Series 5000

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GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROAD AND BRIDGE WORKS SERIES 5000 - ANCILLARY ROADWORKS

SERIES 5000

ANCILLARY ROADWORKS

SECTION P AGE

5100 M ARKER AND KILOMETRE POSTS 5000-2

5200 GUARDRAILS 5000-35300 FENCING 5000-65400 ROAD SIGNS 5000-125500 ROAD M ARKINGS 5000-155600 L ANDSCAPING AND GRASSING 5000-205700 FINISHING THE ROAD AND ROAD

RESERVE AND TREATING OLD ROADS

5000-29

C ONTENTS OF THE G ENERAL S PECIFICATIONS :

S ERIES 1000 GENERAL

S ERIES 2000 DRAINAGE

S ERIES 3000 E ARTHWORKS AND P AVEMENT L AYERS OF GRAVEL OR C RUSHED S TONE

S ERIES 4000 BITUMINOUS L AYERS AND SEALS

S ERIES 5000ANCILLARY R OADWORKS

S ERIES 6000 S TRUCTURES

S ERIES 7000 T OLERANCES , T ESTING AND QUALITY C ONTROL

APPENDICES

THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA, MINISTRY OF WORKS, HOUSING AND COMMUNICATIONS P AGE 5000 - 1

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SERIES 5000: ANCILLARY ROADWORKS

SECTION 5100: MARKER ANDKILOMETRE POSTS

CONTENTS:

CLAUSE P AGE

5101 SCOPE 5000-25102 M ATERIALS 5000-25103 F ABRICATING 5000-25104 SPACING THE M ARKER AND

KILOMETRE POSTS 5000-25105 ERECTING 5000-25106 MEASUREMENT AND P AYMENT 5000-2

5101 SCOPEThis Section covers the furnishing and installation of new as well as removal, renovating and re-erection of existing kilometre and marker posts, or delineators, in

position and in accordance with the dimensions asshown on the Drawings or as directed by the Engineer.

5102 MATERIALS

(a) ConcreteConcrete work shall be carried out in accordance withthe provisions of SECTIONS 6200, 6300 and 6400.

(b) PaintPaint for marker and kilometre posts shall be non-reflectorised road-marking paint as specified in SECTION 5500. Paint, if specified, for the recess in the marker posts shall be an approved retro-reflective paint.

5103 FABRICATINGMarker and kilometre posts shall be fabricated to thedimensions shown on the Drawings. A mixture of four parts of concrete sand to one part of Portland cementshall be used. The forms shall be smooth and shallhave accurate dimensions. The mixture shall be placedin the forms and vibrated on a vibrating table or byother approved means. The posts shall be reinforced asshown on the Drawings and shall have an F3 surfacefinish. The posts shall be true to shape, smooth, andwithout any honeycombing or other blemishes.

The posts may be made of plastic or similar material if specified in the Drawings and/or the SpecialSpecifications.

The recess near the top of the marker post (delineator)shall be fitted with either retro-reflective sheetingapplied to a plate, or a plastic corner cube retro-reflector, or shall be painted with retro-reflective paint,as specified in the Special Specifications. Theremainder of the exposed portion of the post shall bepainted with white road-marking paint.

5104 SPACING THE MARKER ANDKILOMETRE POSTSThe marker posts shall be spaced as shown on theDrawings or as directed by the Engineer.

5105 ERECTINGMarker posts shall be erected after the seal has beencompleted. They shall be located at such spacing asthe Engineer directs with their outside edges in line with

the shoulder breakpoint. The edge on which the recessis located is the inner edge. The tops of the marker blocks shall be at a constant height above thecentreline of the road.

Holes shall be excavated in the shoulder and themarker posts placed vertically and square to the roadcentre line.

Backfilling shall be compacted in 100 mm layers rightfrom the bottom of the hole. Surplus excavated materialshall be disposed of as directed.

The marker posts shall be painted immediately after having been placed.

Marker posts shall be maintained and protected duringthe entire construction period and any that aredamaged or broken before the certificate of completionhas been issued, shall be repaired or replaced, as maybe required, at the Contractor's own cost.

5106 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT

ITEM UNIT

51.01(a) NEW M ARKER POSTS NUMBER (no)

51.01(b) RENOVATING AND RE-ERECTION OF EXISTING MARKER POSTS:

NUMBER (no)

The unit of measurement shall be the number of marker posts supplied and erected in accordance with theSpecifications.

The bid rate shall include full compensation for supplying all materials and labour, making andtransporting the marker posts, setting out, excavating

and backfilling all the holes and disposing of surplusexcavated material, including all haulage, placing andpainting the marker posts and all the equipment, thetools and incidentals necessary for completing andmaintaining the Works described in this Section.

ITEM UNIT

51.02 (a) NEW KILOMETRE POSTS

NUMBER (no)

51.02 (b) RENOVATING AND RE-ERECTION OF EXISTING KILOMETRE POSTS

NUMBER (no)

The unit of measurement shall be the number of

kilometre posts supplied and erected in accordancewith the Specifications.

The bid rate shall include full compensation for supplying all materials and labour, making andtransporting the kilometre posts, setting out, excavatingand backfilling all the holes and disposing of surplusexcavated material, including all haulage, placing andpainting the kilometre posts and all the equipment, thetools and incidentals necessary for completing andmaintaining the Works described in this Section.

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SECTION 5200: GUARDRAILS

CONTENTS:

CLAUSE P AGE

5201 SCOPE 5000-35202 M ATERIALS 5000-35203 CONSTRUCTION 5000-35204 REQUIREMENTS 5000-35205 REMOVING, RENOVATING AND RE-

ERECTING THE EXISTING GUARDRAILS

5000-35206 MEASUREMENT AND P AYMENT 5000-4

5201 SCOPEThis Section covers the supplying, installing andmaintaining of metal guardrails at locations and inaccordance with the details, dimensions and designshown on the Drawings or as directed by the Engineer.

5202 MATERIALS

(a) GuardrailsGuardrails shall comply with the requirements of

AASHTO designation M180-98 or equivalent.

The dimensions of guardrails and end units shall be inaccordance with the details shown on the Drawings.

Guardrails shall be supplied together with all the bolts,nuts, washers and fixing materials required, includingthe bolts for fixing the guardrails to the posts.

(i) Galvanising

Unless specified otherwise in the SpecialSpecifications, all guardrails, bolts, nuts andwashers shall be galvanised with a hot-dip(galvanised) zinc coating, which complies with therequirements of AASHTO designation M232M/97 or equivalent. Galvanised guardrails shall not benested when stacked for storage.

(b) Guardrail postsGuardrail posts shall be steel posts of UNP steelprofiles 120 x 55 x 7 mm or of the type and size shownon the Drawings and/or described in the SpecialSpecifications.

(c) Reflective platesV-shaped reflective plates shall be manufactured from

1.5 mm thick mild steel plate to the dimensions shownon the Drawings. When supplied with galvanisedguardrails, they shall also be galvanised, and whensupplied with painted guardrails, they shall be finishedin white baked enamel. The outer surfaces shall becoated with engineering-grade retro-reflective materialthat complies with the provisions of US 401:1993 or equivalent standards in the colours shown on theDrawings. Holes for fixing shall be drilled before thereflective plates may be galvanised or painted.

5203 CONSTRUCTION

(a) ErectionSteel posts shall be erected and fixed as shown on the

Drawings. Unless otherwise approved by the Engineer,the posts shall be installed by driving them into theground, preferably by a mechanical post driver.

The posts, spacer blocks (if applicable) and guardrailsshall be erected and set true to line and level, so thatthe guardrails will be at the required height above thelevel of the completed road shoulder.

All guardrails shall be so erected as to have noprojecting ends that might interfere with or endanger traffic. The edges and the centre of the guardrails shalltouch either the spacer block or the post where no

spacer blocks are used.

Guardrails, if specified, shall be provided with end unitsas shown on the Drawings. All splices of guardrailsshall be at posts, and guardrails shall make contactover the entire area of the splice. All bolts shall betightened and unless otherwise directed by theEngineer, spot-welded to protect against theft.

Reflective plates shall be fixed in accordance with thedetails shown on the Drawings. The reflective surfacesshall be arranged with the colours as shown on theDrawings.

(b) PaintingThe following instructions shall apply where guardrails

are to be painted:

(i) Before being fixed, the guardrails shall be cleaned,primed and painted as specified in CLAUSE 6908.

After erection, all abraded or damaged surfacesshall be repainted as specified in CLAUSE 6908.Galvanised guardrails shall not be painted.

(ii) When existing guardrails are required to berepainted, they shall be thoroughly cleaned withwire brushes and descaled with suitable tools toremove all rust and loose and oxidised paint. Theyshall then be washed down and all exposed steelsurfaces shall be given a coat of zinc based primer.

(iii) The entire prepared surface shall then be given a

full coat of zinc-based primer and two coats of paintas specified in CLAUSE 6908.

5204 REQUIREMENTSThe completed guardrail shall have a neat appearance,and shall not show any visible deviations from line andgrade. The posts shall be straight and vertical. Theguardrails shall not be warped but shall be in a verticalplane parallel to the road centre line except at flaredterminal sections. The painted or galvanised surface onthe guardrail shall be smooth and continuous and freefrom abrasions or scratches. Any damage to thesurface shall be repaired at the Contractor's expense.

5205 REMOVING, RENOVATING AND RE-ERECTING EXISTING GUARDRAILSEvery effort should be made to reuse existing guardrailsrather than dispose of them and purchase new units.Where existing guardrails have to be removed, or removed and re-erected, or removed, renovated and re-erected, the three processes of removal, renovation andre-erection shall be carried out as follows:

(a) Removing the guardrails All guardrails, reflective plates and end units shall beloosened. Posts shall be carefully dug out and the holesshall be filled and compacted in 150 mm layers. Itemsused for fixing, such as bolts, nuts and washers,together with the reflective plates, shall be placed intobags, after which all the material shall be transported to

a store approved by the Engineer and all stored ingroups by type.

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Where material is intended for re-use, it shall first beunpacked for inspection by the Engineer for decidingwhich material will be suitable for re-use. Suitablematerial shall then be stored separately from materialthat is unsuitable for re-use.

(b) Renovating the guardrailsGuardrails, end units and steel posts suitable for reuseshall be taken to the workshop for cleaning and

painting. Rust and existing paint shall be completelyremoved and minor indentations hammered out. Theguardrails shall then be re-galvanised or receivesurface treatment and be painted as described inCLAUSE 6908.

Bolts, nuts and washers to be re-used shall be cleanedand all rust removed, and shall then be oiled.

(c) Re-erectionThe guardrails shall be erected in the positions asindicated and all the removed material suitable for re-use and as much supplementary new material as maybe necessary shall be used. Re-erection shall be asspecified for new guardrails, including fixing the retro-reflective plates.


ITEM UNIT

52.01 GUARDRAILS ON STEEL POSTS:

(a) G ALVANISED METRE (m)

(b) P AINTED METRE (m)

The unit of measurement shall be the metre of guardrailerected, excluding end units.

The bid rates shall include full compensation for furnishing all materials and labour and erecting andpainting and galvanising the guardrail, complete withposts, spacer blocks, bolts, nuts, washers andreinforcing plates.

ITEM UNIT

52.02 EXTRA OVER ITEMS 52.01 AND 52.10 FOR HORIZONTALLY CURVED GUARD-RAILS FACTORY BENT TO A RADIUS OF LESS THAN 45 m

METRE (m)

The unit of measurement shall be the metre of curvedguardrail erected and measured in place.

The bid rate extra over the rates bid for ITEMS 52.01and 52.10 shall include full compensation for incidentalsin respect of supplying and erecting curved guardrails.

ITEM UNIT

52.03 END UNITS:

(a) END SECTIONS INCLUDING FOUNDATION IN THE GROUND WHERE SINGLE GUARDRAIL SECTIONS ARE USED (STATE LENGTH)

NUMBER (no)

(b) END SECTIONS INCLUDING FOUNDATION IN THE GROUND

WHERE DOUBLE GUARDRAIL SECTIONS ARE USED (STATE LENGTH OF END SECTION)

NUMBER (no)

(c) C ABLE STAYS COMPLETE WITH NUMBER (no)

ANCHOR BLOCK

The unit of measurement shall be the number of endunits of each type erected.

The bid rates shall include full compensation for alllabour, constructional equipment and materials requiredfor installing the end units as shown on the Drawings,including posts and fittings and the bending of turned-down sections, excavations, concrete, backfilling, theremoval of surplus backfill and bituminous sealing atposts where guardrail is erected through a bituminoussurface.

ITEM UNIT

52.04 ADDITIONAL GUARDRAIL STEEL POSTS:

NUMBER (no)

The unit of measurement for additional guardrail postsshall be the number erected over and above thoseerected in accordance with the normal spacing shownon the Drawings.

The bid rates shall include full compensation for supplying additional posts and erecting the posts.

ITEM UNIT

52.05 REFLECTIVE PLATES NUMBER (no)

The unit of measurement shall be the number of reflective plates installed.

The bid rate shall include full compensation for supplying all materials and labour required for manufacturing, painting and fixing the reflective platesas specified and as shown on the Drawings.

ITEM UNIT

52.06 REMOVING EXISTING GUARDRAILS

METRE (m)

The unit of measurement shall be the metre of guardrailremoved, and the quantity shall be measured betweenthe terminal points of the sections removed, includingthe end units, but excluding the anchor blocks andanchor cables, if any, projecting beyond the end units.

The bid rate shall include full compensation for the workas described in SUBCLAUSE 5205(a), including loading,transporting to any point on the Site, and off-loadingand stacking the material.

ITEM UNIT

52.07 RENOVATING GUARDRAIL MATERIAL:

(a) GUARDRAILS INCLUDING END SECTIONS

METRE (m)

(b) POSTS INCLUDING BOLTS,WASHERS AND NUTS

NUMBER (no)

The unit of measurement for SUBITEM (a) shall be themetre of single guardrail, whether straight or bentrenovated as specified, the length of which shall bemeasured in accordance with the measurements of theguardrail after dismantling. The unit of measurement for

SUBITEM (b) shall be the number of treated posts.

The bid rates shall include full compensation for thework as specified in SUBCLAUSE 5205(b), including the

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loading, transporting to and from the workshops, off-loading and storing of the material.

ITEM UNIT

52.08 RE-ERECTION OF GUARDRAILS WITH RECOVERED MATERIAL:

(a) SINGLE GUARDRAIL METRE (m)(b) DOUBLE GUARDRAIL METRE (m)

The unit of measurement shall be the metre of single or double guardrail re-erected with used material andmeasured between the points where they are joined tothe end units.

The bid rates shall include full compensation for re-erecting the guardrails as specified in SUBCLAUSE 5205(c), including the loading, transporting betweenany two points on the site and off-loading the material,and providing new fixing material. Payment shall bemade separately for any new material required,including spacer blocks, but not for other fixingmaterials. Where sections are made entirely from new

material, payment therefore shall be made under theappropriate items for new guardrails.

ITEM UNIT

52.9 RE-ERECTION OF END UNITS WITH RECOVERED MATERIAL:

(a) END WINGS NUMBER (no)

(b) TERMINAL SECTIONS WITH SINGLE GUARDRAILS

NUMBER (no)

(c) TERMINAL SECTIONS WITH DOUBLE GUARDRAILS

NUMBER (no)

(d) TERMINAL SECTIONS COMPLETE WITH ANCHOR BLOCK

NUMBER (no)

The unit of measurement shall be the number of endunits erected with recovered and, in part, new material.

