sodium sulphate solution
Pb2+
+ SO42 PbSO4
1 1+1 1…. 4
(b) Test for Fe2+
ion Procedure I:
A few drops of sodium hydroxide solution are added into 2 cm3 of salt
solution of X in a test tube until in excess. Observation :
Dirty green precipitate cannot dissolve in excess sodium hydroxide solution
Procedure II:
A few drops of ammonia solution are added into 2 cm3 of salt solution
of X in a test tube until in excess.
1 1
12 (a) (i) Acid that will produce two moles of hydrogen ion, H + from one mole of the
acid in water. H2SO4
1 1....2
(a)(ii) Acid that dissociates completely in water to produce high concentration of hydrogen ion, H
+
HCl
1 1....2
(b) sodium hydroxide is a strong akali that undergoes complete dissociation in aqueous solution Ammonia is weak alkali that undergoes partial dissociation only The concentration of hydroxide ion in sodium hydroxide is higher than in ammonia Hence, the pH of sodium hydroxide is higher than that of ammonia.
1 1 1 1....4
(c) [calculation] 1. Molar mass of KOH = 39+16+1 = 56 2. Mol KOH = 250 x 1.0/1000 = 0.25 3. Mass = mol x molar mass = 0.25 x 56 = 14.0 gram [ preparation of 1.0 mol dm
-3 KOH ]
4. Weigh exactly 14.0 g of KOH accurately in a weighing bottle. 5. Dissolve 14.0 g of KOH in a little water in a beaker 6. transfer the contents into a 250 cm
3 volumetric flask
7. Rinse the beaker with distilled water and transfer all the contents into the volumetric flask
8. Distilled water is added to the volumetric flask until the calibration mark. [ preparation of 0.1 mol dm
-3 KOH ]
[calculation] Volume of KOH is added 9. M1 x V1 = M2 x V2 V1 = M2 x V2 / M1 10. = 0.1 x 250 / 1 = 25 cm
3
11. 25.0 cm
3 of 1.0 mol dm
-3 KOH is transfer to 250 cm
3
using 25.0 cm3 pipette.
12. Distilled water is added to the volumetric flask until the calibration mark.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1....12 20
30
Observation :
Dirty green precipitate cannot dissolve in excess ammonia solution.
Inference: Fe
2+ ion is present
Test for SO42+
ion
5 cm3 of 1 mole dm
-3 hydrochloric acid is added into the salt solution of
-3 sulphuric acid is poured into a beaker and heated
gently carefully
Magnesium oxide powder is added a little at a time into the acid using spatula.
The mixture is stirred well with a glass rod.
Magnesium oxide powder is added continuously until some of it no longer dissolves.
The mixture is filtered to remove the excess magnesium oxide.
The filtrate is poured into an evaporating dish and heated gently to produce a saturated solution / heated until the filtrate is evaporated to about 1/3 of its original volume.
The saturated solution is then allowed to cool to room temperature for crystalisation to occur.
The magnesium sulphate crystals are filtered and dried by pressing them between a few pieces of filter paper.
H2SO4 + MgO MgSO4 + H2O
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1….10
14 a. Minimum energy that the particles must have in order to collide to produce a chemical reaction. 1 b. i. For a given chemical reaction to occur,
the particles must collide 1 with energy same or greater than the activation energy 1
and with correct orientation. 1
ii. A positive catalyst will provide an alternative reaction pathway 1
with a lower activation energy. 1 Hence the frequency of effective collisions between the particles increases 1 and subsequently the rate of reaction increases. 1 7
c. Diagram – labeled and functional 1+1 2
Procedure: 1. A burette is filled with water and inverted over a basin containing water. The burette is clamped to the retort stand. The water level in the burette is adjusted and the initial 1 burette reading is recorded. 2. 50cm
3 of 0.2 mol dm
-3 hydrochloric acid is poured into a small conical flask. 1
3. 5.0g of marble granules are added into the conical flask and start the stopwatch simultaneously.1 4. Close the conical flask immediately with a stopper which is joined to the delivery tube and shake the conical flask steadily throughout the activity 1
31
5. The burette readings are recorded at 30 second intervals for 5 minutes 1 6. Step 1 to 6 are repeated using 5.0g of marble chips 1
