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8182019 Selecting Sustainable Waste-To-Energy Technologies for Municipal Solid Waste Treatment a Game Theory Approachhellip
RDF in cement kilns to investigate the possibility of collaborating
on a new RDF treatment plant As a result mass-burn WTE and RDF
were selected as the most sustainable options for Metro Vancouver
and the cement industry respectively The developed framework
estimated that a tipping fee of $077e$096 per kg MSW should be
paid by the cement industry to MetroVancouver so that RDFcan be
applied as Metro Vancouvers new waste treatment option and the
cement industrys solution to high-intensity fossil fuel consump-
tion This value is only based on assumptions and factors consid-
ered in this paper Without the proposed framework the
collaboration might not take place or negotiations might be
inef 1047297cient
There are various types of uncertainties (parameter model and
scenario) in this framework that will affect the robustness of the
results Parameter uncertainty refers to vague incorrect and
imprecise values such as composition of MSW in Metro Vancouver
input and output emission data derived from other databases and
tools as well as assumptions made for costs and bene1047297ts Model
uncertainty discusses inaccurate hypotheses about the general
model or relationship of variables such as impact assessment out-
comes and the game theory model Scenario uncertainty is con-
cerned with the environment of assessments such as differences in
the regions of collected data and case study These uncertaintiesshould be explored in more detail in a future study To show the
sensitivity of the outcomes of the framework to the uncertainties a
sensitivity analysis is performed The assessment of the un-
certainties in waste composition and economic net cost shows that
RDF is preferred by industry at all timesAlso sustainability indexes
of industry and the municipality are more impacted by economic
net cost and share of plastic in waste composition respectively
Social impacts are dif 1047297cult to assess quantitatively and carry the
subjectivity of decision-makers into the decision-making process
The developed framework has the ability to combine the outcomes
of social life cycle assessment methodologies with environmental
and economic assessment results according to the stakeholders
priorities but it does not discuss methodologies for quantifying
these impacts In addition there is no other case of co-combustionof RDF in cement kilns in Canada which makes the evaluation of
social impacts prone to subjectivity hard to evaluate and out of the
scope of the case study While social impacts are not quanti1047297ed for
the discussed case study they are still believed to impact munici-
palitys actions and priorities
The most challenging part of this framework was providing
accurate data and real scenarios that represented the waste treat-
ment in a region and interactions among stakeholders Other lim-
itations of this framework and potentials for future studies include
consideration of interest rate in LCC consideration of additional
costs of RDF in LCC using other software packages for LCA using
real stakeholders for pair-wise comparisons expansion of two-
player game into n-player game and consideration of other game
theory models (eg uncertainty about other stakeholders actions)in the framework
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank NSERC for the 1047297nancial support from
second and third authors NSERC-DG grants We also appreciate the
help of Ms Sarah Wellman at Metro Vancouver Ms Yihting Lim at
TRI Environmental Consulting and Mr Navid Hossaini and Mr
Fasihur Rahman at UBC
References
Achillas C Moussiopoulos N Karagiannidis A Banias G Perkoulidis G 2013
The use of multi-criteria decision analysis to tackle waste management
problems a literature review Waste Manag Res 31 (2) 115e129 httpdxdoiorg1011770734242X12470203
Bare J 2002 Developing a consistent decision-making framework by using the USEPAs TRACI Am Inst Chem Eng Symp Retrieved from httpwwwepagovnrmrlstdtraciaiche2002paperpdf
BC Ministry of Finance 2014 How the Carbon Tax Works Retrieved January 152015 from httpwww1047297ngovbccatbstpclimateA4htm
Bebbington J Brown J Frame B 2007 Accounting technologies and sustainabilityassessment models Ecol Econ 61 (2e3) 224e236 httpdxdoiorg101016
jecolecon200610021
Blanchard Benjamin S Fabrycky Wolter J Fabrycky WJ 1990 Systems Engi-neering and Analysis vol 4 Prentice Hall Englewood Cliffs New Jersey
Brundtland GH1987 Our common future In World Commission on Environmentand Development Tokyo Japan
Canter LW1977 Environmental Impact Assessment McGraw-Hill Inc New YorkCaputo AC Scacchia F Pelagagge PM 2003 Disposal of by-products in olive oil
industry waste-to-energy solutions Appl Therm Eng 23 (2) 197e214 httpdxdoiorg101016S1359-4311(02)00173-4
Carlsson Reich M 2005 Economic assessment of municipal waste managementsystemsdcase studies using a combination of life cycle assessment (LCA) andlife cycle costing (LCC) J Clean Prod 13 (3) 253e263 httpdxdoiorg101016jjclepro200402015
Carraro C Marchiori C 2003 Endogenous strategic issue linkage in internationalnegotiations Nota di Lavoro 40 (April) Retrieved from httpwwwfeemituser1047297lesattachPublicationNDL2003NDL2003-040pdf
Cheng Steven Chan CW Huang GH 2002 Using multiple criteria decisionanalysis for supporting decisions of solid waste management Environ SciHealth A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng A37 (6) 37e41
Cheng S Chan CW Huang GH 2003 An integrated multi-criteria decisionanalysis and inexact mixed integer linear programming approach for solidwaste management Eng Appl Artif Intell 16 543e554 httpdxdoiorg101016S0952-1976(03)00069-1
Chhipi-Shrestha GK Hewage K Sadiq R 2014 ldquoSocializingrdquo sustainability acritical review on current development status of social life cycle impactassessment method Clean Technol Environ Policy httpdxdoiorg101007s10098-014-0841-5
City of Vancouver 2013 Fees and Charges at the Transfer Station and Land1047297llRetrieved November 15 2014 from httpvancouvercahome-property-developmentland1047297ll-fees-and-chargesaspx
Contreras F Hanaki K Aramaki T Connors S 2008 Application of analyticalhierarchy process to analyze stakeholders preferences for municipal solid wastemanagement plans Boston USA Resour Conserv Recycl 52 (7) 979e991httpdxdoiorg101016jresconrec200803003
D-waste 2015 Waste Atlas Retrieved June 18 2015 from httpwwwatlasd-wastecom
Davila E Chang N-B Diwakaruni S 2005 Land1047297ll space consumption dynamicsin the Lower Rio Grande Valley by grey integer programming-based games
J Environ Manag 75 (4) 353e
365 httpdxdoiorg101016 jjenvman200411015De Feo G De Gisi S 2010 Using an innovative criteria weighting tool for stake-
holders involvement to rank MSW facility sites with the AHP Waste Manag(New York NY) 30 (11) 2370e2382 httpdxdoiorg101016
jwasman201004010De la Fuente A Pons O Josa A Aguado A 2016 Multicriteriaedecision making
in the sustainability assessment of sewerage pipe systems J Clean Prod 112(5) 4762e4770 httpdxdoiorg101016jjclepro201507002
Den Boer J den Boer E Jager J 2007 LCA-IWM a decision support tool forsustainability assessment of waste management systems Waste Manag (NewYork NY) 27 (8) 1032e1045 httpdxdoiorg101016jwasman200702022
Dewi O Koerner I Harjoko T 2010 A Review on Decision Support Models forRegional Sustainable Waste Management In the International Solid WasteAssociation World Conference Retrieved from httpwwwiswaorguploadstx_iswaknowledgebaseCandra_Dewipdf
Environment Canada 2012 Municipal Solid Waste Retrieved June 11 2013 fromhttpwwwecgccagdd-mwdefaultasplang frac14Enampnfrac14EF0FC6A9-1
Erkut E Karagiannidis A Perkoulidis G Tjandra SA 2008 A multicriteria fa-
cility location model for municipal solid waste management in North GreeceEur J Oper Res 187 (3) 1402e1421 httpdxdoiorg101016
jejor200609021Finus M 2000 Game Theory and International Environmental Cooperation Any
Practical Application In Controlling Global Warming Perspectives fromEconomics Game Theory and Public Choice pp 9e104
Gendebien A Leavens A Blackmore K Godley A Lewin K Whiting KJDavis R 2003 Refused derived fuel current practice and perspectives 1047297nalreport Curr Pract
Genon G Brizio E 2008 Perspectives and limits for cement kilns as a destinationfor RDF Waste Manag (New York NY) 28 (11) 2375e2385 httpdxdoiorg101016jwasman200710022
Gloria TP Lippiatt BC Cooper J 2007 Life cycle impact assessment weights tosupport environmentally preferable purchasing in the United States EnvironSci Technol 41 (21) 7551e7557 Retrieved from httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpubmed18044540
Gluch P Baumann H 2004 The life cycle costing (LCC) approach a conceptualdiscussion of its usefulness for environmental decision-making Build Environ39 (5) 571e580 httpdxdoiorg101016jbuildenv200310008
A Soltani et al J ournal of Cleaner Production 113 (2016) 388e 399398
8182019 Selecting Sustainable Waste-To-Energy Technologies for Municipal Solid Waste Treatment a Game Theory Approachhellip
Hoornweg D Bhada-Tata P 2012 WHAT a waste a global review of solid wastemanagement Urban Dev Ser 116 Retrieved from httpgoworldbankorgBCQEP0TMO0
Hossaini N Reza B Akhtar S Sadiq R Hewage K 2014 AHP based life cyclesustainability assessment (LCSA) framework a case study of six storey woodframe and concrete frame buildings in Vancouver J Environ Plan Manag1e25httpdxdoiorg101080096405682014920704 (August 2014)
the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 2006a 14040 Environ-mental Management e Life Cycle Assessment e Principles and FrameworkInternational Organization for Standardization Geneva Retrieved from http
wwwisoorgisocatalogue_detailcsnumber frac1437456the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 2006b 14044 Environ-
mental Management e Life Cycle Assessment e Requirements and GuidelinesRetrieved from httpwwwisoorgisocatalogue_detailcsnumberfrac1438498
the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 2012 TR 14047 Environ-mental Management e Life Cycle Assessment e Illustrative Examples on Howto Apply ISO 14044 to Impact Assessment Situations
Joslashrgensen S 2010 A dynamic game of waste management J Econ Dyn Control 34(2) 258e265 httpdxdoiorg101016jjedc200909005
Kaitala V Pohjola M 1995 In Cesar Herman et al (Eds) Sustainable Interna-tional Agreementon Greenhouse Warminge a Game Theory Study Control andGame-Theoretic Models of the Environment Boston
Karmperis AC Aravossis K Tatsiopoulos IP Sotirchos A 2013 Decision supportmodels for solid waste management review and game-theoretic approachesWaste Manag (New York NY) httpdxdoi org101016jwasman201301017
Leyton-Brown K Shoham Y 2008 In Brachman RJ Dietterich T (Eds) Es-sentials of Game Theory Political Science vol 2 Morgan amp Claypool Publishersp 104 httpdxdoiorg102200S00108ED1V01Y200802AIM003
McGinty M Milam G Gelves A 2012 Coalition stability in public goods provi-sion testing an optimal allocation rule Environ Resour Econ 52 (3) 327
e345
httpdxdoiorg101007s10640-011-9530-6 Metro Vancouver 2010 Recycling and Solid Waste Management 2010 Report
Retrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgaboutpublicationsPublications2010_Solid_Waste_Management_Annual_Summarypdf
Metro Vancouver 2013 Zero Waste Committee Regular Meeting Burnaby BCRetrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgboardsZeroWasteZero_Waste_Committee-June_6_2013-Agenda-Revised_2pdf
Metro Vancouver 2014a Waste to Energy Just One Part of a Forward LookingApproach to Waste Management Retrieved November 19 2014 from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgservicessolid-wasteaboutwtepagesindexaspx
Metro Vancouver 2014b Project phases Retrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgservicessolid-wasteaboutwtepagesdevelopmentaspx
Metro Vancouver 2014c 2013 Waste Composition Monitoring Program BurnabyBC Retrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgaboutpublicationsPublications2013_Waste_Composition_Reportpdf
Metro Vancouver 2014d Metro Vancouvers New Waste-to-Energy Capacity Proj-ect Retrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgservicessolidwaste
planningRecoverWTEWTEProponentsLehighCementpdf Moretti S 2004 A model for cooperative inter-municipal waste collection costevaluation toward fair cost allocation In Carraro C Fragnelli V (Eds) GamePractice and the Environment Edward Elgar
Munda G 2002 Social multi-criteria evaluation In The 4th UFZ Summer Sym-posium ldquoNew Strategies for Solving Environmental Con1047298icts Potentials forCombining Participation and Multicriteria Analysisrdquo Leipzig
Nagarajan M Sosic G 2008 Game-theoretic analysis of cooperation amongsupply chain agents review and extensions Eur J Oper Res 187 (3) 719e745httpdxdoiorg101016jejor200605045
Neugebauer S Martinez-Blanco J Scheumann R Finkbeiner M 2015 Enhancingthe practical implementation of life cycle sustainability assessment e proposalof a tiered approach J Clean Prod 102 165e176
Nithikul J 2007 Potential of refuse derived fuel production from Bangkokmunicipal solid waste Asian Inst Technol
OsborneMJ RubinsteinA1994A Coursein GameTheory MIT PressCambridgeMAPRe 2015 SimaPro Database Manual Methods Library Retrieved from http
wwwpre-sustainabilitycomdownloadDatabaseManualMethodspdf Reza B Soltani A Ruparathna R Sadiq R Hewage K 2013 Environmental and
economic aspects of production and utilization of RDF as alternative fuel incement plants a case study of Metro Vancouver waste management ResourConserv Recycl 81 105e114 httpdxdoiorg101016jresconrec201310009
Rotter VS Kost T Winkler J Bilitewski B 2004 Material 1047298ow analysis of RDF-production processes Waste Manag (New York NY) 24 (10) 1005e1021httpdxdoiorg101016jwasman200407015
Saaty T 1980 The Analytic Hierarchy Process Planning Priority Setting ResourceAllocation (Decision Making Series) McGraw Hill New York
Saaty TL 1988 What is the analytic hierarchy process In Mitra G (Ed) Math-ematical Models for Decision Support Proceedings of the NATO AdvancedStudy Institute on Mathematical Models for Decision Support vol 4 8 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg Berlin Heidelberg
Saaty TL 1994 How to make a decision the analytic hierarchy process Interfaces24 (6) 19e43
Sadiq R 2001 Drilling Waste Discharges in the Marine Environment a Risk BasedDecision Methodology Memorial University of Newfoundland Retrieved from
httpresearchlibrarymunca1250 Sadiq Rehan Husain T Veitch B Bose N 2003 Evaluation of generic types of
drilling 1047298uid using a risk-based analytic hierarchy process Environ Manag 32(6) 778e787
Schwarz J Beloff B Beaver E 2002 Use sustainability metric to guide decisionmaking Chem Eng (July) 58e63 Retrieved from httppeopleclarksonedu~wwilcoxDesignsustainpdf
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) 1993 Guidelines forlife-cycle assessment a code of practice Portugal doi First edition
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) 2004 EnvironmentalRisk Assessment SETAC Technical Issue Paper Pensacola FL doiThirdPrinting
Sheppard SRJ Meitner M 2005 Using multi-criteria analysis and visualisationfor sustainable forest management planning with stakeholder groups ForEcol Manag 207 (1e2) 171e187 httpdxdoiorg101016jforeco200410032
Soltani A Hewage K Reza B Sadiq R 2015 Multiple stakeholders in multi-criteria decision-making in the context of municipal solid waste manage-ment a review Waste Manag (New York NY) 35 318e328 httpdxdoiorg101016jwasman201409010
Spengler T Geldermann J Heuroahre S Sieverdingbeck A Rentz O 1998 Devel-opment of a multiple criteria based decision support system for environmentalassessment of recycling measures in the iron and steel making industry
J Clean Prod 6 (1) 37e52 httpdxdoiorg101016S0959-6526(97)00048-6Statistics Canada 2011 Spending on Waste Management Retrieved November 19
2014 from httpwwwstatcangccapub11-402-x2011000chapgov-gouvgov-gouv01-enghtm
Statistics Canada 2015 Disposal and Diversion of Waste by Province and Territory(Total Waste Disposal)
Sutton PC Anderson SJ Tuttle BT Morse L 2012 The real wealth of nationsmapping and monetizing the human ecological footprint Ecol Indic 16 11e22httpdxdoiorg101016jecolind201103008
Tesfamariam S Sadiq R 2006 Risk-based environmental decision-making usingfuzzy analytic hierarchy process (F-AHP) Stoch Environ Res Risk AssessSpringer 21 (1) 35e50
The Government of British Columbia 2015 Part 3 d municipal waste managementEnviron Manag Act Retrieved July 08 2015 from httpwwwbclawscacivix
documentLOCcompletestatreg-E-EnvironmentalManagementAct[SBC2003]c5300_Act03053_03xmlThe World Bank 2012 What a Waste a Global Review of Solid Waste Management
Retrieved from httpgoworldbankorgBCQEP0TMO0TRI Environmental Consulting Inc 2008 Solid Waste Composition Study for Metro
Vancouver Retrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgaboutpublicationsPublicationsSolidWasteCompositionStudyFinal-2007pdf
Tseng M-L Lin Y-H Chiu ASF 2009 Fuzzy AHP-based study of cleaner pro-duction implementation in Taiwan PWB manufacturer J Clean Prod 171249e1256
Tsilemou K Panagiotakopoulos D 2006 Approximate cost functions for solidwaste treatment facilities Waste Manag Res 24 (4) 310e322
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) 2006 Life cycle assess-ment principles and practice Cincinnati OH doiEPA600R-06060
Van den Hove S 2006 Between consensus and compromise acknowledging thenegotiation dimension in participatory approaches Land Use Policy 23 (1)10e17 httpdxdoiorg101016jlandusepol200409001
Weikard H-P Dellink RB 2008 Sticks and carrots for the design of internationalclimate agreements with renegotiations Ann Oper Res 1e20
World Health Organization (WHO) 2014 7 million Premature Deaths AnnuallyLinked to Air Pollution Retrieved January 27 2015 from httpwwwwhointmediacentrenewsreleases2014air-pollutionen
A Soltani et al Journal of Cleaner Production 113 (2016) 388e 399 399
8182019 Selecting Sustainable Waste-To-Energy Technologies for Municipal Solid Waste Treatment a Game Theory Approachhellip
RDF in cement kilns to investigate the possibility of collaborating
on a new RDF treatment plant As a result mass-burn WTE and RDF
were selected as the most sustainable options for Metro Vancouver
and the cement industry respectively The developed framework
estimated that a tipping fee of $077e$096 per kg MSW should be
paid by the cement industry to MetroVancouver so that RDFcan be
applied as Metro Vancouvers new waste treatment option and the
cement industrys solution to high-intensity fossil fuel consump-
tion This value is only based on assumptions and factors consid-
ered in this paper Without the proposed framework the
collaboration might not take place or negotiations might be
inef 1047297cient
There are various types of uncertainties (parameter model and
scenario) in this framework that will affect the robustness of the
results Parameter uncertainty refers to vague incorrect and
imprecise values such as composition of MSW in Metro Vancouver
input and output emission data derived from other databases and
tools as well as assumptions made for costs and bene1047297ts Model
uncertainty discusses inaccurate hypotheses about the general
model or relationship of variables such as impact assessment out-
comes and the game theory model Scenario uncertainty is con-
cerned with the environment of assessments such as differences in
the regions of collected data and case study These uncertaintiesshould be explored in more detail in a future study To show the
sensitivity of the outcomes of the framework to the uncertainties a
sensitivity analysis is performed The assessment of the un-
certainties in waste composition and economic net cost shows that
RDF is preferred by industry at all timesAlso sustainability indexes
of industry and the municipality are more impacted by economic
net cost and share of plastic in waste composition respectively
Social impacts are dif 1047297cult to assess quantitatively and carry the
subjectivity of decision-makers into the decision-making process
The developed framework has the ability to combine the outcomes
of social life cycle assessment methodologies with environmental
and economic assessment results according to the stakeholders
priorities but it does not discuss methodologies for quantifying
these impacts In addition there is no other case of co-combustionof RDF in cement kilns in Canada which makes the evaluation of
social impacts prone to subjectivity hard to evaluate and out of the
scope of the case study While social impacts are not quanti1047297ed for
the discussed case study they are still believed to impact munici-
palitys actions and priorities
The most challenging part of this framework was providing
accurate data and real scenarios that represented the waste treat-
ment in a region and interactions among stakeholders Other lim-
itations of this framework and potentials for future studies include
consideration of interest rate in LCC consideration of additional
costs of RDF in LCC using other software packages for LCA using
real stakeholders for pair-wise comparisons expansion of two-
player game into n-player game and consideration of other game
theory models (eg uncertainty about other stakeholders actions)in the framework
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank NSERC for the 1047297nancial support from
second and third authors NSERC-DG grants We also appreciate the
help of Ms Sarah Wellman at Metro Vancouver Ms Yihting Lim at
TRI Environmental Consulting and Mr Navid Hossaini and Mr
Fasihur Rahman at UBC
References
Achillas C Moussiopoulos N Karagiannidis A Banias G Perkoulidis G 2013
The use of multi-criteria decision analysis to tackle waste management
problems a literature review Waste Manag Res 31 (2) 115e129 httpdxdoiorg1011770734242X12470203
Bare J 2002 Developing a consistent decision-making framework by using the USEPAs TRACI Am Inst Chem Eng Symp Retrieved from httpwwwepagovnrmrlstdtraciaiche2002paperpdf
BC Ministry of Finance 2014 How the Carbon Tax Works Retrieved January 152015 from httpwww1047297ngovbccatbstpclimateA4htm
Bebbington J Brown J Frame B 2007 Accounting technologies and sustainabilityassessment models Ecol Econ 61 (2e3) 224e236 httpdxdoiorg101016
jecolecon200610021
Blanchard Benjamin S Fabrycky Wolter J Fabrycky WJ 1990 Systems Engi-neering and Analysis vol 4 Prentice Hall Englewood Cliffs New Jersey
Brundtland GH1987 Our common future In World Commission on Environmentand Development Tokyo Japan
Canter LW1977 Environmental Impact Assessment McGraw-Hill Inc New YorkCaputo AC Scacchia F Pelagagge PM 2003 Disposal of by-products in olive oil
industry waste-to-energy solutions Appl Therm Eng 23 (2) 197e214 httpdxdoiorg101016S1359-4311(02)00173-4
Carlsson Reich M 2005 Economic assessment of municipal waste managementsystemsdcase studies using a combination of life cycle assessment (LCA) andlife cycle costing (LCC) J Clean Prod 13 (3) 253e263 httpdxdoiorg101016jjclepro200402015
Carraro C Marchiori C 2003 Endogenous strategic issue linkage in internationalnegotiations Nota di Lavoro 40 (April) Retrieved from httpwwwfeemituser1047297lesattachPublicationNDL2003NDL2003-040pdf
Cheng Steven Chan CW Huang GH 2002 Using multiple criteria decisionanalysis for supporting decisions of solid waste management Environ SciHealth A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng A37 (6) 37e41
Cheng S Chan CW Huang GH 2003 An integrated multi-criteria decisionanalysis and inexact mixed integer linear programming approach for solidwaste management Eng Appl Artif Intell 16 543e554 httpdxdoiorg101016S0952-1976(03)00069-1
Chhipi-Shrestha GK Hewage K Sadiq R 2014 ldquoSocializingrdquo sustainability acritical review on current development status of social life cycle impactassessment method Clean Technol Environ Policy httpdxdoiorg101007s10098-014-0841-5
City of Vancouver 2013 Fees and Charges at the Transfer Station and Land1047297llRetrieved November 15 2014 from httpvancouvercahome-property-developmentland1047297ll-fees-and-chargesaspx
Contreras F Hanaki K Aramaki T Connors S 2008 Application of analyticalhierarchy process to analyze stakeholders preferences for municipal solid wastemanagement plans Boston USA Resour Conserv Recycl 52 (7) 979e991httpdxdoiorg101016jresconrec200803003
D-waste 2015 Waste Atlas Retrieved June 18 2015 from httpwwwatlasd-wastecom
Davila E Chang N-B Diwakaruni S 2005 Land1047297ll space consumption dynamicsin the Lower Rio Grande Valley by grey integer programming-based games
J Environ Manag 75 (4) 353e
365 httpdxdoiorg101016 jjenvman200411015De Feo G De Gisi S 2010 Using an innovative criteria weighting tool for stake-
holders involvement to rank MSW facility sites with the AHP Waste Manag(New York NY) 30 (11) 2370e2382 httpdxdoiorg101016
jwasman201004010De la Fuente A Pons O Josa A Aguado A 2016 Multicriteriaedecision making
in the sustainability assessment of sewerage pipe systems J Clean Prod 112(5) 4762e4770 httpdxdoiorg101016jjclepro201507002
Den Boer J den Boer E Jager J 2007 LCA-IWM a decision support tool forsustainability assessment of waste management systems Waste Manag (NewYork NY) 27 (8) 1032e1045 httpdxdoiorg101016jwasman200702022
Dewi O Koerner I Harjoko T 2010 A Review on Decision Support Models forRegional Sustainable Waste Management In the International Solid WasteAssociation World Conference Retrieved from httpwwwiswaorguploadstx_iswaknowledgebaseCandra_Dewipdf
Environment Canada 2012 Municipal Solid Waste Retrieved June 11 2013 fromhttpwwwecgccagdd-mwdefaultasplang frac14Enampnfrac14EF0FC6A9-1
Erkut E Karagiannidis A Perkoulidis G Tjandra SA 2008 A multicriteria fa-