The bid rates shall include full compensation for erecting the end units and for providing all anchors,fixing materials and anchor blocks. Apart from anchors,anchor blocks and fixing materials payment will bemade separately for all new materials. End units madecompletely from new materials shall be paid for inaccordance with the appropriate rates for new endunits.

ITEM UNIT

52.10 NEW MATERIAL REQUIRED FOR THE RE-ERECTION OF GUARD-RAILS WITH RECOVERED MATERIALS:

(a) GUARDRAILS METRE (m)

(b) STEEL POSTS NUMBER (no)

(c) REFLECTIVE PLATES NUMBER (no)

(d) SPACER BLOCKS NUMBER (no)

The unit of measurement for SUBITEM (a) shall be themetre of guardrail provided, measured in accordancewith the measurements of the loose guardrail. The unitof measurement for SUBITEMS (b), (c) and (d) shall bethe number of new steel posts, reflective plates andspacer blocks provided, respectively.

The bid rates shall include full compensation for supplying the material as specified. ITEM 52.02 shallapply to horizontally bent guardrail factory bent to aradius of less than 45 m.

ITEM UNIT

52.11 DRILLING AND BLASTING HOLES FOR GUARDRAIL POSTS,ERECTION AND BACKFILLING

NUMBER (no)

The unit of measurement shall be the number of holesdrilled and blasted with explosives in rock material thatcannot be removed by auger and where the postscannot be installed by driving.

The bid rate shall include full compensation for alldrilling, explosives, materials, labour and equipmentand all incidentals to be incurred for making holes inrock materials and for backfilling the holes after erectionof the posts, including concrete backfill and removingany surplus material.

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SECTION 5300: FENCING

CONTENTS:

CLAUSE P AGE

5301 SCOPE 5000-65302 M ATERIALS 5000-65303 TYPES OF FENCING 5000-75304 PROTECTING LIVESTOCK 5000-75305 CLEARING THE FENCE LINE 5000-75306 ERECTING STRAINING POSTS AND

STANDARDS 5000-75307 ERECTING FENCE WIRES 5000-85308 ERECTING DIAMOND MESH OR WIRE

NETTING 5000-85309 CLOSING OPENINGS UNDER FENCES

5000-85310 EXISTING FENCES 5000-85311 ERECTING G ATES 5000-85312 TEMPORARY FENCING, G ATES AND

MOTOR G ATES 5000-9

5313 FINISHING REQUIREMENTS 5000-95314 C ATTLE GRIDS 5000-95315 MEASUREMENT AND P AYMENT 5000-9

5301 SCOPEThis Section covers the moving of existing fences anderecting new fences along the boundaries of the roadreserve and elsewhere as indicated on the Drawings or as directed by the Engineer.

It shall also include the erection and later removal of temporary fences and dismantling of existing fencesand stacking of the fencing material.

Except when the Engineer allows otherwise, temporary

fences shall be erected before construction on aparticular section of the road is commenced, or beforetemporary bypasses are opened to traffic.

This Section also covers the construction of cattle grids.

5302 MATERIALS

(a) Straining posts, stays, standards and droppersStraining posts, stays, standards and droppers shall beof the type and size indicated on the Drawings. Steelsections shall comply with the requirements of BS 4-1:1993 or BS EN 10162:2003 or equivalent and timber posts with the requirements of BS 5268-2:2002 or equivalent. Timber posts shall be treated with a

preservative in accordance with the requirements of Subclause 5202(b).

Unless otherwise specified or shown on the Drawings,rolled steel posts shall be 15 or 22 kg/m rails as shownon the Drawings. Standards shall be 2.5 kg/m Y-sections or timber standards according to SABS 457 or equivalent.

Droppers shall be 0.56 kg/m ridgeback-pattern droppersor timber droppers according to BS 5268-2:2002 or equivalent.

Tubular straining posts and stays shall be galvanised inaccordance with BS EN 10240:1998, BS EN ISO1461:1999 or equivalent for Class B1 articles, or shall

be painted as specified in Section 5900 as may berequired on the Drawings, and shall have a wallthickness of at least 2.95 mm. Unless otherwise shownon the Drawings, all tubular posts shall be provided withat least a 200 mm x 200 mm foot plate and a pressed-

steel or cast-iron cap. Tubular stays shall have anominal bore of at least 50 mm.

Rolled steel sections shall be provided with a protectivecoating of tar or other approved material.

(b) Bolts for staysBolts shall be galvanised steel bolts of the requiredlength and a diameter, which shall not be less than 12

mm. All the necessary bolts, nuts and washers, shall besupplied with each post.

(c) Wire

(i) Barbed wireBarbed wire shall comply with the requirements of US 193:2001, US 195:2001, BS EN 10223-1:1998or equivalent and shall be one or more of thefollowing types:

(1) High-tensile-grade single-strand 3.15 mm x 2.5mm oval-shaped wires, with a 2.81-mmequivalent diameter and fully galvanised.

(2) High-tensile-grade single-strand fully

galvanised (first-class coating), 2.8 mm x 1.9mm in diameter, oval-shaped wire, with a 2.31mm equivalent diameter. This wire shall not beused within 500 mm above ground level wherebush fires are common.

(3) Mild-steel-grade double-strand uni-directionaltwist wire, each strand 2.5 mm in diameter, for use at any height above ground. The wire shallbe fully galvanised.

Barbs shall be manufactured from 2 mm galvanisedwire and shall be spaced at not more than 152 mm.

(ii) Smooth wireSmooth wire shall comply with the requirements of

US 193:2001, US 195:2001, BS EN 10223-1:1998or equivalent and shall be of the types specifiedbelow:

(1) Straining wire shall be 4 mm in diameter andfully galvanised.

(2) Fencing wire shall be high-tensile-grade notless than 2.24 mm in diameter wire fullygalvanised.

(3) Tying wire shall be not less than 2.5 mm indiameter mild-steel galvanised wire for tyingfencing wire to standards and droppers and 1.6mm mild-steel galvanised wire for tying nettingand mesh wire to the fencing wire.

(d) Diamond meshDiamond mesh (chain-link fencing material) shallcomply with the requirements of BS 1722-1:1999 or BS1722-2:2000 or equivalent. The width shall be as shownon the Drawings and the edge finish shall be both sidesclinched or barbed.

The nominal diameter of the wire shall be 2.5 mm andthe mesh size shall be 64 mm x 64 mm.

The wire shall be fully galvanised.

(e) Wire nettingWire netting shall be fully galvanised mild-steel wirewith a minimum diameter of 1.8 mm, with 75 mm

hexagonal mesh.

The width shall be as shown on the Drawings.

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(f) Barbed-tape concertina wireBarbed-tape concertina wire shall comply with therequirements of CKS 592 Type A or equivalent. Thehigh-tensile steel wire shall be heavily galvanised(Class A), and the barbed tape and concertina clampsshall also be heavily galvanised (Class Z600). Thediameter of the roll shall be 950 mm or 700 mmaccording to requirements.

(g) GatesGates shall be manufactured to the dimensions shownon the Drawings.

Gates shall be complete in every respect, includinghinges, washers, bolts and locking chains attached tothe gate.

Gate posts shall not be used as straining posts andshall be according to BS 5268-2:2002 or equivalent.

(h) Timber posts for wire matsTimber posts for holding down wire mats where thefence crosses streams shall comply with therequirements of BS 5268-2:2002 or equivalent and shallbe in accordance with the requirements of SUBCLAUSE

5202(b).

(i) Manufacturing tolerances for wireThe actual diameter of wire supplied shall nowhere beless than the specified diameter minus the followingtolerances:

Specified diameter Tolerance1.00 - 1.80 mm 0.05 mm2.00 - 2.80 mm 0.08 mm3.15 - 4.00 mm 0.10 mm

5303 TYPES OF FENCINGThe following types of fences shall be erected inaccordance with the dimensions shown on the

Drawings:− Stock-proof fences

− Vermin-proof fences

− Pedestrian fences

− Security fences

Where existing fences have to be dismantled and re-erected, they shall be erected either to the same designas the original, but with such modifications as may berequired by the Engineer, or they shall be erected up toone of the standards specified above, all as ordered bythe Engineer.

5304 PROTECTING LIVESTOCK

From the time of occupancy up to the date of TakingOver Certificate being issued to the Contractor, he/sheshall take all measures necessary for preventing theingress of vermin, and for protecting and controllinglivestock etc, on the sections of the properties affectedby his/her operations. He/she shall provide gates at thepositions in existing fences cut by him/her for gainingaccess and shall ensure that all gates are kept closedexcept when they are opened for admitting his/her traffic. No fences shall be cut without the approval of the Engineer, and consultation with the Owner of thefence.

Where alternative arrangements cannot be made, theEngineer may direct the Contractor to erect temporaryfencing where necessary to protect livestock that may

be lost or are exposed to vermin through his/her operations. Such fencing shall be of an adequatestandard and shall be erected ahead of constructionoperations. The fencing shall be maintained in a goodorder during construction operations and, on completion

of the work, it shall be removed from the site and allsurfaces shall be restored. The Engineer may order thatany permanent fencing which is required be erectedahead of construction operations, where practicable,instead of erecting temporary fencing.

Payment for the protection of livestock, excluding theerection of temporary fences, shall be included in theamounts bid for the Contractor's establishment on the

site, as specified in SECTION 1300.

5305 CLEARING THE FENCE LINEThe fence line shall be cleared over a width of at least1.0 m on each side of the centre line of the fence andsurface irregularities shall be graded so that the fencewill follow the general contour of the ground. Clearingthe line shall include the removal of all trees, scrub,stumps, isolated boulders or stones and other obstructions, which will interfere with the construction of the fence. Stumps within the cleared space shall begrubbed as described in SECTION 3100. The bottom of the fence shall be located at a uniform distance abovethe ground line in accordance with the requirementsshown on the Drawings. All material removed shall be

burnt or disposed of in disused borrow pits.

Any areas outside the road reserve where clearing isnot permitted by the Owner or is impracticable shall notbe cleared if so directed by the Engineer.

5306 ERECTING STRAINING POSTS ANDSTANDARDSStraining posts shall be erected at all terminal points,low points (as required), corners and bends in thefencing and at all junctions with other fences. Strainingposts shall not be spaced further apart than shown onthe Drawings. The length of posts above ground shallbe such that the correct clearance between the lowest

wire and the ground can be obtained.

Straining posts shall be accurately set in holes and shallbe provided with concrete bases to the dimensionsshown on the Drawings.

Holes shall be dug to the full specified depth. Where, onaccount of the presence of rock, the holes cannot beexcavated by hand or by pneumatic tools and theContractor has to resort to the use of explosives, he/shewill be paid separately for the drilling and blastingoperations required.

All straining posts shall be braced by means of stays or anchors as shown on the Drawings or as directed bythe Engineer. Tubular stays shall be bolted to the posts.Gateposts shall not be used as straining posts but ateach gatepost a straining post shall be placed as shownon the Drawings.

Standards shall be firmly planted into the ground at thespacing shown on the Drawings or as directed by theEngineer. The spacing of standards between any twosuccessive straining posts shall be uniform and notgreater than that shown on the Drawings. In rock or hard material standards shall be either driven or set inholes drilled into the rock. The size of drilled holes shallprovide a tight fit to the standards. Care shall be takenwhen driving standards to prevent their buckling or being damaged.

All straining posts and standards shall be accuratelyaligned and set plumb. Where veranda-type security

fencing is used, the posts shall be planted with theoverhang on the roadside and perpendicular to thedirection of the fence. After the straining posts andstandards have been firmly set in accordance with the

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foregoing requirements, fence wires shall be attachedthereto at the spacing shown on the Drawings.

5307 ERECTING FENCE WIRES All fencing wire shall be tied to the sides of standards or posts to prevent the wires from being displaced or becoming loose. The wire shall be carefully tensionedwithout sagging, and true to line, care being exercisednot to tension the wire to such an extent that it willbreak, or that end, corner, straining or gate posts will bepulled out, or that it will be easily damaged during fires.

Each strand of fencing wire shall be securely tied in thecorrect position hard up to each standard with softgalvanised tying wire. The tying wire for each strandshall pass through a hole or notch in the standard, whilethe ends of the tying wire shall be wound at least four times around the fencing wire to prevent it from movingin a vertical direction.

At end, corner, straining and gate posts the fencing wireshall be securely wrapped twice around the post andsecured against slipping by tying the end tightly aroundthe wire by means of at least six neat tight twists.

Where high-tensile wire is used, two long twists mayfirst be made followed by the six tight, neat twistsaround the post to prevent the wire from breaking at thefirst twist. When smooth wire is used, the loose endshall preferably be bent over and hooked into the notchbetween the fencing wire and the first twist.

Splices in the fencing wire shall be permitted if made inthe following manner with a splicing tool. The end of each wire at the splice shall be taken at least 75 mmpast the splicing tool and wrapped around the other wire by not less than six complete turns with the twoseparate wire ends being turned in opposite directions.

After the spl icing tool has been removed, the space leftby it in the spliced wire shall be closed by pulling the

wire ends together. Unused wire ends shall be cut closeso as to leave a neat splice.

The gaps between gate posts and the adjacentstraining posts shall be fenced off with short lengths of fencing wires.

Droppers shall be tied to each fence wire with soft tyingwire in the required position as specified for standardsto prevent slippage in a vertical direction. The spacingof droppers between any two straining posts shall beuniform. Anchoring to structures shall be done asshown on the Drawings.

Barbed-tape concertina wire shall be attached to thefence as shown on the Drawings at maximum spaces of

1.0 m between tying points. Barbed-tape concertinawire rolls shall be spliced by overlapping for one fullcircle and tied at four evenly spaced points along thecircumference. Spliced ends shall coincide with thepositions of the standards.

5308 ERECTING DIAMOND MESH OR WIRENETTINGWhere vermin-proof, pedestrian or security fences areerected, or where instructed by the Engineer, wirenetting or diamond mesh shall be stretched against thefence and properly tied to the fencing wire as shown onthe Drawings. The diamond mesh or wire netting shallbe secured by soft tying wire at 1.2 m centres along thetop and bottom wires and at 3 m centres along each of

the other fencing wires, unless otherwise shown on theDrawings.

In the case of vermin-proof fencing, vermin shall beprevented from creeping under the fence by either oneof the two methods described below as ordered by theEngineer:

(a) By folding back the bottom 130 mm of the wirenetting so that it lies flat on the ground and bytightly packing stones (having a minimumdimension of 200 mm) end to end on this flap to

secure it in position.

(b) By embedding the lower 130 mm of the wire nettingin the ground and thoroughly compacting the eartharound it on both sides, to secure the netting.

5309 CLOSING OPENINGS UNDER FENCES At ditches, streams, drainage channels or other depressions where the fence cannot be erected so asto follow the general ground contour, the Contractor shall close the opening under the fence with horizontalbarbed wires at 150 mm spacing. Stretched betweenadditional posts or straining posts as shown on theDrawings or as directed by the Engineer. In the case of pedestrian, vermin-proof and security fences the

opening shall be covered with strips of wire netting or diamond mesh 1000 mm wide, fixed to the barbedwires.