The gradient of graph involving marble chips is steeper than that of marble granules. This shows that the smaller the size of solid reactant, the higher the rate of reaction 1 d. When the concentration of solution increases, - the number of particles per unit volume increases 1 - the frequency of collision between particles increases
- the frequency of effective collision between particles increases 1 - hence rate of reaction increases 1
15 (a) (i)
Y-axes : energy and two different level of energy
The position of reactants and products correct
1 1….2
(ii) - reactants have more energy // products have less energy - energy is released during the experiment // this is exothermic reaction
1 1.…2
(b) (i)
- HCl is strong acid // CH3COOH is weak acid - strong acid / HCl ionized completely // the degree of ionization of HCl / strong acid is 100% in water to produce higher concentration of H
+ //
- CH3COOH / weak acid ionized partially // the degree of ionization of CH3COOH / weak acid is less than 100% in water to produce low concentration H
+
- when neutralization occurs, some of the heat released are absorbed by ethanoic acid / CH3COOH to break the O-H bonds in the molecules/ ionizes the ethanoic molecules
1 1 1 1 Max 3
energy
Zn + CuSO4
ZnSO4 + Cu
∆H = -152 kJmol-1
Volume of gas released / cm3
Time taken / s
Marble chips
Marble granules
32
16 (a) The heat of combustion of propanol is the heat energy released when 1 mole of propanol is burnt completely in the excess oxygen (b) (i) 1. Functional set-up of apparatus
2. Labelled propanol, copper can, water 3. Measure (100 – 250) cm
3 of water and pour into the copper can
and initial temperature is recorded 4. Weigh the spirit lamp and its content 5. Light the spirit lamp to heat the water in the can and stir 6. Extinguish the spirit lamp when the temperature increase reaches
30˚C, record the maximum temperature of water reached 7. Weigh the spirit lamp with its remain.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(ii) - H2SO4 is diprotic acid // HCl is monoprotic acid - H2SO4 / diprotic acid produced two moles of hydrogen ion / H
+ when
one mole of the acid ionized in water // - HCl / monoprotic acid produced one hydrogen ion / H
+
when one mole of the acid ionized in water - In expt I, one mole of water is formed whereas in expt III, 2 moles of water is formed, hence the heat released in expt III is twice the value of expt I
1 1 1 1 Max 3
(c) - apparatus & materials : 2 m - procedures : 5 m - table : 1 m - calculations : 2 m Sample answer : Apparatus : thermometer, measuring cylinder Materials : calcium nitrate soln, sodium carbonate soln, plastic/ polystyrene cup
1 1…2
Procedures : - measure 50 cm
3 of 1.0 mol/ dm
3 Ca(NO3)2 solution and poured into a plastic
cup - measure 50 cm
3 of 1.0 mol/ dm
3 Na2CO3 solution and poured into another
plastic cup - measure and record the initial temperature of both solutions after 5 minutes - pour quickly and carefully Ca(NO3)2 solution into the plastic cup that contains
Na2CO3 solution and stir continuously - measure and record the lowest temperature reached Tabulation of data :
Initial temperature of Ca(NO3)2 (oC) Ө1
Initial temperature of Na2CO3 (oC) Ө2
Average initial temperature (oC) (Ө1 + Ө2)/2 = Ө3
Lowest temperature of the mixture (oC) Ө4
Change in temperature (oC) Ө3- Ө4
Calculation : No. of moles of CaCO3 = No. of moles of Ca(NO3)2 = mv/1000 = 1.0(50)/1000 = 0.05 heat change = mc(Ө4 - Ө3) = x kJ heat of reaction = + x kJmol
-1
0.05 = + y kJmol
-1
1 1 1 1 1…5 1 1 1….3 20
33
Result : 8. The initial mass of the spirit lamp + propanol = a g The final mass of the spirit lamp + propanol = b g 9. The mass of propanol burnt = (a-b) g 10. The initial temperature of water = t1˚C The maximum temperature of water = t2˚C 11. Increase in temperature of the water = (t2 – t1) = t˚C Calculation : RMM of propanol C3H7OH = 60
12. The no. of mol of propanol burnt =60
ba = y mol
13. The released heat = mc
= 100 x 4.2 x t = x J
14. The heat of combustion of propanol = - y
x J mol
-1 or
- Z kJ mol-1
(b) (ii) - use wind shields - Spirit lamp and its content is weighed immediately after the
lamp is extinguished - Ensure the flame touches the bottom of the copper can - Stir continuously
(either two of the answers) (c) The heat of combustion of propanol is higher than the methanol
