1 Chapter 5 Chapter 5 PERCEPTION PERCEPTION Sensations vs. Perceptions Sensations vs. Perceptions Perception Our interpretations of the real world How do Sensations Become Perceptions A perception begins with some stimulus which activates sense receptors Once activated, a sense organ transforms energy into electrical signals or impulses that travel to the brain Sensations vs. Perceptions (continued) Sensations vs. Perceptions (continued) Parts of the Brain transform electrical signals into basic sensations Sensations are your first experiences of outside stimuli They consist of meaningless bits of sensory information Each of us has a unique set of experiences that may automatically add meanings, feelings, or memories to our perceptions Sensations vs. Perceptions (continued) Sensations vs. Perceptions (continued) The brain automatically assembles many thousands of individual sensations into a meaningful pattern or image which is called perception Personalized interpretations rather than true copies of things in the real world Enduring Issues in Perception Enduring Issues in Perception Role of Learning Newborns’ senses are all functional and some degree of perceptual ability is probably innate Enduring Issues in Perception ( Enduring Issues in Perception (con con’t) Parts vs. the Whole Feature Analysis The theory that we perceive a form on the basis of a relatively small collection of features, which can be combined, rotated and expanded (Structuralism)
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
1
Chapter 5Chapter 5
PERCEPTIONPERCEPTION
Sensations vs. PerceptionsSensations vs. Perceptions
Perception Our interpretations of the real world
How do Sensations Become Perceptions A perception begins with some stimulus
which activates sense receptors Once activated, a sense organ transforms
energy into electrical signals or impulsesthat travel to the brain
Sensations vs. Perceptions (continued)Sensations vs. Perceptions (continued)
Parts of the Brain transform electrical signalsinto basic sensationsSensations are your first experiences ofoutside stimuli They consist of meaningless bits of sensory
information
Each of us has a unique set of experiencesthat may automatically add meanings,feelings, or memories to our perceptions
Sensations vs. Perceptions (continued)Sensations vs. Perceptions (continued)
The brain automatically assemblesmany thousands of individual sensationsinto a meaningful pattern or imagewhich is called perception Personalized interpretations rather than
true copies of things in the real world
Enduring Issues in PerceptionEnduring Issues in Perception
Role of Learning Newborns’ senses are all functional and
some degree of perceptual ability isprobably innate
Enduring Issues in Perception (Enduring Issues in Perception (concon’’tt))
Parts vs. the Whole Feature Analysis
The theory that weperceive a form onthe basis of arelatively smallcollection of features,which can becombined, rotatedand expanded(Structuralism)
2
Enduring Issues in Perception (Enduring Issues in Perception (concon’’tt))
Gestalt School Psychologists who
believe that ameaningful overallpattern (Gestalt) isperceived before itsparts are recognized
“The whole is morethan the sum of itsparts”
Enduring Issues in Perception (Enduring Issues in Perception (concon’’tt))
Perceptual Illusions Used to determine how people process
perceptual informationBottom-Up vs. Top-Down Processing Bottom-Up: sensory receptors to brain Top-Down: perceiver’s expectations &
context play a role from the beginning Perceptual Sets:
learned expectations that are based on ourpersonal social or cultural experiences. Theseexpectations change or bias what we see.
Functions of PerceptionFunctions of Perception
Where is it? – Location Attention
Automatic – distinguishing object frombackground
Deliberate – allocation of attention
Depth Perception Ability to experience depth in visual perception
(relative & absolute distances)
Functions of Perception:Functions of Perception:Depth Perception Depth Perception (continued)(continued)
Binocular Depth Cues – depend uponthe movement of both eyes Convergence – based on signals sent from
the muscles that turn the eyes Binocular (Retinal) Disparity – depends on
the distance between the eyes Stereopsis 3-D Glasses
Functions of Perception:Functions of Perception:Depth Perception Depth Perception (continued)(continued)
Monocular Depth Cues Depend upon the signals sent from one
eye Determined by how objects are arranged in
the environment
Functions of Perception:Functions of Perception:Depth Perception Depth Perception (continued)(continued)
Subliminal Messages Brief auditory or visual messages that are
presented below the absolute threshold, whichmeans that there is a <50% chance that they willbe perceived
Although subliminal messages may be ineffectivein changing behavior, there is evidence thatemotions may unknowingly or subliminallyinfluence perception
Cultural Diversity:Cultural Diversity:Changing PerceptionsChanging Perceptions
Besides affecting social and personalvalues, cultural influences can alsoaffect our perception of color depth,constancy, and motion
ESP: Extrasensory Perception
A group of psychic experiences thatinvolve perceiving or sendinginformation outside normal sensoryprocesses or channels Includes 4 general abilities
Telepathy Precognition Clairvoyance Psychokinesis
ESP: Extrasensory Perception (con’t)
Most academic psychologists do not yetaccept the existence of psychic powersor extrasensory perception, which arecollectively called psi phenomena Trickery Questionable methodology (unreliable