In the case of larger streams where damming of debrisagainst the fence would constitute a hazard, theopening below the bottom fencing wire shall be closedwith loose-hanging wire nets. For this purposeadditional straining posts shall be planted on both sidesof the stream with a cable consisting of at least fivestrands of smooth fencing wire stretched between them.Onto this cable vertical strips of diamond mesh hangingdown to ground level shall be fixed. The edges of thevarious strips of diamond mesh shall be tied to eachother so that the entire mat will be raised by water flowing underneath to leave a free stream area. These

mats at streams shall be erected only when instructedby the Engineer. If it should be necessary to keep thebottoms of the mats on the ground, the Engineer mayorder that timber posts or pipes be fixed horizontally tothe bottom ends of the diamond-mesh strips.

5310 EXISTING FENCESWhere a new fence joins an existing fence whether inline or at an angle, the new fence shall be erected witha new straining post positioned at the terminal point of the existing fence.

Existing fences that require to be taken down or movedto a new location shall be dismantled. Material notrequired for re-erection or unsuitable for re-use shall be

neatly stacked at approved locations in accordance withthe Engineer's instructions. Fencing wire and wirenetting shall be stacked clear of the ground. Paymentwill be made only for fences removed in accordancewith the written instruction of the Engineer.

Where fences require moving, the Contractor shall re-use all the material, declared to be suitable for thispurpose by the Engineer, plus such new material asmay be required to erect the fence again to thestandard specified for new fences. The Engineer shallnot be responsible for any delays or costs arising fromthe breaking of re-used wire during straining.

5311 ERECTING GATESGates shall be erected at the positions indicated by theEngineer. The gates shall be hung on gate fittings inaccordance with the requirements shown on theDrawings. Gates shall be so erected as to swing in a

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horizontal plane at right angles to the gateposts, clear of the ground in all positions. In pedestrian and securityfences the double swing gates shall leave a gap notexceeding 25 mm between them when closed and other gates shall not be further than 25 mm from the gatepost when closed.

Gates shall be stock-proof to the same extent as theadjoining fence. The clearance below the gates shall

not exceed 75 mm with the gates closed. Where thegate crosses a public road, it shall be fitted with a discor other device easily visible at night, as instructed bythe Engineer.

5312 TEMPORARY FENCING, GATES ANDMOTOR GATESIf required, the Contractor shall erect temporary fencing,gates and motor gates in accordance with theDrawings, Special Specifications or the Engineer'sinstructions. The material and erection shall be inaccordance with the provisions of this Section, but thematerial need not necessarily be new. Where usedmaterials are offered, they shall be in a good conditionand approved in advance by the Engineer.

When no longer required, the temporary fencing, gatesand motor gates shall be dismantled and removed.

5313 FINISHING REQUIREMENTSThe completed fence shall be plumb, taut, true to lineand ground contour, with all posts, standards and staysfirmly set. The height of the lower fencing wire abovethe ground at posts and standards shall not deviate bymore than 25 mm from that shown on the Drawings.Other fencing wires shall not deviate by more than 10mm from their prescribed vertical positions.

The Contractor shall, on completion of each section of

fence, remove all cut-offs and other loose wire or netting so as not to create a hazard to grazing animalsor a nuisance to the Owners of the ground.

5314 CATTLE GRIDS

A cattle grid is a structure that is designed to preventthe passage of cattle and other domestic animals whilepermitting other traffic to pass. Cattle grids are normallyconstructed across a road in connection with fencingand gates.

Cattle grids shall be constructed in conformity with thedetails, dimensions and design shown in the Drawings,and at locations shown in the Drawings or as directed

by the Engineer.


ITEM UNIT

53.01 CLEARING THE FENCE LINE,2m WIDE STRIP:

KILOMETRE (km)

The unit of measurement for clearing the fence lineshall be the kilometre of fence line measured alongeach fence line.

The bid rate shall be in full compensation for clearingthe fence line as specified, including the removal of trees, stones, and other obstructions and the disposalof all waste material resulting from clearing operations,as may be directed. The removal of trees and stumps

with a girth exceeding 1.0 m shall be paid for asspecified in SECTION 3100.

ITEM UNIT

53.02 SUPPLYING AND ERECTING NEW FENCING MATERIAL FOR NEW FENCES AND FOR SUPPLEMENTING MATERIAL IN EXISTING FENCES WHICH ARE BEING REPAIRED OR MOVED:

(a) B ARBED WIRE (GRADE, SIZE AND TYPE OF GALVANISING INDICATED)

KILOMETRE (km)

(b) SMOOTH WIRE (GRADE, SIZE AND TYPE OF GALVANISING INDICATED)

KILOMETRE (km)

(c) DIAMOND MESH SQUARE METRE (m2)

(d) WIRE NETTING SQUARE METRE (m2)

(e) B ARBED-TAPE CONCERTINA WIRE KILOMETRE (km)

(f) STEEL AND TIMBER STRAINING POSTS, INCLUDING ANCHORS (TYPE, SIZE AND LENGTH AND WHETHER GALVANISED, TREATED OR PAINTED INDICATED)

NUMBER (NO.)

(g) STEEL AND TIMBER STANDARDS (LENGTH AND TYPE INDICATED)

NUMBER (NO.)

(h) STEEL AND TIMBER DROPPERS (LENGTH AND TYPE INDICATED)

NUMBER (No.)

(i) TIMBER POSTS TO BE FIXED TO THE BOTTOM OF WIRE MESH IN STREAMS (DIAMETER INDICATED)

METRE (m)

The quantity of material used shall be determined bymeasuring the quantities of individual items of materialused in the completed fence. The linear measurementof the completed fence shall not apply. The appropriateunits of measurement are as follows:

(i) Fencing wire (SUBITEMS 53.02 (a) and (b))The unit of measurement shall be the kilometre of each type of fencing wire measured between endposts. Tying wire and wire used for anchoring theposts shall not be measured for payment.

(ii) Diamond mesh and wire netting (SUBITEMS 53.02(c) and (d))The unit of measurement shall be the square metreof diamond mesh or wire netting, the quantity of which shall be calculated according to theprescribed width and the length between strainingposts or gate posts, or the length of strips used for covering openings under fences, or the length usedfor covering the gates.

(iii) Barbed-tape concertina wire (SUBITEM 53.02 (e))The unit of measurement shall be the kilometre of fence provided with barbed-tape concertina wire of which each concertina is opened to the maximumeffective open concertina length as specified in theDrawings.

(iv) Straining posts (SUBITEM 53.02 (f))The unit of measurement shall be the number of posts, as follows:

All straining posts erected in accordance with themaximum specified spacing or such lesser spacingas authorised by the Engineer, all corner posts

authorised by the Engineer, and all end posts. Gateposts for new gates shall not be measured for payment.

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(v) Standards and droppers (SUB-ITEMS 53.02 (g) and(h))The unit of measurement shall be the number of standards and droppers erected to the maximumspecified spacing or such lesser spacing asauthorised by the Engineer.

(vi) Timber posts to be fixed to the bottom of wire meshin streams (SUB-ITEM 53.02 (i)).

The unit of measurement shall be the metre of t imber post of every diameter erected inaccordance with the Drawings and the instructionsof the Engineer.

The bid rate for each straining post, standard, dropper,each kilometre of fencing wire and barbed-tapeconcertina wire, and each square metre of diamondmesh or wire netting and for each metre of timber post,shall include full compensation for providing all thematerials, including all concrete, tying wire, strainingwire, bolts, washers and nuts, for excavating or drillingholes for standards, for erecting the posts, standardsand droppers and the complete putting up of the fenceas specified and as shown on the Drawings. Noseparate payment will be made in respect of stone

packing and/or trenching in the case of wire netting.

The bid rate for posts shall include full compensation for erecting the stays of the types shown on the Drawings.

ITEM UNIT

53.03 NEW GATES:

(a) SINGLE LEAF (SIZE AND TYPE INDICATED)

NUMBER (NO.)

(b) DOUBLE LEAF (SIZE AND TYPE INDICATED)

NUMBER (NO.)

The unit of measurement shall be the number of newgates erected. At pedestrian and security fences the

pair of gates shall be measured as one.

The bid rates shall include full compensation for procuring and furnishing all material, including gates,gate posts, hinges, bolts, disks, concrete and strainingwire, and for erecting the gates as specified and asshown on the Drawings. It shall not includecompensation for any fencing wire or mesh fitted ontothe gate.

ITEM UNIT

53.04 MOVING EXISTING FENCES AND GATES:

( A) FENCES:

(i) STOCK-PROOF FENCES KILOMETRE (km)(ii) VERMIN-PROOF FENCES KILOMETRE (km)

(ii i) PEDESTRIAN FENCES KILOMETRE (km)

(iv) SECURITY FENCES KILOMETRE (km)

(B) G ATES NUMBER (NO.)

The unit of measurement for moving existing fencesshall be the kilometre of fence, the quantity of whichshall be taken as the length of fence that has been putup permanently with material obtained from fences thathave been dismantled elsewhere. Additional newmaterial used during the re-erection of existing fencesshall be measured under ITEM 53.02.

The unit of measurement for moving gates shall be thenumber of gates moved.

The bid rate for each kilometre of existing fence movedshall include full compensation for dismantling the old

fence, coiling and stacking the material unsuitable for re-use, moving all material, including posts and wireand again putting up the fence at the new position andthe provision of binding, tying and straining wire. Newmaterial used for re-erection of old fences shall be paidfor under ITEM 53.02.

The bid rate for each gate moved shall include fullcompensation for taking down the gate and re-erecting

it where required, including all new bolts, nuts and other accessories required but excluding new gate posts.

ITEM UNIT

53.05 DISMANTLING EXISTING FENCES AND GATES

KILOMETRE (km)

The unit of measurement shall be the kilometre of existing fencing and gates taken down and dismantledon the instruction of the Engineer.

The bid rate shall include full compensation for takingdown existing fences and gates, coiling wires, rollingnetting into rolls, transporting the material to designated

sites and stacking the material.

ITEM UNIT

53.06 PROVIDING TEMPORARY FENCES AND GATES:

(a) STOCK-PROOF FENCE KILOMETRE (km)

(b) VERMIN-PROOF FENCE KILOMETRE (km)

(c) PEDESTRIAN FENCE KILOMETRE (km)

(d) TEMPORARY GATES (TYPE AND SIZE INDICATED)

NUMBER (NO.)

(e) TEMPORARY MOTOR GATES NUMBER (NO.)

The unit of measurement for SUB-ITEMS 53.06 (a), (b)and (c) shall be the kilometre of each type of temporaryfencing erected on the instructions of the Engineer.

The bid rates shall include full compensation for providing all labour, new or suitable second-handmaterial, putting up the temporary fence and when nolonger required, dismantling and removing it from thesite to any new locality where it is required.

The unit of measurement for SUB-ITEMS 53.06 (d) and(e) shall be the number of temporary gates provided bythe Contractor.

The bid rates for SUB-ITEMS 53.06 (d) and (e) shall

include full compensation for erecting the gates inaccordance with the Drawings, by using new or second-hand material, and their dismantling and removal andagain putting up any fencing removed from thepositions where the gates were erected.

Where new or second-hand materials are used thathave been provided by the Employer, e.g. materialobtained from taking down existing fences, suchmaterial obtained from taking down the temporaryfences or gates shall remain the property of theEmployer. Material provided by the Contractor for temporary fences will become the Contractor's propertyafter the temporary fences have been dismantled.

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ITEM UNIT

53.07 RINGBOLTS FOR ANCHORING FENCING TO STRUCTURES:

NUMBER (NO.)

The unit of measurement shall be the number of ringbolts supplied and fixed to the structure.

The bid rate shall include full compensation for supplying and fixing ringbolts of the type shown on theDrawings to the structure, including, where necessary,drilling holes, anchorage, grouting ringbolts in withepoxy resin, and for all incidentals.

ITEM UNIT

53.08 DRILLING AND BLASTING HOLES FOR POSTS AND ANCHORS:

NUMBER (NO.)

The unit of measurement shall be the number of holesfor posts and anchors made by drilling and/or blastingwhere excavation by pneumatic tools cannot be doneeconomically.

The bid rate shall include full compensation for drillingand blasting the holes and for all other expenses inconnection with providing, storing, transporting andusing explosives.

ITEM UNIT

53.09 C ATTLE GRIDS (INDICATE TYPE)

NUMBER (no)

The unit of measurement shall be the number of cattlegrids supplied; the type as indicated in the Drawings.

The bid rate shall include full compensation for providing the materials and constructing the cattle grids,

including excavation, construction, curing finishing andprotection of the works as instructed by the Engineer.

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SECTION 5400: ROAD SIGNS

CONTENTS:CLAUSE P AGE

5401 SCOPE 5000-125402 DESCRIPTION 5000-125403 M ATERIALS 5000-125404 CONSTRUCTION 5000-125405 STORAGE AND H ANDLING 5000-135406 ERECTING ROAD SIGNS 5000-135407 PROTECTION AND M AINTENANCE 5000-

135408 DISMANTLING, STORING AND RE-

ERECTING EXISTING ROAD SIGNS 5000-13

5409 MEASUREMENT AND P AYMENT 5000-14

5401 SCOPE

This Section covers the supply and erection of permanent and temporary road traffic signs alongsideand over the carriageway, ramps and cross roads atintersections and interchanges and at the locationsindicated on the Drawings or as directed by theEngineer.

5402 DESCRIPTIONThis work shall consist of furnishing and placing roadsigns, in accordance with these Specifications, at thelocations and of the dimensions shown on the Drawingsor as directed by the Engineer.

5403 MATERIALSConcrete for foundations shall be Class 30/19 to beexecuted as specified in SECTIONS 6100 and 6400 of these Specifications.

Signposts shall consist of steel pipes conforming to therequirements of ASTM A 52 Grade B, to be galvanisedin accordance with ASTM A 123.

Sign plates shall consist of steel sheets conforming tothe requirements of ASTM A 366 or aluminium alloysheets conforming to ASTM B 209, 6061-T6 aluminium,degreased and alodine treated.

Reflective sheeting shall be of high intensity gradesheeting, with pressure sensitive adhesive or similar product, as approved by the Engineer. Reflective

sheeting shall comply with ASTM D4956 and the classof sheeting shall be as specified in the SpecialSpecifications.

Words, figures and other symbols shall be applied tothe reflective sheeting by applying coloured overlay filmonto white reflective sheeting. The overlay films and thebase sheeting must come from the same manufacturer.

The Contractor shall provide, at his/her own expense,the sign manufacturer’s specifications and certificate for all materials he/she intends to adopt. The certificateshall set forth the name or brand of the materials to befurnished, the results of tests proving the products meetthe requirements, and any other data requested by theEngineer. The certificate shall be sworn to for the

manufacturer by a person having legal authority to bindthe company.

The Contractor shall also provide from the sheetingmanufacturer a seven-year warranty for satisfactory

field performance of the finished signs in respect of retroreflective performance, colour, fungus resistance,and adhesion. The retroreflective performance of thesign at the end of the warranty period should bespecified in the warranty and the retroreflective valuesshould not be less than 75% of the original values. Anysign that fails within that period shall be replaced at nocost to the Employer.

The Contractor shall not place any purchase order for road signs until the manufacturer’s certificate and formof guarantee have been inspected by the Engineer andaccepted.

At any time the Engineer may request any test he/shethinks necessary to verify the compliance of thematerial with the Specifications.

All the tests shall be carried out in a specialisedlaboratory previously approved by the Engineer; thislaboratory shall certify the results of the tests inquestion.