because propanol contain more no. of carbon and hidrogen atoms per molecule.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1….14 1 + 1 1 1
16(a) Burette reading 24.10, 18.00, 13.00
3
(b) Experiment I 32.00, 37.00, 40.50, 42.00, 42.00 Experiment II 28.00, 36.50, 41.00, 42.00, 42.00, 42.00
3
(c)
The graph consist of: 1. Both axis are labeled and with unit
- y axis, volume of gas / cm3
- x axis, time/ s 2. All points are transferred correctly 3. Uniform scale 4. Best fit curve
3
(d)
Experiment II Because the curve in Experiment II is steepest//the gradient is higher
3
(e)(i)
Manipulated variable Size of calcium carbonate /Total surface area of calcium carbonate Responding variable Rate of reaction Controlled variable Concentration and volume of hydrochloric acid
3
(e)(ii)
Hypothesis When the total surface area of calcium carbonate increases, the rate of reaction increases
3
(f) 0.00 cm3 3
34
(g)
Fast reaction
Slow reaction
Combustion Photosynthesis
Neutralization Rusting
Precipitation Fermentation
3
17 a. - Brown solid formed - Blue solution of coper(II) sulphate becomes colourless - Amount of zinc powder decreases
b. Initial temperature : 30.0o C
Highest temperature : 38.0 oC
Temperature change : 8.0 oC
c. Heat change = mc Ө
= 50 (4.2) 8.0 = 1680 J
d. It is an exothermic reaction // heat energy is released to the surrounding Zinc is more electropositive than copper // zinc is higher than copper in Electrochemical Series The total energy of reactants is higher than that of product
e. The temperature increase will be 16.0 oC
f. Zn + Cu
2+ Cu + Zn
2+
18 (a) Aim : To compare the heat of combustion of octane and heptane (b) Hypothesis : Heat of combustion of octane is higher than heptane
(c) All variables : Manipulated : Type of fuel / alkane Responding : Heat of combustion Controlled : volume of water, size of copper can
(d) Material : Octane, heptane, water Apparatus : spirit lamp, thermometer, copper can (any suitable container), measuring cylinder, weighing balance, wind shield
(e) Procedure : 1. Measure [100-200 cm
3] of water and pour into the copper can and record the
temperature 2. A spirit lamp is filled with heptanes and its mass is recorded 3. Adjust the height of the lamp so that the flame touches the bottom of the can. Light
up the lamp 4. Extinguish the lamp when the temperature increase reaches 30
oC. Record highest
temperature reached. 5. Weigh the spirit lamp with heptanes and record its mass 6. Repeat the experiment by using octane to replace heptanes.
(f) Tabulation of data
Type of fuel / alkane Heptane Octane
Initial temperature of water/ oC
Highest temperature of water / oC
Increase in temperature/ oC
Initial mass of spirit lamp and content / g
Final mass of spirit lamp and content/ g
Mass of fuel( /alkane) used/ g
35
Set 4
No. Explanation Mark
1(a)
1(b)
1(c)
1(d)
1(e)(i)
1(e)(ii)
Ethanoic acid
180oC
Nickle / platinum
C2H5OH C2H4 + H2O
[Any two correct structure]
Gas Q:. Brown solution turns colourless / decolourise Gas R: No change/ Brown solution remains unchanged
Ethene has carbon-carbon double bond/ is an unsaturated hydrocarbon but ethane has carbon-carbon single bonds/ is a saturated hydrocarbon. or
Ethene can undergoes addition reaction but ethane cannot.
(ii) - has a sweet smell// fruity smell - a neutral compound - colourless liquid - slightly soluble in water - readily soluble in organic compounds [ Choose any one ]
1
(iii) H O H H H – C – C – O – C – C – H H H H
1
Total 10
37
c (i)
(ii)
(iii)
d (i)
(ii)
(iii)
Bromine water
Halogenation// Addition of bromine
Brown bromine water decolourised
C2H4 + H2O C2H5OH
Alcohol
Temperature 300 oC // Pressure 60 atmosphere // concentrated
phosphoric acid
Total
1
1
1
1
1
1
10
5(a)
5(b)(i)
5(b)(ii)
5(c)
5(d)
5(e)(i) 5(e)(ii)
5(e)(iii)
5(e)(iv)
Composite material A mixture of two or more metals with a fixed composition //a mixture of metal and non-metal with a fixed composition
Tin
High melting point // Resistant to thermal shock // Resistant to chemical attack // Low thermal expansion coefficient
Haber process N2 + 3H2 2NH3 [correct reactants and product, balance]
(ii) • Hydrophilic 'head' dissolves in water. • Hydrophobic 'tail' dissolves in grease. • Detergent ions reduce the surface tension of water.