cility location model for municipal solid waste management in North GreeceEur J Oper Res 187 (3) 1402e1421 httpdxdoiorg101016
jejor200609021Finus M 2000 Game Theory and International Environmental Cooperation Any
Practical Application In Controlling Global Warming Perspectives fromEconomics Game Theory and Public Choice pp 9e104
Gendebien A Leavens A Blackmore K Godley A Lewin K Whiting KJDavis R 2003 Refused derived fuel current practice and perspectives 1047297nalreport Curr Pract
Genon G Brizio E 2008 Perspectives and limits for cement kilns as a destinationfor RDF Waste Manag (New York NY) 28 (11) 2375e2385 httpdxdoiorg101016jwasman200710022
Gloria TP Lippiatt BC Cooper J 2007 Life cycle impact assessment weights tosupport environmentally preferable purchasing in the United States EnvironSci Technol 41 (21) 7551e7557 Retrieved from httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpubmed18044540
Gluch P Baumann H 2004 The life cycle costing (LCC) approach a conceptualdiscussion of its usefulness for environmental decision-making Build Environ39 (5) 571e580 httpdxdoiorg101016jbuildenv200310008
A Soltani et al J ournal of Cleaner Production 113 (2016) 388e 399398
8182019 Selecting Sustainable Waste-To-Energy Technologies for Municipal Solid Waste Treatment a Game Theory Approachhellip
Hoornweg D Bhada-Tata P 2012 WHAT a waste a global review of solid wastemanagement Urban Dev Ser 116 Retrieved from httpgoworldbankorgBCQEP0TMO0
Hossaini N Reza B Akhtar S Sadiq R Hewage K 2014 AHP based life cyclesustainability assessment (LCSA) framework a case study of six storey woodframe and concrete frame buildings in Vancouver J Environ Plan Manag1e25httpdxdoiorg101080096405682014920704 (August 2014)
the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 2006a 14040 Environ-mental Management e Life Cycle Assessment e Principles and FrameworkInternational Organization for Standardization Geneva Retrieved from http
wwwisoorgisocatalogue_detailcsnumber frac1437456the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 2006b 14044 Environ-
mental Management e Life Cycle Assessment e Requirements and GuidelinesRetrieved from httpwwwisoorgisocatalogue_detailcsnumberfrac1438498
the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 2012 TR 14047 Environ-mental Management e Life Cycle Assessment e Illustrative Examples on Howto Apply ISO 14044 to Impact Assessment Situations
Joslashrgensen S 2010 A dynamic game of waste management J Econ Dyn Control 34(2) 258e265 httpdxdoiorg101016jjedc200909005
Kaitala V Pohjola M 1995 In Cesar Herman et al (Eds) Sustainable Interna-tional Agreementon Greenhouse Warminge a Game Theory Study Control andGame-Theoretic Models of the Environment Boston
Karmperis AC Aravossis K Tatsiopoulos IP Sotirchos A 2013 Decision supportmodels for solid waste management review and game-theoretic approachesWaste Manag (New York NY) httpdxdoi org101016jwasman201301017
Leyton-Brown K Shoham Y 2008 In Brachman RJ Dietterich T (Eds) Es-sentials of Game Theory Political Science vol 2 Morgan amp Claypool Publishersp 104 httpdxdoiorg102200S00108ED1V01Y200802AIM003
McGinty M Milam G Gelves A 2012 Coalition stability in public goods provi-sion testing an optimal allocation rule Environ Resour Econ 52 (3) 327
e345
httpdxdoiorg101007s10640-011-9530-6 Metro Vancouver 2010 Recycling and Solid Waste Management 2010 Report
Retrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgaboutpublicationsPublications2010_Solid_Waste_Management_Annual_Summarypdf
Metro Vancouver 2013 Zero Waste Committee Regular Meeting Burnaby BCRetrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgboardsZeroWasteZero_Waste_Committee-June_6_2013-Agenda-Revised_2pdf
Metro Vancouver 2014a Waste to Energy Just One Part of a Forward LookingApproach to Waste Management Retrieved November 19 2014 from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgservicessolid-wasteaboutwtepagesindexaspx
Metro Vancouver 2014b Project phases Retrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgservicessolid-wasteaboutwtepagesdevelopmentaspx
Metro Vancouver 2014c 2013 Waste Composition Monitoring Program BurnabyBC Retrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgaboutpublicationsPublications2013_Waste_Composition_Reportpdf
Metro Vancouver 2014d Metro Vancouvers New Waste-to-Energy Capacity Proj-ect Retrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgservicessolidwaste
planningRecoverWTEWTEProponentsLehighCementpdf Moretti S 2004 A model for cooperative inter-municipal waste collection costevaluation toward fair cost allocation In Carraro C Fragnelli V (Eds) GamePractice and the Environment Edward Elgar
Munda G 2002 Social multi-criteria evaluation In The 4th UFZ Summer Sym-posium ldquoNew Strategies for Solving Environmental Con1047298icts Potentials forCombining Participation and Multicriteria Analysisrdquo Leipzig
Nagarajan M Sosic G 2008 Game-theoretic analysis of cooperation amongsupply chain agents review and extensions Eur J Oper Res 187 (3) 719e745httpdxdoiorg101016jejor200605045
Neugebauer S Martinez-Blanco J Scheumann R Finkbeiner M 2015 Enhancingthe practical implementation of life cycle sustainability assessment e proposalof a tiered approach J Clean Prod 102 165e176
Nithikul J 2007 Potential of refuse derived fuel production from Bangkokmunicipal solid waste Asian Inst Technol
OsborneMJ RubinsteinA1994A Coursein GameTheory MIT PressCambridgeMAPRe 2015 SimaPro Database Manual Methods Library Retrieved from http
wwwpre-sustainabilitycomdownloadDatabaseManualMethodspdf Reza B Soltani A Ruparathna R Sadiq R Hewage K 2013 Environmental and
economic aspects of production and utilization of RDF as alternative fuel incement plants a case study of Metro Vancouver waste management ResourConserv Recycl 81 105e114 httpdxdoiorg101016jresconrec201310009
Rotter VS Kost T Winkler J Bilitewski B 2004 Material 1047298ow analysis of RDF-production processes Waste Manag (New York NY) 24 (10) 1005e1021httpdxdoiorg101016jwasman200407015
Saaty T 1980 The Analytic Hierarchy Process Planning Priority Setting ResourceAllocation (Decision Making Series) McGraw Hill New York
Saaty TL 1988 What is the analytic hierarchy process In Mitra G (Ed) Math-ematical Models for Decision Support Proceedings of the NATO AdvancedStudy Institute on Mathematical Models for Decision Support vol 4 8 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg Berlin Heidelberg
Saaty TL 1994 How to make a decision the analytic hierarchy process Interfaces24 (6) 19e43
Sadiq R 2001 Drilling Waste Discharges in the Marine Environment a Risk BasedDecision Methodology Memorial University of Newfoundland Retrieved from
httpresearchlibrarymunca1250 Sadiq Rehan Husain T Veitch B Bose N 2003 Evaluation of generic types of
drilling 1047298uid using a risk-based analytic hierarchy process Environ Manag 32(6) 778e787
Schwarz J Beloff B Beaver E 2002 Use sustainability metric to guide decisionmaking Chem Eng (July) 58e63 Retrieved from httppeopleclarksonedu~wwilcoxDesignsustainpdf
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) 1993 Guidelines forlife-cycle assessment a code of practice Portugal doi First edition
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) 2004 EnvironmentalRisk Assessment SETAC Technical Issue Paper Pensacola FL doiThirdPrinting
Sheppard SRJ Meitner M 2005 Using multi-criteria analysis and visualisationfor sustainable forest management planning with stakeholder groups ForEcol Manag 207 (1e2) 171e187 httpdxdoiorg101016jforeco200410032
Soltani A Hewage K Reza B Sadiq R 2015 Multiple stakeholders in multi-criteria decision-making in the context of municipal solid waste manage-ment a review Waste Manag (New York NY) 35 318e328 httpdxdoiorg101016jwasman201409010
Spengler T Geldermann J Heuroahre S Sieverdingbeck A Rentz O 1998 Devel-opment of a multiple criteria based decision support system for environmentalassessment of recycling measures in the iron and steel making industry
J Clean Prod 6 (1) 37e52 httpdxdoiorg101016S0959-6526(97)00048-6Statistics Canada 2011 Spending on Waste Management Retrieved November 19
2014 from httpwwwstatcangccapub11-402-x2011000chapgov-gouvgov-gouv01-enghtm
Statistics Canada 2015 Disposal and Diversion of Waste by Province and Territory(Total Waste Disposal)
Sutton PC Anderson SJ Tuttle BT Morse L 2012 The real wealth of nationsmapping and monetizing the human ecological footprint Ecol Indic 16 11e22httpdxdoiorg101016jecolind201103008
Tesfamariam S Sadiq R 2006 Risk-based environmental decision-making usingfuzzy analytic hierarchy process (F-AHP) Stoch Environ Res Risk AssessSpringer 21 (1) 35e50
The Government of British Columbia 2015 Part 3 d municipal waste managementEnviron Manag Act Retrieved July 08 2015 from httpwwwbclawscacivix
documentLOCcompletestatreg-E-EnvironmentalManagementAct[SBC2003]c5300_Act03053_03xmlThe World Bank 2012 What a Waste a Global Review of Solid Waste Management
Retrieved from httpgoworldbankorgBCQEP0TMO0TRI Environmental Consulting Inc 2008 Solid Waste Composition Study for Metro
Vancouver Retrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgaboutpublicationsPublicationsSolidWasteCompositionStudyFinal-2007pdf
Tseng M-L Lin Y-H Chiu ASF 2009 Fuzzy AHP-based study of cleaner pro-duction implementation in Taiwan PWB manufacturer J Clean Prod 171249e1256
Tsilemou K Panagiotakopoulos D 2006 Approximate cost functions for solidwaste treatment facilities Waste Manag Res 24 (4) 310e322
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) 2006 Life cycle assess-ment principles and practice Cincinnati OH doiEPA600R-06060
Van den Hove S 2006 Between consensus and compromise acknowledging thenegotiation dimension in participatory approaches Land Use Policy 23 (1)10e17 httpdxdoiorg101016jlandusepol200409001
Weikard H-P Dellink RB 2008 Sticks and carrots for the design of internationalclimate agreements with renegotiations Ann Oper Res 1e20
World Health Organization (WHO) 2014 7 million Premature Deaths AnnuallyLinked to Air Pollution Retrieved January 27 2015 from httpwwwwhointmediacentrenewsreleases2014air-pollutionen
A Soltani et al Journal of Cleaner Production 113 (2016) 388e 399 399
8182019 Selecting Sustainable Waste-To-Energy Technologies for Municipal Solid Waste Treatment a Game Theory Approachhellip
RDF in cement kilns to investigate the possibility of collaborating
on a new RDF treatment plant As a result mass-burn WTE and RDF
were selected as the most sustainable options for Metro Vancouver
and the cement industry respectively The developed framework
estimated that a tipping fee of $077e$096 per kg MSW should be
paid by the cement industry to MetroVancouver so that RDFcan be
applied as Metro Vancouvers new waste treatment option and the
cement industrys solution to high-intensity fossil fuel consump-
tion This value is only based on assumptions and factors consid-
ered in this paper Without the proposed framework the
collaboration might not take place or negotiations might be
inef 1047297cient
There are various types of uncertainties (parameter model and
scenario) in this framework that will affect the robustness of the
results Parameter uncertainty refers to vague incorrect and
imprecise values such as composition of MSW in Metro Vancouver
input and output emission data derived from other databases and
tools as well as assumptions made for costs and bene1047297ts Model
uncertainty discusses inaccurate hypotheses about the general
model or relationship of variables such as impact assessment out-
comes and the game theory model Scenario uncertainty is con-
cerned with the environment of assessments such as differences in
the regions of collected data and case study These uncertaintiesshould be explored in more detail in a future study To show the
sensitivity of the outcomes of the framework to the uncertainties a
sensitivity analysis is performed The assessment of the un-
certainties in waste composition and economic net cost shows that
RDF is preferred by industry at all timesAlso sustainability indexes
of industry and the municipality are more impacted by economic
net cost and share of plastic in waste composition respectively
Social impacts are dif 1047297cult to assess quantitatively and carry the
subjectivity of decision-makers into the decision-making process
The developed framework has the ability to combine the outcomes
of social life cycle assessment methodologies with environmental
and economic assessment results according to the stakeholders
priorities but it does not discuss methodologies for quantifying
these impacts In addition there is no other case of co-combustionof RDF in cement kilns in Canada which makes the evaluation of
social impacts prone to subjectivity hard to evaluate and out of the
scope of the case study While social impacts are not quanti1047297ed for
the discussed case study they are still believed to impact munici-
palitys actions and priorities
The most challenging part of this framework was providing
accurate data and real scenarios that represented the waste treat-
ment in a region and interactions among stakeholders Other lim-
itations of this framework and potentials for future studies include
consideration of interest rate in LCC consideration of additional
costs of RDF in LCC using other software packages for LCA using
real stakeholders for pair-wise comparisons expansion of two-
player game into n-player game and consideration of other game
theory models (eg uncertainty about other stakeholders actions)in the framework
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank NSERC for the 1047297nancial support from
second and third authors NSERC-DG grants We also appreciate the
help of Ms Sarah Wellman at Metro Vancouver Ms Yihting Lim at
TRI Environmental Consulting and Mr Navid Hossaini and Mr
Fasihur Rahman at UBC
References
Achillas C Moussiopoulos N Karagiannidis A Banias G Perkoulidis G 2013
The use of multi-criteria decision analysis to tackle waste management
problems a literature review Waste Manag Res 31 (2) 115e129 httpdxdoiorg1011770734242X12470203
Bare J 2002 Developing a consistent decision-making framework by using the USEPAs TRACI Am Inst Chem Eng Symp Retrieved from httpwwwepagovnrmrlstdtraciaiche2002paperpdf
BC Ministry of Finance 2014 How the Carbon Tax Works Retrieved January 152015 from httpwww1047297ngovbccatbstpclimateA4htm
Bebbington J Brown J Frame B 2007 Accounting technologies and sustainabilityassessment models Ecol Econ 61 (2e3) 224e236 httpdxdoiorg101016
jecolecon200610021
Blanchard Benjamin S Fabrycky Wolter J Fabrycky WJ 1990 Systems Engi-neering and Analysis vol 4 Prentice Hall Englewood Cliffs New Jersey
Brundtland GH1987 Our common future In World Commission on Environmentand Development Tokyo Japan
Canter LW1977 Environmental Impact Assessment McGraw-Hill Inc New YorkCaputo AC Scacchia F Pelagagge PM 2003 Disposal of by-products in olive oil
industry waste-to-energy solutions Appl Therm Eng 23 (2) 197e214 httpdxdoiorg101016S1359-4311(02)00173-4
Carlsson Reich M 2005 Economic assessment of municipal waste managementsystemsdcase studies using a combination of life cycle assessment (LCA) andlife cycle costing (LCC) J Clean Prod 13 (3) 253e263 httpdxdoiorg101016jjclepro200402015
Carraro C Marchiori C 2003 Endogenous strategic issue linkage in internationalnegotiations Nota di Lavoro 40 (April) Retrieved from httpwwwfeemituser1047297lesattachPublicationNDL2003NDL2003-040pdf
Cheng Steven Chan CW Huang GH 2002 Using multiple criteria decisionanalysis for supporting decisions of solid waste management Environ SciHealth A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng A37 (6) 37e41
Cheng S Chan CW Huang GH 2003 An integrated multi-criteria decisionanalysis and inexact mixed integer linear programming approach for solidwaste management Eng Appl Artif Intell 16 543e554 httpdxdoiorg101016S0952-1976(03)00069-1
Chhipi-Shrestha GK Hewage K Sadiq R 2014 ldquoSocializingrdquo sustainability acritical review on current development status of social life cycle impactassessment method Clean Technol Environ Policy httpdxdoiorg101007s10098-014-0841-5
City of Vancouver 2013 Fees and Charges at the Transfer Station and Land1047297llRetrieved November 15 2014 from httpvancouvercahome-property-developmentland1047297ll-fees-and-chargesaspx
Contreras F Hanaki K Aramaki T Connors S 2008 Application of analyticalhierarchy process to analyze stakeholders preferences for municipal solid wastemanagement plans Boston USA Resour Conserv Recycl 52 (7) 979e991httpdxdoiorg101016jresconrec200803003
D-waste 2015 Waste Atlas Retrieved June 18 2015 from httpwwwatlasd-wastecom
Davila E Chang N-B Diwakaruni S 2005 Land1047297ll space consumption dynamicsin the Lower Rio Grande Valley by grey integer programming-based games
J Environ Manag 75 (4) 353e
365 httpdxdoiorg101016 jjenvman200411015De Feo G De Gisi S 2010 Using an innovative criteria weighting tool for stake-
holders involvement to rank MSW facility sites with the AHP Waste Manag(New York NY) 30 (11) 2370e2382 httpdxdoiorg101016
jwasman201004010De la Fuente A Pons O Josa A Aguado A 2016 Multicriteriaedecision making
in the sustainability assessment of sewerage pipe systems J Clean Prod 112(5) 4762e4770 httpdxdoiorg101016jjclepro201507002
Den Boer J den Boer E Jager J 2007 LCA-IWM a decision support tool forsustainability assessment of waste management systems Waste Manag (NewYork NY) 27 (8) 1032e1045 httpdxdoiorg101016jwasman200702022
Dewi O Koerner I Harjoko T 2010 A Review on Decision Support Models forRegional Sustainable Waste Management In the International Solid WasteAssociation World Conference Retrieved from httpwwwiswaorguploadstx_iswaknowledgebaseCandra_Dewipdf
Environment Canada 2012 Municipal Solid Waste Retrieved June 11 2013 fromhttpwwwecgccagdd-mwdefaultasplang frac14Enampnfrac14EF0FC6A9-1
Erkut E Karagiannidis A Perkoulidis G Tjandra SA 2008 A multicriteria fa-
cility location model for municipal solid waste management in North GreeceEur J Oper Res 187 (3) 1402e1421 httpdxdoiorg101016
jejor200609021Finus M 2000 Game Theory and International Environmental Cooperation Any
Practical Application In Controlling Global Warming Perspectives fromEconomics Game Theory and Public Choice pp 9e104
Gendebien A Leavens A Blackmore K Godley A Lewin K Whiting KJDavis R 2003 Refused derived fuel current practice and perspectives 1047297nalreport Curr Pract
Genon G Brizio E 2008 Perspectives and limits for cement kilns as a destinationfor RDF Waste Manag (New York NY) 28 (11) 2375e2385 httpdxdoiorg101016jwasman200710022
Gloria TP Lippiatt BC Cooper J 2007 Life cycle impact assessment weights tosupport environmentally preferable purchasing in the United States EnvironSci Technol 41 (21) 7551e7557 Retrieved from httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpubmed18044540
Gluch P Baumann H 2004 The life cycle costing (LCC) approach a conceptualdiscussion of its usefulness for environmental decision-making Build Environ39 (5) 571e580 httpdxdoiorg101016jbuildenv200310008
A Soltani et al J ournal of Cleaner Production 113 (2016) 388e 399398
8182019 Selecting Sustainable Waste-To-Energy Technologies for Municipal Solid Waste Treatment a Game Theory Approachhellip
Hoornweg D Bhada-Tata P 2012 WHAT a waste a global review of solid wastemanagement Urban Dev Ser 116 Retrieved from httpgoworldbankorgBCQEP0TMO0
Hossaini N Reza B Akhtar S Sadiq R Hewage K 2014 AHP based life cyclesustainability assessment (LCSA) framework a case study of six storey woodframe and concrete frame buildings in Vancouver J Environ Plan Manag1e25httpdxdoiorg101080096405682014920704 (August 2014)
the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 2006a 14040 Environ-mental Management e Life Cycle Assessment e Principles and FrameworkInternational Organization for Standardization Geneva Retrieved from http
wwwisoorgisocatalogue_detailcsnumber frac1437456the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 2006b 14044 Environ-
mental Management e Life Cycle Assessment e Requirements and GuidelinesRetrieved from httpwwwisoorgisocatalogue_detailcsnumberfrac1438498
the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 2012 TR 14047 Environ-mental Management e Life Cycle Assessment e Illustrative Examples on Howto Apply ISO 14044 to Impact Assessment Situations
Joslashrgensen S 2010 A dynamic game of waste management J Econ Dyn Control 34(2) 258e265 httpdxdoiorg101016jjedc200909005
Kaitala V Pohjola M 1995 In Cesar Herman et al (Eds) Sustainable Interna-tional Agreementon Greenhouse Warminge a Game Theory Study Control andGame-Theoretic Models of the Environment Boston
Karmperis AC Aravossis K Tatsiopoulos IP Sotirchos A 2013 Decision supportmodels for solid waste management review and game-theoretic approachesWaste Manag (New York NY) httpdxdoi org101016jwasman201301017
Leyton-Brown K Shoham Y 2008 In Brachman RJ Dietterich T (Eds) Es-sentials of Game Theory Political Science vol 2 Morgan amp Claypool Publishersp 104 httpdxdoiorg102200S00108ED1V01Y200802AIM003
McGinty M Milam G Gelves A 2012 Coalition stability in public goods provi-sion testing an optimal allocation rule Environ Resour Econ 52 (3) 327
e345
httpdxdoiorg101007s10640-011-9530-6 Metro Vancouver 2010 Recycling and Solid Waste Management 2010 Report
Retrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgaboutpublicationsPublications2010_Solid_Waste_Management_Annual_Summarypdf
Metro Vancouver 2013 Zero Waste Committee Regular Meeting Burnaby BCRetrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgboardsZeroWasteZero_Waste_Committee-June_6_2013-Agenda-Revised_2pdf
Metro Vancouver 2014a Waste to Energy Just One Part of a Forward LookingApproach to Waste Management Retrieved November 19 2014 from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgservicessolid-wasteaboutwtepagesindexaspx
Metro Vancouver 2014b Project phases Retrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgservicessolid-wasteaboutwtepagesdevelopmentaspx
Metro Vancouver 2014c 2013 Waste Composition Monitoring Program BurnabyBC Retrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgaboutpublicationsPublications2013_Waste_Composition_Reportpdf
Metro Vancouver 2014d Metro Vancouvers New Waste-to-Energy Capacity Proj-ect Retrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgservicessolidwaste
planningRecoverWTEWTEProponentsLehighCementpdf Moretti S 2004 A model for cooperative inter-municipal waste collection costevaluation toward fair cost allocation In Carraro C Fragnelli V (Eds) GamePractice and the Environment Edward Elgar
Munda G 2002 Social multi-criteria evaluation In The 4th UFZ Summer Sym-posium ldquoNew Strategies for Solving Environmental Con1047298icts Potentials forCombining Participation and Multicriteria Analysisrdquo Leipzig
Nagarajan M Sosic G 2008 Game-theoretic analysis of cooperation amongsupply chain agents review and extensions Eur J Oper Res 187 (3) 719e745httpdxdoiorg101016jejor200605045
Neugebauer S Martinez-Blanco J Scheumann R Finkbeiner M 2015 Enhancingthe practical implementation of life cycle sustainability assessment e proposalof a tiered approach J Clean Prod 102 165e176
Nithikul J 2007 Potential of refuse derived fuel production from Bangkokmunicipal solid waste Asian Inst Technol
OsborneMJ RubinsteinA1994A Coursein GameTheory MIT PressCambridgeMAPRe 2015 SimaPro Database Manual Methods Library Retrieved from http
wwwpre-sustainabilitycomdownloadDatabaseManualMethodspdf Reza B Soltani A Ruparathna R Sadiq R Hewage K 2013 Environmental and
economic aspects of production and utilization of RDF as alternative fuel incement plants a case study of Metro Vancouver waste management ResourConserv Recycl 81 105e114 httpdxdoiorg101016jresconrec201310009
Rotter VS Kost T Winkler J Bilitewski B 2004 Material 1047298ow analysis of RDF-production processes Waste Manag (New York NY) 24 (10) 1005e1021httpdxdoiorg101016jwasman200407015
Saaty T 1980 The Analytic Hierarchy Process Planning Priority Setting ResourceAllocation (Decision Making Series) McGraw Hill New York
Saaty TL 1988 What is the analytic hierarchy process In Mitra G (Ed) Math-ematical Models for Decision Support Proceedings of the NATO AdvancedStudy Institute on Mathematical Models for Decision Support vol 4 8 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg Berlin Heidelberg
Saaty TL 1994 How to make a decision the analytic hierarchy process Interfaces24 (6) 19e43
Sadiq R 2001 Drilling Waste Discharges in the Marine Environment a Risk BasedDecision Methodology Memorial University of Newfoundland Retrieved from
httpresearchlibrarymunca1250 Sadiq Rehan Husain T Veitch B Bose N 2003 Evaluation of generic types of
drilling 1047298uid using a risk-based analytic hierarchy process Environ Manag 32(6) 778e787
Schwarz J Beloff B Beaver E 2002 Use sustainability metric to guide decisionmaking Chem Eng (July) 58e63 Retrieved from httppeopleclarksonedu~wwilcoxDesignsustainpdf
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) 1993 Guidelines forlife-cycle assessment a code of practice Portugal doi First edition
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) 2004 EnvironmentalRisk Assessment SETAC Technical Issue Paper Pensacola FL doiThirdPrinting
Sheppard SRJ Meitner M 2005 Using multi-criteria analysis and visualisationfor sustainable forest management planning with stakeholder groups ForEcol Manag 207 (1e2) 171e187 httpdxdoiorg101016jforeco200410032
Soltani A Hewage K Reza B Sadiq R 2015 Multiple stakeholders in multi-criteria decision-making in the context of municipal solid waste manage-ment a review Waste Manag (New York NY) 35 318e328 httpdxdoiorg101016jwasman201409010
Spengler T Geldermann J Heuroahre S Sieverdingbeck A Rentz O 1998 Devel-opment of a multiple criteria based decision support system for environmentalassessment of recycling measures in the iron and steel making industry