All the above-mentioned tests shall be at the expenseof the Contractor.

5404 CONSTRUCTIONRoad sign plates shall be manufactured fromgalvanised steel sheet of at least 1.4 mm thickness, or from aluminium alloy sheet of at least 2.5 mm thicknessor such other material that is approved by the Engineer.

Sign plates manufactured from sheet material shall bestiffened when the maximum dimension of the signexceeds 600 mm.

The stiffening of the sign may be in the form of a flangeat least 15 mm deep on all edges or by means of mildsteel or aluminium sections. Material for fixing such asbrackets, socket caps, clips, screws, bolts, nuts and

washers, shall be corrosion resistant and to theEngineer’s approval. Brass or copper will not beallowed for use in contact with aluminium.

The colours on all road signs, with the exception of black, will normally be reflectorised, unless otherwisespecified or ordered by the Engineer. Reflectivesheeting shall be applied with a squeeze roll applicator with sheeting that has a pressure sensitive adhesive.Retro-reflective background material shall bepre-applied to individual sections of big informativesigns before assembly with the material taken aroundthe face edges of each extension for at least 10 mmwithout damaging the material. Where possible, lettersacross the joint between two extrusions should beavoided.

Before painting all signs shall be pre-treated by anapproved method, and all frames, brackets, metalstakes, clips, screws, nuts, bolts, rivets, and washersshall be corrosion-proofed prior to painting.

The signs shall be supported on a galvanised steel tubeof not less than 75 mm outer diameter and securelybolted to it as shown on the Drawings. To avoid theft of the signs, the ends of bolts shall be hammered or spot-welded to prevent the nuts being removed.

Where details for the construction of sign faces, theframework of the sign faces and the attachment thereof to the supporting framework are not shown on theDrawings, the Contractor shall design these

himself/herself and submit the details to the Engineer for approval before manufacture.

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Care shall be taken to prevent the forced rotation of thesign round the post. A steel bar of 16 mm diameter x450 mm long shall be welded in the middle horizontallyto the foot of the post to prevent the rotation of the postin its foundation. The length of the post shall be suchthat it is at least 0.65 m in the ground when the sign isat its correct height.

Additional road sign plates shall be provided and

mounted on the support of the road sign, as directed bythe Engineer.

Posts shall be thoroughly cleaned, free from grease,scale and rust and given at least one coat of rustinhibiting priming paint.

Posts and backs of signs, fittings, etc. shall be paintedgrey. The back of aluminium road signs will not requirepainting.

The foundations for road signs shall be as shown on theDrawings or as directed by the Engineer. Concretefoundations shall be poured using formwork.

After the concrete has set sufficiently, the spaces

around the concrete foundation shall be refilled to therequired elevation with suitable material, which shall bethoroughly tamped in layers of not more than 150 mmthickness.

All road signs shall be marked with the manufacturer’sname or trademark, and year of make.

Mounting of the sign plate on the support shall be madeby brackets, in accordance with the types proposed bythe Contractor and approved by the Engineer, beforethe actual manufacture and erection in place.

The signs shall be erected at a distance from the edgeof shoulder as shown on the Drawings or as directed bythe Engineer.

The Contractor shall cut back trees and vegetation asmay be necessary to ensure visibility of the signs.

All the structures must be such as to bear the stresscaused by a wind blowing at 130 km/h on the supportand the signs.

5405 STORAGE AND HANDLING All road signs or parts of road signs shall be transportedand handled so as to prevent any damage anddeformation. All road signs shall be stored in a verticalposition in a weatherproof storeroom. There shall besufficient space between the road signs to permit freeair circulation and moisture evaporation. Contact of road signs with treated timber, diesel, dirt or water shall

not be permitted. When required, existing or newlyerected road signs shall be fully or partially covered withburlap or other approved adequately ventilated materialto obscure destinations that are temporarily inapplicableor irrelevant.

5406 ERECTING ROAD SIGNS

(a) PositionRoad signs shall be erected in the positions shown onthe Drawings or indicated by the Engineer.

(b) Excavation and backfillingExcavations for the erection of road signs shall bemade according to the dimensions shown on the

Drawings. Where the excavations are to be backfilledwith soil, a 12:1 soil-cement mixture shall be made if required by the Engineer.

The soil or soil-cement mixture shall then be compactedby tamping at optimum moisture content in 100 mmthick layers in the excavation.

Where posts or structures are to be fixed in concrete, or where concrete footings are to be cast, the concrete,formwork and reinforcement shall comply with therequirements of SECTIONS 6200, 6300 and 6400. Theholes shall be completely filled with concrete up to the

level shown on the Drawings or indicated by theEngineer. The upper surface of the concrete shall beneatly finished with sufficient fall to ensure proper drainage.

(c) ErectionRoad signs shall be erected as shown on the Drawingsor as directed by the Engineer. During erection thestructural steelwork shall be firmly bolted and protectedto prevent buckling or damage during erection, or by theequipment used for erection.

Posts to which road signs are to be fixed shall bevertical and the undersides of road signs shall behorizontal after having been erected.

Where timber posts are used for erecting the signs, allholes that are drilled in the timber shall be impregnatedwith creosote.

(d) Field welding All welding done during erection shall comply with therequirements for welding during manufacture.

(e) On-site painting All painting done after the road signs have been erectedshall comply with the requirements for painting duringmanufacture.

All places where the paintwork has been damagedduring erection shall be repaired by the Contractor athis/her own cost to the satisfaction of the Engineer.

(f) Time of erectionRoad signs shall be erected immediately prior to theroad being opened to public traffic, unless otherwisedirected by the Engineer.

(g) General All destinations and route numbers shown on theDrawings shall be subject to amendment, andconfirmation of the details shall be obtained from theEngineer before any particular signs are made. Suchparticulars may be available only at a late stage, for which allowance shall be made by the Contractor inhis/her program.

5407 PROTECTION AND MAINTENANCEThe Contractor shall protect the completed road signsagainst damage until they have been finally acceptedby the Employer, and he/she shall maintain the roadsigns until the Performance Certificate has been issued.Damage or defects caused by negligence or faultyworkmanship shall be rectified by the Contractor athis/her own cost to the satisfaction of the Engineer.

5408 DISMANTLING, STORING AND RE-ERECTING EXISTING ROAD SIGNSWhere ordered by the Engineer, the Contractor shalldismantle existing road signs, store them, and re-erectthem at new positions indicated.

Where required by the Engineer, the signs shall berepainted or repaired and new materials shall be usedfor part or all of the supporting structure.

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5409 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENTThe quantity to be measured for payment shall be:

− The actual number of road signs complete in place,

including support assembly and concretefoundation, and accepted.

− The actual number of additional road sign plates

complete in place, regardless of the sizes.

−Guidance signs are to be measured as one sign per site with all names, route numbers and directionalarrows shown on the one sign.

The quantities, determined as provided above, shall bepaid for at the rate per unit of measurement for each of the pay items listed below, that is shown in the Bill of Quantities, which price and payment shall be fullcompensation for furnishing and placing all materials,for all labour, equipment, tools and incidentalsnecessary to complete the work prescribed in thissection, including all necessary excavation andbackfilling.

ITEM UNIT

54.01 ROAD SIGN (STANDARD,STATE AREA FOR EACH TYPE)

NUMBER (NO.)

ITEM UNIT

54.02 ADDITIONAL ROAD SIGN PLATE

NUMBER (NO.)

The unit of measurement shall be the number of standard size signs of approved materials as stated inthe Specifications.

ITEM UNIT

54.03 GUIDANCE SIGNS SQUARE METRE

(m2)

The unit of measurement shall be the square metre of completed road signboard of approved materials.

The bid rates shall include full compensation for providing the completed road sign board, frame, fixingbrackets, angle-irons, channel profiles, etc includingpainting, galvanising if specified, reflective lettering,symbols, legends and borders, attaching the road signboard to the road sign support, or to the overhead roadsign structure, or to an over-bridge, and for all other materials and workmanship, brackets, bolts, nuts, etc,for the completion of the road sign boards as specified.

The rate for Guidance Signs and other Informative

Signs shall include for the provision and erection of signsupport in accordance with the Drawings.

ITEM UNIT

54.04 DISMANTLING, STORING AND RE-ERECTING ROAD SIGNS (INDICATE SURFACE AREA)

NUMBER (NO.)

The unit of measurement shall be the number of signsdismantled and stored and re-erected in each sizegroup.

The bid rates shall include full compensation for dismantling and storing the road signs and supportingstructures, transporting the material to a new location,re-erecting the road signs, and restoring the locationwhere they were dismantled.

Payment for excavations, and the new material andconcrete required for re-erecting the road signs shall bemade under the appropriate Item, and any repairs andpainting which may be necessary, shall be paid for as"extra work". No separate payment shall be made for new bolts and nuts required for such re-erection, thecost of which shall be included in the rates bid above.

ITEM UNIT

54.05 REMOVAL OF OBSOLETE ROAD SIGNS

NUMBER (NO.)

The unit of measurement shall be the number of signsdismantled and stored or disposed of as directed by theEngineer.

The bid rates shall include full compensation for dismantling and storing or disposing of the road signsand supporting structures as directed, and restoring thelocation where they were dismantled.

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SECTION 5500: ROADMARKINGS

CONTENTS:

CLAUSE P AGE

5501 SCOPE 5000-155502 M ATERIALS 5000-155503 WEATHER LIMITATIONS 5000-165504 MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT FOR

APPLICATION 5000-165505 SURFACE PREPARATION 5000-165506 SETTING OUT THE ROAD M ARKINGS

5000-165507 APPLYING THE M ARKING MATERIAL

5000-165508 APPLYING THE RETRO-REFLECTIVE

BEADS 5000-165509 ROAD STUDS 5000-175510 TOLERANCES 5000-175511 REMOVAL OF TEMPORARY AND

REJECTED ROAD MARKINGS 5000-175512 PROTECTION 5000-175513 MEASUREMENT AND P AYMENT 5000-17

5501 SCOPEThis Section covers the permanent marking of the roadsurface with white or yellow painted or thermoplasticlines or symbols, the supply and fixing of retro-reflectiveroad studs and the construction of rumble strips andspeed humps as indicated on the Drawings or asspecified by the Engineer.

All road markings shall be of the standard regulatory,warning and guidance markings as detailed on theDrawings and in accordance with the current TrafficSigns Manual.

This Section also covers the construction of rumblestrips, speed humps and raised pedestrian crossings asindicated on the Drawings or as specified by theEngineer.

5502 MATERIALS

(a) Paint for road markingThe paint to be used for road marking shall bespecifically manufactured for such purposes. The paintshall be reflectorised unless otherwise specified.

(i) Road-marking paintPaint shall comply with the requirements of BS/EN1871 or AASHTO M248, Type F.The paint shall be delivered at the Site in sealedcontainers bearing the name of the manufacturer and the type of paint. The viscosity of the paint shallbe such that it can be applied without being thinned.

(ii) ReflectorizationRetro-reflective road-marking paint shall complywith the requirements of SUB-CLAUSE 5502 (a) (i)above and BS/EN 1424. The retro-reflective glassbeads shall conform to the requirements of BS/EN1423 or equivalent, subject to a maximum nominalsize of 0.8mm.

(iii) Colour The colours to be used shall be bright white or yellow. The colour of the yellow marking materialshall be to BS Colour No. 08E51 of BS 4800 andthe colour of white markings shall be to BS colour

number 00E55 of BS 4800 or as specified in thecurrent Traffic Signs Manual.

When required by the Engineer, the Contractor shallsubmit with each consignment of paint delivered to thesite, test certificates from an approved testing authorityto show that the respective materials comply in allrespects with relevant specifications.

(b) Thermoplastic road-marking materialHot applied thermoplastic material shall comply with therequirements of BS/EN 1871. The material shall beapplied to the pavement in a molten state bymechanical means.

(i) Thermoplastic MaterialThe hot-melt thermoplastic road-marking materialshall be of tropical grade with a softening point of the binder of 45º - 50ºC. The binder shall beplasticized synthetic resin and the material shall bereflectorised by mixing in 20% by mass Class Aglass beads. The thermo-plastic road markingmaterial shall consist of light coloured aggregate,pigment and extender bound together with resin,elasticised with oil as necessary, in approximately

the following proportions:− Aggregate, including Ballotini beads: 60%

− Pigment and extender: 20%

− Binder: 20%

The maximum size of aggregate shall be 2 mm.

(ii) ReflectorizationReflectorization shall be by Ballotini beads to BSEN 1423:1998, which shall make up approximately20% by mass of the total mix, and shall be treatedas part of the aggregate. The Ballotini shall bereasonably spherical and free from flaws and of asize suitable for this method of reflectorization,subject to a maximum size of 2 mm.

(iii) Colour

The colours to be used shall be bright white or yellow. The colour of the yellow marking materialshall be to BS Colour No. 08E51 of BS 4800 andthe colour of white markings shall be to BS colour number 00E55 of BS 4800 or as specified in thecurrent Traffic Signs Manual.

(iv) Skid resistanceThe skid resistance of all types of marking materialshall comply with the requirements of BS 7941-1:1999 or BS 7941-2:2000 or equivalent.

The Contractor shall submit for each consignment of thermoplastic material delivered to the Site themanufacturer’s certificate to show that the materialscomply in all respects with the relevant product

specifications.

(c) Road studsRoad studs shall comply with the requirements of BSEN 1463-2:2000 or equivalent and shall be of the sizeand type indicated on the Drawings or specified in theSpecial Specifications. The Contractor shall, prior todelivery, submit to the Engineer for approval, samplesof the type of road studs he/she proposes to use.

(d) Rumble stripsRumble strips shall be constructed of asphalt concrete,

AC 10, having a high resistance to rutting anddeformation, in accordance with the requirements of SECTION 4200 of this Specification and as directed bythe Engineer. Rumble strips shall conform to the

standards of the Ugandan Road Design Manual.

(e) Speed humpsSpeed humps shall be constructed of reinforcedconcrete in accordance with the requirements of

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SECTIONs 6200, 6300, 6400 and 6800 of theseSpecifications unless otherwise specified in theDrawings or instructed by the Engineer. Speed humpsshall conform to the standards laid out in the UgandanRoad Design Manual and the Contractor should use anapproved profile board to ensure that the correct shapeof the hump is achieved

5503 WEATHER LIMITATIONSRoad marking material shall not be applied to a damp

surface or at temperatures lower than l0°C or when, in

the opinion of the Engineer, the wind strength is suchthat it may adversely affect the road markingoperations.

5504 MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT FORAPPLICATION OF ROAD MARKINGThe equipment shall consist of tools and equipment for cleaning the surfaces, a mechanical road-paintingmachine or automatic self-propelled thermoplasticlaying machine as the case may be and all additionalhand-operated equipment necessary for completing the

work.

The mechanical road-marking machine shall be capableof marking at least two parallel lines simultaneously andshall apply the marking material to a uniform thicknessat the rates of application specified. The machine shallbe so designed that it will be capable of applying theroad markings everywhere to a uniform width with sideswithin the tolerances specified. The machine shallfurther be capable of marking lines of different widths.

The road-marking machine shall be capable of applyingthe road marking at a speed of not less than 5.0 km/hr and it shall be provided with clearly visible amber warning flashing lights that shall always be in operationwhen the machine is working on the road.