(iii)
1
1
1
1
1
7(a) (i) Saponification (ii) To precipitate the soap. (iii) To remove the glycerol and excess sodium hydroxide solution. (iv) Concentrated potassium hydroxide solution
(ii) - has a sweet smell// fruity smell - a neutral compound - colourless liquid - slightly soluble in water - readily soluble in organic compounds [ Choose any one ]
(ii) The formula mass of CH3(CH2)nCH2OSO3Na = 330 12 + 3 + (12 + 2)n + 12 + 2 + 16 + 32 + 3(16) + 23 = 330 15 + 14n + 133 = 330 14n = 182 n = 13 (iii) The cleansing action of detergents is more effective than soaps in hard water.
(b) To stimulate positive emotion from the patience like self-confidence, more active and energetic
1
(c)
Usage of psychotherapeutic drugs can cause many side effects like addiction, fear, aggressiveness or death in a person.
1
(d) Arthritis Asthma
1 1
Essay Section B
No Marking scheme Mark
9 (a) A group of organic compound that has certain characteristics: Members of a homologous series can be represented by the same general formula. Members of a homologous series can be prepared by the same method. Members of a homologous series have similar chemical properties Successive members differ from each other by –CH2 unit. Members show a gradual change in their physical properties.
1 1 1 1 1 1 Max: 5
(b) Percentage of carbon in pentane, C5H12 = 5(12) 5(12) + 12(1) x 100% = 83.33% Percentage of carbon in pentene, C5H10 = 5(12) 5(12) + 10(1) x 100% = 85.71%
1 1 1 1
40
Percentage of carbon by mass in pentene is higher than that in pentane, hence pentene burns with a more sooty flame than pentane
1 1 Max 5
(c) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
W: propanoic acid; Z: ethyl methanoate W and Z have the same molecular formulae but different structural formulae. W has the carboxyl group as the functional group while Z has the carboxylate group as the functional group. W dissolves readily in water whereas Z does not. W has a sour smell. Z has a fragrant fruity smell.
10 (a) . Element C H O % 52.2 13.0 34.8 No. of moles 52.2/12 13/1 34.8/16 Ratio of moles 4.35 13 2.175 Simplest ratio 2 6 1 Assume that the molecular formula is C2H6O. Given that the relative molecular mass is 46, n[ C2H6O] = 46 46n = 46 n = 1 Therefore the molecular formula of compound X is C2H5OH.
1 1 1 1
1..5
(b) 50 cm3 ethanol and 25 cm
3 of ethanoic acid are added into a
round-bottomed flask.
5 cm3 of concentrated sulphuric acid is added.
A Liebig condenser is fixed to the round-bottomed flask.
The mixture is heated under reflux for 30 minutes.
The ester, ethyl ethanoate is distilled out from the mixture at its boiling point.
neutralize the negative charges on the protein membrane of the rubber particles.
As a result the rubber particles will collide with each other and
break the protein membrane setting free the rubber polymer molecules which then coagulate.
Coagulation can be prevented by adding an alkali.
1 1 1 1 1
Max: 4
(e) A long chain molecule that is formed by the joining together of smaller molecules called monomers.
H H H H
n C == C --- C ― C ----
H H H H n
1
1..2 20
Question Number
Explanation Mark
11 (a)(i) (a)(ii)
SO2 + H2O H2SO3
Corrodes buildings
Corrodes metal structures
pH of the soil decreases
Lakes and rivers become acidic [Able to state any three items correctly]
1 3 4
(b)(i) (b)(ii) (b)(iii)
Oleum
2SO2 + O2 2SO3
Moles of sulphur = 48 / 32 =1.5
Moles of SO2 = moles of sulphur = 1.5
Volume of SO2 = 1.5 24 dm3
= 36 dm3
1 1 1 1 1 1 6
(c)(i) Pure metal are made up of same type of atoms and are of the same size.
The atoms are arranged in an orderly manner.
The layer of atoms can slide over each other.
Thus, pure copper are ductile.
There are empty spaces in between the atoms.
When a pure copper is knocked, atoms slide.
Thus, pure copper are malleable.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Max:5
(c)(ii) Zinc.
Zinc atoms are of different size,
The presence of zinc atoms disturbs the orderly arrangement of copper atoms.