J Clean Prod 6 (1) 37e52 httpdxdoiorg101016S0959-6526(97)00048-6Statistics Canada 2011 Spending on Waste Management Retrieved November 19
2014 from httpwwwstatcangccapub11-402-x2011000chapgov-gouvgov-gouv01-enghtm
Statistics Canada 2015 Disposal and Diversion of Waste by Province and Territory(Total Waste Disposal)
Sutton PC Anderson SJ Tuttle BT Morse L 2012 The real wealth of nationsmapping and monetizing the human ecological footprint Ecol Indic 16 11e22httpdxdoiorg101016jecolind201103008
Tesfamariam S Sadiq R 2006 Risk-based environmental decision-making usingfuzzy analytic hierarchy process (F-AHP) Stoch Environ Res Risk AssessSpringer 21 (1) 35e50
The Government of British Columbia 2015 Part 3 d municipal waste managementEnviron Manag Act Retrieved July 08 2015 from httpwwwbclawscacivix
documentLOCcompletestatreg-E-EnvironmentalManagementAct[SBC2003]c5300_Act03053_03xmlThe World Bank 2012 What a Waste a Global Review of Solid Waste Management
Retrieved from httpgoworldbankorgBCQEP0TMO0TRI Environmental Consulting Inc 2008 Solid Waste Composition Study for Metro
Vancouver Retrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgaboutpublicationsPublicationsSolidWasteCompositionStudyFinal-2007pdf
Tseng M-L Lin Y-H Chiu ASF 2009 Fuzzy AHP-based study of cleaner pro-duction implementation in Taiwan PWB manufacturer J Clean Prod 171249e1256
Tsilemou K Panagiotakopoulos D 2006 Approximate cost functions for solidwaste treatment facilities Waste Manag Res 24 (4) 310e322
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) 2006 Life cycle assess-ment principles and practice Cincinnati OH doiEPA600R-06060
Van den Hove S 2006 Between consensus and compromise acknowledging thenegotiation dimension in participatory approaches Land Use Policy 23 (1)10e17 httpdxdoiorg101016jlandusepol200409001
Weikard H-P Dellink RB 2008 Sticks and carrots for the design of internationalclimate agreements with renegotiations Ann Oper Res 1e20
World Health Organization (WHO) 2014 7 million Premature Deaths AnnuallyLinked to Air Pollution Retrieved January 27 2015 from httpwwwwhointmediacentrenewsreleases2014air-pollutionen
A Soltani et al Journal of Cleaner Production 113 (2016) 388e 399 399
8182019 Selecting Sustainable Waste-To-Energy Technologies for Municipal Solid Waste Treatment a Game Theory Approachhellip
RDF in cement kilns to investigate the possibility of collaborating
on a new RDF treatment plant As a result mass-burn WTE and RDF
were selected as the most sustainable options for Metro Vancouver
and the cement industry respectively The developed framework
estimated that a tipping fee of $077e$096 per kg MSW should be
paid by the cement industry to MetroVancouver so that RDFcan be
applied as Metro Vancouvers new waste treatment option and the
cement industrys solution to high-intensity fossil fuel consump-
tion This value is only based on assumptions and factors consid-
ered in this paper Without the proposed framework the
collaboration might not take place or negotiations might be
inef 1047297cient
There are various types of uncertainties (parameter model and
scenario) in this framework that will affect the robustness of the
results Parameter uncertainty refers to vague incorrect and
imprecise values such as composition of MSW in Metro Vancouver
input and output emission data derived from other databases and
tools as well as assumptions made for costs and bene1047297ts Model
uncertainty discusses inaccurate hypotheses about the general
model or relationship of variables such as impact assessment out-
comes and the game theory model Scenario uncertainty is con-
cerned with the environment of assessments such as differences in
the regions of collected data and case study These uncertaintiesshould be explored in more detail in a future study To show the
sensitivity of the outcomes of the framework to the uncertainties a
sensitivity analysis is performed The assessment of the un-
certainties in waste composition and economic net cost shows that
RDF is preferred by industry at all timesAlso sustainability indexes
of industry and the municipality are more impacted by economic
net cost and share of plastic in waste composition respectively
Social impacts are dif 1047297cult to assess quantitatively and carry the
subjectivity of decision-makers into the decision-making process
The developed framework has the ability to combine the outcomes
of social life cycle assessment methodologies with environmental
and economic assessment results according to the stakeholders
priorities but it does not discuss methodologies for quantifying
these impacts In addition there is no other case of co-combustionof RDF in cement kilns in Canada which makes the evaluation of
social impacts prone to subjectivity hard to evaluate and out of the
scope of the case study While social impacts are not quanti1047297ed for
the discussed case study they are still believed to impact munici-
palitys actions and priorities
The most challenging part of this framework was providing
accurate data and real scenarios that represented the waste treat-
ment in a region and interactions among stakeholders Other lim-
itations of this framework and potentials for future studies include
consideration of interest rate in LCC consideration of additional
costs of RDF in LCC using other software packages for LCA using
real stakeholders for pair-wise comparisons expansion of two-
player game into n-player game and consideration of other game
theory models (eg uncertainty about other stakeholders actions)in the framework
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank NSERC for the 1047297nancial support from
second and third authors NSERC-DG grants We also appreciate the
help of Ms Sarah Wellman at Metro Vancouver Ms Yihting Lim at
TRI Environmental Consulting and Mr Navid Hossaini and Mr
Fasihur Rahman at UBC
References
Achillas C Moussiopoulos N Karagiannidis A Banias G Perkoulidis G 2013
The use of multi-criteria decision analysis to tackle waste management
problems a literature review Waste Manag Res 31 (2) 115e129 httpdxdoiorg1011770734242X12470203
Bare J 2002 Developing a consistent decision-making framework by using the USEPAs TRACI Am Inst Chem Eng Symp Retrieved from httpwwwepagovnrmrlstdtraciaiche2002paperpdf
BC Ministry of Finance 2014 How the Carbon Tax Works Retrieved January 152015 from httpwww1047297ngovbccatbstpclimateA4htm
Bebbington J Brown J Frame B 2007 Accounting technologies and sustainabilityassessment models Ecol Econ 61 (2e3) 224e236 httpdxdoiorg101016
jecolecon200610021
Blanchard Benjamin S Fabrycky Wolter J Fabrycky WJ 1990 Systems Engi-neering and Analysis vol 4 Prentice Hall Englewood Cliffs New Jersey
Brundtland GH1987 Our common future In World Commission on Environmentand Development Tokyo Japan
Canter LW1977 Environmental Impact Assessment McGraw-Hill Inc New YorkCaputo AC Scacchia F Pelagagge PM 2003 Disposal of by-products in olive oil
industry waste-to-energy solutions Appl Therm Eng 23 (2) 197e214 httpdxdoiorg101016S1359-4311(02)00173-4
Carlsson Reich M 2005 Economic assessment of municipal waste managementsystemsdcase studies using a combination of life cycle assessment (LCA) andlife cycle costing (LCC) J Clean Prod 13 (3) 253e263 httpdxdoiorg101016jjclepro200402015
Carraro C Marchiori C 2003 Endogenous strategic issue linkage in internationalnegotiations Nota di Lavoro 40 (April) Retrieved from httpwwwfeemituser1047297lesattachPublicationNDL2003NDL2003-040pdf
Cheng Steven Chan CW Huang GH 2002 Using multiple criteria decisionanalysis for supporting decisions of solid waste management Environ SciHealth A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng A37 (6) 37e41
Cheng S Chan CW Huang GH 2003 An integrated multi-criteria decisionanalysis and inexact mixed integer linear programming approach for solidwaste management Eng Appl Artif Intell 16 543e554 httpdxdoiorg101016S0952-1976(03)00069-1
Chhipi-Shrestha GK Hewage K Sadiq R 2014 ldquoSocializingrdquo sustainability acritical review on current development status of social life cycle impactassessment method Clean Technol Environ Policy httpdxdoiorg101007s10098-014-0841-5
City of Vancouver 2013 Fees and Charges at the Transfer Station and Land1047297llRetrieved November 15 2014 from httpvancouvercahome-property-developmentland1047297ll-fees-and-chargesaspx
Contreras F Hanaki K Aramaki T Connors S 2008 Application of analyticalhierarchy process to analyze stakeholders preferences for municipal solid wastemanagement plans Boston USA Resour Conserv Recycl 52 (7) 979e991httpdxdoiorg101016jresconrec200803003
D-waste 2015 Waste Atlas Retrieved June 18 2015 from httpwwwatlasd-wastecom
Davila E Chang N-B Diwakaruni S 2005 Land1047297ll space consumption dynamicsin the Lower Rio Grande Valley by grey integer programming-based games
J Environ Manag 75 (4) 353e
365 httpdxdoiorg101016 jjenvman200411015De Feo G De Gisi S 2010 Using an innovative criteria weighting tool for stake-
holders involvement to rank MSW facility sites with the AHP Waste Manag(New York NY) 30 (11) 2370e2382 httpdxdoiorg101016
jwasman201004010De la Fuente A Pons O Josa A Aguado A 2016 Multicriteriaedecision making
in the sustainability assessment of sewerage pipe systems J Clean Prod 112(5) 4762e4770 httpdxdoiorg101016jjclepro201507002
Den Boer J den Boer E Jager J 2007 LCA-IWM a decision support tool forsustainability assessment of waste management systems Waste Manag (NewYork NY) 27 (8) 1032e1045 httpdxdoiorg101016jwasman200702022
Dewi O Koerner I Harjoko T 2010 A Review on Decision Support Models forRegional Sustainable Waste Management In the International Solid WasteAssociation World Conference Retrieved from httpwwwiswaorguploadstx_iswaknowledgebaseCandra_Dewipdf
Environment Canada 2012 Municipal Solid Waste Retrieved June 11 2013 fromhttpwwwecgccagdd-mwdefaultasplang frac14Enampnfrac14EF0FC6A9-1
Erkut E Karagiannidis A Perkoulidis G Tjandra SA 2008 A multicriteria fa-
cility location model for municipal solid waste management in North GreeceEur J Oper Res 187 (3) 1402e1421 httpdxdoiorg101016
jejor200609021Finus M 2000 Game Theory and International Environmental Cooperation Any
Practical Application In Controlling Global Warming Perspectives fromEconomics Game Theory and Public Choice pp 9e104
Gendebien A Leavens A Blackmore K Godley A Lewin K Whiting KJDavis R 2003 Refused derived fuel current practice and perspectives 1047297nalreport Curr Pract
Genon G Brizio E 2008 Perspectives and limits for cement kilns as a destinationfor RDF Waste Manag (New York NY) 28 (11) 2375e2385 httpdxdoiorg101016jwasman200710022
Gloria TP Lippiatt BC Cooper J 2007 Life cycle impact assessment weights tosupport environmentally preferable purchasing in the United States EnvironSci Technol 41 (21) 7551e7557 Retrieved from httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpubmed18044540
Gluch P Baumann H 2004 The life cycle costing (LCC) approach a conceptualdiscussion of its usefulness for environmental decision-making Build Environ39 (5) 571e580 httpdxdoiorg101016jbuildenv200310008
A Soltani et al J ournal of Cleaner Production 113 (2016) 388e 399398
8182019 Selecting Sustainable Waste-To-Energy Technologies for Municipal Solid Waste Treatment a Game Theory Approachhellip
Hoornweg D Bhada-Tata P 2012 WHAT a waste a global review of solid wastemanagement Urban Dev Ser 116 Retrieved from httpgoworldbankorgBCQEP0TMO0
Hossaini N Reza B Akhtar S Sadiq R Hewage K 2014 AHP based life cyclesustainability assessment (LCSA) framework a case study of six storey woodframe and concrete frame buildings in Vancouver J Environ Plan Manag1e25httpdxdoiorg101080096405682014920704 (August 2014)
the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 2006a 14040 Environ-mental Management e Life Cycle Assessment e Principles and FrameworkInternational Organization for Standardization Geneva Retrieved from http
wwwisoorgisocatalogue_detailcsnumber frac1437456the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 2006b 14044 Environ-
mental Management e Life Cycle Assessment e Requirements and GuidelinesRetrieved from httpwwwisoorgisocatalogue_detailcsnumberfrac1438498
the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 2012 TR 14047 Environ-mental Management e Life Cycle Assessment e Illustrative Examples on Howto Apply ISO 14044 to Impact Assessment Situations
Joslashrgensen S 2010 A dynamic game of waste management J Econ Dyn Control 34(2) 258e265 httpdxdoiorg101016jjedc200909005
Kaitala V Pohjola M 1995 In Cesar Herman et al (Eds) Sustainable Interna-tional Agreementon Greenhouse Warminge a Game Theory Study Control andGame-Theoretic Models of the Environment Boston
Karmperis AC Aravossis K Tatsiopoulos IP Sotirchos A 2013 Decision supportmodels for solid waste management review and game-theoretic approachesWaste Manag (New York NY) httpdxdoi org101016jwasman201301017
Leyton-Brown K Shoham Y 2008 In Brachman RJ Dietterich T (Eds) Es-sentials of Game Theory Political Science vol 2 Morgan amp Claypool Publishersp 104 httpdxdoiorg102200S00108ED1V01Y200802AIM003
McGinty M Milam G Gelves A 2012 Coalition stability in public goods provi-sion testing an optimal allocation rule Environ Resour Econ 52 (3) 327
e345
httpdxdoiorg101007s10640-011-9530-6 Metro Vancouver 2010 Recycling and Solid Waste Management 2010 Report
Retrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgaboutpublicationsPublications2010_Solid_Waste_Management_Annual_Summarypdf
Metro Vancouver 2013 Zero Waste Committee Regular Meeting Burnaby BCRetrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgboardsZeroWasteZero_Waste_Committee-June_6_2013-Agenda-Revised_2pdf
Metro Vancouver 2014a Waste to Energy Just One Part of a Forward LookingApproach to Waste Management Retrieved November 19 2014 from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgservicessolid-wasteaboutwtepagesindexaspx
Metro Vancouver 2014b Project phases Retrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgservicessolid-wasteaboutwtepagesdevelopmentaspx
Metro Vancouver 2014c 2013 Waste Composition Monitoring Program BurnabyBC Retrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgaboutpublicationsPublications2013_Waste_Composition_Reportpdf
Metro Vancouver 2014d Metro Vancouvers New Waste-to-Energy Capacity Proj-ect Retrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgservicessolidwaste
planningRecoverWTEWTEProponentsLehighCementpdf Moretti S 2004 A model for cooperative inter-municipal waste collection costevaluation toward fair cost allocation In Carraro C Fragnelli V (Eds) GamePractice and the Environment Edward Elgar
Munda G 2002 Social multi-criteria evaluation In The 4th UFZ Summer Sym-posium ldquoNew Strategies for Solving Environmental Con1047298icts Potentials forCombining Participation and Multicriteria Analysisrdquo Leipzig
Nagarajan M Sosic G 2008 Game-theoretic analysis of cooperation amongsupply chain agents review and extensions Eur J Oper Res 187 (3) 719e745httpdxdoiorg101016jejor200605045
Neugebauer S Martinez-Blanco J Scheumann R Finkbeiner M 2015 Enhancingthe practical implementation of life cycle sustainability assessment e proposalof a tiered approach J Clean Prod 102 165e176
Nithikul J 2007 Potential of refuse derived fuel production from Bangkokmunicipal solid waste Asian Inst Technol
OsborneMJ RubinsteinA1994A Coursein GameTheory MIT PressCambridgeMAPRe 2015 SimaPro Database Manual Methods Library Retrieved from http
wwwpre-sustainabilitycomdownloadDatabaseManualMethodspdf Reza B Soltani A Ruparathna R Sadiq R Hewage K 2013 Environmental and
economic aspects of production and utilization of RDF as alternative fuel incement plants a case study of Metro Vancouver waste management ResourConserv Recycl 81 105e114 httpdxdoiorg101016jresconrec201310009
Rotter VS Kost T Winkler J Bilitewski B 2004 Material 1047298ow analysis of RDF-production processes Waste Manag (New York NY) 24 (10) 1005e1021httpdxdoiorg101016jwasman200407015
Saaty T 1980 The Analytic Hierarchy Process Planning Priority Setting ResourceAllocation (Decision Making Series) McGraw Hill New York
Saaty TL 1988 What is the analytic hierarchy process In Mitra G (Ed) Math-ematical Models for Decision Support Proceedings of the NATO AdvancedStudy Institute on Mathematical Models for Decision Support vol 4 8 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg Berlin Heidelberg
Saaty TL 1994 How to make a decision the analytic hierarchy process Interfaces24 (6) 19e43
Sadiq R 2001 Drilling Waste Discharges in the Marine Environment a Risk BasedDecision Methodology Memorial University of Newfoundland Retrieved from
httpresearchlibrarymunca1250 Sadiq Rehan Husain T Veitch B Bose N 2003 Evaluation of generic types of
drilling 1047298uid using a risk-based analytic hierarchy process Environ Manag 32(6) 778e787
Schwarz J Beloff B Beaver E 2002 Use sustainability metric to guide decisionmaking Chem Eng (July) 58e63 Retrieved from httppeopleclarksonedu~wwilcoxDesignsustainpdf
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) 1993 Guidelines forlife-cycle assessment a code of practice Portugal doi First edition
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) 2004 EnvironmentalRisk Assessment SETAC Technical Issue Paper Pensacola FL doiThirdPrinting
Sheppard SRJ Meitner M 2005 Using multi-criteria analysis and visualisationfor sustainable forest management planning with stakeholder groups ForEcol Manag 207 (1e2) 171e187 httpdxdoiorg101016jforeco200410032
Soltani A Hewage K Reza B Sadiq R 2015 Multiple stakeholders in multi-criteria decision-making in the context of municipal solid waste manage-ment a review Waste Manag (New York NY) 35 318e328 httpdxdoiorg101016jwasman201409010
Spengler T Geldermann J Heuroahre S Sieverdingbeck A Rentz O 1998 Devel-opment of a multiple criteria based decision support system for environmentalassessment of recycling measures in the iron and steel making industry
J Clean Prod 6 (1) 37e52 httpdxdoiorg101016S0959-6526(97)00048-6Statistics Canada 2011 Spending on Waste Management Retrieved November 19
2014 from httpwwwstatcangccapub11-402-x2011000chapgov-gouvgov-gouv01-enghtm
Statistics Canada 2015 Disposal and Diversion of Waste by Province and Territory(Total Waste Disposal)
Sutton PC Anderson SJ Tuttle BT Morse L 2012 The real wealth of nationsmapping and monetizing the human ecological footprint Ecol Indic 16 11e22httpdxdoiorg101016jecolind201103008
Tesfamariam S Sadiq R 2006 Risk-based environmental decision-making usingfuzzy analytic hierarchy process (F-AHP) Stoch Environ Res Risk AssessSpringer 21 (1) 35e50
The Government of British Columbia 2015 Part 3 d municipal waste managementEnviron Manag Act Retrieved July 08 2015 from httpwwwbclawscacivix
documentLOCcompletestatreg-E-EnvironmentalManagementAct[SBC2003]c5300_Act03053_03xmlThe World Bank 2012 What a Waste a Global Review of Solid Waste Management
Retrieved from httpgoworldbankorgBCQEP0TMO0TRI Environmental Consulting Inc 2008 Solid Waste Composition Study for Metro
Vancouver Retrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgaboutpublicationsPublicationsSolidWasteCompositionStudyFinal-2007pdf
Tseng M-L Lin Y-H Chiu ASF 2009 Fuzzy AHP-based study of cleaner pro-duction implementation in Taiwan PWB manufacturer J Clean Prod 171249e1256
Tsilemou K Panagiotakopoulos D 2006 Approximate cost functions for solidwaste treatment facilities Waste Manag Res 24 (4) 310e322
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) 2006 Life cycle assess-ment principles and practice Cincinnati OH doiEPA600R-06060
Van den Hove S 2006 Between consensus and compromise acknowledging thenegotiation dimension in participatory approaches Land Use Policy 23 (1)10e17 httpdxdoiorg101016jlandusepol200409001
Weikard H-P Dellink RB 2008 Sticks and carrots for the design of internationalclimate agreements with renegotiations Ann Oper Res 1e20
World Health Organization (WHO) 2014 7 million Premature Deaths AnnuallyLinked to Air Pollution Retrieved January 27 2015 from httpwwwwhointmediacentrenewsreleases2014air-pollutionen
A Soltani et al Journal of Cleaner Production 113 (2016) 388e 399 399
8182019 Selecting Sustainable Waste-To-Energy Technologies for Municipal Solid Waste Treatment a Game Theory Approachhellip
RDF in cement kilns to investigate the possibility of collaborating
on a new RDF treatment plant As a result mass-burn WTE and RDF
were selected as the most sustainable options for Metro Vancouver
and the cement industry respectively The developed framework
estimated that a tipping fee of $077e$096 per kg MSW should be
paid by the cement industry to MetroVancouver so that RDFcan be
applied as Metro Vancouvers new waste treatment option and the
cement industrys solution to high-intensity fossil fuel consump-
tion This value is only based on assumptions and factors consid-
ered in this paper Without the proposed framework the
collaboration might not take place or negotiations might be
inef 1047297cient
There are various types of uncertainties (parameter model and
scenario) in this framework that will affect the robustness of the
results Parameter uncertainty refers to vague incorrect and
imprecise values such as composition of MSW in Metro Vancouver
input and output emission data derived from other databases and
tools as well as assumptions made for costs and bene1047297ts Model
uncertainty discusses inaccurate hypotheses about the general
model or relationship of variables such as impact assessment out-
comes and the game theory model Scenario uncertainty is con-
cerned with the environment of assessments such as differences in
the regions of collected data and case study These uncertaintiesshould be explored in more detail in a future study To show the
sensitivity of the outcomes of the framework to the uncertainties a
sensitivity analysis is performed The assessment of the un-
certainties in waste composition and economic net cost shows that
RDF is preferred by industry at all timesAlso sustainability indexes
of industry and the municipality are more impacted by economic
net cost and share of plastic in waste composition respectively
Social impacts are dif 1047297cult to assess quantitatively and carry the
subjectivity of decision-makers into the decision-making process
The developed framework has the ability to combine the outcomes
of social life cycle assessment methodologies with environmental
and economic assessment results according to the stakeholders
priorities but it does not discuss methodologies for quantifying
these impacts In addition there is no other case of co-combustionof RDF in cement kilns in Canada which makes the evaluation of
social impacts prone to subjectivity hard to evaluate and out of the
scope of the case study While social impacts are not quanti1047297ed for
the discussed case study they are still believed to impact munici-
palitys actions and priorities
The most challenging part of this framework was providing
accurate data and real scenarios that represented the waste treat-
ment in a region and interactions among stakeholders Other lim-
itations of this framework and potentials for future studies include
consideration of interest rate in LCC consideration of additional
costs of RDF in LCC using other software packages for LCA using
real stakeholders for pair-wise comparisons expansion of two-
player game into n-player game and consideration of other game
theory models (eg uncertainty about other stakeholders actions)in the framework
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank NSERC for the 1047297nancial support from
second and third authors NSERC-DG grants We also appreciate the
help of Ms Sarah Wellman at Metro Vancouver Ms Yihting Lim at
TRI Environmental Consulting and Mr Navid Hossaini and Mr
Fasihur Rahman at UBC
References
Achillas C Moussiopoulos N Karagiannidis A Banias G Perkoulidis G 2013
The use of multi-criteria decision analysis to tackle waste management
problems a literature review Waste Manag Res 31 (2) 115e129 httpdxdoiorg1011770734242X12470203
Bare J 2002 Developing a consistent decision-making framework by using the USEPAs TRACI Am Inst Chem Eng Symp Retrieved from httpwwwepagovnrmrlstdtraciaiche2002paperpdf
BC Ministry of Finance 2014 How the Carbon Tax Works Retrieved January 152015 from httpwww1047297ngovbccatbstpclimateA4htm
Bebbington J Brown J Frame B 2007 Accounting technologies and sustainabilityassessment models Ecol Econ 61 (2e3) 224e236 httpdxdoiorg101016
jecolecon200610021
Blanchard Benjamin S Fabrycky Wolter J Fabrycky WJ 1990 Systems Engi-neering and Analysis vol 4 Prentice Hall Englewood Cliffs New Jersey
Brundtland GH1987 Our common future In World Commission on Environmentand Development Tokyo Japan
Canter LW1977 Environmental Impact Assessment McGraw-Hill Inc New YorkCaputo AC Scacchia F Pelagagge PM 2003 Disposal of by-products in olive oil
industry waste-to-energy solutions Appl Therm Eng 23 (2) 197e214 httpdxdoiorg101016S1359-4311(02)00173-4
Carlsson Reich M 2005 Economic assessment of municipal waste managementsystemsdcase studies using a combination of life cycle assessment (LCA) andlife cycle costing (LCC) J Clean Prod 13 (3) 253e263 httpdxdoiorg101016jjclepro200402015
Carraro C Marchiori C 2003 Endogenous strategic issue linkage in internationalnegotiations Nota di Lavoro 40 (April) Retrieved from httpwwwfeemituser1047297lesattachPublicationNDL2003NDL2003-040pdf
Cheng Steven Chan CW Huang GH 2002 Using multiple criteria decisionanalysis for supporting decisions of solid waste management Environ SciHealth A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng A37 (6) 37e41