5505 SURFACE PREPARATIONRoad markings shall be applied to bituminous surfacesonly after sufficient time has elapsed to ensure thatdamage will not be caused to the marking material byvolatiles evaporating from the surfacing. In no caseshall paint markings be applied until at least 48 hoursafter the completion of bituminous surfacings.

Before the marking material is applied, the surface shallbe clean and dry and completely free from any soil,grease, oil, acid or any other material that will bedetrimental to the bond between the marking materialand the surface. The surface where the markingmaterial is to be applied shall be properly cleaned by

means of watering, brooming or compressed air if required. A suitable sealer shall be applied to concretesurfaces before thermoplastic marking material isapplied.

Road marking material shall not be applied to dampsurfaces or when the relative humidity exceeds 80%, or

at temperatures lower than 10°C, or when, in opinion of

the Engineer, wind strength is such that it mayadversely affect the road marking operations.

5506 SETTING-OUT OF ROAD MARKINGS,ROAD STUDS AND SPEED REDUCINGMEASURES

The lines, symbols, figures or marks shall be pre-marked by means of paint spots of the same colour asthat of the final lines and marks. These paint spots shallbe at such intervals to ensure that the road markingscan be accurately applied, and in no case shall they be

more than 1.5 m apart. Spots of approximately 10 mmin diameter should be sufficient.

The dimensions and positions of road markings shall beas shown on the Drawings or as specified in theappropriate statutory provisions and the current TrafficSigns Manual. After spotting, the positions of theproposed road markings shall be indicated on the road.These painted pre-markings shall be approved by the

Engineer prior to any road marking operations beingcommenced.

The positions and outlines of special markings shall beproduced on the finished road in chalk and shall beapproved by the Engineer before they are carried out.

Approved templates may be used on condition that thepositioning of the markings is approved by the Engineer before marking is commenced.

The position of road studs shall be marked out on theroad and shall be approved by the Engineer before theyare fixed in position.

The position of rumble strips and speed humps shall beas shown in the Drawings and approved by the

Engineer.

5507 APPLYING THE MARKING MATERIALWhere two lines are required parallel to each other, thelines shall be applied simultaneously by the samemachine. Paint shall be stirred before application inaccordance with the manufacturer's instructions andshall be applied without the addition of thinners.

Before any road-marking machine is used on thepermanent Works, the satisfactory operation of themachine shall be demonstrated and the application ratechecked on a suitable site that is not part of thepermanent Works. Adjustments to the machine shall befollowed by further testing. Only when the machine has

been correctly adjusted and the Engineer has approvedits use after testing, may the machine be used on thepermanent work. The operator shall be experienced inthe use of the machine.

Where road-marking paint is applied by machine, itshall be applied in one layer. Where painting is done byhand, it shall be applied in two layers, and the secondlayer shall not be applied before the first layer hasdried. As most road-marking paint reacts with thebitumen surface of the road, the paint shall be appliedwith one stroke only of the brush or roller.

Road-marking paint shall be applied at a nominal rate of 0.42 litre/m2 or as directed by the Engineer.

Thermoplastic material shall be laid to a thickness of 3mm ±0.5mm or as directed by the Engineer. Themethod of thickness measurement shall be inaccordance with BS 3262-3:1989, Appendix H.

Edge lines of thermoplastic material shall be broken bya 100mm gap for every 10m continuous line

Where acoustic lines of thermoplastic material arespecified, the types and dimensions of the lines andthickness of the marking material shall be as shown inthe Drawings and specified in the SpecialSpecifications. Acoustic edge lines shall normally be notless than 150 mm wide.

5508 APPLYING THE RETRO-REFLECTIVEBEADS TO ROAD PAINTWhere retro-reflective paint is required, the retro-reflective beads shall be applied by means of a suitable

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machine in one continuous operation, immediately after the paint has been applied. Road-painting machinesapplying the beads by means of gravity only shall notbe used. The beads shall be sprayed onto the paintlayer by means of a pressure sprayer.

The rate of application of the beads shall be 300 – 400g/m2 of paint or such other rate as the Engineer maydirect.

5509 ROAD STUDSRoad studs shall be of the type and size specified in theSUB-CLAUSE 5502(b) and shall be fixed in position asshown on the drawings or as directed by the Engineer.

The roadstuds shall be fixed by means of an approvedepoxy resin or bitumen adhesive in accordance with themanufacturer's instructions, subject to suchamendments to the method as may be required by theEngineer. The studs shall be protected against impactuntil the adhesive has hardened. Before fixing theroadstuds, the surface shall be thoroughly cleaned asspecified in CLAUSE 5505.

Roadstuds must be protected during marking of anylines and application of any surface treatments. Anyroad studs that become loose or are lost during thedefects liability period are regarded as defects.

5510 TOLERANCESThe figures, letters, signs, symbols, broken or unbrokenlines or other marks shall be marked as shown on theDrawings or as directed by the Engineer.

Road markings shall be applied to accuracy within thetolerances given below:

(a) WidthThe width of lines and other markings shall not be lessthan the specified width, nor shall it exceed thespecified width by more than 10 mm.

(b) PositionThe position of lines, letters, figures, arrows, retro-reflective roadstuds and other markings shall notdeviate from the true position by more than 100 mm inthe longitudinal and 20 mm in the transverse direction.

(c) Alignment of markingsThe alignment of the edges of longitudinal lines shallnot deviate from the true alignment by more than 10mm in 15 m.

(d) Broken linesThe length of segments of broken longitudinal lines

shall not deviate by more than 150 mm from thespecified length.

The length of segments and the gap between segmentsin broken lines shall be as indicated on the Drawings. If these lengths are altered by the Engineer, the ratio of the lengths of the marked section to the length of thegap between marked sections shall remain the same.

Lines on curves, whether broken or unbroken, shall notconsist of chords but shall follow the correct radius.

5511 REMOVAL OF TEMPORARY ANDREJECTED ROAD MARKINGS

The Contractor shall remove existing obsolete markingsfrom the road surface by means of sand blasting, millingor other approved method. The use of black paint or chemical paint remover to obliterate existing markings

will not be permitted, except where it is instructed by theEngineer as a temporary measure.

Rejected road markings and paint and marking materialthat has been splashed or dripped onto the pavement,kerbs, structures or other such surfaces, shall beremoved by the Contractor at his/her own cost, in anapproved manner so that the markings or spilt paint willnot show up at all.

5512 PROTECTION After the marking material has been applied, the roadmarkings shall be protected against damage by trafficor other causes. The Contractor shall be responsible for erecting, placing and removing all warning boards,flags, cones, barricades and other protective measureswhich may be necessary in terms of any statutoryprovisions and/or as may be recommended in thecurrent Traffic Signs Manual.


ITEM UNIT

55.01 ROAD-MARKING USING ROAD-MARKING PAINT:

(a) WHITE LINES (BROKEN OR UNBROKEN) (WIDTH OF LINE INDICATED)

METRE (m)

(b) YELLOW LINES (BROKEN OR UNBROKEN) (WIDTH OF LINE INDICATED)

METRE (m)

(c) WHITE LETTERING AND SYMBOLS

SQUARE METRE (m2)

(d) YELLOW LETTERING AND SYMBOLS

SQUARE METRE (m2)

(e) TRAFFIC-ISLAND MARKINGS

( ANY COLOUR)SQUARE METRE (m2)

(f) KERB MARKINGS ( ANY COLOUR) SQUARE METRE (m2)

The unit of measurement for painting the lines shall bethe metre of each specified width of line and thequantity paid for shall be the actual length of linepainted in accordance with the instructions of theEngineer, excluding the length of gaps in broken lines.

The unit of measurement for painting the lettering,symbols or traffic-island paintings shall be the squaremetre, and the quantity to be paid for shall be the actualsurface area of lettering, symbols or traffic-islandmarkings completed.

The bid rate per metre or per square metre as the casemay be for painting the road markings shall include fullcompensation for procuring and furnishing all materialand the necessary equipment, and for painting,protecting and maintenance as specified, including thesetting-out of lettering, symbols and traffic-islandmarkings, but excluding setting out and pre-marking thelines.

ITEM UNIT

55.02 ROAD MARKING USING RETRO-REFLECTIVE ROAD-MARKING PAINT:

(a) WHITE LINES (BROKEN OR

UNBROKEN) (WIDTH OF LINE INDICATED)

METRE (m)

(b) YELLOW LINES (BROKEN OR UNBROKEN) (WIDTH OF LINE

METRE (m)

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INDICATED)

(c) WHITE LETTERING AND SYMBOLS SQUARE METRE (m2)

(d) YELLOW LETTERING AND SYMBOLS

SQUARE METRE (m2)

(e) TRAFFIC-ISLAND MARKINGS ( ANY COLOUR)

SQUARE METRE (m2)

The unit of measurement for painting the lines shall bethe metre of each specified width of line and thequantity paid for shall be the actual length of linepainted in accordance with the instructions of theEngineer, excluding the length of gaps in broken lines.

The unit of measurement for painting the lettering,symbols or traffic-island markings shall be the squaremetre, and the quantity to be paid for shall be the actualsurface area of lettering, symbols or traffic-islandmarkings completed.

The bid rate per metre or per square metre as the casemay be for painting the road markings shall include fullcompensation for procuring and furnishing all material,including the retro-reflective beads, and the necessary

equipment, and for painting, protecting andmaintenance as specified, including the setting-out of lettering, symbols and traffic-island markings, butexcluding setting out and pre-marking the lines.

ITEM UNIT

55.03 ROAD MARKING USING THERMO-PLASTIC ROAD-MARKING MATERIAL:

(a) WHITE LINES (BROKEN OR UNBROKEN) (WIDTH OF LINE INDICATED)

METRE (m)

(b) YELLOW LINES (BROKEN OR UNBROKEN) (WIDTH OF LINE

INDICATED)

METRE (m)

(C) ACOUSTIC LINES (WIDTH OF LINE INDICATED)

METRE (m)

(D) WHITE LETTERING AND SYMBOLS SQUARE METRE (m2)

(e) YELLOW LETTERING AND SYMBOLS

SQUARE METRE (m2)

(F) TRAFFIC-ISLAND MARKINGS ( ANY COLOUR)

SQUARE METRE (m2)

The unit of measurement for marking the lines shall bethe metre of each specified width of line and thequantity paid for shall be the actual length of linemarked in accordance with the instructions of theEngineer, excluding the length of gaps in broken lines.

Acoustic lines, where specified and approved by theEngineer, shall be measured as continuous for paymentpurposes.

The unit of measurement for applying the lettering,symbols or traffic-island markings shall be the squaremetre, and the quantity to be paid for shall be the actualsurface area of lettering, symbols or traffic-islandmarkings completed.

The bid rate per metre or per square metre as the casemay be for applying the road markings shall include fullcompensation for procuring and furnishing all material,and the necessary equipment, and for application,protecting and maintenance as specified, including thesetting-out of lettering, symbols and traffic-island

markings, but excluding setting out and pre-marking thelines.

ITEM UNIT

55.04 V ARIATIONS IN RATE OF APPLICATION:

(a) WHITE PAINT LITRE (l)

(b) YELLOW PAINT LITRE (l)

(c) RETRO-REFLECTIVE BEADS KILOGRAMS

(kg)(d) THERMO-PLASTIC ROAD-MARKING

MATERIAL (SPECIFY)LITRE (l)

The unit of measurement for variations in the rate of applying of the paint, thermoplastic material and retro-reflective beads shall be the litre and the kilogramrespectively.

Payment for variations shall be made as specified inCLAUSE 1212.

ITEM UNIT

55.05 ROADSTUDS (TYPE STATED)

NUMBER (no)

The unit of measurement for roadstuds shall be theactual number of approved roadstuds placed.

The bid rate shall include full compensation for procuring and furnishing all the necessary material,labour and equipment, and for fixing and maintenanceas specified. Distinction shall be made between varioustypes of roadstuds.

ITEM UNIT

55.06 SETTING OUT AND PRE-MARKING THE LINES (EXCLUDING TRAFFIC-ISLAND MARKINGS,

LETTERING AND SYMBOLS)

METRE (m)

The unit of measurement for setting out lines shall bethe metre of lines set out and marked. Where two or three lines are to be marked next to each other, thelength of setting-out of such lines shall be measuredonly once.

The bid rate shall include full compensation for settingout and pre-marking the lines as specified, including allmaterials.

ITEM UNIT

55.07 REMOVAL OF EXISTING,TEMPORARY OR PERMANENT ROAD MARKING BY:

(a) S ANDBLASTING SQUARE METRE (m2)

(b) OVER PAINTING AS A TEMPORARY MEASURE

SQUARE METRE (m2)

(c) MILLING SQUARE METRE (m2)

The unit of measurement shall be the square metre of road marking removed.

ITEM UNIT

55.08 REMOVAL OF EXISTING ROAD STUDS

NUMBER (no)

The unit of measurement shall be the actual number of road studs removed.

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ITEM UNIT

55.09 RUMBLE STRIPS AND SPEED HUMPS

(a) RUMBLE STRIP (SPECIFY TYPE/SIZE)

METRE (m)

(b) SPEED HUMP (SPECIFY TYPE/SIZE)

METRE (m)

The unit of measurement for rumble strips and speedhumps shall be the linear metre of each individualrumble strip of the different types and the linear metreof speed humps constructed to the cross sectionalshape shown on the Drawings and in accordance withthe instructions of the Engineer.

The bid rate for rumble strips shall include for preparingthe surface, providing, mixing, transporting, laying andcompacting the asphalt concrete mix for the rumblestrips in accordance with the Drawings and to thesatisfaction of the Engineer.

The bid rate for speed humps shall include provision of all materials, excavation, bedding, construction, curingand finishing required for the construction of reinforcedconcrete speed humps in accordance with the Drawingsand to the satisfaction of the Engineer. Road markingfor speed humps and other speed reducing measureswill be paid for separately.

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SECTION 5600: LANDSCAPINGAND GRASSING

CONTENTS:

CLAUSE P AGE

5601SCOPE 5000-205602M ATERIALS 5000-205603L ANDSCAPING AREAS 5000-215604PREPARING AREAS FOR GRASSING

5000-215605GRASSING AND SPRIGGING 5000-225606M AINTAINING THE GRASS 5000-245607TREES, SHRUBS AND HEDGING PLANTS

5000-245608EROSION PREVENTION 5000-255609MEASUREMENT AND P AYMENT 5000-25

5601 SCOPEThis Section covers landscaping of designated areas,establishment of vegetation for functional and aestheticpurposes on cut and fill slopes, landscaped areas andsuch other areas indicated on the Drawings and whereit may be required.

5602 MATERIALS

Any declared noxious weeds, as well as any exotic tree,shrub, herb, grass or water plant which, in the opinionof the Engineer, may pose any problems in specifiedareas at certain t imes, is regarded as beingundesirable.

(a) Fertiliser/soil-improvement materialThe type of fertiliser/soil-improvement material to beused shall be one or more of the following types andany other type of fertiliser/soil-improvement materialspecified in the Special Specifications or prescribed bythe Engineer.

(i) Soil-improvement materials such as dolomitic lime,basic slag, gypsum, superphosphate andagricultural lime.

(ii) Fertilisers such as limestone ammonium nitrate,2:3:2 (22) and 3:2:1 (25).

(b) Grass cuttingsGrass cuttings shall be fresh cuttings of an approvedtype of grass with sufficient root material to ensure goodgrowth.