This reduce the layer of atoms from sliding.
1 1 1 1
Zinc atom
Copper atom
42
Question Number
Explanation Mark
Arrangement of atoms – 1; Label - 1
1 1 Max: 5
Total 20
No. Marking Criteria Mark Total
12 (a) Part X – hydrophobic/hydrocarbon Part Y – hydrophilic/ionic Parx X – dissolves in grease Part Y – dissolves in water
1 1 1 1
4
(b) 1.The cloth in experiment II is clean whereas the cloth in Experiment I is still dirty. 2.In hard water,soap react with magnesium ion 3.to form scum 4.Detergent are more effective in hard water 5.Detergent does not form scum 6.Detergent are better cleansing agen then soap to remove oily stain.
1 1 1 1 1 1
6
(c ) Patient X : Analgeis/anpirin Patient Y: Antibiotic/penicillin/streptomycin Patient Z ; Psychotherapeutic / antidepressant
1 1 1
3
(d) (i)
Precaution: 1.Take after food. 2. Swallowed with plenty of water Explain: 1. Acidic and can cause irritation of the stomach. 2. To avoid internal bleeding/ulceratiion [precaution – 1m] [explain – 1m ]
1 1
2
(ii)
1.To make sure all the bacteria are killed / becomes ill again – 1m 2. bacteria become more resistant. – 1m 3.Need stronger antibiotic to fight the same infection – 1m
13 (a) Sources of sulphur dioxide: Volcanic eruptions 1 Burning of fossil fuels 1 From industries manufacturing sulphur based products 1 [any two] Health hazards: Irritates the nose and eyes 1 Causes bronchitis and asthma 1 Formation of acid rain: Sulphur dioxide reacts with oxygen to form sulphur trioxide 1 2SO2 + O2 → 2SO3 1 Both oxides of sulphur dissolve in rain water to form sulphurous and
sulphuric 1
acids respectively 1 SO2 + H2O → H2SO3
SO3 + H2O → H2SO4 1 1
43
Effects of acid rain: Corrodes buildings and bridges 1 Damages vegetation 1..max
10 (b)
Tape a steel ball bearing to the brass block 1 Hang a weight of 1 kg at a specified height of 50 cm above the ball bearing 1 Drop the weight and allow it to hit the steel ball bearing 1 Use a caliper or ruler to measure the diameter of the dent made on the
brass block 1
Repeat the experiment to obtain another two readings so that an average value can be calculated
1
The whole experiment is repeated using copper block to replace brass block
1
Observation:
Type of block Diameter of dents (cm)
1 2 Average
Brass
Copper
1
Results and explanation: Diameter made by copper is larger than brass 1 Brass is harder than copper 1 The foreign atoms (zinc atoms) in brass prevent the layers of copper
atoms from 1
sliding past each other . 1..10 20
No. Explanation Mark Σ Mark
14(a)(i) (a)(ii) (b)(i) (b)(ii) (c)
C2H4 + 3O2 2CO2 + 2H2O [Correct reactants and products, balance] Number of moles of ethene = 5.6/28 = 0.2 mol Number of moles of O2 = 3 x 0.2 = 0.6 mol Volume of O2 = 0.6 x 24 dm
3. Liebig condenser is fixed to the round-bottomed flask. 4. The mixture is heated under reflux for 30 minutes. Equation : C2H5OH + C2H5COOH C2H5COOC2H5 + H2O
1+1 1 1 1 1 1
10
Question Rubric
15 (a)
[Able to record all the six readings correctly.] Vulcanised rubber: 2, 4, 6 Unvulcanised rubber: 4, 8, 12
15(b) [Able to relate between the manipulated variable and the responding variable.] Vulcanised rubber is more elastic than the unvulcanised rubber// Unvulcanised rubber is less elastic than the vulcanised rubber
15(c)
Variable Action to be taken
(i) Manupilated variable Vulcanized and unvulcanized
rubber// Mass of weight
(i) The way to manupilate variable Repeat by replacing vulcanized rubber with
unvulcanized rubber//Use weights with different masses
(ii) Responding variable Increase in length of rubber
strip//elasticity
(ii) What to observe in the responding variable To measure length of rubber strip
(iii) Fixed variable Initial length of rubber strip
(iii) The way to maintain the controlled variable Use the same length of vulcanized and
unvulcanized rubber strips
15(d) [Able to make the correct inference] (i) Vulcanized rubber (ii) Presence of the sulphur cross links between the chain of rubber polymers in
vulcanized rubber makes the small increase in length and can return to its original length after stretching.