Cheng S Chan CW Huang GH 2003 An integrated multi-criteria decisionanalysis and inexact mixed integer linear programming approach for solidwaste management Eng Appl Artif Intell 16 543e554 httpdxdoiorg101016S0952-1976(03)00069-1
Chhipi-Shrestha GK Hewage K Sadiq R 2014 ldquoSocializingrdquo sustainability acritical review on current development status of social life cycle impactassessment method Clean Technol Environ Policy httpdxdoiorg101007s10098-014-0841-5
City of Vancouver 2013 Fees and Charges at the Transfer Station and Land1047297llRetrieved November 15 2014 from httpvancouvercahome-property-developmentland1047297ll-fees-and-chargesaspx
Contreras F Hanaki K Aramaki T Connors S 2008 Application of analyticalhierarchy process to analyze stakeholders preferences for municipal solid wastemanagement plans Boston USA Resour Conserv Recycl 52 (7) 979e991httpdxdoiorg101016jresconrec200803003
D-waste 2015 Waste Atlas Retrieved June 18 2015 from httpwwwatlasd-wastecom
Davila E Chang N-B Diwakaruni S 2005 Land1047297ll space consumption dynamicsin the Lower Rio Grande Valley by grey integer programming-based games
J Environ Manag 75 (4) 353e
365 httpdxdoiorg101016 jjenvman200411015De Feo G De Gisi S 2010 Using an innovative criteria weighting tool for stake-
holders involvement to rank MSW facility sites with the AHP Waste Manag(New York NY) 30 (11) 2370e2382 httpdxdoiorg101016
jwasman201004010De la Fuente A Pons O Josa A Aguado A 2016 Multicriteriaedecision making
in the sustainability assessment of sewerage pipe systems J Clean Prod 112(5) 4762e4770 httpdxdoiorg101016jjclepro201507002
Den Boer J den Boer E Jager J 2007 LCA-IWM a decision support tool forsustainability assessment of waste management systems Waste Manag (NewYork NY) 27 (8) 1032e1045 httpdxdoiorg101016jwasman200702022
Dewi O Koerner I Harjoko T 2010 A Review on Decision Support Models forRegional Sustainable Waste Management In the International Solid WasteAssociation World Conference Retrieved from httpwwwiswaorguploadstx_iswaknowledgebaseCandra_Dewipdf
Environment Canada 2012 Municipal Solid Waste Retrieved June 11 2013 fromhttpwwwecgccagdd-mwdefaultasplang frac14Enampnfrac14EF0FC6A9-1
Erkut E Karagiannidis A Perkoulidis G Tjandra SA 2008 A multicriteria fa-
cility location model for municipal solid waste management in North GreeceEur J Oper Res 187 (3) 1402e1421 httpdxdoiorg101016
jejor200609021Finus M 2000 Game Theory and International Environmental Cooperation Any
Practical Application In Controlling Global Warming Perspectives fromEconomics Game Theory and Public Choice pp 9e104
Gendebien A Leavens A Blackmore K Godley A Lewin K Whiting KJDavis R 2003 Refused derived fuel current practice and perspectives 1047297nalreport Curr Pract
Genon G Brizio E 2008 Perspectives and limits for cement kilns as a destinationfor RDF Waste Manag (New York NY) 28 (11) 2375e2385 httpdxdoiorg101016jwasman200710022
Gloria TP Lippiatt BC Cooper J 2007 Life cycle impact assessment weights tosupport environmentally preferable purchasing in the United States EnvironSci Technol 41 (21) 7551e7557 Retrieved from httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpubmed18044540
Gluch P Baumann H 2004 The life cycle costing (LCC) approach a conceptualdiscussion of its usefulness for environmental decision-making Build Environ39 (5) 571e580 httpdxdoiorg101016jbuildenv200310008
A Soltani et al J ournal of Cleaner Production 113 (2016) 388e 399398
8182019 Selecting Sustainable Waste-To-Energy Technologies for Municipal Solid Waste Treatment a Game Theory Approachhellip
Hoornweg D Bhada-Tata P 2012 WHAT a waste a global review of solid wastemanagement Urban Dev Ser 116 Retrieved from httpgoworldbankorgBCQEP0TMO0
Hossaini N Reza B Akhtar S Sadiq R Hewage K 2014 AHP based life cyclesustainability assessment (LCSA) framework a case study of six storey woodframe and concrete frame buildings in Vancouver J Environ Plan Manag1e25httpdxdoiorg101080096405682014920704 (August 2014)
the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 2006a 14040 Environ-mental Management e Life Cycle Assessment e Principles and FrameworkInternational Organization for Standardization Geneva Retrieved from http
wwwisoorgisocatalogue_detailcsnumber frac1437456the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 2006b 14044 Environ-
mental Management e Life Cycle Assessment e Requirements and GuidelinesRetrieved from httpwwwisoorgisocatalogue_detailcsnumberfrac1438498
the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 2012 TR 14047 Environ-mental Management e Life Cycle Assessment e Illustrative Examples on Howto Apply ISO 14044 to Impact Assessment Situations
Joslashrgensen S 2010 A dynamic game of waste management J Econ Dyn Control 34(2) 258e265 httpdxdoiorg101016jjedc200909005
Kaitala V Pohjola M 1995 In Cesar Herman et al (Eds) Sustainable Interna-tional Agreementon Greenhouse Warminge a Game Theory Study Control andGame-Theoretic Models of the Environment Boston
Karmperis AC Aravossis K Tatsiopoulos IP Sotirchos A 2013 Decision supportmodels for solid waste management review and game-theoretic approachesWaste Manag (New York NY) httpdxdoi org101016jwasman201301017
Leyton-Brown K Shoham Y 2008 In Brachman RJ Dietterich T (Eds) Es-sentials of Game Theory Political Science vol 2 Morgan amp Claypool Publishersp 104 httpdxdoiorg102200S00108ED1V01Y200802AIM003
McGinty M Milam G Gelves A 2012 Coalition stability in public goods provi-sion testing an optimal allocation rule Environ Resour Econ 52 (3) 327
e345
httpdxdoiorg101007s10640-011-9530-6 Metro Vancouver 2010 Recycling and Solid Waste Management 2010 Report
Retrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgaboutpublicationsPublications2010_Solid_Waste_Management_Annual_Summarypdf
Metro Vancouver 2013 Zero Waste Committee Regular Meeting Burnaby BCRetrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgboardsZeroWasteZero_Waste_Committee-June_6_2013-Agenda-Revised_2pdf
Metro Vancouver 2014a Waste to Energy Just One Part of a Forward LookingApproach to Waste Management Retrieved November 19 2014 from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgservicessolid-wasteaboutwtepagesindexaspx
Metro Vancouver 2014b Project phases Retrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgservicessolid-wasteaboutwtepagesdevelopmentaspx
Metro Vancouver 2014c 2013 Waste Composition Monitoring Program BurnabyBC Retrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgaboutpublicationsPublications2013_Waste_Composition_Reportpdf
Metro Vancouver 2014d Metro Vancouvers New Waste-to-Energy Capacity Proj-ect Retrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgservicessolidwaste
planningRecoverWTEWTEProponentsLehighCementpdf Moretti S 2004 A model for cooperative inter-municipal waste collection costevaluation toward fair cost allocation In Carraro C Fragnelli V (Eds) GamePractice and the Environment Edward Elgar
Munda G 2002 Social multi-criteria evaluation In The 4th UFZ Summer Sym-posium ldquoNew Strategies for Solving Environmental Con1047298icts Potentials forCombining Participation and Multicriteria Analysisrdquo Leipzig
Nagarajan M Sosic G 2008 Game-theoretic analysis of cooperation amongsupply chain agents review and extensions Eur J Oper Res 187 (3) 719e745httpdxdoiorg101016jejor200605045
Neugebauer S Martinez-Blanco J Scheumann R Finkbeiner M 2015 Enhancingthe practical implementation of life cycle sustainability assessment e proposalof a tiered approach J Clean Prod 102 165e176
Nithikul J 2007 Potential of refuse derived fuel production from Bangkokmunicipal solid waste Asian Inst Technol
OsborneMJ RubinsteinA1994A Coursein GameTheory MIT PressCambridgeMAPRe 2015 SimaPro Database Manual Methods Library Retrieved from http
wwwpre-sustainabilitycomdownloadDatabaseManualMethodspdf Reza B Soltani A Ruparathna R Sadiq R Hewage K 2013 Environmental and
economic aspects of production and utilization of RDF as alternative fuel incement plants a case study of Metro Vancouver waste management ResourConserv Recycl 81 105e114 httpdxdoiorg101016jresconrec201310009
Rotter VS Kost T Winkler J Bilitewski B 2004 Material 1047298ow analysis of RDF-production processes Waste Manag (New York NY) 24 (10) 1005e1021httpdxdoiorg101016jwasman200407015
Saaty T 1980 The Analytic Hierarchy Process Planning Priority Setting ResourceAllocation (Decision Making Series) McGraw Hill New York
Saaty TL 1988 What is the analytic hierarchy process In Mitra G (Ed) Math-ematical Models for Decision Support Proceedings of the NATO AdvancedStudy Institute on Mathematical Models for Decision Support vol 4 8 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg Berlin Heidelberg
Saaty TL 1994 How to make a decision the analytic hierarchy process Interfaces24 (6) 19e43
Sadiq R 2001 Drilling Waste Discharges in the Marine Environment a Risk BasedDecision Methodology Memorial University of Newfoundland Retrieved from
httpresearchlibrarymunca1250 Sadiq Rehan Husain T Veitch B Bose N 2003 Evaluation of generic types of
drilling 1047298uid using a risk-based analytic hierarchy process Environ Manag 32(6) 778e787
Schwarz J Beloff B Beaver E 2002 Use sustainability metric to guide decisionmaking Chem Eng (July) 58e63 Retrieved from httppeopleclarksonedu~wwilcoxDesignsustainpdf
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) 1993 Guidelines forlife-cycle assessment a code of practice Portugal doi First edition
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) 2004 EnvironmentalRisk Assessment SETAC Technical Issue Paper Pensacola FL doiThirdPrinting
Sheppard SRJ Meitner M 2005 Using multi-criteria analysis and visualisationfor sustainable forest management planning with stakeholder groups ForEcol Manag 207 (1e2) 171e187 httpdxdoiorg101016jforeco200410032
Soltani A Hewage K Reza B Sadiq R 2015 Multiple stakeholders in multi-criteria decision-making in the context of municipal solid waste manage-ment a review Waste Manag (New York NY) 35 318e328 httpdxdoiorg101016jwasman201409010
Spengler T Geldermann J Heuroahre S Sieverdingbeck A Rentz O 1998 Devel-opment of a multiple criteria based decision support system for environmentalassessment of recycling measures in the iron and steel making industry
J Clean Prod 6 (1) 37e52 httpdxdoiorg101016S0959-6526(97)00048-6Statistics Canada 2011 Spending on Waste Management Retrieved November 19
2014 from httpwwwstatcangccapub11-402-x2011000chapgov-gouvgov-gouv01-enghtm
Statistics Canada 2015 Disposal and Diversion of Waste by Province and Territory(Total Waste Disposal)
Sutton PC Anderson SJ Tuttle BT Morse L 2012 The real wealth of nationsmapping and monetizing the human ecological footprint Ecol Indic 16 11e22httpdxdoiorg101016jecolind201103008
Tesfamariam S Sadiq R 2006 Risk-based environmental decision-making usingfuzzy analytic hierarchy process (F-AHP) Stoch Environ Res Risk AssessSpringer 21 (1) 35e50
The Government of British Columbia 2015 Part 3 d municipal waste managementEnviron Manag Act Retrieved July 08 2015 from httpwwwbclawscacivix
documentLOCcompletestatreg-E-EnvironmentalManagementAct[SBC2003]c5300_Act03053_03xmlThe World Bank 2012 What a Waste a Global Review of Solid Waste Management
Retrieved from httpgoworldbankorgBCQEP0TMO0TRI Environmental Consulting Inc 2008 Solid Waste Composition Study for Metro
Vancouver Retrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgaboutpublicationsPublicationsSolidWasteCompositionStudyFinal-2007pdf
Tseng M-L Lin Y-H Chiu ASF 2009 Fuzzy AHP-based study of cleaner pro-duction implementation in Taiwan PWB manufacturer J Clean Prod 171249e1256
Tsilemou K Panagiotakopoulos D 2006 Approximate cost functions for solidwaste treatment facilities Waste Manag Res 24 (4) 310e322
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) 2006 Life cycle assess-ment principles and practice Cincinnati OH doiEPA600R-06060
Van den Hove S 2006 Between consensus and compromise acknowledging thenegotiation dimension in participatory approaches Land Use Policy 23 (1)10e17 httpdxdoiorg101016jlandusepol200409001
Weikard H-P Dellink RB 2008 Sticks and carrots for the design of internationalclimate agreements with renegotiations Ann Oper Res 1e20
World Health Organization (WHO) 2014 7 million Premature Deaths AnnuallyLinked to Air Pollution Retrieved January 27 2015 from httpwwwwhointmediacentrenewsreleases2014air-pollutionen
A Soltani et al Journal of Cleaner Production 113 (2016) 388e 399 399
8182019 Selecting Sustainable Waste-To-Energy Technologies for Municipal Solid Waste Treatment a Game Theory Approachhellip
RDF in cement kilns to investigate the possibility of collaborating
on a new RDF treatment plant As a result mass-burn WTE and RDF
were selected as the most sustainable options for Metro Vancouver
and the cement industry respectively The developed framework
estimated that a tipping fee of $077e$096 per kg MSW should be
paid by the cement industry to MetroVancouver so that RDFcan be
applied as Metro Vancouvers new waste treatment option and the
cement industrys solution to high-intensity fossil fuel consump-
tion This value is only based on assumptions and factors consid-
ered in this paper Without the proposed framework the
collaboration might not take place or negotiations might be
inef 1047297cient
There are various types of uncertainties (parameter model and
scenario) in this framework that will affect the robustness of the
results Parameter uncertainty refers to vague incorrect and
imprecise values such as composition of MSW in Metro Vancouver
input and output emission data derived from other databases and
tools as well as assumptions made for costs and bene1047297ts Model
uncertainty discusses inaccurate hypotheses about the general
model or relationship of variables such as impact assessment out-
comes and the game theory model Scenario uncertainty is con-
cerned with the environment of assessments such as differences in
the regions of collected data and case study These uncertaintiesshould be explored in more detail in a future study To show the
sensitivity of the outcomes of the framework to the uncertainties a
sensitivity analysis is performed The assessment of the un-
certainties in waste composition and economic net cost shows that
RDF is preferred by industry at all timesAlso sustainability indexes
of industry and the municipality are more impacted by economic
net cost and share of plastic in waste composition respectively
Social impacts are dif 1047297cult to assess quantitatively and carry the
subjectivity of decision-makers into the decision-making process
The developed framework has the ability to combine the outcomes
of social life cycle assessment methodologies with environmental
and economic assessment results according to the stakeholders
priorities but it does not discuss methodologies for quantifying
these impacts In addition there is no other case of co-combustionof RDF in cement kilns in Canada which makes the evaluation of
social impacts prone to subjectivity hard to evaluate and out of the
scope of the case study While social impacts are not quanti1047297ed for
the discussed case study they are still believed to impact munici-
palitys actions and priorities
The most challenging part of this framework was providing
accurate data and real scenarios that represented the waste treat-
ment in a region and interactions among stakeholders Other lim-
itations of this framework and potentials for future studies include
consideration of interest rate in LCC consideration of additional
costs of RDF in LCC using other software packages for LCA using
real stakeholders for pair-wise comparisons expansion of two-
player game into n-player game and consideration of other game
theory models (eg uncertainty about other stakeholders actions)in the framework
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank NSERC for the 1047297nancial support from
second and third authors NSERC-DG grants We also appreciate the
help of Ms Sarah Wellman at Metro Vancouver Ms Yihting Lim at
TRI Environmental Consulting and Mr Navid Hossaini and Mr
Fasihur Rahman at UBC
References
Achillas C Moussiopoulos N Karagiannidis A Banias G Perkoulidis G 2013
The use of multi-criteria decision analysis to tackle waste management
problems a literature review Waste Manag Res 31 (2) 115e129 httpdxdoiorg1011770734242X12470203
Bare J 2002 Developing a consistent decision-making framework by using the USEPAs TRACI Am Inst Chem Eng Symp Retrieved from httpwwwepagovnrmrlstdtraciaiche2002paperpdf
BC Ministry of Finance 2014 How the Carbon Tax Works Retrieved January 152015 from httpwww1047297ngovbccatbstpclimateA4htm
Bebbington J Brown J Frame B 2007 Accounting technologies and sustainabilityassessment models Ecol Econ 61 (2e3) 224e236 httpdxdoiorg101016
jecolecon200610021
Blanchard Benjamin S Fabrycky Wolter J Fabrycky WJ 1990 Systems Engi-neering and Analysis vol 4 Prentice Hall Englewood Cliffs New Jersey
Brundtland GH1987 Our common future In World Commission on Environmentand Development Tokyo Japan
Canter LW1977 Environmental Impact Assessment McGraw-Hill Inc New YorkCaputo AC Scacchia F Pelagagge PM 2003 Disposal of by-products in olive oil
industry waste-to-energy solutions Appl Therm Eng 23 (2) 197e214 httpdxdoiorg101016S1359-4311(02)00173-4
Carlsson Reich M 2005 Economic assessment of municipal waste managementsystemsdcase studies using a combination of life cycle assessment (LCA) andlife cycle costing (LCC) J Clean Prod 13 (3) 253e263 httpdxdoiorg101016jjclepro200402015
Carraro C Marchiori C 2003 Endogenous strategic issue linkage in internationalnegotiations Nota di Lavoro 40 (April) Retrieved from httpwwwfeemituser1047297lesattachPublicationNDL2003NDL2003-040pdf
Cheng Steven Chan CW Huang GH 2002 Using multiple criteria decisionanalysis for supporting decisions of solid waste management Environ SciHealth A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng A37 (6) 37e41
Cheng S Chan CW Huang GH 2003 An integrated multi-criteria decisionanalysis and inexact mixed integer linear programming approach for solidwaste management Eng Appl Artif Intell 16 543e554 httpdxdoiorg101016S0952-1976(03)00069-1
Chhipi-Shrestha GK Hewage K Sadiq R 2014 ldquoSocializingrdquo sustainability acritical review on current development status of social life cycle impactassessment method Clean Technol Environ Policy httpdxdoiorg101007s10098-014-0841-5
City of Vancouver 2013 Fees and Charges at the Transfer Station and Land1047297llRetrieved November 15 2014 from httpvancouvercahome-property-developmentland1047297ll-fees-and-chargesaspx
Contreras F Hanaki K Aramaki T Connors S 2008 Application of analyticalhierarchy process to analyze stakeholders preferences for municipal solid wastemanagement plans Boston USA Resour Conserv Recycl 52 (7) 979e991httpdxdoiorg101016jresconrec200803003
D-waste 2015 Waste Atlas Retrieved June 18 2015 from httpwwwatlasd-wastecom
Davila E Chang N-B Diwakaruni S 2005 Land1047297ll space consumption dynamicsin the Lower Rio Grande Valley by grey integer programming-based games
J Environ Manag 75 (4) 353e
365 httpdxdoiorg101016 jjenvman200411015De Feo G De Gisi S 2010 Using an innovative criteria weighting tool for stake-
holders involvement to rank MSW facility sites with the AHP Waste Manag(New York NY) 30 (11) 2370e2382 httpdxdoiorg101016
jwasman201004010De la Fuente A Pons O Josa A Aguado A 2016 Multicriteriaedecision making
in the sustainability assessment of sewerage pipe systems J Clean Prod 112(5) 4762e4770 httpdxdoiorg101016jjclepro201507002
Den Boer J den Boer E Jager J 2007 LCA-IWM a decision support tool forsustainability assessment of waste management systems Waste Manag (NewYork NY) 27 (8) 1032e1045 httpdxdoiorg101016jwasman200702022
Dewi O Koerner I Harjoko T 2010 A Review on Decision Support Models forRegional Sustainable Waste Management In the International Solid WasteAssociation World Conference Retrieved from httpwwwiswaorguploadstx_iswaknowledgebaseCandra_Dewipdf
Environment Canada 2012 Municipal Solid Waste Retrieved June 11 2013 fromhttpwwwecgccagdd-mwdefaultasplang frac14Enampnfrac14EF0FC6A9-1
Erkut E Karagiannidis A Perkoulidis G Tjandra SA 2008 A multicriteria fa-
cility location model for municipal solid waste management in North GreeceEur J Oper Res 187 (3) 1402e1421 httpdxdoiorg101016
jejor200609021Finus M 2000 Game Theory and International Environmental Cooperation Any
Practical Application In Controlling Global Warming Perspectives fromEconomics Game Theory and Public Choice pp 9e104
Gendebien A Leavens A Blackmore K Godley A Lewin K Whiting KJDavis R 2003 Refused derived fuel current practice and perspectives 1047297nalreport Curr Pract
Genon G Brizio E 2008 Perspectives and limits for cement kilns as a destinationfor RDF Waste Manag (New York NY) 28 (11) 2375e2385 httpdxdoiorg101016jwasman200710022
Gloria TP Lippiatt BC Cooper J 2007 Life cycle impact assessment weights tosupport environmentally preferable purchasing in the United States EnvironSci Technol 41 (21) 7551e7557 Retrieved from httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpubmed18044540
Gluch P Baumann H 2004 The life cycle costing (LCC) approach a conceptualdiscussion of its usefulness for environmental decision-making Build Environ39 (5) 571e580 httpdxdoiorg101016jbuildenv200310008
A Soltani et al J ournal of Cleaner Production 113 (2016) 388e 399398
8182019 Selecting Sustainable Waste-To-Energy Technologies for Municipal Solid Waste Treatment a Game Theory Approachhellip
Hoornweg D Bhada-Tata P 2012 WHAT a waste a global review of solid wastemanagement Urban Dev Ser 116 Retrieved from httpgoworldbankorgBCQEP0TMO0
Hossaini N Reza B Akhtar S Sadiq R Hewage K 2014 AHP based life cyclesustainability assessment (LCSA) framework a case study of six storey woodframe and concrete frame buildings in Vancouver J Environ Plan Manag1e25httpdxdoiorg101080096405682014920704 (August 2014)
the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 2006a 14040 Environ-mental Management e Life Cycle Assessment e Principles and FrameworkInternational Organization for Standardization Geneva Retrieved from http
wwwisoorgisocatalogue_detailcsnumber frac1437456the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 2006b 14044 Environ-
mental Management e Life Cycle Assessment e Requirements and GuidelinesRetrieved from httpwwwisoorgisocatalogue_detailcsnumberfrac1438498
the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 2012 TR 14047 Environ-mental Management e Life Cycle Assessment e Illustrative Examples on Howto Apply ISO 14044 to Impact Assessment Situations
Joslashrgensen S 2010 A dynamic game of waste management J Econ Dyn Control 34(2) 258e265 httpdxdoiorg101016jjedc200909005
Kaitala V Pohjola M 1995 In Cesar Herman et al (Eds) Sustainable Interna-tional Agreementon Greenhouse Warminge a Game Theory Study Control andGame-Theoretic Models of the Environment Boston
Karmperis AC Aravossis K Tatsiopoulos IP Sotirchos A 2013 Decision supportmodels for solid waste management review and game-theoretic approachesWaste Manag (New York NY) httpdxdoi org101016jwasman201301017
Leyton-Brown K Shoham Y 2008 In Brachman RJ Dietterich T (Eds) Es-sentials of Game Theory Political Science vol 2 Morgan amp Claypool Publishersp 104 httpdxdoiorg102200S00108ED1V01Y200802AIM003
McGinty M Milam G Gelves A 2012 Coalition stability in public goods provi-sion testing an optimal allocation rule Environ Resour Econ 52 (3) 327
e345
httpdxdoiorg101007s10640-011-9530-6 Metro Vancouver 2010 Recycling and Solid Waste Management 2010 Report
Retrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgaboutpublicationsPublications2010_Solid_Waste_Management_Annual_Summarypdf
Metro Vancouver 2013 Zero Waste Committee Regular Meeting Burnaby BCRetrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgboardsZeroWasteZero_Waste_Committee-June_6_2013-Agenda-Revised_2pdf
Metro Vancouver 2014a Waste to Energy Just One Part of a Forward LookingApproach to Waste Management Retrieved November 19 2014 from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgservicessolid-wasteaboutwtepagesindexaspx
Metro Vancouver 2014b Project phases Retrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgservicessolid-wasteaboutwtepagesdevelopmentaspx
Metro Vancouver 2014c 2013 Waste Composition Monitoring Program BurnabyBC Retrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgaboutpublicationsPublications2013_Waste_Composition_Reportpdf
Metro Vancouver 2014d Metro Vancouvers New Waste-to-Energy Capacity Proj-ect Retrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgservicessolidwaste
planningRecoverWTEWTEProponentsLehighCementpdf Moretti S 2004 A model for cooperative inter-municipal waste collection costevaluation toward fair cost allocation In Carraro C Fragnelli V (Eds) GamePractice and the Environment Edward Elgar
Munda G 2002 Social multi-criteria evaluation In The 4th UFZ Summer Sym-posium ldquoNew Strategies for Solving Environmental Con1047298icts Potentials forCombining Participation and Multicriteria Analysisrdquo Leipzig
Nagarajan M Sosic G 2008 Game-theoretic analysis of cooperation amongsupply chain agents review and extensions Eur J Oper Res 187 (3) 719e745httpdxdoiorg101016jejor200605045
Neugebauer S Martinez-Blanco J Scheumann R Finkbeiner M 2015 Enhancingthe practical implementation of life cycle sustainability assessment e proposalof a tiered approach J Clean Prod 102 165e176
Nithikul J 2007 Potential of refuse derived fuel production from Bangkokmunicipal solid waste Asian Inst Technol
OsborneMJ RubinsteinA1994A Coursein GameTheory MIT PressCambridgeMAPRe 2015 SimaPro Database Manual Methods Library Retrieved from http
wwwpre-sustainabilitycomdownloadDatabaseManualMethodspdf Reza B Soltani A Ruparathna R Sadiq R Hewage K 2013 Environmental and