(c) Grass seedsOnly fresh certified seed shall be used and the types of seeds in the seed mixture shall be as specified in theSpecial Specifications.

Mixing the various types of grass seeds for obtainingthe prescribed grass-seed mixture shall be done on theSite in the presence of the Engineer. Storing andidentifying the grass seeds and the grass-seed mixtureson the Site shall be the responsibility of the Contractor.

The grass seed or seed mixture shall consist of localvarieties of Stenotaphrum secundatum, Cynodondactylon or Pennisetum clandestinum grass or other grass seeds approved by the Engineer.

(d) Grass sods

Grass sods shall be either nursery-grown or bush sodsas described below. Both types shall be harvested,delivered, planted and watered within 36 hours unlessotherwise authorised by the Engineer. The grass sodsshall be free from noxious weeds and diseases. Sodsobtained from a nursery shall be in moist soil not lessthan 30 mm deep, and sods taken from the bush inmoist soil not less than 50 mm deep.

(i) Nursery-grown sodsThese sods shall have been grown specifically for sod purposes, mown regularly and cared for toprovide an approved uniformity to the satisfaction of the Engineer.

The grass sods shall consist of local varieties of Stenotaphrum secundatum, Cynodon dactylon or Pennisetum clandestinum grass or other grassvarieties approved by the Engineer.

(ii) Bush sodsThese sods may be obtained from approved areaswithin or near the Site where a suitable type anddensity of grass and type of soil are found.

(e) Trees, shrubs and hedge plantsPlants shall be of the variety and size shown on theDrawings or in the Special Specifications.

The Contractor shall supply the number of plants asshown on the Drawings or in the Special Specificationsand/or Bill of Quantities. The Contractor shall give atleast six week's advance notice of his/her requirementsto the Employer. Upon receipt of the plants, theContractor shall ensure that the plants are in a goodcondition and free from plant diseases and he/she shallaccept full responsibility for maintaining the plants in agood condition throughout the Contract and the DefectsLiability Period. The plants shall be fully maintained andwatered during this period and any losses of plants onaccount of lack of care or disease during the Contract

and Defects Liability Period, shall be replaced at theContractor's own cost.

Each plant shall be handled and packed in theapproved manner for that species or variety, and all thenecessary precautions shall be taken to ensure that theplants will arrive at the site of the Works in a suitablecondition for successful growth. Trucks used for transporting plants shall be equipped with covers toprotect the plants from windburn. Containers shall be ina good condition.

Plants supplied by the Contractor shall be healthy,correctly shaped, and well rooted. The plants must behardened off and be exposed to direct sunlight for atleast 6 months prior to planting in the road reserve.

Roots shall not show any evidence of having beenrestricted or deformed at any time. Plants shall growwell and shall be free from insect pests and diseases.

(f) Anti-erosion compounds Anti-erosion compounds shall consist of an organic or inorganic material to bind soil particles together andshall be a proven product able to suppress dust andform an encrustation. The application rate shall conformto the manufacturer's recommendations. The materialsused shall be of such a quality that grass seeds maygerminate and penetrate the crust.

(g) TopsoilTopsoil shall consist of fertile loamy soil, obtained fromareas with good soil coverage of natural vegetation,

preferably grasses. It shall be free from deleteriousmatter such as large roots, stones, refuse, stiff or heavyclays and the seeds of noxious weeds, which willadversely affect its suitability for grass being planted.

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Topsoil tripped from areas infested with weeds shall bestockpiled separately.

Topsoil shall be obtained from wherever suitablematerial occurs either in the road reserve or from areaswhere cuts and fills are to be constructed. Topsoilstripped from borrow areas may not be removed fromthat site for topsoiling of other areas, but must be usedto rehabilitate the borrow pit itself.

The Engineer shall communicate his/her requirementsto the Contractor regarding the quantity of topsoil whichis necessary and the areas from which it shall beselected and removed by the Contractor. Unlessotherwise specified, topsoil shall be taken from notdeeper than 400 mm from the surface. If the Contractor fails to conserve the topsoil as instructed, he/she shallobtain suitable substitute material from other sources athis/her own cost.

Where so specified, the Contractor shall procure andfurnish topsoil from his/her own sources outside theSite, after such sources have been approved by theEngineer.

Topsoil shall be stockpiled in separate loose heaps astipped from the trucks and shall not be stockpiled inheaps exceeding 2 m in height. Care shall be taken toprevent the compaction of the topsoil in any way,especially by trucks being driven over such material.

(h) ManureManure shall, unless another type has been approvedby the Engineer, be pure kraal manure free from soil,weed seeds or other undesirable material. It shall notcontain any particles that will not pass through a 50 mmscreen and shall be approved by the Engineer beforebeing delivered to the Site.

( i) CompostCompost shall be well decayed, friable and free from

weed seeds, dust or any other undesirable materials. Itshall not contain any particles that will not pass througha 50 mm screen and shall be approved by the Engineer before being delivered to the Site.

5603 LANDSCAPING AREAS

(a) Shaping Areas within the road reserve but outside the roadprism which require shaping by means of bulkearthworks such as contoured areas at interchangesand intersections and rest areas which requireearthworks shall be excavated, filled and compactedwhen required, and shaped to the correct contours towithin a tolerance of plus or minus 150 mm. Such work

shall be regarded as being earthworks andmeasurement and payment therefore shall be madeunder SECTION 3600, except that quantities may bemeasured by means of a grid system of levels taken at10 m intervals before and after shaping or else it maybe determined by levelled cross-sections.

(b) TrimmingTrimming shall consist of trimming the existing or previously shaped ground to an even surface with thefinal levels generally following the original surface.Trimming shall normally be done by grader, or in moreconfined or steep areas by bulldozer. Where machineoperations are not practicable, because of confinedspaces or steep slopes, or when approved by theEngineer, trimming shall be done with hand tools. When

trimming is done on slopes steeper than 1:3, the ridgesshall be made parallel to the contour. Such ridges shallbe approximately 100 mm wide, and the centresbetween the ridges approximately 400 mm. Trimmingshall be done where instructed by the Engineer to areas

inside the road reserve but outside the road prism, ienormally outside the tops of cuts or the toes of fills, buttrimming of rock outcrops will not be required.

Trimmed surfaces shall be left slightly rough to facilitatea better binding with topsoil or the natural establishingof vegetation.

When subsequent grassing is required or when it is

ordered by the Engineer, areas previously shaped shallbe trimmed as described above to within a tolerance of plus or minus 100 mm with all undulations following asmooth curve. The above tolerance shall apply only toareas where the final contours are given on theDrawings.

During trimming, all stones in excess of 100 mm in sizeand all excess material shall be removed. Areas whichrequire grassing shall be trimmed in such a way that,after cultivation and the application of topsoil, thefinished surface of the area shall be approximately 25mm below the top of adjacent kerbing, channelling or pavement.

(c) Equipment rates

The Engineer shall be entitled to pay for shaping andtrimming as described above on the basis of hourlyequipment rates. The motor grader and bulldozer to beprovided shall each have a flywheel power of not lessthan 93 kW. All machines shall be in a good condition.

Any labour or other equipment required shall be paid for as extra work as specified in the Contract.

5604 PREPARING AREAS FOR GRASSINGThe various areas to be grassed shall be prepared asfollows:

(a) Soil rippingWhere soil is too hard to be ploughed with a lighttractor, the soil shall be ripped up to a depth of 300 mm

before it is loosened by plough to a depth of 150 mm.

After an area has been prepared for grassing, thegrassing shall be completed before crusting. Where acrust has been formed before grassing is done, theContractor shall, at his/her own cost, loosen the crustby ploughing to a depth of 150 mm.

(b) Areas which do not require topsoilWhere the areas to be grassed consist of organicallysuitable material, the topsoil shall be loosened byploughing to a minimum depth of 150 mm. All loosestones exceeding 50 mm in size on areas to be mowedby machine and falling within the road reserve and allstones exceeding 150 mm in size in other areas shallbe removed.

(c) Areas which require topsoilWhere areas to be grassed consist of organicallyunsuitable material, the surface shall be roughened toensure a proper bond between the topsoil and thesubsoil. If required, the area shall be scarified asdescribed in paragraphs (a) or (b) above.

Topsoil shall be placed on the prepared surfaces andtrimmed to the uniform thickness required. The topsoilshall be scarified by means of handraking or lightrotavators and all stones removed as specified for areas not requiring topsoil in subparagraph (b) above.

Areas inaccessible for topsoil being placed after theconstruction works have been completed shall be

covered with topsoil and protected against erosionduring construction works.

(d) Fertilising

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For all areas to be planted, the Contractor shall havethe top 150 mm of the prepared surface tested todetermine the quantity and type of fertiliser that will berequired for establishing proper growth conditions for the grass. The Contractor shall record the location of the soil sample taken and the Engineer shall befurnished with the test results. Only after approval bythe Engineer of the nature and quantity of the fertiliser,may its application proceed. The fertiliser shall be

evenly applied over all surfaces where grass is to beplanted, and shall then be thoroughly mixed with thesoil to a depth of 100 mm either mechanically or manually. Where hydro seeding is to be performed, thefertiliser may be mixed with the cellulose pulp and water used in hydro seeding.

5605 GRASSING AND SPRIGGINGThe method of establishing grass shall depend on thecircumstances relating to each case, and the Engineer shall decide which method is to be used. Provision ismade for the following methods:

− Planting grass cuttings

− Sodding

− Hydro seeding

− Topsoiling only using, where available, topsoil with

the presence of natural grass seeds

− Grassing with an approved grassing machine

− Hand seeding

− The use of any other method specified in the

Special Specifications.

A grass sod shall be placed on the top of the sideslopes in one metre width from the shoulder breakpointin order to protect the pavement material againsterosion by water runoff. The remaining disturbed areaof the embankment is to be scarified and hydro seededas specified in Sub-clause 5605 (c). The Engineer mayprescribe an anti erosion compound to be added in the

hydro seeding mixture for these areas.

Grass shall be planted as far as is practicable duringperiods of the year most likely to produce best growingresults. The Contractor shall make every effort toprogramme his/her operations in such a manner thatgrass shall be planted during this period.

(a) Planting grass cuttingsThe areas to be grassed shall, unless already wet, bethoroughly watered before the cuttings are planted toensure that the soil will be uniformly wet to a depth of atleast 150 mm when the planting is done.

An approved variety of grass cuttings shall be evenlyplanted by hand or mechanically at a rate of at least

600 kg of cuttings per hectare. Fresh cuttings only shallbe used. Any grass cuttings that have been allowed todry out shall be discarded. Immediately after havingbeen planted, the grass cuttings shall be given acopious watering, and, when sufficiently dry, shall berolled with a light agricultural roller.

(b) Sodding Areas to be grassed by sodding shall be given a layer of topsoil of at least 50 mm in thickness unless, wheresuitable soil is present, the Engineer orders the topsoilto be omitted. The areas to be sodded shall bethoroughly watered beforehand so that it will be wet to adepth of at least 150 mm during sodding. The surfaceshall be roughened slightly to ensure a goodpenetration of roots into the soil. Sods shall be

protected against drying out and kept moist from thetime of harvesting until they are finally placed.

The first row of sods shall, where possible, be laid in astraight line, and if on a slope, laying the sods shall start

at the bottom of the slope. The sods shall be buttedtightly against each other, and care shall be taken not tostretch or overlap the sods. Where a good fit cannot beobtained, any intervening spaces shall be filled withtopsoil. The next row shall be similarly placed tightlyagainst the bottom row with staggered joints, and so onuntil the entire area has been covered with sods. Onsteep slopes, when instructed by the Engineer, the sodsshall be held in position by a sufficient number of

wooden stakes approximately 300 mm long by 20 mmin thickness and these stakes shall be knocked into thesubsoil to a depth of 100 mm.

The Contractor shall water the sods directly after theyhave been placed to prevent undue drying out. Assodding is completed, each section shall be Lightlyrolled and thoroughly watered.

(c) Hydro seedingWhere it is specified that hydro seeding should becarried out on topsoil, the thickness of the topsoil shallbe as specified in the Special Specifications or asdirected by the Engineer.

Areas to be hydro seeded shall be given a layer of

topsoil of 100 mm in thickness unless, where suitablesoil is present, the Engineer orders the topsoil to beomitted or applied in reduced thickness.

The types and mixtures of seeds to be used shall be asspecified in the Special Specifications or, if not sospecified therein, shall be agreed on by the Engineer and the Contractor before any seed he/she may wish touse is ordered by the Contractor. The Contractor shallbe solely responsible for establishing an acceptablegrass cover, and any approval by the Engineer of seedor seed mixtures intended for use by the Contractor shall not relieve him/her of this responsibility.

The seed mixture for hydro seeding or hand seeding isto be applied at 45 kg/ha and is to consist of:

− Eragrostis tef (teff) 5%

− Eragrostis curvula (weeping love grass) 20%

− Paspalum notatum (bahia grass) 10%

− Chloris gayana (rhodes grass) 25%

− Digataria eriantha (finger grass) 20%

− Dactylus glomerata (cocks foot) 10%

− Locally harvested grass seed 10%

All areas to be hydro seeded or hand seeded shall bescarified forming horizontal drills running parallel to thecontours. The drills are to be spaced at intervals of 150to 250 mm apart. Seeding to take place immediatelyafter scarifying in order to avoid silting of the drills byrainwater.

Mulch shall be added to the hydro seeding mix at anapproved rate.

Hydro seeding shall then be carried out with anapproved hydro seeding machine at a rate of application of not less than 38 kg of seed mixture per hectare, unless otherwise specified in the SpecialSpecifications.

When the use of anti-erosion compounds is requiredand such compound is to be applied simultaneouslywith the hydro seeding, it shall be mixed with the hydroseeding mixture before application.

(d) Topsoiling onlyWhere, in the opinion of the Engineer, the planting of grass or hydro seeding can be dispensed with onaccount of favourable climatic and other conditions,he/she may attempt to establish grass by topsoilingonly. Topsoil shall be selected for the presence of

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natural grass and seeds and shall be removed andplaced whenever possible at a time that would favour the establishing of grass. These areas shall be treatedwith an anti-erosion compound, if so instructed by theEngineer.

After the topsoil has been placed it shall be lightly rolledand well watered, and afterwards watered and mownwhenever instructed by the Engineer.

The Contractor will not be held responsible for establishing an acceptable grass cover as defined inSUBCLAUSE 5606(d) when this procedure is followed,but will be responsible for the consequences of anyomission to water, weed or mow the grass as instructedby the Engineer.

No payment for grassing shall be made other than for placing topsoil, and for mowing and watering the grass,which will be paid for at the bid rates, and for anyreplanting of grass on bare patches, repairs caused byerosion, and similar work, which will be paid for as extrawork as allowed for in the Contract.

(e) Grassing with an approved grassing machine

The areas to be grassed shall be prepared as describedin CLAUSE 5604 and the areas shall be thoroughlywatered after completion of the operation.

Grassing shall be done with an approved grass planter which plants the seeds in rows spaced not more than250 mm apart. The planter shall plant the seedsapproximately 6 mm deep and shall lightly compact thesoil. The prescribed fertiliser may be distributedsimultaneously with the grass planting.

(f) Hand sowingThe areas to be grassed shall be prepared as describedin CLAUSE 5604 and the areas shall be thoroughlywatered after completion of the operation.

If approved by the Engineer, sowing may be done byhand. The seed shall be spread uniformly over thesurfaces and then lightly raked into the soil.