15(e) [Able to make an operational definition correctly:] Rubber that can stretch a bit and returns to its original length when not stretched.
No Marking scheme Mark
45
16 (a) How does the elasticity of vulcanized rubber differ from that of unvulcanized rubber?
3
(b) (a) Variable: Manipulated Variable: Types of rubber Responding variable: Length of rubber strip
Fixed variable: Size of rubber strip, Mass of weight
1 1
1
(c)
Hypothesis: Vulcanized rubber is more elastic than unvulcanized rubber.
3
(d) The elasticity of the rubber strip is shown by its ability to return to its original length after it is stretched.
3
(e) (b) Unvulcanized rubber: the minimum weight is 40g Vulcanized rubber could return to its original length even after the 50g weight was removed
3
No Marking scheme Mark
17 (a) To compare the cleansing power of soap and detergent in hard water. 3
(b) The cleansing power of soap is weaker in sea water than the cleansing power of detergent. 3
(c)
(i) Soap and detergent (ii) Cleanliness of the clothes or amount of the greasy spots removed. (iii)Mass of soap and detergent dissolved in sea water.
1 1 1
(d) Beaker A B
Observation Only some greasy spots are removed
Most of the greasy spots are removed.
3
(e) The cleansing power of soap is weaker in sea water compare to detergent The cleansing power of soap is weaker in sea water compare to detergent
3
(f) Sea water contains magnesium and calcium ions. Soap particles form insoluble calcium and magnesium salt (called scum) with these ions. Detergent particles are not precipitated out by Ca
2+ and Mg
2+ ions present in sea
water and will remain in the solution to do the cleansing job.
3
No Marking scheme Mark
18 (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
Problem statement: Iron rusts more easily than steel. Hypothesis: Iron rusts faster than steel. Material: Iron nail, steel nail, agar-agar solution, potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) solution. Apparatus: Test tubes. Procedure:
1. Iron nail and steel nail are cleaned using sandpaper. 2. Iron nail is placed into test tube A and steel nail is placed into
test tube B. 3. Prepare 5 % of agar-agar solution and add several drops of
3
3
3
46
(v)
potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) solution to the agar-agar solution.
4. Pour the agar-agar solution into test tubes A and B until it covers the nails.
5. Leave for 1 day. 6. Both test tubes are observed to determine whether there is any
blue spots formed or if there are any changes on the nails. Tabulation of data:
Test tube The intensity of blue spots
A
B
OR
Based on the hardness of iron and steel. Problem statement: Iron is softer than steel. Hypothesis: The diameter of the dent of the steel is smaller than the diameter of the dent of iron. Material: Steel block, iron block. Apparatus: Ruler, 1 kg weight, retort stand and clamp, thread, steel ball, cellophane tape. Procedure:
1. A steel ball is attached on the surface of the iron block using a cellophane tape.
2. The 1 kg weight is held 1 metre from the surface of the iron block.
3. The weight is then released. 4. The diameter of dent formed on the iron block is measured
using a ruler. 5. Steps 2 to 4 are repeated on different surfaces of the iron block
and the average diameter of dents is obtained. 6. The experiment is repeated by replacing the iron block with steel
block. Tabulation of data:
Material Diameter of the dent (cm)
Average (cm) Reading 1 Reading 2
Iron block
Steel block
3 3
No Marking scheme Mark
19 (i) Aim: To differentiate and identify hexan-1-ol, hex-1-ene and hexane through chemical tests.
3
(ii) Variables Manipulated Variable: Types of reagents Responding variable: Change in colour Fixed variable: hexan-1-ol, hex-1-ene and hexane
3
(iii)
Apparatus: Test tubes, test tube holder, dropper
3
47
Materials: bromine water, 0.5 mol dm-3
potassium dichromate(VI) solution, 1 mol dm
-3 sulphuric acid, Liquids X, Y and Z
(iv) Procedure: 1. About 2 cm
3 of each liquid X, Y and Z are poured into three
separate test tubes. 2. 1 cm
3 of potassium dichromate(VI) solution is added into each
test tube followed by 1 cm3
of 1 mol dm-3
sulphuric acid and heat. 3. The mixture in each test tube is then shaken well. 4. The changes in each test tube are observed and recorded. 5. Steps 1 to 4 are repeated using 2 cm