economic aspects of production and utilization of RDF as alternative fuel incement plants a case study of Metro Vancouver waste management ResourConserv Recycl 81 105e114 httpdxdoiorg101016jresconrec201310009
Rotter VS Kost T Winkler J Bilitewski B 2004 Material 1047298ow analysis of RDF-production processes Waste Manag (New York NY) 24 (10) 1005e1021httpdxdoiorg101016jwasman200407015
Saaty T 1980 The Analytic Hierarchy Process Planning Priority Setting ResourceAllocation (Decision Making Series) McGraw Hill New York
Saaty TL 1988 What is the analytic hierarchy process In Mitra G (Ed) Math-ematical Models for Decision Support Proceedings of the NATO AdvancedStudy Institute on Mathematical Models for Decision Support vol 4 8 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg Berlin Heidelberg
Saaty TL 1994 How to make a decision the analytic hierarchy process Interfaces24 (6) 19e43
Sadiq R 2001 Drilling Waste Discharges in the Marine Environment a Risk BasedDecision Methodology Memorial University of Newfoundland Retrieved from
httpresearchlibrarymunca1250 Sadiq Rehan Husain T Veitch B Bose N 2003 Evaluation of generic types of
drilling 1047298uid using a risk-based analytic hierarchy process Environ Manag 32(6) 778e787
Schwarz J Beloff B Beaver E 2002 Use sustainability metric to guide decisionmaking Chem Eng (July) 58e63 Retrieved from httppeopleclarksonedu~wwilcoxDesignsustainpdf
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) 1993 Guidelines forlife-cycle assessment a code of practice Portugal doi First edition
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) 2004 EnvironmentalRisk Assessment SETAC Technical Issue Paper Pensacola FL doiThirdPrinting
Sheppard SRJ Meitner M 2005 Using multi-criteria analysis and visualisationfor sustainable forest management planning with stakeholder groups ForEcol Manag 207 (1e2) 171e187 httpdxdoiorg101016jforeco200410032
Soltani A Hewage K Reza B Sadiq R 2015 Multiple stakeholders in multi-criteria decision-making in the context of municipal solid waste manage-ment a review Waste Manag (New York NY) 35 318e328 httpdxdoiorg101016jwasman201409010
Spengler T Geldermann J Heuroahre S Sieverdingbeck A Rentz O 1998 Devel-opment of a multiple criteria based decision support system for environmentalassessment of recycling measures in the iron and steel making industry
J Clean Prod 6 (1) 37e52 httpdxdoiorg101016S0959-6526(97)00048-6Statistics Canada 2011 Spending on Waste Management Retrieved November 19
2014 from httpwwwstatcangccapub11-402-x2011000chapgov-gouvgov-gouv01-enghtm
Statistics Canada 2015 Disposal and Diversion of Waste by Province and Territory(Total Waste Disposal)
Sutton PC Anderson SJ Tuttle BT Morse L 2012 The real wealth of nationsmapping and monetizing the human ecological footprint Ecol Indic 16 11e22httpdxdoiorg101016jecolind201103008
Tesfamariam S Sadiq R 2006 Risk-based environmental decision-making usingfuzzy analytic hierarchy process (F-AHP) Stoch Environ Res Risk AssessSpringer 21 (1) 35e50
The Government of British Columbia 2015 Part 3 d municipal waste managementEnviron Manag Act Retrieved July 08 2015 from httpwwwbclawscacivix
documentLOCcompletestatreg-E-EnvironmentalManagementAct[SBC2003]c5300_Act03053_03xmlThe World Bank 2012 What a Waste a Global Review of Solid Waste Management
Retrieved from httpgoworldbankorgBCQEP0TMO0TRI Environmental Consulting Inc 2008 Solid Waste Composition Study for Metro
Vancouver Retrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgaboutpublicationsPublicationsSolidWasteCompositionStudyFinal-2007pdf
Tseng M-L Lin Y-H Chiu ASF 2009 Fuzzy AHP-based study of cleaner pro-duction implementation in Taiwan PWB manufacturer J Clean Prod 171249e1256
Tsilemou K Panagiotakopoulos D 2006 Approximate cost functions for solidwaste treatment facilities Waste Manag Res 24 (4) 310e322
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) 2006 Life cycle assess-ment principles and practice Cincinnati OH doiEPA600R-06060
Van den Hove S 2006 Between consensus and compromise acknowledging thenegotiation dimension in participatory approaches Land Use Policy 23 (1)10e17 httpdxdoiorg101016jlandusepol200409001
Weikard H-P Dellink RB 2008 Sticks and carrots for the design of internationalclimate agreements with renegotiations Ann Oper Res 1e20
World Health Organization (WHO) 2014 7 million Premature Deaths AnnuallyLinked to Air Pollution Retrieved January 27 2015 from httpwwwwhointmediacentrenewsreleases2014air-pollutionen
A Soltani et al Journal of Cleaner Production 113 (2016) 388e 399 399
8182019 Selecting Sustainable Waste-To-Energy Technologies for Municipal Solid Waste Treatment a Game Theory Approachhellip
RDF in cement kilns to investigate the possibility of collaborating
on a new RDF treatment plant As a result mass-burn WTE and RDF
were selected as the most sustainable options for Metro Vancouver
and the cement industry respectively The developed framework
estimated that a tipping fee of $077e$096 per kg MSW should be
paid by the cement industry to MetroVancouver so that RDFcan be
applied as Metro Vancouvers new waste treatment option and the
cement industrys solution to high-intensity fossil fuel consump-
tion This value is only based on assumptions and factors consid-
ered in this paper Without the proposed framework the
collaboration might not take place or negotiations might be
inef 1047297cient
There are various types of uncertainties (parameter model and
scenario) in this framework that will affect the robustness of the
results Parameter uncertainty refers to vague incorrect and
imprecise values such as composition of MSW in Metro Vancouver
input and output emission data derived from other databases and
tools as well as assumptions made for costs and bene1047297ts Model
uncertainty discusses inaccurate hypotheses about the general
model or relationship of variables such as impact assessment out-
comes and the game theory model Scenario uncertainty is con-
cerned with the environment of assessments such as differences in
the regions of collected data and case study These uncertaintiesshould be explored in more detail in a future study To show the
sensitivity of the outcomes of the framework to the uncertainties a
sensitivity analysis is performed The assessment of the un-
certainties in waste composition and economic net cost shows that
RDF is preferred by industry at all timesAlso sustainability indexes
of industry and the municipality are more impacted by economic
net cost and share of plastic in waste composition respectively
Social impacts are dif 1047297cult to assess quantitatively and carry the
subjectivity of decision-makers into the decision-making process
The developed framework has the ability to combine the outcomes
of social life cycle assessment methodologies with environmental
and economic assessment results according to the stakeholders
priorities but it does not discuss methodologies for quantifying
these impacts In addition there is no other case of co-combustionof RDF in cement kilns in Canada which makes the evaluation of
social impacts prone to subjectivity hard to evaluate and out of the
scope of the case study While social impacts are not quanti1047297ed for
the discussed case study they are still believed to impact munici-
palitys actions and priorities
The most challenging part of this framework was providing
accurate data and real scenarios that represented the waste treat-
ment in a region and interactions among stakeholders Other lim-
itations of this framework and potentials for future studies include
consideration of interest rate in LCC consideration of additional
costs of RDF in LCC using other software packages for LCA using
real stakeholders for pair-wise comparisons expansion of two-
player game into n-player game and consideration of other game
theory models (eg uncertainty about other stakeholders actions)in the framework
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank NSERC for the 1047297nancial support from
second and third authors NSERC-DG grants We also appreciate the
help of Ms Sarah Wellman at Metro Vancouver Ms Yihting Lim at
TRI Environmental Consulting and Mr Navid Hossaini and Mr
Fasihur Rahman at UBC
References
Achillas C Moussiopoulos N Karagiannidis A Banias G Perkoulidis G 2013
The use of multi-criteria decision analysis to tackle waste management
problems a literature review Waste Manag Res 31 (2) 115e129 httpdxdoiorg1011770734242X12470203
Bare J 2002 Developing a consistent decision-making framework by using the USEPAs TRACI Am Inst Chem Eng Symp Retrieved from httpwwwepagovnrmrlstdtraciaiche2002paperpdf
BC Ministry of Finance 2014 How the Carbon Tax Works Retrieved January 152015 from httpwww1047297ngovbccatbstpclimateA4htm
Bebbington J Brown J Frame B 2007 Accounting technologies and sustainabilityassessment models Ecol Econ 61 (2e3) 224e236 httpdxdoiorg101016
jecolecon200610021
Blanchard Benjamin S Fabrycky Wolter J Fabrycky WJ 1990 Systems Engi-neering and Analysis vol 4 Prentice Hall Englewood Cliffs New Jersey
Brundtland GH1987 Our common future In World Commission on Environmentand Development Tokyo Japan
Canter LW1977 Environmental Impact Assessment McGraw-Hill Inc New YorkCaputo AC Scacchia F Pelagagge PM 2003 Disposal of by-products in olive oil
industry waste-to-energy solutions Appl Therm Eng 23 (2) 197e214 httpdxdoiorg101016S1359-4311(02)00173-4
Carlsson Reich M 2005 Economic assessment of municipal waste managementsystemsdcase studies using a combination of life cycle assessment (LCA) andlife cycle costing (LCC) J Clean Prod 13 (3) 253e263 httpdxdoiorg101016jjclepro200402015
Carraro C Marchiori C 2003 Endogenous strategic issue linkage in internationalnegotiations Nota di Lavoro 40 (April) Retrieved from httpwwwfeemituser1047297lesattachPublicationNDL2003NDL2003-040pdf
Cheng Steven Chan CW Huang GH 2002 Using multiple criteria decisionanalysis for supporting decisions of solid waste management Environ SciHealth A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng A37 (6) 37e41
Cheng S Chan CW Huang GH 2003 An integrated multi-criteria decisionanalysis and inexact mixed integer linear programming approach for solidwaste management Eng Appl Artif Intell 16 543e554 httpdxdoiorg101016S0952-1976(03)00069-1
Chhipi-Shrestha GK Hewage K Sadiq R 2014 ldquoSocializingrdquo sustainability acritical review on current development status of social life cycle impactassessment method Clean Technol Environ Policy httpdxdoiorg101007s10098-014-0841-5
City of Vancouver 2013 Fees and Charges at the Transfer Station and Land1047297llRetrieved November 15 2014 from httpvancouvercahome-property-developmentland1047297ll-fees-and-chargesaspx
Contreras F Hanaki K Aramaki T Connors S 2008 Application of analyticalhierarchy process to analyze stakeholders preferences for municipal solid wastemanagement plans Boston USA Resour Conserv Recycl 52 (7) 979e991httpdxdoiorg101016jresconrec200803003
D-waste 2015 Waste Atlas Retrieved June 18 2015 from httpwwwatlasd-wastecom
Davila E Chang N-B Diwakaruni S 2005 Land1047297ll space consumption dynamicsin the Lower Rio Grande Valley by grey integer programming-based games
J Environ Manag 75 (4) 353e
365 httpdxdoiorg101016 jjenvman200411015De Feo G De Gisi S 2010 Using an innovative criteria weighting tool for stake-
holders involvement to rank MSW facility sites with the AHP Waste Manag(New York NY) 30 (11) 2370e2382 httpdxdoiorg101016
jwasman201004010De la Fuente A Pons O Josa A Aguado A 2016 Multicriteriaedecision making
in the sustainability assessment of sewerage pipe systems J Clean Prod 112(5) 4762e4770 httpdxdoiorg101016jjclepro201507002
Den Boer J den Boer E Jager J 2007 LCA-IWM a decision support tool forsustainability assessment of waste management systems Waste Manag (NewYork NY) 27 (8) 1032e1045 httpdxdoiorg101016jwasman200702022
Dewi O Koerner I Harjoko T 2010 A Review on Decision Support Models forRegional Sustainable Waste Management In the International Solid WasteAssociation World Conference Retrieved from httpwwwiswaorguploadstx_iswaknowledgebaseCandra_Dewipdf
Environment Canada 2012 Municipal Solid Waste Retrieved June 11 2013 fromhttpwwwecgccagdd-mwdefaultasplang frac14Enampnfrac14EF0FC6A9-1
Erkut E Karagiannidis A Perkoulidis G Tjandra SA 2008 A multicriteria fa-
cility location model for municipal solid waste management in North GreeceEur J Oper Res 187 (3) 1402e1421 httpdxdoiorg101016
jejor200609021Finus M 2000 Game Theory and International Environmental Cooperation Any
Practical Application In Controlling Global Warming Perspectives fromEconomics Game Theory and Public Choice pp 9e104
Gendebien A Leavens A Blackmore K Godley A Lewin K Whiting KJDavis R 2003 Refused derived fuel current practice and perspectives 1047297nalreport Curr Pract
Genon G Brizio E 2008 Perspectives and limits for cement kilns as a destinationfor RDF Waste Manag (New York NY) 28 (11) 2375e2385 httpdxdoiorg101016jwasman200710022
Gloria TP Lippiatt BC Cooper J 2007 Life cycle impact assessment weights tosupport environmentally preferable purchasing in the United States EnvironSci Technol 41 (21) 7551e7557 Retrieved from httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpubmed18044540
Gluch P Baumann H 2004 The life cycle costing (LCC) approach a conceptualdiscussion of its usefulness for environmental decision-making Build Environ39 (5) 571e580 httpdxdoiorg101016jbuildenv200310008
A Soltani et al J ournal of Cleaner Production 113 (2016) 388e 399398
8182019 Selecting Sustainable Waste-To-Energy Technologies for Municipal Solid Waste Treatment a Game Theory Approachhellip
Hoornweg D Bhada-Tata P 2012 WHAT a waste a global review of solid wastemanagement Urban Dev Ser 116 Retrieved from httpgoworldbankorgBCQEP0TMO0
Hossaini N Reza B Akhtar S Sadiq R Hewage K 2014 AHP based life cyclesustainability assessment (LCSA) framework a case study of six storey woodframe and concrete frame buildings in Vancouver J Environ Plan Manag1e25httpdxdoiorg101080096405682014920704 (August 2014)
the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 2006a 14040 Environ-mental Management e Life Cycle Assessment e Principles and FrameworkInternational Organization for Standardization Geneva Retrieved from http
wwwisoorgisocatalogue_detailcsnumber frac1437456the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 2006b 14044 Environ-
mental Management e Life Cycle Assessment e Requirements and GuidelinesRetrieved from httpwwwisoorgisocatalogue_detailcsnumberfrac1438498
the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 2012 TR 14047 Environ-mental Management e Life Cycle Assessment e Illustrative Examples on Howto Apply ISO 14044 to Impact Assessment Situations
Joslashrgensen S 2010 A dynamic game of waste management J Econ Dyn Control 34(2) 258e265 httpdxdoiorg101016jjedc200909005
Kaitala V Pohjola M 1995 In Cesar Herman et al (Eds) Sustainable Interna-tional Agreementon Greenhouse Warminge a Game Theory Study Control andGame-Theoretic Models of the Environment Boston
Karmperis AC Aravossis K Tatsiopoulos IP Sotirchos A 2013 Decision supportmodels for solid waste management review and game-theoretic approachesWaste Manag (New York NY) httpdxdoi org101016jwasman201301017
Leyton-Brown K Shoham Y 2008 In Brachman RJ Dietterich T (Eds) Es-sentials of Game Theory Political Science vol 2 Morgan amp Claypool Publishersp 104 httpdxdoiorg102200S00108ED1V01Y200802AIM003
McGinty M Milam G Gelves A 2012 Coalition stability in public goods provi-sion testing an optimal allocation rule Environ Resour Econ 52 (3) 327
e345
httpdxdoiorg101007s10640-011-9530-6 Metro Vancouver 2010 Recycling and Solid Waste Management 2010 Report
Retrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgaboutpublicationsPublications2010_Solid_Waste_Management_Annual_Summarypdf
Metro Vancouver 2013 Zero Waste Committee Regular Meeting Burnaby BCRetrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgboardsZeroWasteZero_Waste_Committee-June_6_2013-Agenda-Revised_2pdf
Metro Vancouver 2014a Waste to Energy Just One Part of a Forward LookingApproach to Waste Management Retrieved November 19 2014 from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgservicessolid-wasteaboutwtepagesindexaspx
Metro Vancouver 2014b Project phases Retrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgservicessolid-wasteaboutwtepagesdevelopmentaspx
Metro Vancouver 2014c 2013 Waste Composition Monitoring Program BurnabyBC Retrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgaboutpublicationsPublications2013_Waste_Composition_Reportpdf
Metro Vancouver 2014d Metro Vancouvers New Waste-to-Energy Capacity Proj-ect Retrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgservicessolidwaste
planningRecoverWTEWTEProponentsLehighCementpdf Moretti S 2004 A model for cooperative inter-municipal waste collection costevaluation toward fair cost allocation In Carraro C Fragnelli V (Eds) GamePractice and the Environment Edward Elgar
Munda G 2002 Social multi-criteria evaluation In The 4th UFZ Summer Sym-posium ldquoNew Strategies for Solving Environmental Con1047298icts Potentials forCombining Participation and Multicriteria Analysisrdquo Leipzig
Nagarajan M Sosic G 2008 Game-theoretic analysis of cooperation amongsupply chain agents review and extensions Eur J Oper Res 187 (3) 719e745httpdxdoiorg101016jejor200605045
Neugebauer S Martinez-Blanco J Scheumann R Finkbeiner M 2015 Enhancingthe practical implementation of life cycle sustainability assessment e proposalof a tiered approach J Clean Prod 102 165e176
Nithikul J 2007 Potential of refuse derived fuel production from Bangkokmunicipal solid waste Asian Inst Technol
OsborneMJ RubinsteinA1994A Coursein GameTheory MIT PressCambridgeMAPRe 2015 SimaPro Database Manual Methods Library Retrieved from http
wwwpre-sustainabilitycomdownloadDatabaseManualMethodspdf Reza B Soltani A Ruparathna R Sadiq R Hewage K 2013 Environmental and
economic aspects of production and utilization of RDF as alternative fuel incement plants a case study of Metro Vancouver waste management ResourConserv Recycl 81 105e114 httpdxdoiorg101016jresconrec201310009
Rotter VS Kost T Winkler J Bilitewski B 2004 Material 1047298ow analysis of RDF-production processes Waste Manag (New York NY) 24 (10) 1005e1021httpdxdoiorg101016jwasman200407015
Saaty T 1980 The Analytic Hierarchy Process Planning Priority Setting ResourceAllocation (Decision Making Series) McGraw Hill New York
Saaty TL 1988 What is the analytic hierarchy process In Mitra G (Ed) Math-ematical Models for Decision Support Proceedings of the NATO AdvancedStudy Institute on Mathematical Models for Decision Support vol 4 8 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg Berlin Heidelberg
Saaty TL 1994 How to make a decision the analytic hierarchy process Interfaces24 (6) 19e43
Sadiq R 2001 Drilling Waste Discharges in the Marine Environment a Risk BasedDecision Methodology Memorial University of Newfoundland Retrieved from
httpresearchlibrarymunca1250 Sadiq Rehan Husain T Veitch B Bose N 2003 Evaluation of generic types of
drilling 1047298uid using a risk-based analytic hierarchy process Environ Manag 32(6) 778e787
Schwarz J Beloff B Beaver E 2002 Use sustainability metric to guide decisionmaking Chem Eng (July) 58e63 Retrieved from httppeopleclarksonedu~wwilcoxDesignsustainpdf
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) 1993 Guidelines forlife-cycle assessment a code of practice Portugal doi First edition
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) 2004 EnvironmentalRisk Assessment SETAC Technical Issue Paper Pensacola FL doiThirdPrinting
Sheppard SRJ Meitner M 2005 Using multi-criteria analysis and visualisationfor sustainable forest management planning with stakeholder groups ForEcol Manag 207 (1e2) 171e187 httpdxdoiorg101016jforeco200410032
Soltani A Hewage K Reza B Sadiq R 2015 Multiple stakeholders in multi-criteria decision-making in the context of municipal solid waste manage-ment a review Waste Manag (New York NY) 35 318e328 httpdxdoiorg101016jwasman201409010
Spengler T Geldermann J Heuroahre S Sieverdingbeck A Rentz O 1998 Devel-opment of a multiple criteria based decision support system for environmentalassessment of recycling measures in the iron and steel making industry
J Clean Prod 6 (1) 37e52 httpdxdoiorg101016S0959-6526(97)00048-6Statistics Canada 2011 Spending on Waste Management Retrieved November 19
2014 from httpwwwstatcangccapub11-402-x2011000chapgov-gouvgov-gouv01-enghtm
Statistics Canada 2015 Disposal and Diversion of Waste by Province and Territory(Total Waste Disposal)
Sutton PC Anderson SJ Tuttle BT Morse L 2012 The real wealth of nationsmapping and monetizing the human ecological footprint Ecol Indic 16 11e22httpdxdoiorg101016jecolind201103008
Tesfamariam S Sadiq R 2006 Risk-based environmental decision-making usingfuzzy analytic hierarchy process (F-AHP) Stoch Environ Res Risk AssessSpringer 21 (1) 35e50
The Government of British Columbia 2015 Part 3 d municipal waste managementEnviron Manag Act Retrieved July 08 2015 from httpwwwbclawscacivix
documentLOCcompletestatreg-E-EnvironmentalManagementAct[SBC2003]c5300_Act03053_03xmlThe World Bank 2012 What a Waste a Global Review of Solid Waste Management
Retrieved from httpgoworldbankorgBCQEP0TMO0TRI Environmental Consulting Inc 2008 Solid Waste Composition Study for Metro
Vancouver Retrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgaboutpublicationsPublicationsSolidWasteCompositionStudyFinal-2007pdf
Tseng M-L Lin Y-H Chiu ASF 2009 Fuzzy AHP-based study of cleaner pro-duction implementation in Taiwan PWB manufacturer J Clean Prod 171249e1256
Tsilemou K Panagiotakopoulos D 2006 Approximate cost functions for solidwaste treatment facilities Waste Manag Res 24 (4) 310e322
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) 2006 Life cycle assess-ment principles and practice Cincinnati OH doiEPA600R-06060
Van den Hove S 2006 Between consensus and compromise acknowledging thenegotiation dimension in participatory approaches Land Use Policy 23 (1)10e17 httpdxdoiorg101016jlandusepol200409001
Weikard H-P Dellink RB 2008 Sticks and carrots for the design of internationalclimate agreements with renegotiations Ann Oper Res 1e20
World Health Organization (WHO) 2014 7 million Premature Deaths AnnuallyLinked to Air Pollution Retrieved January 27 2015 from httpwwwwhointmediacentrenewsreleases2014air-pollutionen
A Soltani et al Journal of Cleaner Production 113 (2016) 388e 399 399
8182019 Selecting Sustainable Waste-To-Energy Technologies for Municipal Solid Waste Treatment a Game Theory Approachhellip
RDF in cement kilns to investigate the possibility of collaborating
on a new RDF treatment plant As a result mass-burn WTE and RDF
were selected as the most sustainable options for Metro Vancouver
and the cement industry respectively The developed framework
estimated that a tipping fee of $077e$096 per kg MSW should be
paid by the cement industry to MetroVancouver so that RDFcan be
applied as Metro Vancouvers new waste treatment option and the
cement industrys solution to high-intensity fossil fuel consump-
tion This value is only based on assumptions and factors consid-
ered in this paper Without the proposed framework the
collaboration might not take place or negotiations might be
inef 1047297cient
There are various types of uncertainties (parameter model and
scenario) in this framework that will affect the robustness of the
results Parameter uncertainty refers to vague incorrect and
imprecise values such as composition of MSW in Metro Vancouver
input and output emission data derived from other databases and
tools as well as assumptions made for costs and bene1047297ts Model
uncertainty discusses inaccurate hypotheses about the general
model or relationship of variables such as impact assessment out-
comes and the game theory model Scenario uncertainty is con-
cerned with the environment of assessments such as differences in
the regions of collected data and case study These uncertaintiesshould be explored in more detail in a future study To show the
sensitivity of the outcomes of the framework to the uncertainties a
sensitivity analysis is performed The assessment of the un-
certainties in waste composition and economic net cost shows that
RDF is preferred by industry at all timesAlso sustainability indexes
of industry and the municipality are more impacted by economic
net cost and share of plastic in waste composition respectively
Social impacts are dif 1047297cult to assess quantitatively and carry the
subjectivity of decision-makers into the decision-making process
The developed framework has the ability to combine the outcomes
of social life cycle assessment methodologies with environmental
and economic assessment results according to the stakeholders
priorities but it does not discuss methodologies for quantifying
these impacts In addition there is no other case of co-combustionof RDF in cement kilns in Canada which makes the evaluation of
social impacts prone to subjectivity hard to evaluate and out of the
scope of the case study While social impacts are not quanti1047297ed for
the discussed case study they are still believed to impact munici-
palitys actions and priorities
The most challenging part of this framework was providing
accurate data and real scenarios that represented the waste treat-
ment in a region and interactions among stakeholders Other lim-
itations of this framework and potentials for future studies include
consideration of interest rate in LCC consideration of additional
costs of RDF in LCC using other software packages for LCA using
real stakeholders for pair-wise comparisons expansion of two-
player game into n-player game and consideration of other game
theory models (eg uncertainty about other stakeholders actions)in the framework