(g) Other methodsWhenever specified in the Special Specifications, other methods of grassing may be employed.

(h) The grassing of borrow pits, temporarybypasses, camp sites, access roads andstockpile sites

Prior to any grassing that may be required on suchareas, the finishing-off of borrow pits as describedunder SECTION 1700 AND CLAUSE 3406, obliterating thebypasses and access roads as described in CLAUSES 1514 and 5703 respectively and the clearing of camp

sites as described in SECTION 1300 and 1700, shallhave been carried out as specified in the relevantSections and Clauses.

(i) Sprigging

(i) DescriptionThis work shall consist of planting sprigs in closeconformity with these Specifications, at thelocations shown on the Drawings or required by theEngineer for the protection of slopes againsterosion.

(ii) Materials

(1) Sprigs

Sprigs shall be healthy, living stems withattached roots of perennial turf-forming grassesharvested without adhering soil and obtainedfrom approved sources in the locality of thework where the sod is dense and well rooted.

The presence of weeds or detrimental materialswill be cause for rejection.

The grass sprigging shall consist of localvarieties of Stenotaphrum secundatum,Cynodon dactylon or Pennisetum clandestinumgrass or other grass seeds approved by theEngineer.

(2) Fertiliser Fertiliser shall consist of an approvedcompound containing not less than 10%nitrogen, 15% phosphoric acid and 10% pot-ash or similar approved composition.

(iii) Construction

(1) TopsoilingWhere directed by the Engineer the face of slopes or benches shall be covered with a layer of topsoil, as described in CLAUSE 5602 (g).

If topsoil is not available in the project area or soil and moisture conditions are generally notfavourable for growth of grass, planting of grass

should be tried on small sections of clay andsand slopes prior to planting of large areas.

All surfaces shall, immediately before planting,be reduced to a fine tilth to a depth of 150 mmand free from stones greater than 25 mm.

(2) FertilisationFertilisation shall be carried out with an evendistribution. The rate of application shall not belighter than 70 kg to 1000 square metres.

(iv) Sprigging

(1) Harvesting sprigsThe Contractor shall obtain the Engineer’s

approval of his/her source of sprigs and shallnotify the Engineer at least 5 days before thesprigs are to be harvested.

Sprigs that have dried out or are otherwisedamaged during harvesting or delivery shall berejected.

(2) Planting sprigsPlanting of sprigs shall preferably be carried outat the beginning of a rainy season. Not morethan 24 hours shall elapse between harvestingand planting sprigs.

Sprigging shall not be done during windyweather, or when the ground is dry, excessively

wet, or otherwise untillable. If the soil is notmoist when the sprigs are being set, water shallbe applied until the soil is moist and in aworkable condition. One or more of thefollowing methods shall be used, whichever isshown on the Drawings or ordered by theEngineer:

− R OW S PRIGGING: Furrows shall be opened

along the approximate contour of slopes atthe spacing and depth indicated on theDrawings or as instructed by the Engineer.Sprigs shall be placed at intervals notexceeding 150 mm in a continuous row inthe open furrow, and shall be coveredimmediately.

− S POT S PRIGGING: Spot sprigging shall be

performed as specified under row sprigging,except that, instead of planting incontinuous rows, groups of four sprigs or

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more shall be spaced 400 mm apart in therows.

− Alternative methods of planting shall be

subject to the approval of the Engineer.

(v) Maintenance of sprigged areasThe Contractor shall regularly water and maintainsprigged areas in a satisfactory condition for the

duration of the Contract and until the end of theDefects Liability Period.

5606 MAINTAINING THE GRASS

(a) Traffic on grassed areasThe Contractor shall not plant any grass until alloperations which may require road-building equipmentto be taken over grassed areas have been completed.No road-building equipment, trucks or water carts shallbe allowed onto areas which have been grassed andonly equipment required for the preparation of areas,application of fertiliser, spreading of topsoil, wateringand mowing will be allowed to operate on areas to begrassed. All damaged areas shall be reinstated by theContractor at his/her own expense.

(b) Watering, weeding, mowing and replanting All sodded and grassed areas shall be adequatelywatered at regular and frequent intervals to ensure theproper germination of seeds and growth of grass untilthe grass has established an acceptable cover andthereafter until the beginning of the defects liabilityperiod of the grass. The quantity of water and thefrequency of watering shall be subject to the Engineer'sapproval. With hydroseeding the commencement of watering may be postponed until a favourable time of the year, but watering shall in any case commence andcontinue as soon as the seeds have germinated andgrowth has started.

The Contractor shall further mow the grass on all areaswhere grass has been established whenever soinstructed by the Engineer, until the end of the defectsliability period. All grass cuttings shall be collected anddisposed of if so directed by the Engineer. Weeds shallbe controlled by approved means. Any bare patcheswhere the grass has not taken or where it has beendamaged or has dried out shall be recultivated, planted,sodded or hydroseeded at the Contractor's ownexpense.

All grassed areas shall have an acceptable cover asdefined below at both the beginning and the end of theDefects Liability Period.

(c) Acceptable cover

An acceptable grass cover shall mean that not less than75% of the area grassed or hydroseeded shall becovered with grass and that no bare patches exceeding0.25 m2 in any area of 1.0 m x 1.0 m shall occur. In thecase of sodding, acceptable cover shall mean that theentire area shall be covered with live grass at the end of any period not less than three months after sodding.

(d) Responsibility for establishing an acceptablecover

Notwithstanding the fact that the Engineer willdetermine the method of grassing and that the type of seed or grass used and the rate of application of theseed may be specified or agreed on by the Engineer,and that the frequency of mowing will be as ordered byhim/her, the Contractor shall be solely responsible for

establishing an acceptable grass cover and for the costof replanting grass or re-hydroseeding where noacceptable cover has been established. Wherehowever, in the opinion of the Contractor, it is doubtfulfrom the outset if it will be possible to establish an

acceptable cover he/she may inform the Engineer of his/her reasons therefore, and the Engineer may, if he/she agrees, either adopt another method of grassingor agree to accept whatever cover can be obtained,provided that all reasonable efforts shall be made toestablish a good grass cover by the proposed method.

Any such agreement shall be valid only if given inwriting by the Engineer beforehand.

In the case of grassing by topsoiling only, theContractor will not be held directly responsible for establishing an acceptable grass cover, but will be heldresponsible for the consequences of supplyingworkmanship which does not conform to theSpecifications, or for lack of proper care.

(e) Re-fertilisingShould it become necessary, the Engineer may instructthe Contractor to undertake a Re-fertilising programmeon grassed areas during the twelve month defectsliability period. Payment for re-fertilisation will be madeunder SUB-ITEM 56.03(e).

(f) Defects Liability PeriodThe Defects Liability Period in respect of grass shall

commence when an acceptable grass cover as definedin (c) above has been established and shall be oneyear. This means that the Defects Liability Period inrespect of grass can commence earlier or later than theDefects Liability Period for other parts of the Contract.

If the Defects Liability Period in respect of grass expiresbefore the end of the defects liability period for the other roadworks, the Contractor shall further mow the grasson such areas as instructed by the Engineer up to theend of the Defects Liability Period for the other roadworks. For mowing that is executed after theDefects Liability Period in respect of grass has expired,the Contractor shall be paid under ITEM 56.07.

5607 TREES, SHRUBS AND HEDGING PLANTS

Trees and shrubs shall be planted as far as ispracticable during periods of the year most likely toproduce best growing results. The Contractor shallmake every effort to programme his/her operations insuch a manner that trees and shrubs shall be plantedduring this period.

(a) Positions of trees and shrubsUnless otherwise directed by the Engineer, the localitieswhere trees and shrubs are to be planted are asfollows:

(i) Trees and shrubs shall be planted at locationsshown on the Drawings.

(ii) Plants in the median shall be planted in a line 1.5 mfrom the centre line of the median.

(iii) When the carriageways are at different levels, theplants in the median shall be planted 2 m from theedge of the shoulder on the high side of themedian.

(iv) Where the road curves, the plants in the medianshall be planted on the inside of the median centreline.

(v) Where the carriageways are at different levels aswell as on a curve, the plants in the median shall beplanted on the high side, provided they do not

impede on sight distance.

(vi) At freeway crossings over roads or rivers, shrubsshall be planted in the positions shown on theDrawings.

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(vii)At the headwalls of culverts or similar structures,trees and/or shrubs shall be planted to indicate thepositions of these structures. The locations for planting shall be as shown on the Drawings or asdirected by the Engineer.

(viii)Care shall be taken not to obscure traffic signs byplants.

(ix) Trees shall not be planted closer than 10 m fromthe edge line on the outside shoulder.

(b) Preparing plant holesUnless otherwise directed by the Engineer, holes shallbe spaced and prepared as follows:

(i) All holes shall be square in plan and shall haveloosened sides and bottoms to prevent root ballingof plants and trees.

(ii) Holes for hedge plants and shrubs shall be at least500 mm square by 600 mm deep and 1.5 m fromcentre to centre. Alternatively a 500 mm widetrench 600 mm deep may be dug.

(iii) Holes for trees shall be at least 600 mm square by700 mm deep.

(iv) The holes for plants shall be refilled with selectedand approved topsoil thoroughly mixed with manureor compost (one heaped spadefull added to everyplant hole) and, depending on soil-test reports, therequired quantity and type of fertiliser.

(v) The holes shall be thoroughly watered before plantsare planted. Where the soil is poorly drained, 150mm of crushed stone shall be placed at the bottomof the hole before it is filled with soil.

(c) Planting

Before trees, shrubs and hedging plants are removedfrom their containers for planting, they shall be wellwatered.

Directly after having been planted, each plant shall bewell watered with a view to settling the soil. After thesoil has settled, additional soil shall be added wherenecessary to bring the replaced soil in the hole to within150 mm of the ground surface, so as to ensure thatsufficient water can be retained in the hole around theplant. All trees shall be tied to a suitable creosote-treated timber stake with a minimum diameter of 35 mmor other suitable stake as approved by the Engineer and firmly planted in the ground. The stake shall be 300mm longer than the planted tree, and its maximumlength shall be 1.5 m above ground level. After planting,

the ground surface around the plant shall be coveredwith straw or grass or any other type of mulch tominimise evaporation.

(d) MaintenanceDuring the defects liability period, which shall be twelvemonths after completion of the actual planting of trees,shrubs and hedges, the Contractor shall be responsiblefor watering the trees, shrubs and hedges and keepingthe plants free from weeds and pests.

Every hedge plant, tree or shrub, which is not healthy or shows unsatisfactory growth shall be replaced by theContractor at his/her own expense, within one month of having been notified by the Engineer in writing. Anyreplacement tree or shrub shall be maintained for a

period of 1 year from the date of replacement.

5608 EROSION PREVENTION

(a) Requirements and works descriptionDuring construction the Contractor shall protect allareas susceptible to erosion by installing all thenecessary temporary and permanent drainage works assoon as possible and by taking such other measures asmay be necessary to prevent the surface water frombeing concentrated in streams and from scouring theslopes, banks or other areas.

All side slope areas which consist of a sandy materialshall be hydro seeded with the addition of an antierosion compound. The application rate will be asspecified by the manufacturer. PAM (Polyacrylmide) or suitable alternative may be used.

Payment for the supply of the anti erosion compoundwill be made under ITEM 56.08.

Vetiver zizanioides (Vetiver grass) is to be planted as asoil conservation system of “Vegetative Contour Hedges ” to minimise the erosion potential of surfacewater runoff where directed by the Engineer. TheVetiver grass slips are to be separated from the grassclump and planted in rows running parallel to thecontour and at spacings of 10-15 centimetres apart.

The rows of Vetiver grass are to be spaced at distancesvarying between 1 and 5 metres on 1:1.5 to 1:4 sideslopes. On gentle sloping areas the distances betweenthe rows can increase up to 30 metres apart.

Vetiver Hedge Rows can be considered for protection tocut and fill slopes, bridge approach embankments, gullyerosion protecting, storm water and culvert outlets.Vetiver grass is available in Uganda.

Any runnels or erosion channels developing during theconstruction period or during the defects liability periodshall be backfilled and compacted, and the areasrestored to a proper condition. The Contractor shall notallow erosion to develop on a large scale beforeeffecting repairs and all erosion damage shall be

repaired as soon as possible and in any case not later than three months before the termination of the DefectsLiability Period. All topsoil or other materialaccumulated in side drains shall be removed at thesame time. Topsoil washed away shall be replaced.

(b) Proprietary brand materials used for erosionprevention

Certain proprietary brands of materials may benecessary for erosion prevention to enable naturalgrass to become established. In such case the specificbrand shal l be as described in the SpecialSpecifications. The method of applying the material, therequired surface preparation, the type of material to beprovided and the method of payment, shall be as setout in the Special Specifications.


ITEM UNIT

56.01 TRIMMING:

(a) M ACHINE TRIMMING SQUARE METRE (m2)

(b) H AND TRIMMING SQUARE METRE (m2)

The unit of measurement for trimming shall be thesquare metre of area trimmed on the instruction of theEngineer, including areas trimmed after having beenshaped. No trimming within the road prism shall bemeasured for payment.

All bulk earth-moving operations as described under shaping in SUB-CLAUSE 5603(a) shall be measured andpaid for under SECTION 3600.

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The bid rates for trimming shall include fullcompensation for trimming the areas to the specifiedfinishing requirements, including the moving of arelatively small quantity of material that would beinherent in this process and the removal of surplusmaterial and stones. Payment shall distinguish betweenmachine trimming, which can reasonably be done bybulldozer or motor grader, and hand trimming.

ITEM UNIT

56.02 USING MACHINES FOR TRIMMING OR SHAPING ( ALTERNATIVE TO SUBITEM 56.01(a)):

(a) BULLDOZER HOUR (h)

(b) MOTOR GRADER HOUR (h)

The unit of measurement shall be the hour actuallyworked by each machine in trimming or shaping areas.Standing time will not be measured.

The bid rates shall include full compensation for furnishing and using the machines, including the cost of fuel, operators, remedy of any defects, transporting the

machine to and from the point where it is to be used,and for all other incidentals necessary for carrying outthe work.

ITEM UNIT

56.03 PREPARING THE AREAS FOR GRASSING:

(a) SOIL RIPPING HECTARE (ha)

(b) PLOUGHING HECTARE (ha)

(c) TOPSOILING WITHIN THE ROAD RESERVE, WHERE THE FOLLOWING MATERIALS ARE USED:

(i) TOPSOIL OBTAINED FROM WITHIN THE ROAD RESERVE OR BORROW AREAS (FREE-HAUL 1.0 km)

CUBIC METRE (m3)

(ii) TOPSOIL OBTAINED FROM OTHER SOURCES BY THE CONTRACTOR (INCLUDING ALL HAUL)

CUBIC METRE (m3)

(D) PROVIDING AND APPLYING CHEMICAL FERTILISERS AND/OR SOIL-IMPROVEMENT MATERIAL:

(i) LIME TONNE (t)

(ii) SUPER-PHOSPHATE TONNE (t)

(ii i) LIMESTONE AMMONIUM NITRATE TONNE (t)

(iv) 2:3:2(22) TONNE (t)(V) 3:2:1(25) TONNE (t)

(vi) OTHER FERTILISERS AND/OR SOIL-IMPROVEMENT MATERIALS IF REQUIRED (TYPE STATED)

TONNE (t)

(E) STOCKPILING TOPSOIL CUBIC METRE (m3)

(a) Soil rippingThe unit of measurement for soil ripping shall be thehectare. Only areas ripped on the written instructions of the Engineer shall be measured for payment.

The bid rate shall include full compensation for ripping,complete as specified.

(b) PloughingThe unit of measurement for loosening the topsoil byploughing shall be the hectare of soil loosened andprepared in accordance with the Specifications. Only

areas loosened by ploughing on the written instructionsof the Engineer shall be measured for payment.

The bid rate shall include full compensation for loosening the topsoil by ploughing, removing stones,and levelling and trimming the surface.

(c) Placing the topsoil The unit of measurement shall be the cubic metre of

topsoil applied at the specified thickness or as directedby the Engineer measured in situ after the topsoil hasbeen placed. The quantity shall be calculated from thenet area of the topsoiled surface multiplied by theaverage thickness of the topsoil but before the grasssods are placed. Any topsoil placed in excess of theaverage thickness specified or prescribed will not bemeasured for payment.

Payment shall distinguish between topsoil obtainedfrom designated areas within the road reserve or borrow areas and topsoil obtained by the Contractor from outside sources when sufficient topsoil is notavailable from the designated areas mentioned above.

The bid rates shall include full compensation for

excavating and loading the topsoil, any royalties or compensation that may be payable, transport (exceptoverhaul), off-loading, placing and spreading it to therequired thickness, levelling it off to a smooth surface,for removing any stones as specified and for roughening the surface to be topsoiled.

The free-haul distance of topsoil obtained from the roadreserve or borrow areas shall be 1.0 km. The bid ratefor topsoil under SUB ITEM 56.03(c) (ii) shall also includefull compensation for transporting the topsoil to thepoint of eventual use.

(d) Providing and applying fertiliser and/or soil-improvement material

The unit of measurement for fertiliser shall be the tonne

of each type of fertiliser and/or soil-improvementmaterial applied in accordance with the Specificationsand as instructed by the Engineer.

The bid rates shall include full compensation for furnishing the fertiliser and/or soil-improvementmaterial, transporting it to the point of use, spreadingand mixing it into the scarified soil or topsoil,irrespective of the method of application.

(e) Stockpi ling the topsoil The unit of measurement shall be the cubic metre of topsoil stockpiled on the written instructions of theEngineer where this operation is unavoidable despiteproper advance planning. Only material actually loaded,transported to and stockpiled on sites designated for

stockpiling will be measured, but not any materialmerely pushed or bladed into heaps next to the areafrom which it is taken, unless it was done with the prior approval of the Engineer, and the material wasstockpiled in an approved area.

The bid rate shall include full compensation for loadingthe topsoil, placing it in stockpile and for any paymentsto private Owners for the use of stockpile areas.

ITEM UNIT

56.04 GRASSING:

(a) PLANTING OF GRASS CUTTINGS (TYPE OF GRASS AS INDICATED)

HECTARE (ha)

(b) SODDING BY USING THE FOLLOWING TYPES OF SODS:

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(i) NURSERY SODS (TYPE OF GRASS SPECIFIED)

SQUARE METRE (m2)

(ii) BUSH SODS SQUARE METRE (m2)

(c) HYDRO SEEDING:

(i) PROVIDING AN APPROVED SEED MIXTURE FOR HYDROSEEDING

KILOGRAM (kg)

(ii) HYDROSEEDING HECTARE (ha)

(d) PROVIDING AN APPROVED SEED MIXTURE FOR SOWING GRASS WITH MACHINE OR HAND

KILOGRAM (kg)

(E) SOWING GRASS SEED WITH AN APPROVED GRASS-PLANTING MACHINE

HECTARE (ha)

(f) H AND SOWING SQUARE METRE (m2)

(g) SPRIGGING SQUARE METRE (m2)

(H) OTHER METHODS (SPECIFY)

Half the payments under ITEM 56.04 will become duewhen the grassing or hydro seeding has been done,

and the remainder will become due when satisfactorycover has been established.

(a) Planting grass cuttingsThe unit of measurement for planting grass cuttingsshall be the hectare of established grass with anacceptable grass cover.

The bid rate shall include full compensation for furnishing and planting the cuttings, watering, weeding,and replanting if necessary, and all other incidentalswhich may be necessary for establishing an acceptablecover and maintaining the grass, except mowing.

(b) SoddingThe unit of measurement for sodding shall be the

square metre covered with sods, which has anacceptable cover.

The bid rates shall include full compensation for procuring, excavating, loading, transporting, off-loading,placing and watering the sods, for replanting deadareas, for watering and weeding the grass, for supplying and placing timber stakes and for all other incidentals, except for mowing, which may benecessary for establishing an acceptable cover, andmaintaining the grass. Payment shall distinguishbetween nursery-grown sods and bush sods obtainedfrom within the road reserve or borrow areas. In thecase of bush sods the bid price shall include levelling-off and trimming areas from which the sods are taken.

(c) Hydro seeding

(i) The unit of measurement for providing seed shallbe the kilogram of seed of the specified seedmixture. The mass of any pulp added shall not bemeasured.The bid rate shall include full compensation for procuring and furnishing the seeds.

(ii) The unit of measurement for hydro seeding shall bethe hectare of grass established by hydro seeding,which has an acceptable cover.

The bid rate shall include full compensation for furnishing cellulose pulp and mixing it with seed andwater and with any anti-erosion compound if

required, applying the mixture, watering, weeding,re-seeding bare patches, and for any other work,except mowing, which may be necessary for establishing an acceptable cover and maintainingthe grass.

(d) Providing grass seedsThe unit of measurement for providing seed shall be thekilogram of seed of the specified seed mixture.The bid rate shall include full compensation for procuring and furnishing the seeds.

(e) Grassing with an approved grass planter The unit of measurement for sowing any grass seeds

by using an approved planter shall be the hectare of grass with an acceptable cover, where the seeds havebeen planted.

The bid rate shall include full compensation for alllabour, material, equipment, weeding, and allincidentals that may be necessary for sowing the grassseeds and establishing an acceptable grass cover,except mowing. The bid rate shall also include fullcompensation for watering the planted areas until anacceptable grass cover has been established.

Payment for the grass seed will be made separatelyunder SUB-ITEM 56.04(d).

(f) Hand-sowing

The unit of measurement for hand-sowing the grassseeds shall be the square metre of grass with anacceptable covering on surfaces instructed by theEngineer to be hand-sown.

The bid rate shall include full compensation for alllabour, materials, equipment, weeding, and allincidentals that may be necessary for planting the grassseeds and establishing an acceptable grass cover,except mowing. The bid rate shall also include fullcompensation for watering the planted areas until anacceptable grass covering has been established.

Payment for the grass seeds shall be made separatelyunder SUB-ITEM 56.04(d).

(g) SpriggingThe unit of measurement for sprigging shall be thenumber of square metres of sprigging which has beenplanted in accordance with these Specifications andaccepted by the Engineer.

The bid rate include full compensation for furnishingand placing of all materials, fertilisers, water, labour,equipment, tools, transport and all costs necessary tocomplete the work as prescribed in this Section.

(h) Other methodsWhenever other methods of grassing are specified inthe Special Specifications, measurement and paymentshall be as specified.

ITEM UNIT

56.05 W ATERING THE GRASS WHEN ESTABLISHED BY TOPSOILING ONLY:

KILOLITRE (kl)

The unit of measurement for watering areas which havebeen topsoiled on the instruction of the Engineer butwhich have not been hydro seeded or planted withgrass, shall be the kilolitre of water applied on theinstructions of the Engineer and calculated from thenumber of tank loads applied, multiplied by the capacityof the tank used in each case.

The bid rate shall include full compensation for procuring, transporting and applying the water as

specified.

ITEM UNIT

56.06 W ATERING THE ALREADY KILOLITRE

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PLANTED GRASS, TREES AND SHRUBS IN PERIODS OF DROUGHT DURING THE DEFECTS LIABILITY PERIOD:

(kl)

The unit of measurement for watering the grass, treesand shrubs shall be the kilolitre of water used asdirected by the Engineer in dry periods during thedefects liability period in respect of grass, trees andshrubs.

The bid rate shall include full compensation for obtaining, transporting and applying the water.

The Contractor shall keep a careful record of thequantity of water used by him/her for watering thegrass, trees and shrubs planted and shall submit suchinformation to the Engineer on a daily basis. Whenthere are times during the normal growing season, asspecified in the Special Specifications, when themonthly rainfall is less than 75% of the monthlyaverage, the Contractor will be compensated under thisitem for the same percentage of the quantity of water used for watering as that for the monthly rainfall that fellshort of the average rainfall.

ITEM UNIT

56.07 MOWING THE GRASS: HECTARE (ha)

The unit of measurement shall be the hectaremeasured each time when the grass has been cut onthe instructions of the Engineer.

The bid rate shall include full compensation for all plant,equipment and labour, required for every cutting of thegrass and disposing of the grass cuttings, i.e. paymentwill be made every time the grass has been cut on theinstructions of the Engineer.

ITEM UNIT

56.08 ANTI-EROSION COMPOUND (SPECIFY)

KILOGRAMME (kg)

The unit of measurement shall be the kilogram netmass of anti-erosion compound used with the approvalof the Engineer.

The bid rate for each kilogram of anti-erosioncompound applied with the hydro seeding or separatelyshall include full compensation for furnishing thematerial and mixing and applying it.

ITEM UNIT

56.09 TREES AND SHRUBS:

(a) PROVIDING THE TREES AND SHRUBS (TYPES AND AGE/SIZE INDICATED)

NUMBER (NO.)

(b) PLANTING AND ESTABLISHING:

(i) TREES NUMBER (NO.)

(ii) SHRUBS NUMBER (NO.)

Unit of measurement of providing the trees and shrubsshall be the number of each species or variety andage/size of tree and shrub furnished and established.

The bid rate shall include full compensation for

furnishing the plants at the point of final use includingsubstitutes for plants that may become diseased or die.

The unit of measurement for planting and establishingtrees and shrubs shall be the number of each typeplanted and established.

The bid rates shall include full compensation for excavating the holes to the specified dimensions,furnishing topsoil, wooden stakes, manure and compostand mixing them together with any fertiliser required for planting and refilling each hole with the topsoil mixture

and other soil, for watering the plants until the end of the defects liability period, furnishing and plantingsubstitutes for plants that have died and for maintainingthe plants as specified until the end of the defectsliability period, including any other incidentals whichmay be necessary for properly executing the work.

Where the Employer furnishes the plants, the aboverates shall also include full compensation for takingdelivery of the plants, maintaining them as required,transporting them to point of final use, and for providingsubstitutes for plants which die or become diseasedduring storage.

Any chemical fertil iser and/or soil-improvement materialrequired will be measured and paid for under SUB-ITEM

56.03(e).

ITEM UNIT

56.10 EXTRA WORK FOR LANDSCAPING

PROVISIONAL SUM

The provisional sum allowed shall be expended at thediscretion of the Engineer to cover the cost of work inaddition to the scheduled Items which may be requiredin respect of landscaping and re-vegetation or any other related Items of work required for which no pay Itemshave been provided.Payment shall be made as specified in SUBCLAUSE 1209(h).

ITEM UNIT

56.11 WEEDING THE GRASS WHEN ESTABLISHED BY TOPSOILING ONLY

HECTARE (ha)

The unit of measurement for weeding all grass-seededareas that have been topsoiled on the instruction of theEngineer (but have not been hydroseeded or plantedwith grass) shall be the hectare weeded as instructedby the Engineer.

The bid rate shall include full compensation for weedingthe prescribed areas in accordance with theSpecifications.

ITEM UNIT

56.12 SOIL ANALYSIS OF TOPSOIL TAKEN FROM THE SITE

NUMBER (no)

The quantity to be measured for payment shall be thenumber of soil analysis undertaken on topsoil samplestaken from the Site in accordance with theSpecifications or instructed by the Engineer.

The quantity measured as prescribed above shall bepaid for at the bid rate, which price shall be fullcompensation for taking topsoil sample, laboratorytesting and preparation of soil analysis report withrecommendation on type and quantity of fertiliser / soil-improvement material, including all labour, equipment,

tools, transport and all costs necessary to complete thesoil analysis.

7/29/2019 Series 5000



SECTION 5700: FINISHING THEROAD AND ROAD RESERVE ANDTREATING OLD ROADS

CONTENTS:

CLAUSE P AGE

5801SCOPE 5000-295802FINISHING THE ROAD AND ROAD

RESERVE 5000-295803TREATING OLD ROADS 5000-295804MEASUREMENT AND P AYMENT 5000-29

5701 SCOPEThis Section covers the final finishing and cleaning upof the road and road reserve after construction, andscarifying and treating old roads and temporarydiversions.

5702 FINISHING THE ROAD AND ROADRESERVE

After completing the seal or surfacing, or gravel surfaceon gravel roads, the road and road reserve shall becleared of all excess earth, stones, boulders, debris andother waste material resulting from the construction of the Works and disposed in an approved waste site.

Culvert inlets and outlets, culvert barrels, and opendrains shall be cleared of all debris, soil, silt and other material. The surfacing shall be cleared of all dirt, mudand foreign objects. Dragging, pushing or scraping

material across the finished surfacing shall not bepermitted.

All junctions, intersections, islands, kerbing and other elements making up the completed Works shall beneatly finished off.

The Contractor shall ensure that all declared noxiousweeds have been removed from the road-reserve andborrow-pit areas. All noxious weeds shall be burnt toprevent the spread of the seed and cut stumps or coppice shall be sprayed with a suitable herbicide.

All soil, stones, boulders and indigenous plant materialresulting from the finishing operations shall be disposedof at locations not visible from the road, and where theywill not pollute water sources or create a hazard for livestock or wildlife (e.g. old borrow pits). All other wastesuch as drums, excess steel, litter, etc which cannot besold or recycled shall be dumped in an approved wastesite. The Contractor himself/herself shall make his/her own arrangements with the owners of properties onwhich such materials are to be deposited. Disposalshall be carried out in a neat and uniform manner.

The finishing of the road and road reserve shall beregarded as part of the Works and the Contractor’sobligations under the Contract and shall not be paid for separately.

5703 TREATING OLD ROADS All old roads, temporary diversions, haul roads and

construction roads, shall, in so far as is practicable, belevelled with the original ground. Surfaces shall bescarified and broken up to a depth of 150 mm for promoting plant growth The old roads shall be

decommissioning plans or as directed by the Engineer,and shall be re-vegetated in accordance with SECTION 5600.

Where required by the Engineer, in order to prevent soilerosion, banks, dykes or ditches shall be constructedover the old road to dimensions ordered by theEngineer. All roads and temporary diversions treated asabove shall be left in a neat and tidy state.


ITEM UNIT

57.01 TREATMENT OF OLD ROADS AND TEMPORARY DIVERSIONS

KILOMETRE (km)

The unit of measurement shall be the kilometre of oldroad or temporary diversion treated.

Any landscaping and grassing shall be measured andpaid for under SECTION 5600.

The construction of banks, dykes or ditches shall bemeasured and paid for under SECTION 2100.

The bid rate shall include full compensation for levellingand scarifying any surfaces and tidying old roads anddiversions as specified.

No payment will be made in regard to treating theContractor’s own haul roads and construction roads,which costs shall be included in the rates for constructing the relevant items of work for which suchroads are necessary.

Series 5000

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