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank NSERC for the 1047297nancial support from
second and third authors NSERC-DG grants We also appreciate the
help of Ms Sarah Wellman at Metro Vancouver Ms Yihting Lim at
TRI Environmental Consulting and Mr Navid Hossaini and Mr
Fasihur Rahman at UBC
References
Achillas C Moussiopoulos N Karagiannidis A Banias G Perkoulidis G 2013
The use of multi-criteria decision analysis to tackle waste management
problems a literature review Waste Manag Res 31 (2) 115e129 httpdxdoiorg1011770734242X12470203
Bare J 2002 Developing a consistent decision-making framework by using the USEPAs TRACI Am Inst Chem Eng Symp Retrieved from httpwwwepagovnrmrlstdtraciaiche2002paperpdf
BC Ministry of Finance 2014 How the Carbon Tax Works Retrieved January 152015 from httpwww1047297ngovbccatbstpclimateA4htm
Bebbington J Brown J Frame B 2007 Accounting technologies and sustainabilityassessment models Ecol Econ 61 (2e3) 224e236 httpdxdoiorg101016
jecolecon200610021
Blanchard Benjamin S Fabrycky Wolter J Fabrycky WJ 1990 Systems Engi-neering and Analysis vol 4 Prentice Hall Englewood Cliffs New Jersey
Brundtland GH1987 Our common future In World Commission on Environmentand Development Tokyo Japan
Canter LW1977 Environmental Impact Assessment McGraw-Hill Inc New YorkCaputo AC Scacchia F Pelagagge PM 2003 Disposal of by-products in olive oil
industry waste-to-energy solutions Appl Therm Eng 23 (2) 197e214 httpdxdoiorg101016S1359-4311(02)00173-4
Carlsson Reich M 2005 Economic assessment of municipal waste managementsystemsdcase studies using a combination of life cycle assessment (LCA) andlife cycle costing (LCC) J Clean Prod 13 (3) 253e263 httpdxdoiorg101016jjclepro200402015
Carraro C Marchiori C 2003 Endogenous strategic issue linkage in internationalnegotiations Nota di Lavoro 40 (April) Retrieved from httpwwwfeemituser1047297lesattachPublicationNDL2003NDL2003-040pdf
Cheng Steven Chan CW Huang GH 2002 Using multiple criteria decisionanalysis for supporting decisions of solid waste management Environ SciHealth A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng A37 (6) 37e41
Cheng S Chan CW Huang GH 2003 An integrated multi-criteria decisionanalysis and inexact mixed integer linear programming approach for solidwaste management Eng Appl Artif Intell 16 543e554 httpdxdoiorg101016S0952-1976(03)00069-1
Chhipi-Shrestha GK Hewage K Sadiq R 2014 ldquoSocializingrdquo sustainability acritical review on current development status of social life cycle impactassessment method Clean Technol Environ Policy httpdxdoiorg101007s10098-014-0841-5
City of Vancouver 2013 Fees and Charges at the Transfer Station and Land1047297llRetrieved November 15 2014 from httpvancouvercahome-property-developmentland1047297ll-fees-and-chargesaspx
Contreras F Hanaki K Aramaki T Connors S 2008 Application of analyticalhierarchy process to analyze stakeholders preferences for municipal solid wastemanagement plans Boston USA Resour Conserv Recycl 52 (7) 979e991httpdxdoiorg101016jresconrec200803003
D-waste 2015 Waste Atlas Retrieved June 18 2015 from httpwwwatlasd-wastecom
Davila E Chang N-B Diwakaruni S 2005 Land1047297ll space consumption dynamicsin the Lower Rio Grande Valley by grey integer programming-based games
J Environ Manag 75 (4) 353e
365 httpdxdoiorg101016 jjenvman200411015De Feo G De Gisi S 2010 Using an innovative criteria weighting tool for stake-
holders involvement to rank MSW facility sites with the AHP Waste Manag(New York NY) 30 (11) 2370e2382 httpdxdoiorg101016
jwasman201004010De la Fuente A Pons O Josa A Aguado A 2016 Multicriteriaedecision making
in the sustainability assessment of sewerage pipe systems J Clean Prod 112(5) 4762e4770 httpdxdoiorg101016jjclepro201507002
Den Boer J den Boer E Jager J 2007 LCA-IWM a decision support tool forsustainability assessment of waste management systems Waste Manag (NewYork NY) 27 (8) 1032e1045 httpdxdoiorg101016jwasman200702022
Dewi O Koerner I Harjoko T 2010 A Review on Decision Support Models forRegional Sustainable Waste Management In the International Solid WasteAssociation World Conference Retrieved from httpwwwiswaorguploadstx_iswaknowledgebaseCandra_Dewipdf
Environment Canada 2012 Municipal Solid Waste Retrieved June 11 2013 fromhttpwwwecgccagdd-mwdefaultasplang frac14Enampnfrac14EF0FC6A9-1
Erkut E Karagiannidis A Perkoulidis G Tjandra SA 2008 A multicriteria fa-
cility location model for municipal solid waste management in North GreeceEur J Oper Res 187 (3) 1402e1421 httpdxdoiorg101016
jejor200609021Finus M 2000 Game Theory and International Environmental Cooperation Any
Practical Application In Controlling Global Warming Perspectives fromEconomics Game Theory and Public Choice pp 9e104
Gendebien A Leavens A Blackmore K Godley A Lewin K Whiting KJDavis R 2003 Refused derived fuel current practice and perspectives 1047297nalreport Curr Pract
Genon G Brizio E 2008 Perspectives and limits for cement kilns as a destinationfor RDF Waste Manag (New York NY) 28 (11) 2375e2385 httpdxdoiorg101016jwasman200710022
Gloria TP Lippiatt BC Cooper J 2007 Life cycle impact assessment weights tosupport environmentally preferable purchasing in the United States EnvironSci Technol 41 (21) 7551e7557 Retrieved from httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpubmed18044540
Gluch P Baumann H 2004 The life cycle costing (LCC) approach a conceptualdiscussion of its usefulness for environmental decision-making Build Environ39 (5) 571e580 httpdxdoiorg101016jbuildenv200310008
A Soltani et al J ournal of Cleaner Production 113 (2016) 388e 399398
8182019 Selecting Sustainable Waste-To-Energy Technologies for Municipal Solid Waste Treatment a Game Theory Approachhellip
Hoornweg D Bhada-Tata P 2012 WHAT a waste a global review of solid wastemanagement Urban Dev Ser 116 Retrieved from httpgoworldbankorgBCQEP0TMO0
Hossaini N Reza B Akhtar S Sadiq R Hewage K 2014 AHP based life cyclesustainability assessment (LCSA) framework a case study of six storey woodframe and concrete frame buildings in Vancouver J Environ Plan Manag1e25httpdxdoiorg101080096405682014920704 (August 2014)
the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 2006a 14040 Environ-mental Management e Life Cycle Assessment e Principles and FrameworkInternational Organization for Standardization Geneva Retrieved from http
wwwisoorgisocatalogue_detailcsnumber frac1437456the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 2006b 14044 Environ-
mental Management e Life Cycle Assessment e Requirements and GuidelinesRetrieved from httpwwwisoorgisocatalogue_detailcsnumberfrac1438498
the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 2012 TR 14047 Environ-mental Management e Life Cycle Assessment e Illustrative Examples on Howto Apply ISO 14044 to Impact Assessment Situations
Joslashrgensen S 2010 A dynamic game of waste management J Econ Dyn Control 34(2) 258e265 httpdxdoiorg101016jjedc200909005
Kaitala V Pohjola M 1995 In Cesar Herman et al (Eds) Sustainable Interna-tional Agreementon Greenhouse Warminge a Game Theory Study Control andGame-Theoretic Models of the Environment Boston
Karmperis AC Aravossis K Tatsiopoulos IP Sotirchos A 2013 Decision supportmodels for solid waste management review and game-theoretic approachesWaste Manag (New York NY) httpdxdoi org101016jwasman201301017
Leyton-Brown K Shoham Y 2008 In Brachman RJ Dietterich T (Eds) Es-sentials of Game Theory Political Science vol 2 Morgan amp Claypool Publishersp 104 httpdxdoiorg102200S00108ED1V01Y200802AIM003
McGinty M Milam G Gelves A 2012 Coalition stability in public goods provi-sion testing an optimal allocation rule Environ Resour Econ 52 (3) 327
e345
httpdxdoiorg101007s10640-011-9530-6 Metro Vancouver 2010 Recycling and Solid Waste Management 2010 Report
Retrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgaboutpublicationsPublications2010_Solid_Waste_Management_Annual_Summarypdf
Metro Vancouver 2013 Zero Waste Committee Regular Meeting Burnaby BCRetrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgboardsZeroWasteZero_Waste_Committee-June_6_2013-Agenda-Revised_2pdf
Metro Vancouver 2014a Waste to Energy Just One Part of a Forward LookingApproach to Waste Management Retrieved November 19 2014 from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgservicessolid-wasteaboutwtepagesindexaspx
Metro Vancouver 2014b Project phases Retrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgservicessolid-wasteaboutwtepagesdevelopmentaspx
Metro Vancouver 2014c 2013 Waste Composition Monitoring Program BurnabyBC Retrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgaboutpublicationsPublications2013_Waste_Composition_Reportpdf
Metro Vancouver 2014d Metro Vancouvers New Waste-to-Energy Capacity Proj-ect Retrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgservicessolidwaste
planningRecoverWTEWTEProponentsLehighCementpdf Moretti S 2004 A model for cooperative inter-municipal waste collection costevaluation toward fair cost allocation In Carraro C Fragnelli V (Eds) GamePractice and the Environment Edward Elgar
Munda G 2002 Social multi-criteria evaluation In The 4th UFZ Summer Sym-posium ldquoNew Strategies for Solving Environmental Con1047298icts Potentials forCombining Participation and Multicriteria Analysisrdquo Leipzig
Nagarajan M Sosic G 2008 Game-theoretic analysis of cooperation amongsupply chain agents review and extensions Eur J Oper Res 187 (3) 719e745httpdxdoiorg101016jejor200605045
Neugebauer S Martinez-Blanco J Scheumann R Finkbeiner M 2015 Enhancingthe practical implementation of life cycle sustainability assessment e proposalof a tiered approach J Clean Prod 102 165e176
Nithikul J 2007 Potential of refuse derived fuel production from Bangkokmunicipal solid waste Asian Inst Technol
OsborneMJ RubinsteinA1994A Coursein GameTheory MIT PressCambridgeMAPRe 2015 SimaPro Database Manual Methods Library Retrieved from http
wwwpre-sustainabilitycomdownloadDatabaseManualMethodspdf Reza B Soltani A Ruparathna R Sadiq R Hewage K 2013 Environmental and
economic aspects of production and utilization of RDF as alternative fuel incement plants a case study of Metro Vancouver waste management ResourConserv Recycl 81 105e114 httpdxdoiorg101016jresconrec201310009
Rotter VS Kost T Winkler J Bilitewski B 2004 Material 1047298ow analysis of RDF-production processes Waste Manag (New York NY) 24 (10) 1005e1021httpdxdoiorg101016jwasman200407015
Saaty T 1980 The Analytic Hierarchy Process Planning Priority Setting ResourceAllocation (Decision Making Series) McGraw Hill New York
Saaty TL 1988 What is the analytic hierarchy process In Mitra G (Ed) Math-ematical Models for Decision Support Proceedings of the NATO AdvancedStudy Institute on Mathematical Models for Decision Support vol 4 8 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg Berlin Heidelberg
Saaty TL 1994 How to make a decision the analytic hierarchy process Interfaces24 (6) 19e43
Sadiq R 2001 Drilling Waste Discharges in the Marine Environment a Risk BasedDecision Methodology Memorial University of Newfoundland Retrieved from
httpresearchlibrarymunca1250 Sadiq Rehan Husain T Veitch B Bose N 2003 Evaluation of generic types of
drilling 1047298uid using a risk-based analytic hierarchy process Environ Manag 32(6) 778e787
Schwarz J Beloff B Beaver E 2002 Use sustainability metric to guide decisionmaking Chem Eng (July) 58e63 Retrieved from httppeopleclarksonedu~wwilcoxDesignsustainpdf
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) 1993 Guidelines forlife-cycle assessment a code of practice Portugal doi First edition
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) 2004 EnvironmentalRisk Assessment SETAC Technical Issue Paper Pensacola FL doiThirdPrinting
Sheppard SRJ Meitner M 2005 Using multi-criteria analysis and visualisationfor sustainable forest management planning with stakeholder groups ForEcol Manag 207 (1e2) 171e187 httpdxdoiorg101016jforeco200410032
Soltani A Hewage K Reza B Sadiq R 2015 Multiple stakeholders in multi-criteria decision-making in the context of municipal solid waste manage-ment a review Waste Manag (New York NY) 35 318e328 httpdxdoiorg101016jwasman201409010
Spengler T Geldermann J Heuroahre S Sieverdingbeck A Rentz O 1998 Devel-opment of a multiple criteria based decision support system for environmentalassessment of recycling measures in the iron and steel making industry
J Clean Prod 6 (1) 37e52 httpdxdoiorg101016S0959-6526(97)00048-6Statistics Canada 2011 Spending on Waste Management Retrieved November 19
2014 from httpwwwstatcangccapub11-402-x2011000chapgov-gouvgov-gouv01-enghtm
Statistics Canada 2015 Disposal and Diversion of Waste by Province and Territory(Total Waste Disposal)
Sutton PC Anderson SJ Tuttle BT Morse L 2012 The real wealth of nationsmapping and monetizing the human ecological footprint Ecol Indic 16 11e22httpdxdoiorg101016jecolind201103008
Tesfamariam S Sadiq R 2006 Risk-based environmental decision-making usingfuzzy analytic hierarchy process (F-AHP) Stoch Environ Res Risk AssessSpringer 21 (1) 35e50
The Government of British Columbia 2015 Part 3 d municipal waste managementEnviron Manag Act Retrieved July 08 2015 from httpwwwbclawscacivix
documentLOCcompletestatreg-E-EnvironmentalManagementAct[SBC2003]c5300_Act03053_03xmlThe World Bank 2012 What a Waste a Global Review of Solid Waste Management
Retrieved from httpgoworldbankorgBCQEP0TMO0TRI Environmental Consulting Inc 2008 Solid Waste Composition Study for Metro
Vancouver Retrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgaboutpublicationsPublicationsSolidWasteCompositionStudyFinal-2007pdf
Tseng M-L Lin Y-H Chiu ASF 2009 Fuzzy AHP-based study of cleaner pro-duction implementation in Taiwan PWB manufacturer J Clean Prod 171249e1256
Tsilemou K Panagiotakopoulos D 2006 Approximate cost functions for solidwaste treatment facilities Waste Manag Res 24 (4) 310e322
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) 2006 Life cycle assess-ment principles and practice Cincinnati OH doiEPA600R-06060
Van den Hove S 2006 Between consensus and compromise acknowledging thenegotiation dimension in participatory approaches Land Use Policy 23 (1)10e17 httpdxdoiorg101016jlandusepol200409001
Weikard H-P Dellink RB 2008 Sticks and carrots for the design of internationalclimate agreements with renegotiations Ann Oper Res 1e20
World Health Organization (WHO) 2014 7 million Premature Deaths AnnuallyLinked to Air Pollution Retrieved January 27 2015 from httpwwwwhointmediacentrenewsreleases2014air-pollutionen
A Soltani et al Journal of Cleaner Production 113 (2016) 388e 399 399
8182019 Selecting Sustainable Waste-To-Energy Technologies for Municipal Solid Waste Treatment a Game Theory Approachhellip
RDF in cement kilns to investigate the possibility of collaborating
on a new RDF treatment plant As a result mass-burn WTE and RDF
were selected as the most sustainable options for Metro Vancouver
and the cement industry respectively The developed framework
estimated that a tipping fee of $077e$096 per kg MSW should be
paid by the cement industry to MetroVancouver so that RDFcan be
applied as Metro Vancouvers new waste treatment option and the
cement industrys solution to high-intensity fossil fuel consump-
tion This value is only based on assumptions and factors consid-
ered in this paper Without the proposed framework the
collaboration might not take place or negotiations might be
inef 1047297cient
There are various types of uncertainties (parameter model and
scenario) in this framework that will affect the robustness of the
results Parameter uncertainty refers to vague incorrect and
imprecise values such as composition of MSW in Metro Vancouver
input and output emission data derived from other databases and
tools as well as assumptions made for costs and bene1047297ts Model
uncertainty discusses inaccurate hypotheses about the general
model or relationship of variables such as impact assessment out-
comes and the game theory model Scenario uncertainty is con-
cerned with the environment of assessments such as differences in
the regions of collected data and case study These uncertaintiesshould be explored in more detail in a future study To show the
sensitivity of the outcomes of the framework to the uncertainties a
sensitivity analysis is performed The assessment of the un-
certainties in waste composition and economic net cost shows that
RDF is preferred by industry at all timesAlso sustainability indexes
of industry and the municipality are more impacted by economic
net cost and share of plastic in waste composition respectively
Social impacts are dif 1047297cult to assess quantitatively and carry the
subjectivity of decision-makers into the decision-making process
The developed framework has the ability to combine the outcomes
of social life cycle assessment methodologies with environmental
and economic assessment results according to the stakeholders
priorities but it does not discuss methodologies for quantifying
these impacts In addition there is no other case of co-combustionof RDF in cement kilns in Canada which makes the evaluation of
social impacts prone to subjectivity hard to evaluate and out of the
scope of the case study While social impacts are not quanti1047297ed for
the discussed case study they are still believed to impact munici-
palitys actions and priorities
The most challenging part of this framework was providing
accurate data and real scenarios that represented the waste treat-
ment in a region and interactions among stakeholders Other lim-
itations of this framework and potentials for future studies include
consideration of interest rate in LCC consideration of additional
costs of RDF in LCC using other software packages for LCA using
real stakeholders for pair-wise comparisons expansion of two-
player game into n-player game and consideration of other game
theory models (eg uncertainty about other stakeholders actions)in the framework
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank NSERC for the 1047297nancial support from
second and third authors NSERC-DG grants We also appreciate the
help of Ms Sarah Wellman at Metro Vancouver Ms Yihting Lim at
TRI Environmental Consulting and Mr Navid Hossaini and Mr
Fasihur Rahman at UBC
References
Achillas C Moussiopoulos N Karagiannidis A Banias G Perkoulidis G 2013
The use of multi-criteria decision analysis to tackle waste management
problems a literature review Waste Manag Res 31 (2) 115e129 httpdxdoiorg1011770734242X12470203
Bare J 2002 Developing a consistent decision-making framework by using the USEPAs TRACI Am Inst Chem Eng Symp Retrieved from httpwwwepagovnrmrlstdtraciaiche2002paperpdf
BC Ministry of Finance 2014 How the Carbon Tax Works Retrieved January 152015 from httpwww1047297ngovbccatbstpclimateA4htm
Bebbington J Brown J Frame B 2007 Accounting technologies and sustainabilityassessment models Ecol Econ 61 (2e3) 224e236 httpdxdoiorg101016
jecolecon200610021
Blanchard Benjamin S Fabrycky Wolter J Fabrycky WJ 1990 Systems Engi-neering and Analysis vol 4 Prentice Hall Englewood Cliffs New Jersey
Brundtland GH1987 Our common future In World Commission on Environmentand Development Tokyo Japan
Canter LW1977 Environmental Impact Assessment McGraw-Hill Inc New YorkCaputo AC Scacchia F Pelagagge PM 2003 Disposal of by-products in olive oil
industry waste-to-energy solutions Appl Therm Eng 23 (2) 197e214 httpdxdoiorg101016S1359-4311(02)00173-4
Carlsson Reich M 2005 Economic assessment of municipal waste managementsystemsdcase studies using a combination of life cycle assessment (LCA) andlife cycle costing (LCC) J Clean Prod 13 (3) 253e263 httpdxdoiorg101016jjclepro200402015
Carraro C Marchiori C 2003 Endogenous strategic issue linkage in internationalnegotiations Nota di Lavoro 40 (April) Retrieved from httpwwwfeemituser1047297lesattachPublicationNDL2003NDL2003-040pdf
Cheng Steven Chan CW Huang GH 2002 Using multiple criteria decisionanalysis for supporting decisions of solid waste management Environ SciHealth A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng A37 (6) 37e41
Cheng S Chan CW Huang GH 2003 An integrated multi-criteria decisionanalysis and inexact mixed integer linear programming approach for solidwaste management Eng Appl Artif Intell 16 543e554 httpdxdoiorg101016S0952-1976(03)00069-1
Chhipi-Shrestha GK Hewage K Sadiq R 2014 ldquoSocializingrdquo sustainability acritical review on current development status of social life cycle impactassessment method Clean Technol Environ Policy httpdxdoiorg101007s10098-014-0841-5
City of Vancouver 2013 Fees and Charges at the Transfer Station and Land1047297llRetrieved November 15 2014 from httpvancouvercahome-property-developmentland1047297ll-fees-and-chargesaspx
Contreras F Hanaki K Aramaki T Connors S 2008 Application of analyticalhierarchy process to analyze stakeholders preferences for municipal solid wastemanagement plans Boston USA Resour Conserv Recycl 52 (7) 979e991httpdxdoiorg101016jresconrec200803003
D-waste 2015 Waste Atlas Retrieved June 18 2015 from httpwwwatlasd-wastecom
Davila E Chang N-B Diwakaruni S 2005 Land1047297ll space consumption dynamicsin the Lower Rio Grande Valley by grey integer programming-based games
J Environ Manag 75 (4) 353e
365 httpdxdoiorg101016 jjenvman200411015De Feo G De Gisi S 2010 Using an innovative criteria weighting tool for stake-
holders involvement to rank MSW facility sites with the AHP Waste Manag(New York NY) 30 (11) 2370e2382 httpdxdoiorg101016
jwasman201004010De la Fuente A Pons O Josa A Aguado A 2016 Multicriteriaedecision making
in the sustainability assessment of sewerage pipe systems J Clean Prod 112(5) 4762e4770 httpdxdoiorg101016jjclepro201507002
Den Boer J den Boer E Jager J 2007 LCA-IWM a decision support tool forsustainability assessment of waste management systems Waste Manag (NewYork NY) 27 (8) 1032e1045 httpdxdoiorg101016jwasman200702022
Dewi O Koerner I Harjoko T 2010 A Review on Decision Support Models forRegional Sustainable Waste Management In the International Solid WasteAssociation World Conference Retrieved from httpwwwiswaorguploadstx_iswaknowledgebaseCandra_Dewipdf
Environment Canada 2012 Municipal Solid Waste Retrieved June 11 2013 fromhttpwwwecgccagdd-mwdefaultasplang frac14Enampnfrac14EF0FC6A9-1
Erkut E Karagiannidis A Perkoulidis G Tjandra SA 2008 A multicriteria fa-
cility location model for municipal solid waste management in North GreeceEur J Oper Res 187 (3) 1402e1421 httpdxdoiorg101016
jejor200609021Finus M 2000 Game Theory and International Environmental Cooperation Any
Practical Application In Controlling Global Warming Perspectives fromEconomics Game Theory and Public Choice pp 9e104
Gendebien A Leavens A Blackmore K Godley A Lewin K Whiting KJDavis R 2003 Refused derived fuel current practice and perspectives 1047297nalreport Curr Pract
Genon G Brizio E 2008 Perspectives and limits for cement kilns as a destinationfor RDF Waste Manag (New York NY) 28 (11) 2375e2385 httpdxdoiorg101016jwasman200710022
Gloria TP Lippiatt BC Cooper J 2007 Life cycle impact assessment weights tosupport environmentally preferable purchasing in the United States EnvironSci Technol 41 (21) 7551e7557 Retrieved from httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpubmed18044540
Gluch P Baumann H 2004 The life cycle costing (LCC) approach a conceptualdiscussion of its usefulness for environmental decision-making Build Environ39 (5) 571e580 httpdxdoiorg101016jbuildenv200310008
A Soltani et al J ournal of Cleaner Production 113 (2016) 388e 399398
8182019 Selecting Sustainable Waste-To-Energy Technologies for Municipal Solid Waste Treatment a Game Theory Approachhellip
Hoornweg D Bhada-Tata P 2012 WHAT a waste a global review of solid wastemanagement Urban Dev Ser 116 Retrieved from httpgoworldbankorgBCQEP0TMO0
Hossaini N Reza B Akhtar S Sadiq R Hewage K 2014 AHP based life cyclesustainability assessment (LCSA) framework a case study of six storey woodframe and concrete frame buildings in Vancouver J Environ Plan Manag1e25httpdxdoiorg101080096405682014920704 (August 2014)
the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 2006a 14040 Environ-mental Management e Life Cycle Assessment e Principles and FrameworkInternational Organization for Standardization Geneva Retrieved from http
wwwisoorgisocatalogue_detailcsnumber frac1437456the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 2006b 14044 Environ-
mental Management e Life Cycle Assessment e Requirements and GuidelinesRetrieved from httpwwwisoorgisocatalogue_detailcsnumberfrac1438498
the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 2012 TR 14047 Environ-mental Management e Life Cycle Assessment e Illustrative Examples on Howto Apply ISO 14044 to Impact Assessment Situations
Joslashrgensen S 2010 A dynamic game of waste management J Econ Dyn Control 34(2) 258e265 httpdxdoiorg101016jjedc200909005
Kaitala V Pohjola M 1995 In Cesar Herman et al (Eds) Sustainable Interna-tional Agreementon Greenhouse Warminge a Game Theory Study Control andGame-Theoretic Models of the Environment Boston
Karmperis AC Aravossis K Tatsiopoulos IP Sotirchos A 2013 Decision supportmodels for solid waste management review and game-theoretic approachesWaste Manag (New York NY) httpdxdoi org101016jwasman201301017
Leyton-Brown K Shoham Y 2008 In Brachman RJ Dietterich T (Eds) Es-sentials of Game Theory Political Science vol 2 Morgan amp Claypool Publishersp 104 httpdxdoiorg102200S00108ED1V01Y200802AIM003
McGinty M Milam G Gelves A 2012 Coalition stability in public goods provi-sion testing an optimal allocation rule Environ Resour Econ 52 (3) 327
e345
httpdxdoiorg101007s10640-011-9530-6 Metro Vancouver 2010 Recycling and Solid Waste Management 2010 Report
Retrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgaboutpublicationsPublications2010_Solid_Waste_Management_Annual_Summarypdf
Metro Vancouver 2013 Zero Waste Committee Regular Meeting Burnaby BCRetrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgboardsZeroWasteZero_Waste_Committee-June_6_2013-Agenda-Revised_2pdf
Metro Vancouver 2014a Waste to Energy Just One Part of a Forward LookingApproach to Waste Management Retrieved November 19 2014 from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgservicessolid-wasteaboutwtepagesindexaspx
Metro Vancouver 2014b Project phases Retrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgservicessolid-wasteaboutwtepagesdevelopmentaspx
Metro Vancouver 2014c 2013 Waste Composition Monitoring Program BurnabyBC Retrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgaboutpublicationsPublications2013_Waste_Composition_Reportpdf
Metro Vancouver 2014d Metro Vancouvers New Waste-to-Energy Capacity Proj-ect Retrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgservicessolidwaste
planningRecoverWTEWTEProponentsLehighCementpdf Moretti S 2004 A model for cooperative inter-municipal waste collection costevaluation toward fair cost allocation In Carraro C Fragnelli V (Eds) GamePractice and the Environment Edward Elgar
Munda G 2002 Social multi-criteria evaluation In The 4th UFZ Summer Sym-posium ldquoNew Strategies for Solving Environmental Con1047298icts Potentials forCombining Participation and Multicriteria Analysisrdquo Leipzig
Nagarajan M Sosic G 2008 Game-theoretic analysis of cooperation amongsupply chain agents review and extensions Eur J Oper Res 187 (3) 719e745httpdxdoiorg101016jejor200605045
Neugebauer S Martinez-Blanco J Scheumann R Finkbeiner M 2015 Enhancingthe practical implementation of life cycle sustainability assessment e proposalof a tiered approach J Clean Prod 102 165e176
Nithikul J 2007 Potential of refuse derived fuel production from Bangkokmunicipal solid waste Asian Inst Technol
OsborneMJ RubinsteinA1994A Coursein GameTheory MIT PressCambridgeMAPRe 2015 SimaPro Database Manual Methods Library Retrieved from http
wwwpre-sustainabilitycomdownloadDatabaseManualMethodspdf Reza B Soltani A Ruparathna R Sadiq R Hewage K 2013 Environmental and
economic aspects of production and utilization of RDF as alternative fuel incement plants a case study of Metro Vancouver waste management ResourConserv Recycl 81 105e114 httpdxdoiorg101016jresconrec201310009
Rotter VS Kost T Winkler J Bilitewski B 2004 Material 1047298ow analysis of RDF-production processes Waste Manag (New York NY) 24 (10) 1005e1021httpdxdoiorg101016jwasman200407015
Saaty T 1980 The Analytic Hierarchy Process Planning Priority Setting ResourceAllocation (Decision Making Series) McGraw Hill New York
Saaty TL 1988 What is the analytic hierarchy process In Mitra G (Ed) Math-ematical Models for Decision Support Proceedings of the NATO AdvancedStudy Institute on Mathematical Models for Decision Support vol 4 8 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg Berlin Heidelberg
Saaty TL 1994 How to make a decision the analytic hierarchy process Interfaces24 (6) 19e43
Sadiq R 2001 Drilling Waste Discharges in the Marine Environment a Risk BasedDecision Methodology Memorial University of Newfoundland Retrieved from
httpresearchlibrarymunca1250 Sadiq Rehan Husain T Veitch B Bose N 2003 Evaluation of generic types of
drilling 1047298uid using a risk-based analytic hierarchy process Environ Manag 32(6) 778e787
Schwarz J Beloff B Beaver E 2002 Use sustainability metric to guide decisionmaking Chem Eng (July) 58e63 Retrieved from httppeopleclarksonedu~wwilcoxDesignsustainpdf
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) 1993 Guidelines forlife-cycle assessment a code of practice Portugal doi First edition
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) 2004 EnvironmentalRisk Assessment SETAC Technical Issue Paper Pensacola FL doiThirdPrinting
Sheppard SRJ Meitner M 2005 Using multi-criteria analysis and visualisationfor sustainable forest management planning with stakeholder groups ForEcol Manag 207 (1e2) 171e187 httpdxdoiorg101016jforeco200410032
Soltani A Hewage K Reza B Sadiq R 2015 Multiple stakeholders in multi-criteria decision-making in the context of municipal solid waste manage-ment a review Waste Manag (New York NY) 35 318e328 httpdxdoiorg101016jwasman201409010
Spengler T Geldermann J Heuroahre S Sieverdingbeck A Rentz O 1998 Devel-opment of a multiple criteria based decision support system for environmentalassessment of recycling measures in the iron and steel making industry
J Clean Prod 6 (1) 37e52 httpdxdoiorg101016S0959-6526(97)00048-6Statistics Canada 2011 Spending on Waste Management Retrieved November 19
2014 from httpwwwstatcangccapub11-402-x2011000chapgov-gouvgov-gouv01-enghtm
Statistics Canada 2015 Disposal and Diversion of Waste by Province and Territory(Total Waste Disposal)
Sutton PC Anderson SJ Tuttle BT Morse L 2012 The real wealth of nationsmapping and monetizing the human ecological footprint Ecol Indic 16 11e22httpdxdoiorg101016jecolind201103008
Tesfamariam S Sadiq R 2006 Risk-based environmental decision-making usingfuzzy analytic hierarchy process (F-AHP) Stoch Environ Res Risk AssessSpringer 21 (1) 35e50
The Government of British Columbia 2015 Part 3 d municipal waste managementEnviron Manag Act Retrieved July 08 2015 from httpwwwbclawscacivix
documentLOCcompletestatreg-E-EnvironmentalManagementAct[SBC2003]c5300_Act03053_03xmlThe World Bank 2012 What a Waste a Global Review of Solid Waste Management
Retrieved from httpgoworldbankorgBCQEP0TMO0TRI Environmental Consulting Inc 2008 Solid Waste Composition Study for Metro
Vancouver Retrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgaboutpublicationsPublicationsSolidWasteCompositionStudyFinal-2007pdf
Tseng M-L Lin Y-H Chiu ASF 2009 Fuzzy AHP-based study of cleaner pro-duction implementation in Taiwan PWB manufacturer J Clean Prod 171249e1256
Tsilemou K Panagiotakopoulos D 2006 Approximate cost functions for solidwaste treatment facilities Waste Manag Res 24 (4) 310e322
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) 2006 Life cycle assess-ment principles and practice Cincinnati OH doiEPA600R-06060
Van den Hove S 2006 Between consensus and compromise acknowledging thenegotiation dimension in participatory approaches Land Use Policy 23 (1)10e17 httpdxdoiorg101016jlandusepol200409001
Weikard H-P Dellink RB 2008 Sticks and carrots for the design of internationalclimate agreements with renegotiations Ann Oper Res 1e20
World Health Organization (WHO) 2014 7 million Premature Deaths AnnuallyLinked to Air Pollution Retrieved January 27 2015 from httpwwwwhointmediacentrenewsreleases2014air-pollutionen
A Soltani et al Journal of Cleaner Production 113 (2016) 388e 399 399
8182019 Selecting Sustainable Waste-To-Energy Technologies for Municipal Solid Waste Treatment a Game Theory Approachhellip
RDF in cement kilns to investigate the possibility of collaborating
on a new RDF treatment plant As a result mass-burn WTE and RDF
were selected as the most sustainable options for Metro Vancouver
and the cement industry respectively The developed framework
estimated that a tipping fee of $077e$096 per kg MSW should be
paid by the cement industry to MetroVancouver so that RDFcan be
applied as Metro Vancouvers new waste treatment option and the
cement industrys solution to high-intensity fossil fuel consump-
tion This value is only based on assumptions and factors consid-
ered in this paper Without the proposed framework the
collaboration might not take place or negotiations might be
inef 1047297cient
There are various types of uncertainties (parameter model and
scenario) in this framework that will affect the robustness of the
results Parameter uncertainty refers to vague incorrect and
imprecise values such as composition of MSW in Metro Vancouver
input and output emission data derived from other databases and
tools as well as assumptions made for costs and bene1047297ts Model
uncertainty discusses inaccurate hypotheses about the general
model or relationship of variables such as impact assessment out-
comes and the game theory model Scenario uncertainty is con-
cerned with the environment of assessments such as differences in
the regions of collected data and case study These uncertaintiesshould be explored in more detail in a future study To show the
sensitivity of the outcomes of the framework to the uncertainties a
sensitivity analysis is performed The assessment of the un-
certainties in waste composition and economic net cost shows that
RDF is preferred by industry at all timesAlso sustainability indexes
of industry and the municipality are more impacted by economic
net cost and share of plastic in waste composition respectively
Social impacts are dif 1047297cult to assess quantitatively and carry the
subjectivity of decision-makers into the decision-making process
The developed framework has the ability to combine the outcomes
of social life cycle assessment methodologies with environmental
and economic assessment results according to the stakeholders
priorities but it does not discuss methodologies for quantifying
these impacts In addition there is no other case of co-combustionof RDF in cement kilns in Canada which makes the evaluation of
social impacts prone to subjectivity hard to evaluate and out of the
scope of the case study While social impacts are not quanti1047297ed for
the discussed case study they are still believed to impact munici-
palitys actions and priorities
The most challenging part of this framework was providing
accurate data and real scenarios that represented the waste treat-
ment in a region and interactions among stakeholders Other lim-
itations of this framework and potentials for future studies include
consideration of interest rate in LCC consideration of additional
costs of RDF in LCC using other software packages for LCA using
real stakeholders for pair-wise comparisons expansion of two-
player game into n-player game and consideration of other game
theory models (eg uncertainty about other stakeholders actions)in the framework
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank NSERC for the 1047297nancial support from
second and third authors NSERC-DG grants We also appreciate the
help of Ms Sarah Wellman at Metro Vancouver Ms Yihting Lim at
TRI Environmental Consulting and Mr Navid Hossaini and Mr
Fasihur Rahman at UBC
References
Achillas C Moussiopoulos N Karagiannidis A Banias G Perkoulidis G 2013
The use of multi-criteria decision analysis to tackle waste management
problems a literature review Waste Manag Res 31 (2) 115e129 httpdxdoiorg1011770734242X12470203
Bare J 2002 Developing a consistent decision-making framework by using the USEPAs TRACI Am Inst Chem Eng Symp Retrieved from httpwwwepagovnrmrlstdtraciaiche2002paperpdf
BC Ministry of Finance 2014 How the Carbon Tax Works Retrieved January 152015 from httpwww1047297ngovbccatbstpclimateA4htm
Bebbington J Brown J Frame B 2007 Accounting technologies and sustainabilityassessment models Ecol Econ 61 (2e3) 224e236 httpdxdoiorg101016
jecolecon200610021
Blanchard Benjamin S Fabrycky Wolter J Fabrycky WJ 1990 Systems Engi-neering and Analysis vol 4 Prentice Hall Englewood Cliffs New Jersey
Brundtland GH1987 Our common future In World Commission on Environmentand Development Tokyo Japan
Canter LW1977 Environmental Impact Assessment McGraw-Hill Inc New YorkCaputo AC Scacchia F Pelagagge PM 2003 Disposal of by-products in olive oil
industry waste-to-energy solutions Appl Therm Eng 23 (2) 197e214 httpdxdoiorg101016S1359-4311(02)00173-4
Carlsson Reich M 2005 Economic assessment of municipal waste managementsystemsdcase studies using a combination of life cycle assessment (LCA) andlife cycle costing (LCC) J Clean Prod 13 (3) 253e263 httpdxdoiorg101016jjclepro200402015
Carraro C Marchiori C 2003 Endogenous strategic issue linkage in internationalnegotiations Nota di Lavoro 40 (April) Retrieved from httpwwwfeemituser1047297lesattachPublicationNDL2003NDL2003-040pdf
Cheng Steven Chan CW Huang GH 2002 Using multiple criteria decisionanalysis for supporting decisions of solid waste management Environ SciHealth A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng A37 (6) 37e41
Cheng S Chan CW Huang GH 2003 An integrated multi-criteria decisionanalysis and inexact mixed integer linear programming approach for solidwaste management Eng Appl Artif Intell 16 543e554 httpdxdoiorg101016S0952-1976(03)00069-1
Chhipi-Shrestha GK Hewage K Sadiq R 2014 ldquoSocializingrdquo sustainability acritical review on current development status of social life cycle impactassessment method Clean Technol Environ Policy httpdxdoiorg101007s10098-014-0841-5
City of Vancouver 2013 Fees and Charges at the Transfer Station and Land1047297llRetrieved November 15 2014 from httpvancouvercahome-property-developmentland1047297ll-fees-and-chargesaspx
Contreras F Hanaki K Aramaki T Connors S 2008 Application of analyticalhierarchy process to analyze stakeholders preferences for municipal solid wastemanagement plans Boston USA Resour Conserv Recycl 52 (7) 979e991httpdxdoiorg101016jresconrec200803003
D-waste 2015 Waste Atlas Retrieved June 18 2015 from httpwwwatlasd-wastecom
Davila E Chang N-B Diwakaruni S 2005 Land1047297ll space consumption dynamicsin the Lower Rio Grande Valley by grey integer programming-based games
J Environ Manag 75 (4) 353e
365 httpdxdoiorg101016 jjenvman200411015De Feo G De Gisi S 2010 Using an innovative criteria weighting tool for stake-
holders involvement to rank MSW facility sites with the AHP Waste Manag(New York NY) 30 (11) 2370e2382 httpdxdoiorg101016
jwasman201004010De la Fuente A Pons O Josa A Aguado A 2016 Multicriteriaedecision making
in the sustainability assessment of sewerage pipe systems J Clean Prod 112(5) 4762e4770 httpdxdoiorg101016jjclepro201507002
Den Boer J den Boer E Jager J 2007 LCA-IWM a decision support tool forsustainability assessment of waste management systems Waste Manag (NewYork NY) 27 (8) 1032e1045 httpdxdoiorg101016jwasman200702022
Dewi O Koerner I Harjoko T 2010 A Review on Decision Support Models forRegional Sustainable Waste Management In the International Solid WasteAssociation World Conference Retrieved from httpwwwiswaorguploadstx_iswaknowledgebaseCandra_Dewipdf
Environment Canada 2012 Municipal Solid Waste Retrieved June 11 2013 fromhttpwwwecgccagdd-mwdefaultasplang frac14Enampnfrac14EF0FC6A9-1
Erkut E Karagiannidis A Perkoulidis G Tjandra SA 2008 A multicriteria fa-
cility location model for municipal solid waste management in North GreeceEur J Oper Res 187 (3) 1402e1421 httpdxdoiorg101016
jejor200609021Finus M 2000 Game Theory and International Environmental Cooperation Any
Practical Application In Controlling Global Warming Perspectives fromEconomics Game Theory and Public Choice pp 9e104
Gendebien A Leavens A Blackmore K Godley A Lewin K Whiting KJDavis R 2003 Refused derived fuel current practice and perspectives 1047297nalreport Curr Pract
Genon G Brizio E 2008 Perspectives and limits for cement kilns as a destinationfor RDF Waste Manag (New York NY) 28 (11) 2375e2385 httpdxdoiorg101016jwasman200710022
Gloria TP Lippiatt BC Cooper J 2007 Life cycle impact assessment weights tosupport environmentally preferable purchasing in the United States EnvironSci Technol 41 (21) 7551e7557 Retrieved from httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpubmed18044540
Gluch P Baumann H 2004 The life cycle costing (LCC) approach a conceptualdiscussion of its usefulness for environmental decision-making Build Environ39 (5) 571e580 httpdxdoiorg101016jbuildenv200310008
A Soltani et al J ournal of Cleaner Production 113 (2016) 388e 399398
8182019 Selecting Sustainable Waste-To-Energy Technologies for Municipal Solid Waste Treatment a Game Theory Approachhellip
Hoornweg D Bhada-Tata P 2012 WHAT a waste a global review of solid wastemanagement Urban Dev Ser 116 Retrieved from httpgoworldbankorgBCQEP0TMO0
Hossaini N Reza B Akhtar S Sadiq R Hewage K 2014 AHP based life cyclesustainability assessment (LCSA) framework a case study of six storey woodframe and concrete frame buildings in Vancouver J Environ Plan Manag1e25httpdxdoiorg101080096405682014920704 (August 2014)
the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 2006a 14040 Environ-mental Management e Life Cycle Assessment e Principles and FrameworkInternational Organization for Standardization Geneva Retrieved from http
wwwisoorgisocatalogue_detailcsnumber frac1437456the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 2006b 14044 Environ-
mental Management e Life Cycle Assessment e Requirements and GuidelinesRetrieved from httpwwwisoorgisocatalogue_detailcsnumberfrac1438498
the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 2012 TR 14047 Environ-mental Management e Life Cycle Assessment e Illustrative Examples on Howto Apply ISO 14044 to Impact Assessment Situations
Joslashrgensen S 2010 A dynamic game of waste management J Econ Dyn Control 34(2) 258e265 httpdxdoiorg101016jjedc200909005
Kaitala V Pohjola M 1995 In Cesar Herman et al (Eds) Sustainable Interna-tional Agreementon Greenhouse Warminge a Game Theory Study Control andGame-Theoretic Models of the Environment Boston
Karmperis AC Aravossis K Tatsiopoulos IP Sotirchos A 2013 Decision supportmodels for solid waste management review and game-theoretic approachesWaste Manag (New York NY) httpdxdoi org101016jwasman201301017
Leyton-Brown K Shoham Y 2008 In Brachman RJ Dietterich T (Eds) Es-sentials of Game Theory Political Science vol 2 Morgan amp Claypool Publishersp 104 httpdxdoiorg102200S00108ED1V01Y200802AIM003
McGinty M Milam G Gelves A 2012 Coalition stability in public goods provi-sion testing an optimal allocation rule Environ Resour Econ 52 (3) 327
e345
httpdxdoiorg101007s10640-011-9530-6 Metro Vancouver 2010 Recycling and Solid Waste Management 2010 Report
Retrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgaboutpublicationsPublications2010_Solid_Waste_Management_Annual_Summarypdf
Metro Vancouver 2013 Zero Waste Committee Regular Meeting Burnaby BCRetrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgboardsZeroWasteZero_Waste_Committee-June_6_2013-Agenda-Revised_2pdf
Metro Vancouver 2014a Waste to Energy Just One Part of a Forward LookingApproach to Waste Management Retrieved November 19 2014 from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgservicessolid-wasteaboutwtepagesindexaspx
Metro Vancouver 2014b Project phases Retrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgservicessolid-wasteaboutwtepagesdevelopmentaspx
Metro Vancouver 2014c 2013 Waste Composition Monitoring Program BurnabyBC Retrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgaboutpublicationsPublications2013_Waste_Composition_Reportpdf
Metro Vancouver 2014d Metro Vancouvers New Waste-to-Energy Capacity Proj-ect Retrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgservicessolidwaste
planningRecoverWTEWTEProponentsLehighCementpdf Moretti S 2004 A model for cooperative inter-municipal waste collection costevaluation toward fair cost allocation In Carraro C Fragnelli V (Eds) GamePractice and the Environment Edward Elgar
Munda G 2002 Social multi-criteria evaluation In The 4th UFZ Summer Sym-posium ldquoNew Strategies for Solving Environmental Con1047298icts Potentials forCombining Participation and Multicriteria Analysisrdquo Leipzig
Nagarajan M Sosic G 2008 Game-theoretic analysis of cooperation amongsupply chain agents review and extensions Eur J Oper Res 187 (3) 719e745httpdxdoiorg101016jejor200605045
Neugebauer S Martinez-Blanco J Scheumann R Finkbeiner M 2015 Enhancingthe practical implementation of life cycle sustainability assessment e proposalof a tiered approach J Clean Prod 102 165e176
Nithikul J 2007 Potential of refuse derived fuel production from Bangkokmunicipal solid waste Asian Inst Technol
OsborneMJ RubinsteinA1994A Coursein GameTheory MIT PressCambridgeMAPRe 2015 SimaPro Database Manual Methods Library Retrieved from http
wwwpre-sustainabilitycomdownloadDatabaseManualMethodspdf Reza B Soltani A Ruparathna R Sadiq R Hewage K 2013 Environmental and
economic aspects of production and utilization of RDF as alternative fuel incement plants a case study of Metro Vancouver waste management ResourConserv Recycl 81 105e114 httpdxdoiorg101016jresconrec201310009
Rotter VS Kost T Winkler J Bilitewski B 2004 Material 1047298ow analysis of RDF-production processes Waste Manag (New York NY) 24 (10) 1005e1021httpdxdoiorg101016jwasman200407015
Saaty T 1980 The Analytic Hierarchy Process Planning Priority Setting ResourceAllocation (Decision Making Series) McGraw Hill New York
Saaty TL 1988 What is the analytic hierarchy process In Mitra G (Ed) Math-ematical Models for Decision Support Proceedings of the NATO AdvancedStudy Institute on Mathematical Models for Decision Support vol 4 8 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg Berlin Heidelberg
Saaty TL 1994 How to make a decision the analytic hierarchy process Interfaces24 (6) 19e43
Sadiq R 2001 Drilling Waste Discharges in the Marine Environment a Risk BasedDecision Methodology Memorial University of Newfoundland Retrieved from
httpresearchlibrarymunca1250 Sadiq Rehan Husain T Veitch B Bose N 2003 Evaluation of generic types of
drilling 1047298uid using a risk-based analytic hierarchy process Environ Manag 32(6) 778e787
Schwarz J Beloff B Beaver E 2002 Use sustainability metric to guide decisionmaking Chem Eng (July) 58e63 Retrieved from httppeopleclarksonedu~wwilcoxDesignsustainpdf
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) 1993 Guidelines forlife-cycle assessment a code of practice Portugal doi First edition
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) 2004 EnvironmentalRisk Assessment SETAC Technical Issue Paper Pensacola FL doiThirdPrinting
Sheppard SRJ Meitner M 2005 Using multi-criteria analysis and visualisationfor sustainable forest management planning with stakeholder groups ForEcol Manag 207 (1e2) 171e187 httpdxdoiorg101016jforeco200410032
Soltani A Hewage K Reza B Sadiq R 2015 Multiple stakeholders in multi-criteria decision-making in the context of municipal solid waste manage-ment a review Waste Manag (New York NY) 35 318e328 httpdxdoiorg101016jwasman201409010
Spengler T Geldermann J Heuroahre S Sieverdingbeck A Rentz O 1998 Devel-opment of a multiple criteria based decision support system for environmentalassessment of recycling measures in the iron and steel making industry
J Clean Prod 6 (1) 37e52 httpdxdoiorg101016S0959-6526(97)00048-6Statistics Canada 2011 Spending on Waste Management Retrieved November 19
2014 from httpwwwstatcangccapub11-402-x2011000chapgov-gouvgov-gouv01-enghtm
Statistics Canada 2015 Disposal and Diversion of Waste by Province and Territory(Total Waste Disposal)
Sutton PC Anderson SJ Tuttle BT Morse L 2012 The real wealth of nationsmapping and monetizing the human ecological footprint Ecol Indic 16 11e22httpdxdoiorg101016jecolind201103008
Tesfamariam S Sadiq R 2006 Risk-based environmental decision-making usingfuzzy analytic hierarchy process (F-AHP) Stoch Environ Res Risk AssessSpringer 21 (1) 35e50
The Government of British Columbia 2015 Part 3 d municipal waste managementEnviron Manag Act Retrieved July 08 2015 from httpwwwbclawscacivix
documentLOCcompletestatreg-E-EnvironmentalManagementAct[SBC2003]c5300_Act03053_03xmlThe World Bank 2012 What a Waste a Global Review of Solid Waste Management
Retrieved from httpgoworldbankorgBCQEP0TMO0TRI Environmental Consulting Inc 2008 Solid Waste Composition Study for Metro
Vancouver Retrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgaboutpublicationsPublicationsSolidWasteCompositionStudyFinal-2007pdf
Tseng M-L Lin Y-H Chiu ASF 2009 Fuzzy AHP-based study of cleaner pro-duction implementation in Taiwan PWB manufacturer J Clean Prod 171249e1256
Tsilemou K Panagiotakopoulos D 2006 Approximate cost functions for solidwaste treatment facilities Waste Manag Res 24 (4) 310e322
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) 2006 Life cycle assess-ment principles and practice Cincinnati OH doiEPA600R-06060
Van den Hove S 2006 Between consensus and compromise acknowledging thenegotiation dimension in participatory approaches Land Use Policy 23 (1)10e17 httpdxdoiorg101016jlandusepol200409001
Weikard H-P Dellink RB 2008 Sticks and carrots for the design of internationalclimate agreements with renegotiations Ann Oper Res 1e20
World Health Organization (WHO) 2014 7 million Premature Deaths AnnuallyLinked to Air Pollution Retrieved January 27 2015 from httpwwwwhointmediacentrenewsreleases2014air-pollutionen
A Soltani et al Journal of Cleaner Production 113 (2016) 388e 399 399
8182019 Selecting Sustainable Waste-To-Energy Technologies for Municipal Solid Waste Treatment a Game Theory Approachhellip
RDF in cement kilns to investigate the possibility of collaborating
on a new RDF treatment plant As a result mass-burn WTE and RDF
were selected as the most sustainable options for Metro Vancouver
and the cement industry respectively The developed framework
estimated that a tipping fee of $077e$096 per kg MSW should be
paid by the cement industry to MetroVancouver so that RDFcan be
applied as Metro Vancouvers new waste treatment option and the
cement industrys solution to high-intensity fossil fuel consump-
tion This value is only based on assumptions and factors consid-
ered in this paper Without the proposed framework the
collaboration might not take place or negotiations might be
inef 1047297cient
There are various types of uncertainties (parameter model and
scenario) in this framework that will affect the robustness of the
results Parameter uncertainty refers to vague incorrect and
imprecise values such as composition of MSW in Metro Vancouver
input and output emission data derived from other databases and
tools as well as assumptions made for costs and bene1047297ts Model
uncertainty discusses inaccurate hypotheses about the general
model or relationship of variables such as impact assessment out-
comes and the game theory model Scenario uncertainty is con-
cerned with the environment of assessments such as differences in
the regions of collected data and case study These uncertaintiesshould be explored in more detail in a future study To show the
sensitivity of the outcomes of the framework to the uncertainties a
sensitivity analysis is performed The assessment of the un-
certainties in waste composition and economic net cost shows that
RDF is preferred by industry at all timesAlso sustainability indexes
of industry and the municipality are more impacted by economic
net cost and share of plastic in waste composition respectively
Social impacts are dif 1047297cult to assess quantitatively and carry the
subjectivity of decision-makers into the decision-making process
The developed framework has the ability to combine the outcomes
of social life cycle assessment methodologies with environmental
and economic assessment results according to the stakeholders
priorities but it does not discuss methodologies for quantifying
these impacts In addition there is no other case of co-combustionof RDF in cement kilns in Canada which makes the evaluation of
social impacts prone to subjectivity hard to evaluate and out of the
scope of the case study While social impacts are not quanti1047297ed for
the discussed case study they are still believed to impact munici-
palitys actions and priorities
The most challenging part of this framework was providing
accurate data and real scenarios that represented the waste treat-
ment in a region and interactions among stakeholders Other lim-
itations of this framework and potentials for future studies include
consideration of interest rate in LCC consideration of additional
costs of RDF in LCC using other software packages for LCA using
real stakeholders for pair-wise comparisons expansion of two-
player game into n-player game and consideration of other game
theory models (eg uncertainty about other stakeholders actions)in the framework
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank NSERC for the 1047297nancial support from
second and third authors NSERC-DG grants We also appreciate the
help of Ms Sarah Wellman at Metro Vancouver Ms Yihting Lim at
TRI Environmental Consulting and Mr Navid Hossaini and Mr
Fasihur Rahman at UBC
References
Achillas C Moussiopoulos N Karagiannidis A Banias G Perkoulidis G 2013
The use of multi-criteria decision analysis to tackle waste management
problems a literature review Waste Manag Res 31 (2) 115e129 httpdxdoiorg1011770734242X12470203
Bare J 2002 Developing a consistent decision-making framework by using the USEPAs TRACI Am Inst Chem Eng Symp Retrieved from httpwwwepagovnrmrlstdtraciaiche2002paperpdf
BC Ministry of Finance 2014 How the Carbon Tax Works Retrieved January 152015 from httpwww1047297ngovbccatbstpclimateA4htm
Bebbington J Brown J Frame B 2007 Accounting technologies and sustainabilityassessment models Ecol Econ 61 (2e3) 224e236 httpdxdoiorg101016
jecolecon200610021
Blanchard Benjamin S Fabrycky Wolter J Fabrycky WJ 1990 Systems Engi-neering and Analysis vol 4 Prentice Hall Englewood Cliffs New Jersey
Brundtland GH1987 Our common future In World Commission on Environmentand Development Tokyo Japan
Canter LW1977 Environmental Impact Assessment McGraw-Hill Inc New YorkCaputo AC Scacchia F Pelagagge PM 2003 Disposal of by-products in olive oil
industry waste-to-energy solutions Appl Therm Eng 23 (2) 197e214 httpdxdoiorg101016S1359-4311(02)00173-4
Carlsson Reich M 2005 Economic assessment of municipal waste managementsystemsdcase studies using a combination of life cycle assessment (LCA) andlife cycle costing (LCC) J Clean Prod 13 (3) 253e263 httpdxdoiorg101016jjclepro200402015
Carraro C Marchiori C 2003 Endogenous strategic issue linkage in internationalnegotiations Nota di Lavoro 40 (April) Retrieved from httpwwwfeemituser1047297lesattachPublicationNDL2003NDL2003-040pdf
Cheng Steven Chan CW Huang GH 2002 Using multiple criteria decisionanalysis for supporting decisions of solid waste management Environ SciHealth A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng A37 (6) 37e41
Cheng S Chan CW Huang GH 2003 An integrated multi-criteria decisionanalysis and inexact mixed integer linear programming approach for solidwaste management Eng Appl Artif Intell 16 543e554 httpdxdoiorg101016S0952-1976(03)00069-1
Chhipi-Shrestha GK Hewage K Sadiq R 2014 ldquoSocializingrdquo sustainability acritical review on current development status of social life cycle impactassessment method Clean Technol Environ Policy httpdxdoiorg101007s10098-014-0841-5
City of Vancouver 2013 Fees and Charges at the Transfer Station and Land1047297llRetrieved November 15 2014 from httpvancouvercahome-property-developmentland1047297ll-fees-and-chargesaspx
Contreras F Hanaki K Aramaki T Connors S 2008 Application of analyticalhierarchy process to analyze stakeholders preferences for municipal solid wastemanagement plans Boston USA Resour Conserv Recycl 52 (7) 979e991httpdxdoiorg101016jresconrec200803003
D-waste 2015 Waste Atlas Retrieved June 18 2015 from httpwwwatlasd-wastecom
Davila E Chang N-B Diwakaruni S 2005 Land1047297ll space consumption dynamicsin the Lower Rio Grande Valley by grey integer programming-based games
J Environ Manag 75 (4) 353e
365 httpdxdoiorg101016 jjenvman200411015De Feo G De Gisi S 2010 Using an innovative criteria weighting tool for stake-
holders involvement to rank MSW facility sites with the AHP Waste Manag(New York NY) 30 (11) 2370e2382 httpdxdoiorg101016
jwasman201004010De la Fuente A Pons O Josa A Aguado A 2016 Multicriteriaedecision making
in the sustainability assessment of sewerage pipe systems J Clean Prod 112(5) 4762e4770 httpdxdoiorg101016jjclepro201507002
Den Boer J den Boer E Jager J 2007 LCA-IWM a decision support tool forsustainability assessment of waste management systems Waste Manag (NewYork NY) 27 (8) 1032e1045 httpdxdoiorg101016jwasman200702022
Dewi O Koerner I Harjoko T 2010 A Review on Decision Support Models forRegional Sustainable Waste Management In the International Solid WasteAssociation World Conference Retrieved from httpwwwiswaorguploadstx_iswaknowledgebaseCandra_Dewipdf
Environment Canada 2012 Municipal Solid Waste Retrieved June 11 2013 fromhttpwwwecgccagdd-mwdefaultasplang frac14Enampnfrac14EF0FC6A9-1
Erkut E Karagiannidis A Perkoulidis G Tjandra SA 2008 A multicriteria fa-
cility location model for municipal solid waste management in North GreeceEur J Oper Res 187 (3) 1402e1421 httpdxdoiorg101016
jejor200609021Finus M 2000 Game Theory and International Environmental Cooperation Any
Practical Application In Controlling Global Warming Perspectives fromEconomics Game Theory and Public Choice pp 9e104
Gendebien A Leavens A Blackmore K Godley A Lewin K Whiting KJDavis R 2003 Refused derived fuel current practice and perspectives 1047297nalreport Curr Pract
Genon G Brizio E 2008 Perspectives and limits for cement kilns as a destinationfor RDF Waste Manag (New York NY) 28 (11) 2375e2385 httpdxdoiorg101016jwasman200710022
Gloria TP Lippiatt BC Cooper J 2007 Life cycle impact assessment weights tosupport environmentally preferable purchasing in the United States EnvironSci Technol 41 (21) 7551e7557 Retrieved from httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpubmed18044540
Gluch P Baumann H 2004 The life cycle costing (LCC) approach a conceptualdiscussion of its usefulness for environmental decision-making Build Environ39 (5) 571e580 httpdxdoiorg101016jbuildenv200310008
A Soltani et al J ournal of Cleaner Production 113 (2016) 388e 399398
8182019 Selecting Sustainable Waste-To-Energy Technologies for Municipal Solid Waste Treatment a Game Theory Approachhellip
Hoornweg D Bhada-Tata P 2012 WHAT a waste a global review of solid wastemanagement Urban Dev Ser 116 Retrieved from httpgoworldbankorgBCQEP0TMO0
Hossaini N Reza B Akhtar S Sadiq R Hewage K 2014 AHP based life cyclesustainability assessment (LCSA) framework a case study of six storey woodframe and concrete frame buildings in Vancouver J Environ Plan Manag1e25httpdxdoiorg101080096405682014920704 (August 2014)
the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 2006a 14040 Environ-mental Management e Life Cycle Assessment e Principles and FrameworkInternational Organization for Standardization Geneva Retrieved from http
wwwisoorgisocatalogue_detailcsnumber frac1437456the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 2006b 14044 Environ-
mental Management e Life Cycle Assessment e Requirements and GuidelinesRetrieved from httpwwwisoorgisocatalogue_detailcsnumberfrac1438498
the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 2012 TR 14047 Environ-mental Management e Life Cycle Assessment e Illustrative Examples on Howto Apply ISO 14044 to Impact Assessment Situations
Joslashrgensen S 2010 A dynamic game of waste management J Econ Dyn Control 34(2) 258e265 httpdxdoiorg101016jjedc200909005
Kaitala V Pohjola M 1995 In Cesar Herman et al (Eds) Sustainable Interna-tional Agreementon Greenhouse Warminge a Game Theory Study Control andGame-Theoretic Models of the Environment Boston
Karmperis AC Aravossis K Tatsiopoulos IP Sotirchos A 2013 Decision supportmodels for solid waste management review and game-theoretic approachesWaste Manag (New York NY) httpdxdoi org101016jwasman201301017
Leyton-Brown K Shoham Y 2008 In Brachman RJ Dietterich T (Eds) Es-sentials of Game Theory Political Science vol 2 Morgan amp Claypool Publishersp 104 httpdxdoiorg102200S00108ED1V01Y200802AIM003
McGinty M Milam G Gelves A 2012 Coalition stability in public goods provi-sion testing an optimal allocation rule Environ Resour Econ 52 (3) 327
e345
httpdxdoiorg101007s10640-011-9530-6 Metro Vancouver 2010 Recycling and Solid Waste Management 2010 Report
Retrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgaboutpublicationsPublications2010_Solid_Waste_Management_Annual_Summarypdf
Metro Vancouver 2013 Zero Waste Committee Regular Meeting Burnaby BCRetrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgboardsZeroWasteZero_Waste_Committee-June_6_2013-Agenda-Revised_2pdf
Metro Vancouver 2014a Waste to Energy Just One Part of a Forward LookingApproach to Waste Management Retrieved November 19 2014 from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgservicessolid-wasteaboutwtepagesindexaspx
Metro Vancouver 2014b Project phases Retrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgservicessolid-wasteaboutwtepagesdevelopmentaspx
Metro Vancouver 2014c 2013 Waste Composition Monitoring Program BurnabyBC Retrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgaboutpublicationsPublications2013_Waste_Composition_Reportpdf
Metro Vancouver 2014d Metro Vancouvers New Waste-to-Energy Capacity Proj-ect Retrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgservicessolidwaste
planningRecoverWTEWTEProponentsLehighCementpdf Moretti S 2004 A model for cooperative inter-municipal waste collection costevaluation toward fair cost allocation In Carraro C Fragnelli V (Eds) GamePractice and the Environment Edward Elgar
Munda G 2002 Social multi-criteria evaluation In The 4th UFZ Summer Sym-posium ldquoNew Strategies for Solving Environmental Con1047298icts Potentials forCombining Participation and Multicriteria Analysisrdquo Leipzig
Nagarajan M Sosic G 2008 Game-theoretic analysis of cooperation amongsupply chain agents review and extensions Eur J Oper Res 187 (3) 719e745httpdxdoiorg101016jejor200605045
Neugebauer S Martinez-Blanco J Scheumann R Finkbeiner M 2015 Enhancingthe practical implementation of life cycle sustainability assessment e proposalof a tiered approach J Clean Prod 102 165e176
Nithikul J 2007 Potential of refuse derived fuel production from Bangkokmunicipal solid waste Asian Inst Technol
OsborneMJ RubinsteinA1994A Coursein GameTheory MIT PressCambridgeMAPRe 2015 SimaPro Database Manual Methods Library Retrieved from http
wwwpre-sustainabilitycomdownloadDatabaseManualMethodspdf Reza B Soltani A Ruparathna R Sadiq R Hewage K 2013 Environmental and
economic aspects of production and utilization of RDF as alternative fuel incement plants a case study of Metro Vancouver waste management ResourConserv Recycl 81 105e114 httpdxdoiorg101016jresconrec201310009
Rotter VS Kost T Winkler J Bilitewski B 2004 Material 1047298ow analysis of RDF-production processes Waste Manag (New York NY) 24 (10) 1005e1021httpdxdoiorg101016jwasman200407015
Saaty T 1980 The Analytic Hierarchy Process Planning Priority Setting ResourceAllocation (Decision Making Series) McGraw Hill New York
Saaty TL 1988 What is the analytic hierarchy process In Mitra G (Ed) Math-ematical Models for Decision Support Proceedings of the NATO AdvancedStudy Institute on Mathematical Models for Decision Support vol 4 8 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg Berlin Heidelberg
Saaty TL 1994 How to make a decision the analytic hierarchy process Interfaces24 (6) 19e43
Sadiq R 2001 Drilling Waste Discharges in the Marine Environment a Risk BasedDecision Methodology Memorial University of Newfoundland Retrieved from
httpresearchlibrarymunca1250 Sadiq Rehan Husain T Veitch B Bose N 2003 Evaluation of generic types of
drilling 1047298uid using a risk-based analytic hierarchy process Environ Manag 32(6) 778e787
Schwarz J Beloff B Beaver E 2002 Use sustainability metric to guide decisionmaking Chem Eng (July) 58e63 Retrieved from httppeopleclarksonedu~wwilcoxDesignsustainpdf
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) 1993 Guidelines forlife-cycle assessment a code of practice Portugal doi First edition
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) 2004 EnvironmentalRisk Assessment SETAC Technical Issue Paper Pensacola FL doiThirdPrinting
Sheppard SRJ Meitner M 2005 Using multi-criteria analysis and visualisationfor sustainable forest management planning with stakeholder groups ForEcol Manag 207 (1e2) 171e187 httpdxdoiorg101016jforeco200410032
Soltani A Hewage K Reza B Sadiq R 2015 Multiple stakeholders in multi-criteria decision-making in the context of municipal solid waste manage-ment a review Waste Manag (New York NY) 35 318e328 httpdxdoiorg101016jwasman201409010
Spengler T Geldermann J Heuroahre S Sieverdingbeck A Rentz O 1998 Devel-opment of a multiple criteria based decision support system for environmentalassessment of recycling measures in the iron and steel making industry
J Clean Prod 6 (1) 37e52 httpdxdoiorg101016S0959-6526(97)00048-6Statistics Canada 2011 Spending on Waste Management Retrieved November 19
2014 from httpwwwstatcangccapub11-402-x2011000chapgov-gouvgov-gouv01-enghtm
Statistics Canada 2015 Disposal and Diversion of Waste by Province and Territory(Total Waste Disposal)
Sutton PC Anderson SJ Tuttle BT Morse L 2012 The real wealth of nationsmapping and monetizing the human ecological footprint Ecol Indic 16 11e22httpdxdoiorg101016jecolind201103008
Tesfamariam S Sadiq R 2006 Risk-based environmental decision-making usingfuzzy analytic hierarchy process (F-AHP) Stoch Environ Res Risk AssessSpringer 21 (1) 35e50
The Government of British Columbia 2015 Part 3 d municipal waste managementEnviron Manag Act Retrieved July 08 2015 from httpwwwbclawscacivix
documentLOCcompletestatreg-E-EnvironmentalManagementAct[SBC2003]c5300_Act03053_03xmlThe World Bank 2012 What a Waste a Global Review of Solid Waste Management
Retrieved from httpgoworldbankorgBCQEP0TMO0TRI Environmental Consulting Inc 2008 Solid Waste Composition Study for Metro
Vancouver Retrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgaboutpublicationsPublicationsSolidWasteCompositionStudyFinal-2007pdf
Tseng M-L Lin Y-H Chiu ASF 2009 Fuzzy AHP-based study of cleaner pro-duction implementation in Taiwan PWB manufacturer J Clean Prod 171249e1256
Tsilemou K Panagiotakopoulos D 2006 Approximate cost functions for solidwaste treatment facilities Waste Manag Res 24 (4) 310e322
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) 2006 Life cycle assess-ment principles and practice Cincinnati OH doiEPA600R-06060
Van den Hove S 2006 Between consensus and compromise acknowledging thenegotiation dimension in participatory approaches Land Use Policy 23 (1)10e17 httpdxdoiorg101016jlandusepol200409001
Weikard H-P Dellink RB 2008 Sticks and carrots for the design of internationalclimate agreements with renegotiations Ann Oper Res 1e20
World Health Organization (WHO) 2014 7 million Premature Deaths AnnuallyLinked to Air Pollution Retrieved January 27 2015 from httpwwwwhointmediacentrenewsreleases2014air-pollutionen
A Soltani et al Journal of Cleaner Production 113 (2016) 388e 399 399
8182019 Selecting Sustainable Waste-To-Energy Technologies for Municipal Solid Waste Treatment a Game Theory Approachhellip
Hoornweg D Bhada-Tata P 2012 WHAT a waste a global review of solid wastemanagement Urban Dev Ser 116 Retrieved from httpgoworldbankorgBCQEP0TMO0
Hossaini N Reza B Akhtar S Sadiq R Hewage K 2014 AHP based life cyclesustainability assessment (LCSA) framework a case study of six storey woodframe and concrete frame buildings in Vancouver J Environ Plan Manag1e25httpdxdoiorg101080096405682014920704 (August 2014)
the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 2006a 14040 Environ-mental Management e Life Cycle Assessment e Principles and FrameworkInternational Organization for Standardization Geneva Retrieved from http
wwwisoorgisocatalogue_detailcsnumber frac1437456the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 2006b 14044 Environ-
mental Management e Life Cycle Assessment e Requirements and GuidelinesRetrieved from httpwwwisoorgisocatalogue_detailcsnumberfrac1438498
the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 2012 TR 14047 Environ-mental Management e Life Cycle Assessment e Illustrative Examples on Howto Apply ISO 14044 to Impact Assessment Situations
Joslashrgensen S 2010 A dynamic game of waste management J Econ Dyn Control 34(2) 258e265 httpdxdoiorg101016jjedc200909005
Kaitala V Pohjola M 1995 In Cesar Herman et al (Eds) Sustainable Interna-tional Agreementon Greenhouse Warminge a Game Theory Study Control andGame-Theoretic Models of the Environment Boston
Karmperis AC Aravossis K Tatsiopoulos IP Sotirchos A 2013 Decision supportmodels for solid waste management review and game-theoretic approachesWaste Manag (New York NY) httpdxdoi org101016jwasman201301017
Leyton-Brown K Shoham Y 2008 In Brachman RJ Dietterich T (Eds) Es-sentials of Game Theory Political Science vol 2 Morgan amp Claypool Publishersp 104 httpdxdoiorg102200S00108ED1V01Y200802AIM003
McGinty M Milam G Gelves A 2012 Coalition stability in public goods provi-sion testing an optimal allocation rule Environ Resour Econ 52 (3) 327
e345
httpdxdoiorg101007s10640-011-9530-6 Metro Vancouver 2010 Recycling and Solid Waste Management 2010 Report
Retrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgaboutpublicationsPublications2010_Solid_Waste_Management_Annual_Summarypdf
Metro Vancouver 2013 Zero Waste Committee Regular Meeting Burnaby BCRetrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgboardsZeroWasteZero_Waste_Committee-June_6_2013-Agenda-Revised_2pdf
Metro Vancouver 2014a Waste to Energy Just One Part of a Forward LookingApproach to Waste Management Retrieved November 19 2014 from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgservicessolid-wasteaboutwtepagesindexaspx
Metro Vancouver 2014b Project phases Retrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgservicessolid-wasteaboutwtepagesdevelopmentaspx
Metro Vancouver 2014c 2013 Waste Composition Monitoring Program BurnabyBC Retrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgaboutpublicationsPublications2013_Waste_Composition_Reportpdf
Metro Vancouver 2014d Metro Vancouvers New Waste-to-Energy Capacity Proj-ect Retrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgservicessolidwaste
planningRecoverWTEWTEProponentsLehighCementpdf Moretti S 2004 A model for cooperative inter-municipal waste collection costevaluation toward fair cost allocation In Carraro C Fragnelli V (Eds) GamePractice and the Environment Edward Elgar
Munda G 2002 Social multi-criteria evaluation In The 4th UFZ Summer Sym-posium ldquoNew Strategies for Solving Environmental Con1047298icts Potentials forCombining Participation and Multicriteria Analysisrdquo Leipzig
Nagarajan M Sosic G 2008 Game-theoretic analysis of cooperation amongsupply chain agents review and extensions Eur J Oper Res 187 (3) 719e745httpdxdoiorg101016jejor200605045
Neugebauer S Martinez-Blanco J Scheumann R Finkbeiner M 2015 Enhancingthe practical implementation of life cycle sustainability assessment e proposalof a tiered approach J Clean Prod 102 165e176
Nithikul J 2007 Potential of refuse derived fuel production from Bangkokmunicipal solid waste Asian Inst Technol
OsborneMJ RubinsteinA1994A Coursein GameTheory MIT PressCambridgeMAPRe 2015 SimaPro Database Manual Methods Library Retrieved from http
wwwpre-sustainabilitycomdownloadDatabaseManualMethodspdf Reza B Soltani A Ruparathna R Sadiq R Hewage K 2013 Environmental and
economic aspects of production and utilization of RDF as alternative fuel incement plants a case study of Metro Vancouver waste management ResourConserv Recycl 81 105e114 httpdxdoiorg101016jresconrec201310009
Rotter VS Kost T Winkler J Bilitewski B 2004 Material 1047298ow analysis of RDF-production processes Waste Manag (New York NY) 24 (10) 1005e1021httpdxdoiorg101016jwasman200407015
Saaty T 1980 The Analytic Hierarchy Process Planning Priority Setting ResourceAllocation (Decision Making Series) McGraw Hill New York
Saaty TL 1988 What is the analytic hierarchy process In Mitra G (Ed) Math-ematical Models for Decision Support Proceedings of the NATO AdvancedStudy Institute on Mathematical Models for Decision Support vol 4 8 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg Berlin Heidelberg
Saaty TL 1994 How to make a decision the analytic hierarchy process Interfaces24 (6) 19e43
Sadiq R 2001 Drilling Waste Discharges in the Marine Environment a Risk BasedDecision Methodology Memorial University of Newfoundland Retrieved from
httpresearchlibrarymunca1250 Sadiq Rehan Husain T Veitch B Bose N 2003 Evaluation of generic types of
drilling 1047298uid using a risk-based analytic hierarchy process Environ Manag 32(6) 778e787
Schwarz J Beloff B Beaver E 2002 Use sustainability metric to guide decisionmaking Chem Eng (July) 58e63 Retrieved from httppeopleclarksonedu~wwilcoxDesignsustainpdf
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) 1993 Guidelines forlife-cycle assessment a code of practice Portugal doi First edition
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) 2004 EnvironmentalRisk Assessment SETAC Technical Issue Paper Pensacola FL doiThirdPrinting
Sheppard SRJ Meitner M 2005 Using multi-criteria analysis and visualisationfor sustainable forest management planning with stakeholder groups ForEcol Manag 207 (1e2) 171e187 httpdxdoiorg101016jforeco200410032
Soltani A Hewage K Reza B Sadiq R 2015 Multiple stakeholders in multi-criteria decision-making in the context of municipal solid waste manage-ment a review Waste Manag (New York NY) 35 318e328 httpdxdoiorg101016jwasman201409010
Spengler T Geldermann J Heuroahre S Sieverdingbeck A Rentz O 1998 Devel-opment of a multiple criteria based decision support system for environmentalassessment of recycling measures in the iron and steel making industry
J Clean Prod 6 (1) 37e52 httpdxdoiorg101016S0959-6526(97)00048-6Statistics Canada 2011 Spending on Waste Management Retrieved November 19
2014 from httpwwwstatcangccapub11-402-x2011000chapgov-gouvgov-gouv01-enghtm
Statistics Canada 2015 Disposal and Diversion of Waste by Province and Territory(Total Waste Disposal)
Sutton PC Anderson SJ Tuttle BT Morse L 2012 The real wealth of nationsmapping and monetizing the human ecological footprint Ecol Indic 16 11e22httpdxdoiorg101016jecolind201103008
Tesfamariam S Sadiq R 2006 Risk-based environmental decision-making usingfuzzy analytic hierarchy process (F-AHP) Stoch Environ Res Risk AssessSpringer 21 (1) 35e50
The Government of British Columbia 2015 Part 3 d municipal waste managementEnviron Manag Act Retrieved July 08 2015 from httpwwwbclawscacivix
documentLOCcompletestatreg-E-EnvironmentalManagementAct[SBC2003]c5300_Act03053_03xmlThe World Bank 2012 What a Waste a Global Review of Solid Waste Management
Retrieved from httpgoworldbankorgBCQEP0TMO0TRI Environmental Consulting Inc 2008 Solid Waste Composition Study for Metro
Vancouver Retrieved from httpwwwmetrovancouverorgaboutpublicationsPublicationsSolidWasteCompositionStudyFinal-2007pdf
Tseng M-L Lin Y-H Chiu ASF 2009 Fuzzy AHP-based study of cleaner pro-duction implementation in Taiwan PWB manufacturer J Clean Prod 171249e1256
Tsilemou K Panagiotakopoulos D 2006 Approximate cost functions for solidwaste treatment facilities Waste Manag Res 24 (4) 310e322
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) 2006 Life cycle assess-ment principles and practice Cincinnati OH doiEPA600R-06060
Van den Hove S 2006 Between consensus and compromise acknowledging thenegotiation dimension in participatory approaches Land Use Policy 23 (1)10e17 httpdxdoiorg101016jlandusepol200409001
Weikard H-P Dellink RB 2008 Sticks and carrots for the design of internationalclimate agreements with renegotiations Ann Oper Res 1e20
World Health Organization (WHO) 2014 7 million Premature Deaths AnnuallyLinked to Air Pollution Retrieved January 27 2015 from httpwwwwhointmediacentrenewsreleases2014air-pollutionen
A Soltani et al Journal of Cleaner Production 113 (2016) 388e 399 399